Manual de DIreitos Fundamentais
July 5, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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FOL[OA BG E[TUG BK AMEKLEMOR[TO KF
BMTKMRG
4¹ Olg
Bmsempamlo9 BMTKMRGU
N[LBOFKLROMU
Eõbmhg9 MUEKB4?-EI[TENK33= Rgtoa @gros/?g Ukfkstrk9 ?4; Eríbmtgs (ULOREO)9 ; Lùfkrg bk Rkfos9 ?3
MLURMR[RG U[SKT MLURMR[RG U[SKTMGT U[SKTMGT BK EMÉLEMOU K KB[EOÈÅG O BMURÄLEMO - MUEKB
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Bmrkmtgs bk outgr (egpyrmh`t) Kstk foluoa í prgprmkbobk bg Mlstmtutg Uupkrmgr bk Emélemos k Kbueoèåg o Bmstälemo (MUEKB), k egltíf rkskrvobgs tgbgs gs bmrkmtgs. Í prgmdmbo o bupameoèåg gu rkprgbuèåg poremoa gu tgtoa bkstk foluoa, sgd quomsqukr ngrfos gu pgr quomsqukr q uomsqukr fkmgs (kaketrõlmegs, fkeälmeg, hrovoèåg, ngtgeõpmo gu gutrgs), skf pkrfmssåg kxprksso bk kltmbobk kbmtgro (Mlstmtutg Uupkrmgr bk Emélemos k Kbueoèåg o Bmstälemo (MUEKB). O låg gdskrvälemo bg oemfo kstmpuaobg g mlnroetgr í possævka o opameoèåg bk prgekssgs iubmemoms kf vmhgr lg Soæs.
Mlstmtutg Uupkrmgr bk Emélemos k Kbueoèåg o Bmstälemo (MUEKB) Bmrkeèåg Oeobífmeo Tuo Br. Oafkmbo Aoekrbo, Lg 4?4 Sglto - Héo Dkmro - Fgèofdmquk Rkaknglk9 +4;0 45 545;3? Eka9 +4;0 04 53;;05= Nox9 45545;3? msekbCmsekb.oe.fz K-foma9 msekbCmsekb.oe.fz K-foma9 Xkdsmtk9 www.msekb.oe.fz Xkdsmtk9 www.msekb.oe.fz
m
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Ohrobkemfkltgs G Mlstmtutg Uupkrmgr bk Emélemos k Kbueoèåg o Bmstälemo (MUEKB) ohrobkek o egaodgroèåg bgs skhumltks mlbmvæbugs k mlstmtumèûks lo kaodgroèåg bkstk foluoa9 Outgr
Oltõlmg Egsto Bovmb [eofo, Fkstrk kf Emélemo Sgaætmeo. Ameklemobg kf Bmrkmtg Bmrkmtg
Eggrbkloèåg
Bmrkeèåg Oeobífmeo bg MUEKB
Bksmhl
Mlstmtutg Uupkrmgr bk Emélemos k Kbueoèåg o Bmstälemo (MUEKB)
Nmlolemofkltg k Aghæstmeo
Mlstmtutg Onrmeolg bk Srgfgèåg bo Kbueoèåg o Bmstolemo (MOSKB)
Tkvmsåg
Emkltænmeo
k
Bmolo Nmampo Uguso Smltg, Fkstrk kf Bmrkmtg Obfmlmstrotmvg Obfmlmstrotmvg
Amlhuæstmeo Olg bk Sudameoèåg Ageoa bk Sudameoèåg
43?>
MUEKB ― DKMTO DKMTO
mm
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Ælbmek ^msåg hkroa
?
................................................. ...... ? Dkf-vmlbg ã Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag ‑Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms‖ ............................................ Gdiketmvgs bg Fõbuag .......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ........................................ ................. ? .......................................... ............................................. ........................................ ................. ? _ukf bkvkrmo kstubor kstk fõbuag .................... .......................................... ............................................. ........................................ ................. 4 Egfg kstï kstruturobg kstk fõbuag .................... Æeglks bk oetmvmbobk ................... ......................................... ............................................ ........................................... ........................................... ...................... 2 ............................................ ............................................. ............................................ ................................... .............. 2 @odmambobks bk kstubg ...................... Srkemso bk opgmg7 ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ......................... ... > ........................................................................... ......................... ... 8 Rorknos (ovoamoèåg k outg-ovoamoèåg) ...................................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................... .............. 0 Ovoamoèåg ..........................................
RKFO ― M9 M9
??
HÉLKUK, K^GA[ÈÅG K EOTOERKTMYOÈÅG BGU BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU. N[LBOFKLROMU.
??
.......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ ?? Mltrgbuèåg .................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................................... ............................................ ............................... ........ ?4 Gdiketmvgs ..................... ............................................... ............ ?4 [lmbobk Rkfïtmeo ?.?. lgèåg bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms ................................... Gdiketmvgs ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................ ?4 .......................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... ?> Uufïrmg ..................... [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo ?.4. O mfpgrtälemo Eglstmtuemgloa bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms. .......... ?> Mltrgbuèåg ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................ ?> ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................ ?8 Gdiketmvgs ..................... ?.4.?. O prgtkeèåg eglstmtuemgloa bo pkssgo pkags bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms ............. ?8 ?.4.4. O kvgauèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms ................... .......................................... ...................................... ............... 42 ............................................................ ................... 4= ?.4.5. Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k g nuturg .......................................... Uufïrmg ..................... .......................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 54 ..................................... ............... 55 [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo ?.5. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k eglekmtgs onmls...................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................ 55 Mltrgbuèåg ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................ 55 Gdiketmvgs ..................... .................................... 52 ?.5.?. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs pùdamegs ................................... ?.5.4. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk p krsgloambobk ..................... ............................. ........ 5; ........................................ .... 58 ?.5.5. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k smtuoèûks nulemgloms .................................... .......................................... ............. 5= ?.5.2. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs p gvgs ............................. ?.5.;. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k mltkrkssks bmnusgs ........................................... ............................................ 23 ................................... .... 24 ?.5.>. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms ............................... ?.5.8. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k bkvkrks nulbofkltoms ..................... .................................... ............... 22
mmm
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
.................................................................................. ........................ 2> Kxkreæemgs bk O[RG-O^OAMOÈÅG .............................................................
RKFO ― MM9 MM9
28
G STGEKUUG BK MLURMR[EMGLOAMYOÈÅG K SGUMRM^OÈÅG
28
............................................ ............................................. ........................................... ............................................ ............................... ........ 28 Gdiketmvgs ..................... [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.?. O kxmhélemo bo knketmvoèåg Sùdameo ............................ ......................................... ............. 20 ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 2= Uufïrmg ........................................... ...................................................... .... ;3 [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.4. Gs prmleæpmgs nulbofkltoms ................................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................ ;3 Mltrgbuèåg ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................ ;3 Gdiketmvgs ..................... ?.?. G prmleæpmg bo mlmemotmvo sgemoa ........................................... .......................................................... ............... ;? .......................................... ........................ ;? ?.4. G prmleæpmg bo bkfgeroemo portmempotmvo .................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... ;5 Uufïrmg ........................................... [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.5. O bkpklbélemo bo rkoambobk eglstmtuemgloa ......................... ............................. .... ;5 ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................ ;5 Mltrgbuèåg ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................ ;5 Gdiketmvgs ..................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... ;; Uufïrmg ........................................... ............................................. .... ;> [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.2. G prgdakfo bg rktrgekssg sgemoa .......................................... [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.;. G prmleæpmg bo rkaotmvo rkakvälemo bos eglbmèûks keglõfmeos bgs tmtuaorks ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ............................... ........ ;= ........................................................ .... >5 [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.>. O prgtkeèåg Mltkrloemgloa .....................................................
RKFO ― MMM MMM
>2
UMURKFO BK BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU LO EGLURMR[MÈÅG FGÈOFDMEOLO.
>2
............................................ ...................................... ............... >2 [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo ?.2. KPKTEÆEMGU bkstk tkfo ..................... .......................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................ >2 Mltrgbuèåg .................... Gdiketmvgs ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................ >2 ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................ >2 kspkeænmegs ................... .......................................... ........................... .... >; [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 5.?. lgèåg bgs Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms ................... ...................................... ................... >8 G Tkspkmtg pkao Amdkrbobk bg `gfkf kf Fgèofdmquk ................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... >= Uufïrmg ...........................................
mv
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
^msåg hkroa Dkf-vmlbg ã Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag ‑Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms‖
Gdiketmvgs bg Fõbuag Og tkrfmlor g kstubg bkstk fõbuag bk Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms, g kstuboltk bkvkrï skr eopoz bk9
Bknmlmr k eoroetkrmzor gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms: n ulbofkltoms:
Uodkr mbkltmnmeor os ngltks bgs Bmrkmtgs B mrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms:
Kltklbkr g prgekssg bk mlstmtuemgloamzoèåg k pgsmtmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs
nulbofkltoms:
Gdiketmvgs Kspkeænmegs
Egl`kekr smstkfo bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms lo eglstmtumèåg
fgèofdmeolo k: Uodkr bmnkrklemor o eobkmro bk Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms bg Bmrkmtg
Eglstmtuemgloa.
_ukf bkvkrmo kstubor kstk fõbuag Kstk Fõbuag ngm eglekdmbg poro kstuboltks bg 4¹ olg bg eursg bk ameklemoturo kf Bmrkmtg bg MUEKB. Sgbkrï gegrrkr, egltubg, quk `oio akmtgrks quk qukmrof sk oetuoamzor k eglsgambor skus egl`kemfkltgs lksso bmsempamlo, kssks skråg dkf-vmlbgs, låg sklbg lkekssïrmg poro toa sk mlserkvkr. Fos pgbkrï obqumrmr g foluoa.
?
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Egfg kstï kstruturobg kstk fõbuag Kstk fõbuag bk Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms, poro kstuboltks bg ?¹ olg bg eursg bk ameklemoturo kf Bmrkmtg, ã skfka`olèo bgs rkstoltks bg MUEKB, kstï kstruturobg egfg sk skhuk9
Sïhmlos mltrgbutõrmos [f ælbmek egfpaktg. ælbmek egfpaktg.
[fo vmsåg hkroa bktoa`obo bgs bktoa`obo bgs egltkùbgs bg fõbuag, rksufmlbg
gs ospketgs-e`ovk quk vgeé prkemso egl`kekr poro fka`gr kstubor. Tkegfklbofgs vmvofkltk quk akmo ksto skeèåg egf otklèåg oltks bk egfkèor g sku kstubg, egfg egfpglkltk bk `odmambobks bk kstubgs.
Egltkùbg bksto Bmsempamlo / fõbuag Kstk fõbuag kstï kstruturobg kf Rkfos. Eobo tkfo, pgr suo vkz egfpgrto ekrtg lùfkrg bk ulmbobks tkfïtmeos gu smfpaksfkltk ulmbobks. Eobo ulmbobk tkfïtmeo sk eoroetkrmzo pgr egltkr ufo mltrgbuèåg,, gdiketmvgs mltrgbuèåg gdiketmvgs,, egltkùbgs egltkùbgs.. Lg nmloa bk eobo eobo ulmbobk tkfïtmeo gu bg prõprmg tkfo, såg mlegrpgrobgs oltks g sufïrmg, kxkreæemgs bk outg-ovoamoèåg, sõ bkpgms í quk oporkekf gs kxkreæemgs bk ovoamoèåg. Gs kxkreæemgs bk ovoamoèåg téf os skhumltks eoroetkræstmeos9 Surgs kxkreæemgs tkõrmegs/Srïtmegs, Srgdakfos låg rksgavmbgs k oetmvmbobks prïtmeos, mleaumlbg kstubg bk eosg. eosg.
4
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Gutrgs rkeursgs O kqumpo bgs oeobífmegs k pkbohghgs bg MUEKB, pklsolbg kf sm, luf eoltml`g, rkeòlbmtg bkstk lgssg vostg Fgèofdmquk k e`kmg bk bùvmbos k amfmtoèûks lg sku prgekssg bk oprklbmzohkf, oprksklto ufo amsto bk rkeursgs bmbïetmegs obmemgloms og sku fõbuag poro vgeé kxpagror. Soro toa g MUEKB bmspglmdmamzo lo dmdamgtkeo bg sku ekltrg bk rkeursgs foms fotkrmoa bk kstubgs rkaoemglobg egf g sku eursg egfg9 Amvrgs k/gu fõbuags, EB, EB-TGGF, B^B. Soro oaíf bkstk fotkrmoa næsmeg gu kaketrõlmeg bmspglævka lo dmdamgtkeo, pgbk tkr oekssg o Saotongrfo bmhmtoa fggbak poro oaorhor foms omlbo os pgssmdmambobks bgs skus kstubgs.
Outg-ovoamoèåg k Rorknos bk ovoamoèåg Rorknos bk outg-ovoamoèåg outg-ovoamoèåg poro poro kstk fõbuag klegltrof-sk lg nmloa bk eobo ulmbobk tkfïtmeo k bk eobo tkfo. Os torknos bgs kxkreæemgs bk outg-ovoamoèåg oprkskltof buos eoroetkræstmeos9 prmfkmrg oprkskltof kxkreæemgs rksgavmbgs egf bktoa`ks. Ukhulbg, kxkreæemgs quk fgstrof opklos rkspgstos. Rorknos bk ovoamoèåg ovoamoèåg bkvkf bkvkf skr skfka`oltks ãs bk outg-ovoamoèåg fos skf fgstror gs possgs k bkvkf gdkbkekr g hrou erksekltk bk bmnmeuabobks bg prgekssg bk oprklbmzohkf, ufos o skhumr o gutros. Sortk bos torknos bk ovoamoèåg skrï gdiketg bgs trodoa`gs trod oa`gs bk eofpg o skrkf kltrkhuks ogs tutgrks/bgekltks poro knkmtgs bk egrrkeèåg k sudskqukltkfkltk lgto. Rofdíf eglstorï bg kxofk bg nmf bg fõbuag. Skag quk, eorg kstuboltk, nozkr tgbgs gs kxkreæemgs bk ovoamoèåg í ufo hrolbk voltohkf.
5
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Egfkltïrmgs k suhkstûks [sk kstk kspoèg poro bor suhkstûks voamgsos, sgdrk bktkrfmlobgs ospketgs, qukr bk loturkzo emkltænmeo, qukr bk loturkzo bmbïetmegSkbohõhmeo, kte, sgdrk egfg bkvkrmof skr gu kstor oprkskltobos. Sgbk skr quk hroèos os suos gdskrvoèûks quk, kf hgzg bk eglnmolèo, eaossmnmeofg-aos bk ùtkms, g prõxmfg fõbuag vkl`o o skr fka`grobg.
Æeglks bk oetmvmbobk Og aglhg bkstk foluoa mrï klegltror ufo sírmk bk æeglks los forhkls bos nga`os. Kstks æeglks skrvkf poro mbkltmnmeor bmnkrkltks portks bg prgekssg bk oprklbmzohkf. Sgbkf mlbmeor ufo porekao kspkeænmeo bk tkxtg, ufo lgvo oetmvmbobk gu torkno, ufo fubolèo bk oetmvmbobk, kte. @odmambobks bk kstubg G prmlempoa gdiketmvg gdiketmvg bkstk eofpg í g bk klsmlor oprklbkr o oprklbkr. Oprklbkr oprklbk-sk. Buroltk o ngrfoèåg k bksklvgavmfkltg bk egfpktélemos, poro noemamtor o oprklbmzohkf k oaeolèor fka`grks rksuatobgs, mfpameorï kfpkl`g, bkbmeoèåg k bmsempamlo lg kstubg. Mstg í, gs dgls rksuatobgs opklos sk eglskhukf egf kstrotíhmos knmemkltks k knmeozks. Sgr mssg í mfpgrtoltk sodkr egfg, glbk k quolbg quolbg kstubor. Oprkskltofgs oahufos suhkstûks egf os quoms kspkrofgs quk eorg kstuboltk pgsso rkltodmamzor g tkfpg bkbmeobg ogs kstubgs, prgekbklbg egfg sk skhuk9 ?¹ Srotmeor o akmturo. Oprklbkr o Bmstälemo kxmhk oatg bgfælmg bk akmturo. 4¹ Nozkr akmturo bmohgloa ogs egltkùbgs (akmturo egrrmbo).
2
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
5¹ ^gator o nozkr akmturo, bksto vkz poro o egfprkklsåg k ossmfmaoèåg erætmeo bgs egltkùbgs (KUR[BOT). 2¹ Nozkr skfmlïrmg (bkdotk kf hrupgs), poro egfprgvor sk o suo oprklbmzohkf eglnkrk gu låg egf o bgs egakhos k egf g pobråg. ;¹ Nozkr RE (Rrodoa`g bk Eofpg), oahufos oetmvmbobks prïtmeos gu os bk kstubg bk eosg sk kxmstmrkf. MFSGTROLRK9 Kf gdskrvälemo og trmälhuag fgbg-kspoèg-tkfpg fgbg-kspoèg-tkfpg,, rkspketmvofkltk egfg, glbk k quolbg quolbg... ... Kstubor, egfg ngm rknkrmbg lg mlæemg bkstk mtkf, oltks bk grholmzor gs skus fgfkltgs bk kstubg rknameto sgdrk g ofdmkltk bk kstubg quk skrmo mbkoa poro sm9 Kstubg fka`gr kf eoso/dmdamgtkeo/eoní/gutrg auhor7 Kstubg fka`gr ã lgmtk/bk fol`å/bk torbk/nmls-bk-skfolo/og aglhg bo skfolo7 Kstubg fka`gr egf fùsmeo/luf sætmg sgsskhobg/luf sætmg dorua`kltg!7 d orua`kltg!7 Srkemsg bk mltkrvoag kf eobo 53 fmlutgs, kf eobo `gro, kte. Í mfpgssævka kstubor lufo lgmtk tubg g quk bkvmo tkr smbg kstubobg buroltk uf bktkrfmlobg pkrægbg bk tkfpg: Bkvk kstubor eobo pgltg bo fotírmo kf prgnulbmbobk k possor sõ og skhumltk quolbg oe`or quk iï bgfmlo dkf g oltkrmgr. Srmvmakhmo-sk sodkr dkf (egf prgnulbmbobk) g pgueg quk pubkr akr k kstubor, quk sodkr tubg supkrnmemoafkltk! Fos o fka`gr gpèåg í iultor g ùtma og ohrobïvka9 Uodkr egf prgnulbmbobk tgbgs egltkùbgs bk eobo tkfo, lg fõbuag. Bmeo mfpgrtoltk9 låg rkegfklbofgs kstubor skhumbofkltk pgr tkfpg supkrmgr o ufo `gro. Kstubor pgr tkfpg bk ufo `gro mltkreoaobg pgr ?3 (bkz) o ?; (qumlzk) fmlutgs bk bkseolsg (e`ofosk bkseolsg ã fubolèo bk oetmvmbobks). Gu skio quk buroltk g mltkrvoag låg sk egltmluor o trotor bgs fksfgs ossultgs bos oetmvmbobks gdrmhotõrmos. [fo aglho kxpgsmèåg ogs kstubgs gu og trodoa`g mltkaketuoa gdrmhotõrmg, pgbk eglbuzmr og knkmtg egltrïrmg9 domxor g rklbmfkltg bo oprklbmzohkf. Sgr quk g kstuboltk oeufuao uf kakvobg vgaufk
;
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
bk trodoa`g, kf tkrfgs bk kstubgs, kf pgueg tkfpg, ermolbg mltkrnkrélemo kltrk gs egl`kemfkltgs, pkrbk skquélemo aõhmeo, pgr nmf og pkrekdkr quk kstubo toltg fos låg oprklbk, o prklbk, eom kf mlskhurolèo, bkprkssåg k bkskspkrg, pgr sk oe`or mliustofkltk mleopoz! Låg kstubk lo ùatmfo bo `gro: quolbg sk trotk bk nozkr oahufo ovoamoèåg. Oprklbo o skr kstuboltk bk noetg (oqukak quk kstubo smstkfotmeofkltk), låg kstubor opklos poro rkspglbkr o qukstûks bk oahufo ovoamoèåg, fos smf kstubk poro o vmbo, sgdrk tubg, kstubk pklsolbg lo suo utmambobk egfg nuturg prgnmssmgloa, lo ïrko kf quk kstï o sk ngrfor. Grholmzk lo suo ohklbo uf `grïrmg glbk bknmlk o quk `gros k quk fotírmos bkvk kstubor buroltk o skfolo: Noek og tkfpg amvrk quk rksto, bkvk bkembmr egfg g utmamzor prgbutmvofkltk, bkembmlbg quoltg tkfpg skrï bkbmeobg og kstubg k o gutros oetmvmbobks. Í mfpgrtoltk mbkltmnmeor os mbkmos prmlempoms bk uf tkxtg, pgms skrï ufo lkekssmbobk poro g kstubg bos bmvkrsos fotírmos quk egfpûkf g eursg9 O egageoèåg bk lgtos los forhkls pgbk oiubor o kstruturor o fotírmo bk fgbg quk skio foms nïema mbkltmnmeor os portks quk kstï o kstubor k Sgbk kserkvkr egleausûks, kxkfpags, voltohkls, bknmlmèûks, botos, lgfks, pgbk tofdíf utmamzor o forhkf poro egageor egfkltïrmgs skus rkaoemglobgs egf g quk kstï ks tï o akr: o fka`gr oaturo poro sudaml`or í mfkbmotofkltk o skhumr ã egfprkklsåg bg tkxtg k låg bkpgms bk ufo prmfkmro akmturo: [tmamzor g bmemglïrmg skfprk quk surio uf eglekmtg euig smhlmnmeobg låg egl`kek gu låg a`k í nofmamor: Srkemso bk opgmg7 Eorg kstuboltk, tkfgs o ekrtkzo quk pgr ufo gu pgr gutro rozåg, g fotkrmoa bk kstubgs mfprkssg, a`k pgbk susemtor oahufos bùvmbos egfg noato bk eaorkzo, oahuls krrgs bk eglegrbälemo, prgvïvkms krrgs grtghrïnmegs, noato bk eaorkzo, nroeo vmsmdmambobk, pïhmlos trgeobos gu mlvkrtmbos, kte). Lkstks eosgs, egltoetk gs skrvmègs bk otklbmfkltg
>
MUEKB
43 Olg
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
k opgmg og kstuboltk bg sku Ekltrg bk Tkeursgs (ET), vmo tkaknglk, sfs, K-foma, sk tmvkr tkfpg, kserkvo fksfg ufo eorto portmempolbg o prkgeupoèåg. [fo bos otrmdumèûks bgs Hkstgrks bgs ET k skus ossmstkltks (Skbohõhmeg k Obfmlmstrotmvg), í o bk fglmtgror k horoltmr o suo oprklbmzohkf egf quoambobk k suekssg. Bom o rkakvälemo bo egfulmeoèåg lg Klsmlg o Bmstälemo (KOB), glbk g rkeursg os RME sk tgrlo mlegltgrlïvka9 kltrk kstuboltks, kstuboltk ― Rutgr, Rutgr, kstuboltk ― ET, kte. Os skssûks prksklemoms såg uf fgfkltg kf quk vgeé eorg kstuboltk, tkf o gpgrtulmbobk bk mltkrohmr nmsmeofkltk egf stonn bg sku ET, egf tutgrks gu egf portk bo kqumpo ekltroa bg MUEKB mlbmhktobo poro oegfpol`or os suo skssûks prksklemoms. Lkstk pkrægbg pgbk oprkskltor bùvmbos, trotor ossultgs bk loturkzo pkbohõhmeo k/gu obfmlmstrotmvo. G kstubg kf hrupg, quk kstï kstmfobg poro geupor ekreo bk 53% bg tkfpg bk kstubgs o bmstälemo, í fumto mfpgrtälemo, lo fkbmbo kf quk pkrfmtk-a`k smtuor, kf tkrfgs bg hrou bk oprklbmzohkf egf rkaoèåg ogs gutrgs egakhos. Bksto folkmro nmeorï o sodkr sk prkemso bk opgmg gu prkemso bk opgmor ogs egakhos. Bksklvgavkr `ïdmtg bk bkdotkr ossultgs rkaoemglobgs egf gs egltkùbgs prghrofïtmegs, eglstoltks lgs bmnkrkltks tkfos k ulmbobk tkfïtmeo, lg fõbuag. Rorknos (ovoamoèåg k outg-ovoamoèåg) outg-ovoamoèåg) G kstuboltk bkvk rkoamzor tgbos os torknos (kxkreæemgs, oetmvmbobks k outg ovoamoèåg), egltubg lkf tgbos bkvkråg skr kltrkhuks, fos í
mfpgrtoltk quk skiof rkoamzobos. Os torknos bkvkf skr kltrkhuks buos skfolos oltks bos skssûks prksklemoms skhumltks. s khumltks. Soro eobo torkno skråg kstodkakembgs prozgs bk kltrkho, k g låg eufprmfkltg bgs prozgs bk kltrkho, mfpameo o låg eaossmnmeoèåg bg kstuboltk. Rkl`o skfprk prkskltk quk o lgto bgs trodoa`gs bk eofpg
8
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
eglto k í bkemsmvo poro skr obfmtmbg og kxofk nmloa bo bmsempamlo/fõbuag. Gs trodoa`gs bkvkf skr kltrkhuks og Ekltrg bk Tkeursgs (ET) k gs fksfgs bkvkf skr bmrmhmbgs og tutgr/bgekltk. Sgbkf skr utmamzobos bmnkrkltks ngltks k fotkrmoms bk pksqumso, egltubg gs fksfgs bkvkf skr bkvmbofkltk rknkrklemobgs, rkspkmtolbg gs bmrkmtgs bg outgr. G païhmg? í ufo vmgaoèåg bg bmrkmtg mltkaketuoa bg(s) outgr(ks). [fo trolsermèåg ã aktro bk foms bk 0 (gmtg) poaovros bg tkstg bk uf outgr, skf g emtor í eglsmbkrobg païhmg. O `glkstmbobk, `ufmabobk emkltænmeo k g rkspkmtg pkags bmrkmtgs outgrmoms bkvkf eoroetkrmzor eoro etkrmzor o rkoamzoèåg bgs trodoa`gs k sku outgr (kstuboltk bg MUEKB).
Ovoamoèåg Fumtgs pkrhultof9 Egf í pgssævka ovoamor kstuboltks ã bmstälemo, kstolbg kaks nmsmeofkltk skporobgs k fumtg bmstoltks bg bgekltk/tutgr!7 Lõs bmsskfgs9 Umf í fumtg pgssævka, toavkz skio ufo ovoamoèåg foms nmïvka k eglsmstkltk. ^geé skrï ovoamobg buroltk gs kstubgs ã bmstälemo quk egltof egf uf fælmfg bk =3% bg tgtoa bk tkfpg quk prkemso bk kstubor gs egltkùbgs bg sku fõbuag. _uolbg g tkfpg bk egltoetg prksklemoa eglto egf uf fïxmfg bk ?3%) bg tgtoa bk tkfpg bg fõbuag. O ovoamoèåg bg kstuboltk eglsto bktoa`obo bg rkhuaofkltg bk ovoamoèåg. Gs trodoa`gs bk eofpg pgr sm rkoamzobgs, buroltk kstubgs k oprklbmzohkf lg eofpg, pksof 4;% k skrvkf poro o lgto bk nrkquélemo poro mr ogs kxofks.
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Saïhmg - egpmor gu ossmlor poremoa gu tgtoafkltk ufo gdro amtkrïrmo, prgprmkbobk mltkaketuoa bk gutros pkssgos, skf prívmo outgrmzoèåg.
0
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Gs kxofks såg rkoamzobgs lg nmloa bo eobkmro bmsempamlo gu fgbuag k bkegrrkf buroltk os skssûks prksklemoms. Gs kxofks pksof lg fælmfg 8;%, g quk obmemglobg ogs 4;% bo fíbmo bk nrkquélemo, bktkrfmlof o lgto nmloa egf o quoa g kstuboltk egleaum o eobkmro. O lgto bk ?3 (bkz) voagrks í o lgto fælmfo bk egleausåg bo eobkmro. Lksto eobkmro g kstuboltk bkvkrï rkoamzor pkag fklgs 4 (bgms) trodoa`gs k ? (uf) (kxofk). Oahufos oetmvmbobks prïtmeos, rkaotõrmgs k rknakxûks skråg utmamzobgs egfg nkrrofkltos bk ovoamoèåg ngrfotmvo. Buroltk o rkoamzoèåg bos ovoamoèûks, gs kstuboltks bkvkf tkr kf eglsmbkroèåg o oprkskltoèåg, o egkrélemo tkxtuoa, g hrou bk emkltmnmembobk, o ngrfo bk egleausåg bgs ossultgs, os sultgs, os rkegfklboèûks, o mbkltmnmeoèåg bos rknkrélemos dmdamghrïnmeos utmamzobos, g rkspkmtg pkags bmrkmtgs bg outgr, kltrk gutrgs. Gs gdiketmvgs k ermtírmgs bk ovoamoèåg eglstof bg Tkhuaofkltg bk Ovoamoèåg.
=
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
M9 RKFO ― M9 HÉLKUK, K^GA[ÈÅG K EOTOERKTMYOÈÅG BGU BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU. N[LBOFKLROMU. [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo ?.? ?.?.. Lgèåg bgs Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms9 nulbofkltoms9 Bmrkmtg, bmrkmtg `ufolgs k bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms: Gs skltmbgs ngrfoa k fotkrmoa bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms. Srkssupgstgs bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms.
[LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo Rkfïtmeo ?.4 ?.4.. O mfpgrtälemo Eglstmtuemgloa bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms99 O prgtkeèåg eglstmtuemgloa bo pkssgo pkags bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms nulbofkltoms: O kvgauèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms: Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k g nuturg.
[LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo Rkfïtmeo ?.5. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k Eglekmtgs Onmls9 Onmls 9 bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs pùdamegs: bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk: smtuoèûks nulemgloms: bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs: mltkrkssks bmnusgs: horoltmos eglstmtuemgloms: bkvkrks nulbofkltoms [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo Rkfïtmeo ?.2. KPKTEÆEMGU bkstk tkfo.
Mltrgbuèåg Mltrgbuèåg G tkrfg bmrkmtg nulbofkltoa í opameobg ãqukaks bmrkmtgs bg skr `ufolg rkegl`kembgs k pgsmtmvobgs k pgsmtmvobgs lo ksnkro bg bmrkmtg bg bmrkmtg eglstmtuemgloa pgsmtmvg bk uf bktkrfmlobg Kstobg (eorïetkr loemgloa). Kak bmnkrk-sk bg tkrfg bmrkmtgs `ufolgs, egf `ufolgs, egf g quoa í nrkqukltkfkltk eglnulbmbg k utmamzobg egfg smlõlmfg, lo fkbmbo kf quk kstk sk opameo ogs bmrkmtgs rkegl`kembgs og skr `ufolg egfg toa pkag Bmrkmtg pkag Bmrkmtg Mltkrloemgloa pgr fkmg bk bk trotobgs, trotobgs, k k quk ospmrof ã voambobk ulmvkrsoa, poro tgbgs gs pgvgs k tkfpgs, tklbg, pgrtoltg, voambobk mlbkpklbkltkfkltk bk suo pgsmtmvoèåg kf ufo bktkrfmlobo grbkf eglstmtuemgloa (eorïetkr suproloemgloa) Og egfpaktor ksto ulmbobk, vgeé bkvkrï skr eopoz bk9 ??
MUEKB
43 Olg
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Bknmlmr gs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms
Nozkr uf drkvk pkreursg `mstõrmeg bo eobkmro
Gdiketmvgs
Egl`kekr os bmnkrklèos kltrk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k Bmrkmtgs @ufolgs. @ ufolgs.
Kspkeænmegs
[lmbobk Rkfïtmeo ?.?. lgèåg bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms
Mltrgbuèåg Lo torkno bk sk kstodkakekr uf eglekmtg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, mfpgrto, oltks bk foms lobo, oloamsï-ags kf egliultg egf o eglekmtuoèåg bk bmvkrsos nmhuros onmls, quk pgssukf kstrkmto amhoèåg egf kaks, skf, lg kltoltg, quk sk pgsso eglnulbm-ags. Í g quk sk posso o nozkr.
Gdiketmvgs Bksegrtmlor gs bmrkmtg `ufolgs:
Oloamsor gs skltmbgs ngrfoms k fotkrmoa bgs Bmrkmtgs
Nulbofkltoms: Egl`kekr gs Srkssupgstgs bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms. Nulbofkltoms .
?.?.?. Bmrkmtg, bmrkmtgs `ufolgs k bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms Ukhulbg Bmghg Nrkmtos bg Oforoa (4332 ph. >;), Bmrkmtg í uf ‑smstkfo bk rkhros bk eglbuto sgemoa, gdrmhotõrmos poro tgbgs gs fkfdrgs bk ufo ekrto egfulmbobk, o nmf bk horoltmr lg sku skmg o iustmèo, o skhurolèo k gs Bmrkmtgs @ufolgs, sgd o ofkoèo bos solèûks kstodkakembos poro qukf vmgaor toms rkhros‖. ?4
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Ksto lgèåg bk Bmrkmtg fgstro quk g dkf pkrskhumbg pkag Bmrkmtg í g `gfkf, quk iï losek egf bmrkmtgs (bmrkmtgs `ufolgs) quk fkrkekf ufo tutkao pgr portk bo grbkf iuræbmeo glbk sk mlskrk. Boæ quk Bmrkmtgs @ufolgs såg gs bmrkmtgs bk quk ufo pkssgo lkekssmto poro vmvkr egf ekrto bmhlmbobk `ufolo. Kaks såg, lg bmzkr bk Bovmb Ngrsyt`k (4333, Sh. 5), bmrkmtgs mlkrkltks ã pkssgo `ufolo. Í mhuoafkltk kssk g pklsofkltg bk Bmghg Nrkmtos bg Oforoa (4332: ph. ;>), quolbg bmz quk Bmrkmtgs @ufolgs såg ‑bmrkmtgs mlbmvmbuoms, eglnkrmbgs pgr Bkus gu pkao Loturkzo,
rkegl`kembgs pkao Tozåg, mlkrkltks ã eglbmèåg bo pkssgo `ufolo, k pgr mssg fksfg, oltkrmgrks k supkrmgrks og prõprmg Kstobg, o qukf såg gpglævkms pkags mlbmvæbugs‖.
O mbkmo bk rkegl`kemfkltg k bk prgtkeèåg bk Bmrkmtgs @ufolgs surhmu lo Mlhaotkrro egf Ig`l Agejk (?>=3), k ngm prgeaofobo pkao prmfkmro vkz luf hrolbk tkxtg mltkrloemgloa, kf ?88>, lo Bkeaoroèåg bk Mlbkpklbélemo bgs Kstobgs [lmbgs bo Ofírmeo, rkbmhmbo pgr R`gfos Iknnkrsgl9 ‑Lõs tkfgs pgr kvmbkltks pgr sm prõprmos os vkrbobks skhumltks9 tgbgs gs `gfkls såg ermobgs mhuoms: såg bgtobgs pkag Ermobgr bk ekrtgs bmrkmtgs mloamklïvkms: kltrk kstks bmrkmtgs egltof-sk o vmbo, o amdkrbobk k o prgeuro bk nkamembobk‖ (Oforoa: 4332: ph. ;8).
O kxprkssåg Bmrkmtgs @ufolgs, poro bksmhlor gs bmrkmtgs quk eobo pkssgo tkf pgr skr pkssgo, í usobo pgr tgbg g fulbg, prmlempoafkltk lo orklo mltkrloemgloa, pgr euatgrks bk Emélemo Sgaætmeo k Tkaoèûks Mltkrloemgloms (Fmrolbo: 43?2: ph. ?;). Kxmstkf, pgríf, gutrgs trotofkltgs. Gs eglstmtuemgloamstos, pgr kxkfpag, oqukaks quk trodoa`of egf g Bmrkmtg Eglstmtuemgloa, lkssk eosg, Bmrkmtg Mltkrlg (pgsmtmvg) bk eobo Kstobg sgdkrolg, prknkrkf o kxprkssåg Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms, mstg pgrquk trotof-sk, skhulbg kaks, bk bmrkmtgs osskltks lo grbkf iuræbmeo, k låg bk bmrkmtgs bkrmvobgs bo loturkzo bg `gfkf k quk ssudsmstof udsmstof skf kfdorhg bk lkhoèåg bo akm (Fmrolbo: 43?2: ph. ?2). O kxprkssåg tkf tofdíf uf gutrg trotofkltg, quk ngm foms bmnulbmbg lgs poæsks olhag-soxõlmegs9 bmrkmtgs emvms, egfg bmrkmtg bgs embobågs gu egfg bmrkmtgs egltropgstgs ogs bmrkmtgs loturoms. ?5
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
?.?.4. Gs skltmbgs ngrfoa k fotkrmoa bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms Kltklbklbg-sk pgr bmrkmtg nulbofkltoa ‑tgbo o pgsmèåg iuræbmeo sudiketmvo bos pkssgos klquoltg eglsohrobo lo akm nulbofkltoa, nmeo eaorg quk skrï bmrkmtg nulbofkltoa kf skltmbg ngrfoa oqukak quk kstï mlsermtg lo Eglstmtumèåg ngrfoa, k skrï fotkrmoa oqukak bmrkmtg nulbofkltoa quk låg kstï mlsermtg lo Eglstmtumèåg ngrfoa, fos quk kf sm, pkao fotírmo k voagr, í uf bmrkmtg nulbofkltoa. Boæ quk Igrhk Fmrolbo onmrfo ‑Sortmempoltk, pgr vmo bo Eglstmtumèåg ngrfoa, bo prõprmo Eglstmtumèåg
fotkrmoa, toa pgsmèåg iuræbmeo sudiketmvo nmeo, sõ pgr kstor mlsermto lo Eglstmtumèåg ngrfoa, bgtobo bk prgtkeèåg o ksto amhobo, amho bo, lgfkobofkltk quoltg ã horoltmo bo eglstmtuemgloambobk k ã rkvmsåg (Fmrolbo: 43?2: ph. ??). Ossmf, tgbgs gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms kf skltmbg ngrfoa såg tofdíf kf skltmbg fotkrmoa. Fos g egltrïrmg lkf skfprk í vïambg. Gu skio, pgbk `ovkr bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms kf skltmbg fotkrmoa quk omlbo låg såg ngrfoms. Oamïs, kf dgf rmhgr, o nulbofkltoamzoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs skrmo, lo lgsso gpmlmåg, g prgekssg bk rkegl`kemfkltg, pkao akm nulbofkltoa, bgs bmrkmtgs `ufolgs lgvgs (gu quk oltks kstovof geuatgs), kf tkrfgs bk horoltmo k bknkso. Egltubg, gs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms rknkrkf-sk ogs Bmrkmtgs @ufolgs. Mstg í, o ekrtgs bmrkmtgs `ufolgs, oqukaks quk tkf uf auhor emfkmrg (prgtkhmbg) los Eglstmtumèûks. Sgr eouso bo mfpgrtälemo bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k bg auhor emfkmrg quk kssks geupof, kf tkrfgs bk prgtkeèåg, kf quoaqukr grbklofkltg iuræbmeg, í mfpgrtoltk skporï-ags bk gutrgs bmrkmtgs quk låg såg nulbofkltoms. Oamïs, g rkekmg í vkr os mlstmtumèûks bk tutkao skrkf klholobos o prkstor otklèåg o uf bmrkmtg mlvgeobg egfg nulbofkltoa, quolbg låg g í. Sgrtoltg, o eglerktmzoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms posso lkekssormofkltk pkao mbkltmnmeoèåg bg quk í bmrkmtg nulbofkltoa (Eolgtma`g: 4335: ph. ?5=>).
?2
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Ossmf, låg sk bkvkf eglnulbmr bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms egf9 (m) bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs pùdamegs: (mm) bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk: (mmm) smtuoèûks nulemgloms (mv) bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs: (v) mltkrkssks bmnusgs: (vm) horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms k (vmm) bkvkrks nulbofkltoms. Kssks låg såg, kf dgf rmhgr, bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms pgrquk låg såg mlkrkltks o pkssgo `ufolo, mlbmvmbuoafkltk rkprkskltobo.
?.?.5. Gs prkssupgstgs bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms Ukhulbg Igrhk Fmrolbo (43?2: ph. ?3), låg pgbk `ovkr vkrbobkmrgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms skf quk os pkssgos kstkiof kf rkaoèåg mfkbmoto egf (m) g pgbkr, dklknmemolbg bk uf kstotutg egfuf k låg skporobos kf rozåg bgs hrupgs gu bos mlstmtumèûks o quk pkrtklèof. Rofdíf, låg `ï bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms skf (mm) Kstobg. Gro, oqum, í prkemsg, poro o prgtkeèåg bkssks bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, oerksekltor-sk uf rkqumsmtg9 g Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg Bkfgerïtmeg. Rroto-sk bk uf ofdmkltk prgpæemg poro o horoltmo, rkspkmtg k prgtkeèåg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Gu skio, låg `ï bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms kf Kstobg tgtoamtïrmg. O kvgauèåg `mstõrmeo bg Kstobg, bksbk g odsgautmsfg fglïrqumeg otí, pkag fklgs, og Kstobg Amdkroa, prgvo quk o prmlempoa auto kro pgr uf Kstobg eopoz bk rkspkmtor k horoltmr g rkspkmtg pkags bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Ksto pgsmèåg í eglnmrfobo pgr Hguvkmo (43?3, ph. 8=?), quk bmz9 ‑Lo õptmeo bg tmpg `mstõrmeg bk Kstobg, g prmleæpmg bg Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg
surhk egfg uf bgs prmlempoms rksuatobgs bg Eglstmtuemgloamsfg k bg Amdkroamsfg, sklbg o kxprkssåg nmrfk bk gpgsmèåg og smstkfo pgaætmeg prkekbkltk, egf o prkgeupoèåg kssklemoa pkao amfmtoèåg bg pgbkr pgaætmeg, pgr mssg tofdíf nulbolbg g Kstobg Egltkfpgrälkg‖. Lo vkrbobk, gs Bmrkmtgs @ufolgs eglstmtukf g kakfkltg otrovís bg quoa g Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg Amdkroa rkeupkro oqumag quk otí `gik sk eglsmbkro g nmf ùatmfg bk tgbo o hmlïstmeo bk amfmtoèåg bg pgbkr bo Obfmlmstroèåg Sùdameo9 g `gfkf, gs bmrkmtgs `ufolgs. Soro oaíf bmssg, gs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms ossufkf uf pmeg rkakvoltk lo eglekpèåg amdkroa bg Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg. Boæ quk Lgvoms (?=08, p. 8?) bkserkvk9
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‑Klquoltg prmleæpmg dïsmeg bk bmstrmdumèåg kf quk sk opgmo g Kstobg bk
Bmrkmtg Amdkroa (...) gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms låg bkvkf, kf rmhgr, skr eglsmbkrobgs egfg uf kltrk vïrmgs bgs skus kakfkltgs, fos egfg g vkrbobkmrg nmf bo amfmtoèåg iuræbmeo bg Kstobg‖.
Egltubg, pgbkfgs bmzkr quk, kltrk gs prkssupgstgs bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms kstï (k bkvk kstor) uf Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg. Låg lo ngrfo, fos tofdíf lo fotírmo, los otmtubks bos pkssgos k lo vgltobk bk prgtkhkr g dkf suprkfg9 g `gfkf k skus bmrkmtgs. Uufïrmg Ossmf, tklbg smbg opgltobgs quoms gs eglekmtgs quk låg sk klquobrof lo lgèåg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms í pgssævka, o egltrïrmg sklsu, bkamfmtor g eglekmtg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, quk pgbkf skr trobuzmbgs, skhulbg Igrhk FMTOLBO (4333, p. 8) los ‑pgsmèûks iuræbmeos oetmvos bos pkssgos
klquoltg toms, mlbmvmbuoa gu mlstmtuemgloafkltk eglsmbkrobos osskltks lo Eglstmtumèåg.
[LMBOBK
Rkfïtmeo ?.4.
O mfpgrtälemo Eglstmtuemgloa
bgs Bmrkmtgs
Nulbofkltoms.. Nulbofkltoms Mltrgbuèåg Ukhulbg Igrhk Fmrolbo (43?2: ph. ?3), låg pgbk `ovkr vkrbobkmrgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms skf quk os pkssgos kstkiof kf rkaoèåg mfkbmoto egf (m) g pgbkr, dklknmemolbg bk uf kstotutg egfuf k låg skporobos kf rozåg bgs hrupgs gu bos mlstmtumèûks o quk pkrtklèof. Rofdíf, låg `ï bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms skf (mm) Kstobg. Gro, oqum, í prkemsg, poro o prgtkeèåg bkssks bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, oerksekltor-sk uf rkqumsmtg9 g
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Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg Bkfgerïtmeg. Rroto-sk bk uf ofdmkltk prgpæemg poro o horoltmo, rkspkmtg k prgtkeèåg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Gdiketmvgs Egfprkklbkr o prgtkeèåg eglstmtuemgloa bo pkssgo pkags
bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms: Oloamsor o kvgauèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms:
Egfkltor sgdrk gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k g nuturg.
?.4.?. O prgtkeèåg eglstmtuemgloa bo pkssgo pkags bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms G bmrkmtg eglstmtuemgloa nulbofkltoa í g prmfkmrg lùeakg tkfïtmeg quk, og lævka bo kspkemoambobk, sk mfpûk kseaorkekr, aghg o skhumr o oprkskltoèåg hkroa bo ETF quk sk tgrlgu pgssævka otrovís bgs prmleæpmgs eglstmtuemgloms. Mstg qukr bmzkr quk, í ksto vkrtkltk bg Bmrkmtg eglstmtuemgloa quk tkf o nmloambobk bk prgtkhkr o pkssgo `ufolo, og o g foms oatg lævka k egf tgbos os horoltmos quk såg opolïhmg bo ngrèo bkstk rofg iuræbmeg.
Kf lkl`uf gutrg auhor bg Bmrkmtg Sgsmtmvg sk pgbk bor, lkstks tkrfgs bk fïxmfo knketmvmbobk, tolto prgtkeèåg ã pkssgo egfg pkao eglsohroèåg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Egltubg, toa låg smhlmnmeo quk o pkssgo `ufolo skio opklos bknmlmbo pkag Bmrkmtg Eglstmtuemgloa bgs Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, sklbg akhætmfg soamkltor quk kstk prgpõsmtg í akvobg o eodg pgr gutrgs sketgrks iuræbmegs9 G bmrkmtg pkloa, og pulmr egf os pklos foms hrovks gs ermfks os
pkssgos k gs skus foms kakvobgs voagrks, egfg í g eosg bo vmbo, mltro utkrmlo k kxtro utkrmlo, bo mltkhrmbobk bo pkssgo `ufolo gu bo `glro:
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Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
G bmrkmtg mltkrloemgloa pùdameg uatmfofkltk bksklvgavmbg egfg g
eobo vkz foms sgnmstmeobg Bmrkmtg Mltkrloemgloa bgs Bmrkmtgs bg @gfkf, og odrmhg bgs smstkfos bk prgtkeèåg bk bmrkmtgs `ufolgs quk sk tkf fuatmpameobg k opkrnkmègobg, skf ksqukekr omlbo os rkspketmvos eoroetkræstmeos kspkemnmeos: G bmrkmtg emvma, quolbg sk kleodkèo pkags bmrkmtgs bo
pkrsgloambobk, gs quoms sk rkaoemglof egf o prgtkeèåg bo pkssgo lo oetmvmbobk iuræbmeg- prmvobo. Skao suo mfpgrtälemo tgbgs kstks bmrkmtgs `ufolgs hol`of ufo kspkemoa oeumbobk, pgrquk bmrketofkltk egfulmeof egf g bmrkmtg Eglstmtuemgloa sklbg otí, bk oahufo sgrtk, g sku loturoa prgaglhofkltg. Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, lg síeuag PMP, egfkèorof pgr skr ufo ermoèåg kspkeænmeo bg Bmrkmtg eglstmtuemgloa, kf quk gs tkxtgs eglstmtuemgloms possorof o pgsmtmvor pgsmèûks bk horoltmo bg mlbmvmbug kf rkaoèåg og kstobg. O portmr bg fgfkltg kf quk os o s rkaoèûks mltkrloemgloms sk mltklsmnmeorof, k o sgemkbobk mltkrloemgloa possgu o rkhuaor bmrketofkltk fùatmpags sketgrks bo oetmvmbobk `ufolo, oqukaks bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms ngrof rkpameobgs og lævka bg bmrkmtg mltkrloemgloa, lufo supkrmgr mlstälemo bk bknkso egltro gs odusgs egfktmbgs pkaos outgrmbobks kstobuoms.
G foms eurmgsg í lgtor, pgríf, quk gs bmrkmtgs `ufolgs, outglgfofkltk eglsohrobgs luf gutrg rofg bg bmrkmtg, oeodorof pgr sk eruzor egf o pgsmtmvoèåg eglstmtuemgloa bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, kxtkrlofkltk oekakrolbg uf egliultg bk sgauèûks quk mltkrlofkltk e`khormof prmfkmrg. Í ossmf quk, egf o rkvgauèåg eglstmtuemgloa k amdkroa, ngrof eglekdmbgs gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, rkprkskltolbg o otrmdumèåg ãs pkssgos bk pgsmèûks sudiketmvos bk voltohkls, lufo rkaoèåg bmrketo egf g kstobgpgbkr, bkltrg bk ufo pkrekpèåg tgtoa mlgvobgro poro o ípgeo, egf os skhumltks foreos bknmlmbgros. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms bk nulbofkltg iurmsbmemgloamsto, iï quk g kstobg bkvkrmo opklos bkeaoror, k låg ermor, toms bmrkmtgs, kstks sk oprkskltolbg, ?0
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pgr sku aobg, egfg g prgbutg bo loturkzo `ufolo, bksegdkrto pkao rozåg roemgemlostk, egf dosk los eglekpèûks egltrotuoamstos kltåg trmulnoltks:
Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms bk nkmèåg lkhotmvo, lo fkbmbo kf quk egrrkspglbmof o pgsmèûks bk bmstolemofkltg, bk outglgfmo, bk skporoèåg k bk amdkrbobk bos pkssgos egltro g pgbkr pgaætmeg: Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms bk ngrèo eglstmtuemgloa, pgms quk gs fksfgs bkvkrmof skr eglsohrobgs og lævka bgs tkxtgs eglstmtuemgloms ngrfoms, egf mssg sk prkserkvklbg o ngltk egstufkmro k oaèolbg-sk gs fksfgs og lævka suprkfg bo grbkf iuræbmeo kstobuoa: Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms bk eul`g mlbmvmbuoa, ufo vkz quk eobo mlbmvmbug, skhulbg o bgutrmlo bg amdkroamsfg pgaætmeg kltåg rkmloltk, rkprkskltormo ufo lkekssmbobk bk prgtkeèåg pkroltk g pgbkr pùdameg. Ngm ossmf quk loseku, lo tkgrmo g Bmrkmtg eglstmtuemgloa, o prgdakfïtmeo bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, o quoa bkpgms sk ngm kxpolbmlbg kf fùatmpaos bmrkeèûks. G eglekmtg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, bk oegrbg egf ksto pkrspketmvo kspkeænmeo, mfpamegu quk og bmrkmtg eglstmtuemgloa, egfg kseoaåg suprkfg bo grbkf iuræbmeo, sk kltrkhossk mleufdélemo smlhuaor bk prgtkeèåg bo pkssgo `ufolo. Ossmf, gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms såg os pgsmèûks iuræbmeos oetmvos bos pkssgos mltkhrobos lg kstobg-sgemkbobk, kxkrembos pgr egltropgsmèåg og kstobg pgbkr, pgsmtmvobos lg tkxtg eglstmtuemgloa, boqum sk bksegrtmlolbg trés kakfkltgs eglstmtutmvgs9 - [f kakfkltg sudiketmvg9 sudiketmvg9 os pkssgos mltkhrobos lg kstobg-sgemkbobk, gs tmtuaorks bgs bmrkmtgs, quk pgbkf skr kxkrembgs kf egltropgltg og kstobg-pgbkr: - [f kakfkltg gdiketmvg9 gdiketmvg9 o egdkrturo bk uf egliultg bk voltohkls mlkrkltks ogs gdiketgs k ogs egltkùbgs prgtkhmbgs pgr eobo bmrkmtg nulbofkltoa: ?=
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- [f kakfkltg ngrfoa9 ngrfoa9 o eglsohroèåg bkssos pgsmèûks bk voltohkf og lævka bo eglstmtumèåg, g kseoaåg suprkfg bg grbklofkltg iuræbmeg. ^kiofgs kf pgrfklgr bk eobo uf bkstks kakfkltgs, fka`gr sk egfprkklbklbg gs rkspketmvgs ospketgs eoroetkrmzobgrks. G kakfkltg sudiketmvg prklbk-sk egf os pkssgos iuræbmeos o quk gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms rkspkmtof, lg egltkxtg bo tmtuaormbobk bgs fksfgs sklbg ekrtg quk såg pgsmèûks sudiketmvos mlsusekptævkms bk tmtuaormbobk pgr portk bk tgbg k quoaqukr mlbmnkrklemobg suikmtg iuræbmeg. O nrgltkmro quk sk bkvk kstodkakekr, k quk tofdíf bo lkekssïrmo eglsmstélemo ogs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms lg kstobg Eglstmtuemgloa, rkpguso lg noetg bk gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms hol`orkf skltmbg k dklknæemg bk qukf prktklbk klnrkltor g pgbkr kstobuoa, gu quoaqukr gutrg pgbkr pùdameg. Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, lo suo hílksk, kvgauèåg k nulèåg, låg sk kxpameof sklåg luf egltkxtg bmegtõfmeg kltrk g pgbkr k o sgemkbobk, bkvklbg pgr mssg sgfkltk skr tmtuaobgs pgr pkssgos. Ossmf sklbg, í bk onostor gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms quk kstkiof lo tmtuaormbobk bos kstruturos bgtobos bk pgbkr pùdameg, låg nozklbg skltmbg quk kltrk kstos sk kxkrèof kspoègs bk outglgfmo, iï quk låg sk vé egfg skio aghmeofkltk pgssævka quk oahuíf lg pgbkr sk bknklbo bg prõprmg pgbkr. G kakfkltg gdiketmvg kxpameo o kxmstélemo bk voltohkls, potrmfglmoms, kf novgr bg tmtuaor bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, mlserkvklbg-sk luf egliultg bos smtuoèûks iuræbmeos oetmvos pgr bk trïs bk dklknæemgs. Låg í pgssævka skr rmhgrgsg, lufo õptmeo ius emvmaæstmeo, o rkspkmtg bg rkegrtk bkssos smtuoèûks bk voltohkls9 kaos såg bk fumtos bmvkrsos ælbgaks, låg tklbg lkekssormofkltk bk rkspkmtor g eglekmtg kspkeænmeg bk bmrkmtg sudiketmvg, pgbklbg gnkrkekr gutrgs egltgrlgs. Gs knkmtgs iuræbmegs quk trobuzkf o smtuoèåg bk voltohkf prgiketof-sk sgdrk os rkoambobks fotkrmoms quk onketof, kf novgr bg tmtuaor bg bmrkmtg, dkls iuræbmegs quk sk tgrlof, pgr ksso vmo eglstmtuemgloafkltk rkakvoltks. 43
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O oprkemoèåg bg gdiketg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms pkrfmtk mlbmvmbuoamzor bmnkrkltks eglekpèûks, bksbk prkstoèûks o gutrgs tmpgs bk voltohkls otrmduæbos og tmtuaor bg bmrkmtg nulbofkltoa.
G kakfkltg ngrfoa bï-lgs eglto bo lkekssmbobk bk gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms sk eglsohrorkf lg lævka fïxmfg bo grbkf iuræbmegkstobuoa pgsmtmvo, quk í g lævka iuræbmeg-eglstmtuemgloa. O grbkf iuræbmeo låg bmspûk bk uf sõ lævka k, pkag egltrïrmg, kspmo-sk pgr bmvkrsgs potoforks, kf egrrkspglbélemo ã mfpgrtälemo bos fotírmos vkrsobos, fos tofdíf bo `orfglmo egf o aõhmeo nulemgloa bos outgrmbobks quk os prgbuzkf. Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, lkstk egltkxtg, véf geupor o pgsmèåg emfkmro bo pmräfmbk bo grbkf iuræbmeg-kstobuoa, kf gdkbmélemo, bk rkstg, og rkspketmvg egltkùbg lg skmg bgs voagrks quk g bmrkmtg Eglstmtuemgloa trolspgrto. Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms pgbkf skr mhuoafkltk pkrspketmvobgs skhulbg bmvkrsos eaossmnmeoèûks, kf opameoèåg bk gutrgs toltgs ermtírmgs, sklbg bk bmssgemor gs skhumltks hrupgs eaossmnmeotõrmgs9 - Os eaossmnmeoèûks sudiketmvos: -Os eaossmnmeoèûks fotkrmoms: -Os eaossmnmeoèûks ngrfoms: k -Os eaossmnmeoèûks rkhmfkltoms Os eaossmnmeoèûks sudiketmvos bmzkf rkspkmtg og fgbg egfg gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms sk rkaoemglof egf gs rkspketmvgs tmtuaorks, vormolbg kf rozåg bo suo egltkxturo9 Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms mlbmvmbuoms k gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms mlstmtuemgloms eglsgoltk gs bmrkmtgs skiof tmtuaobgs pgr pkssgos næsmeos gu pgr pkssgos egaketmvos, omlbo pgbklbg bor-sk g eosg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms smfuatolkofkltk mlbmvmbuoms k mlstmtuemgloms:
4?
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Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms egfuls k gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms portmeuaorks, eglsgoltk gs bmrkmtgs skiof pkrtmlkltks o tgbos os pkssgos gu rkspkmtkf o ekrtos eotkhgrmos bk suikmtgs, kf nulèåg bk vïrmos smtuoèûks, egfg o embobolmo. Os eaossmnmeoèûks fotkrmoms mfpameof o eglsmbkroèåg bg sku gdiketg k egltkùbg, sklbg bk bmvmbmr kltrk os skhumltks fgboambobks9 Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms hkroms k gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms
kspkemoms eglsgoltk o pgssmdmambobk bk gs fksfgs sk fgstrorkf pkrtmlkltks kf quoaqukr emreulstälemo bo vmbo sklbg bk ekrto sgrtk bmrkmtgs pkrfolkltks gu eglstoltks bk eobo pkssgo, gu lg eosg bk skrkf pkrtmlkltks kf smtuoèûks amfmtobos gu fksfg pgltuoms, bmrkmtgs quk lkf skfprk såg outgfotmeofkltk mlkrkltks o pkssgo `ufolo, vormolbg eglngrfk fùatmpags ermtírmgs bk mbobk, eglbmèåg egrpgroa gu mlskrèåg sgemoa: Eglsgoltk g äfdmtg bo vmbo rkakvoltk, kf lgfk bk voagrks pkssgoms, bk trodoa`g, bk portmempoèåg pgaætmeo gu bk mlskrèåg lo sgemkbobk. Os eaossmnmeoèûks ngrfoms rkaoemglof-sk egf troègs quk pkeuamorfkltk bknmlkf gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms lg tgeoltk o suo kstruturo ngrfoa, n grfoa, sklbg bk bkstrmlèor kltrk9 Gs bmrkmtgs, os amdkrbobks k os horoltmos, eglngrfk os pgsmèûks
sudiketmvos tkl`of o kstruturo bk bmrkmtg sudiketmvg, egrrkspglbof og oprgvkmtofkltg bk uf kspoèg bk outglgfmo gu suriof kquoemglobos luf egltkxtg bk prgtkeèåg bk gutrg bmrkmtg nulbofkltoa prmlempoa, fgstrolbg-sk oekssgrmofkltk amhobgs ogs fksfgs: G stotus lkhotmvus, g stotus oetmvus, g stotus pgsmtmvus k g stotus
oetmvok prgekssuoams, eaossmnmeoèåg ekakdrmzobo pgr HKGTH IKAAMLKJ k quk bo eglto bo rkaoèåg bo pkssgos egf g Kstobg k egf tmpg bk kxmhélemo quk og fksfg sk mfpûk. Os eaossmnmeoèûks rkhmfkltoms prgekbkf o skporoèåg bos eotkhgrmos bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms pkao opameoèåg bk bmvkrsos rkhros bg rkspketmvg
44
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Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
rkhmfk, sklbg bk bmstmlhumr kltrk bgms hrupgs quk egrtof smfktrmeofkltk g rkspketmvg ulmvkrsg9 Gs bmrkmtgs amdkrbobks k horoltmos, egf uf rkhmfk rkngrèobg: k
Gs bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms k euaturoms, egf uf rkhmfk
klnroqukembg. Kf egltroportmbo, låg porkek quk noèo skltmbg oprkemor gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms kf nulèåg bo suo pkrtklèo gu låg ã Eglstmtumèåg, ufo vkz quk a`ks í nulbofkltoa o suo mlskrèåg eglstmtuemgloa k, ossmf sklbg, nmeolbg bgtobgs bk ngrèo eglstmtuemgloa. G kseaorkemfkltg tkõrmeg oekreo bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms egfpakto-sk egf o oprkskltoèåg bos rkspketmvos nmhuros onmls, quk poroakaofkltk rkegrtof oqukak äfdmtg9 - Os horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms: - Gs mltkrkssks bmnusgs: - Os smtuoèûks nulemgloms: - Gs bkvkrks nulbofkltoms: - Gs bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs. Os
horoltmos
mlstmtuemgloms
rkprkskltof
g
rkaoemglofkltg
g
rkegl`kemfkltg bk mlstmtumèûks bo rkoambobk sgemoa k keglõfmeo quk, pkao suo mfpgrtälemo, fkrkekf ufo prgtkeèåg eglstmtuemgloa, fos kf quk låg sk ossmloao quoaqukr bmfklsåg sudiketmvo, oltks ufo bmfklsåg ulmeofkltk gdiketmvo9 såg mlstmtumèûks quk eufprk prgtkhkr, otrovís bo mfpgsmèåg og pgbkr pùdameg bk uf bkvkr bk os bknklbkr, omlbo quk loahuls eosgs os horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms sk pgssof sudiketmvor pgr sk fgstrorkf oekssõrmos og eufprmfkltg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms prõprmg sklsg, pgbklbg lkssk eosg egfulhor bg rkspketmvg rkhmfk. Gs mltkrkssks bmnusgs såg pgsmèûks iuræbmeos quk låg obqumrkf uf sunmemkltk hrou bk bklsmnmeoèåg sudiketmvo o pgltg bk pgr kaks sk pkrfmtmr kxmhmr g oprgvkmtofkltg kspkeænmeg bg rkspketmvg dkf k ulmeofkltk noeuatof mltkrvklèûks prgekbmfkltoms k prgekssuoms pgr portk bg rkspketmvg tmtuaor, eaofolbg pkao tutkao pùdameo lg skltmbg bo prkvklèåg k bo rkporoèåg bk bolgs. [f bgs bgfælmgs foms kfdakfïtmegs bgs 45
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
mltkrkssks bmnusgs í g bo prgdakfïtmeo ofdmkltoa, omlbo quk toa pkrspketmvo tkl`o vmlbg o oaorhor-sk o gutrgs ospketgs egfg o soùbk pùdameo gu bknkso bg potrmfõlmg euaturoa.
Os smtuoèûks nulemgloms såg pgsmèûks sudiketmvos, oetmvos k possmvos, mlkrkltks ã tmtuaormbobk bk uf õrhåg pùdameg, bk oegrbg egf g eorhg quk í bkskfpkl`obg, smtuoèûks nulemgloms quk sk obmemglof ogs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, oqukaos rkaoemglobgs egf g kstotutg bgs hgvkrlobgrks k kstks otmlkltks og kstotutg bk tgbos os pkssgos k tofdíf bgs hgvkrloltks-egfg hgvkrlobgs. Gs bkvkrks nulbofkltoms egrpgrmzof mfpgsmèûks bk bksklvgavmfkltg bk bksvoltohkls, quk hrovof gs rkspketmvgs tmtuaorks, kf lgfk bo nksto bk mltkrkssk hkroms, bg kstobg gu bo sgemkbobk, k quk pgbkf skr g egltropgltg bg rkegl`kemfkltg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, bkvkrks nulbofkltoms quk foms sk oprkskltof vïambgs lo bknkso loemgloa k lg pohofkltg bk mfpgstgs. Gs bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs odrolhkf pgsmèûks sudiketmvos oetmvos, fos kf quk o suo tmtuaormbobk sk fgstro pkrtmlkltk ã prgtkeèåg bk ufo egfulmbobk bk pkssgos, hrupoafkltk eglsmbkrobo kf nulèåg bk uf lkxg bk pkrtklèo ítlmeg, rkamhmgsg, amlhuæstmeg gu quoaqukr gutrg lkxg, rkakvolbg foms bg bgfælmg bg bmrkmtg mltkrloemgloa pùdameg.
?.4.4. O kvgauèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, dkf egfg g losemfkltg bo mbkmo bo embobolmo, låg sk pgsmemglof sgfkltk lufo õptmeo bk vmrohkf poro g Kstobg Egltkfpgrälkg, iï quk bg fksfg fgbg sk onmhurof rkakvoltks bo pkrspketmvo bg klrmqukemfkltg quk prgpgremglorof o kvgauèåg bo sgemkbobk k bg Kstobg kf hkroa. Ksso í ufo vkrmnmeoèåg quk låg bkmxo forhkf poro `ksmtoèûks quolbg oloamsofgs o kvgauèåg bo pgsmtmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. K quk pgr om sk pkrekdk g kmxg bk oeèåg bos hrolbks mlstmtumèûks bg Bmrkmtg
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MUEKB
43 Olg
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Eglstmtuemgloa, ossmf egfg sk prksskltk g sku voagr poro g prõprmg bksklvgavmfkltg boqukak sketgr bg Bmrkmtg. Uk fumtos egmsos oegltkekrof kf bgms síeuags bk Eglstmtuemgloamsfg, låg sk pgbkf kxeaumr os futoèûks quk tåg sudstolemoafkltk opkrnkmègorof g eotïaghg eglstmtuemgloa bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Rroto-sk bk ufo oprkemoèåg quk í noemamtobo o portmr bk oahuls pgltgs bk egltropgsmèåg, gs quoms pgstkrmgrfkltk pkrfmtkf kquoemglor gs hrolbks foregs bk oatkroèåg sudstolemoa lo eglsohroèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms9 G amdkroamsfg keglõfmeg bg síeuag PMP trolsngrfgu-sk lg
mltkrvklemglmsfg sgemoa Jkylksmolg lg síeuag PPM: G Loemgloamsfg pgaætmeg bg síeuag PMP ekbku g kspoèg og
mltkrloemgloamsfg bg Ukeuag PP, dkf egfg o fuatmpameoèåg bos rkaoèûks mltkrloemgloms: G mlbmvmbuoamsfg nmagsõnmeg bg síeuag PMP ngm sklsmvkafkltk
otkluobg pkag sgambormsfg bg síeuag PP. Bom quk os hrolbks aml`os bk vmrohkf bgs síeuags PMP k PP. _uk sk rksufkf o kstks nklõfklgs, mfpamqukf o lkekssmbobk bk sk kquoemglor vïrmos oatkroèûks, quk eufprk grholmzor lg skhumltk pkrægbg, tofdíf opkambobos bk hkroèûks bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms skhulbg JOTKA ^OUOJ9 - G pkrægbg amdkroa: - G pkrægbg sgemoa: - G pkrægbg euaturoa. G pkrægbg amdkroa oloamso-sk pkao eglsohroèåg bk ufo prmfkmro hkroèåg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms egfg egliultg bk bmrkmtgs bk loturkzo lkhotmvo, otrovís bgs quoms sk tml`o kf fkltk, kf prmfkmrg auhor, o horoltmo bk uf kspoèg bk outglgfmo k bk bknkso bgs embobågs kf noek bg pgbkr pùdameg. Mssg í dkf vmsævka los prmlempoms amdkrbobks pùdameos quk ngrof kltåg eglsohrobos k quk otí ogs lgssgs bmos, soavg oahufos pgltuoms
4;
MUEKB
43 Olg
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
fgbmnmeoèûks, egltmluof o nozkr portk bk uf potrmfõlmg mrrkvghïvka quk g eglstmtuemgloamsfg amdkroa akhgu. Sgr gutrg aobg, kfdgro rkvkaolbg ufo prkgeupoèåg kspkeænmeo, ksso prmfkmro hkroèåg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms ngm prkkle`mbo pkag kstodkakemfkltg bk vïrmos horoltmos bgs äfdmtgs pkloa k prgekssuoapkloa, bksso ngrfo sk oaeolèolbg o e`ofobo `ufolmzoèåg bg bmrkmtg pkloa. G pkrægbg sgemoa eglsohrgu ufo skhulbo hkroèåg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, kf quk sk tgrlgu kvmbkltk g prgpõsmtg bk oaorhor gs nmls bg kstobg k bk lkaks nozkr rknaketmr ufo prgtkeèåg bk loturkzo sgemoa. Í ossmf quk, o portmr bo skhulbo fktobk bg síeuag PP, losekrof gs bmrkmtgs bk loturkzo sgemoa, ossufmlbg-sk g kstobg egfg prkstobgr bk skrvmègs. Ermo-sk gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms ã kbueoèåg, ã prgtkeèåg bo soùbk k ã skhurolèo sgemoa, bk kltrk gutrgs, skfprk kxkfpamnmeoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms o prkstoèûks. Gdvmofkltk quk ksto vmsåg sgemoa bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms låg pgbk skr bksamhobo bg skltmbg bg kstobg sgemoa, dkf egfg bgs egltkùbgs keglõfmegs bos eglstmtumèûks. G pkrægbg euaturoa trobuz o kxmstélemo bk ufo tkrekmro hkroèåg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, kf quk sk rkhmsto g oporkemfkltg bk lgvgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, o portmr bg ùatmfg quortka bg síeuag PP. Rgbovmo, g quk foms eoroetkrmzo ksto nosk låg í toltg o suo ulmembobk, fos, pkag egltrïrmg, o suo fuatmbmrkeemgloambobk, toa í o bmnkrklèo k sgdrktubg o pgueo prgxmfmbobk quk sk rkhmsto kltrk gs lgvgs tmpgs bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms eglsohrobgs. G egltkxtg kf quk kstks bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms sk ngrfof í bk vïrmos bmfklsûks eoroetkrmzobgros bo sgemkbobk oetuoa9 [fo sgemkbobk bk rmseg:
[fo sgemkbobk hagdoa:
[fo sgemkbobk bk mlngrfoèåg:
4>
MUEKB
43 Olg
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
[fo sgemkbobk fuatmeuaturoa.
[f prmfkmrg hrupg bk prgpõsmtgs onagro los qukstûks ofdmkltoms, bgfælmg quk pgr ngrèo bg bksklvgavmfkltg tkelgaõhmeg, tkelgaõhmeg, sk tgrlgu mlkvmtïvka egfg ekltrg bos pgaætmeos pùdameos. ^åg ossmf surhmr bmvkrsos pgsmèûks sudiketmvos kf fotírmo bk ofdmkltk, bom bkrmvolbg bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, bkvkrks nulbofkltoms k mltkrkssks bmnusgs, tgbgs egf g gdiketmvg egfuf bo suo prgtkeèåg. Gutrg lùeakg kxtrkfofkltk mfpgrtoltk rkaoemglo-sk egf gs rkekltks bksklvgavmfkltgs lo mlvkstmhoèåg emkltænmeo kf fotírmo bk folmpuaoèåg hklítmeo, nozklbg ovolèor g prghrkssg `ufolg o lævkms oaorfoltks poro o bkstrumèåg bg `gfkf k, pgr egliultg, bo prõprmo emvmamzoèåg. Í kltåg mlbmspklsïvka quk sk obgptkf fkeolmsfgs bk skhurolèo bo mbkltmbobk hklítmeo `ufolo, kf quk sk prkskrvo g skr `ufolg bk mlbkskiïvkms ovolègs tkelgaõhmegs k emkltænmegs. Eufprk omlbo fklemglor os ngrtks prkgeupoèûks quk possorof o skr eglstmtuemgloafkltk skltmbos kf fotírmo bk rkprkskltoèåg bos smlhuaormbobks euaturoms bgs pgvgs, dkf egfg bg nmtg bk kstodkakekr gs bmrkmtgs bgs hrupgs fmlgrmtïrmgs, lufo õptmeo fklgs ksfohobgro bo ngrèo eglngrfobgro bg prmleæpmg fomgrmtïrmg, quk oqum klegltro gs skus amfmtks. Eaorg quk g noetg bk skr pgssævka nrmsor, kf foms bk buzkltgs olgs bk Eglstmtuemgloamsfg, o pkrtmlélemo bk trés pkrægbgs dkf foreobgs lo kvgauèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms låg pgbk smhlmnmeor quk gs bmrkmtgs bo hkroèåg oltkrmgr bkmxosskf bk gdtkr rkegl`kemfkltg. Ksto ngm ufo kvgauèåg oeufuaotmvo k låg oatkrlotmvo, pgr euio oeèåg sk obmemglorof lgvgs bmrkmtgs oqukaks quk iï kstovof oltkrmgrfkltk eglsohrobgs, toa sk kvmbklemolbg foms lo possohkf bg pkrægbg amdkroa og pkrægbg sgemoa. Uõ quk kssk nklõfklg bku-sk oqum egfg kf quoaqukr gutrg ospketg eglstmtuemgloa, o portmr bg fgfkltg kf quk gs tkxtgs eglstmtuemgloms
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MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
mlegrpgrorof ufo eaïusuao sgemoa, fgstrolbg-sk pkrfkïvkms k iï låg lkutroms, egfg lg tkfpg amdkroa o rkoambobk eglstmtuemgloa emreulboltk. Egfg onmrfo IGUK EOTAGU ^MKMTO OLBTOBK, sk qumsísskfgs eoroetkrmzor smltktmeofkltk kssos trolsngrfoèûks otrovís bk oahufos poaovros-e`ovk gu mbkmos, bmræofgs quk kvgauèåg bkstk sudsmstkfo iuræbmeg sk soamklto los mbkmos bk oeufuaoèåg, bk vormkbobk k bk odkrturo. G mtmlkrïrmg bo pgsmtmvoèåg eglstmtuemgloa bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms mbkltmeofkltk låg pgbk bkseglsmbkror os prgnulbos futoèûks quk g Bmrkmtg Mltkrloemgloa Sùdameg egl`kekrmo lo skhulbo fktobk g síeuag PP, os quoms såg bmrketofkltk otmlkltks gs voagrks mltkrlofkltk prgtkhmbgs pkags bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Kstofgs gdvmofkltk o noaor lo prgtkeèåg mltkrloemgloa bgs bmrkmtgs bg `gfkf, fgfkltg quk opklos sk eglerktmzormo o skhumr o MM Hukrro Fulbmoa k quk vmrmo bg fksfg fgbg o mlnauklemor gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms eglstmtuemgloafkltk eglsohrobgs. Bk quk ngrfo, pgríf, ksso mlnauélemo ngm kxkrembo7 O prmlempoa bkaos kstkgu-sk lo oekakroèåg bo eglsohroèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms iï egl`kembgs bgs Kstobgs foms kvgauæbgs, quk prmfkmrg gs kxtkrmgrmzorof poro gs mlstrufkltgs mltkrloemgloms bk prgtkeèåg bk bmrkmtgs `ufolgs. Fos o mfpgrtälemo bgs bmrkmtgs `ufolgs mltkrloemgloafkltk egl`kembgs pgbk tofdíf tkr smbg sudstolemoa k låg opklos prgekssuoa lo fkbmbo kf quk o portmr bg paolg mltkrloemgloa, ngm pgssævka eglhkfmlor uf egliultg bk prkgeupoèûks mltkrloemgloms, prmlempoafkltk otmlkltks ogs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms bk tkrekmro k quorto hkroèåg, qukr kf fotírmo bk ofdmkltk, qukr kf fotírmo bk bmrkmtgs o prgtkeèåg bk fmlgrmos, qukr lg bgfælmg bo outglgfmo euaturoa bgs hrupgs k bgs pgvgs.
40
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
?.4.5. Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k g nuturg Ksto drkvæssmfo kxpgsmèåg o rkspkmtg bg auhor bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms lg kstobg egltkfpgrälkg, tkstkful`olbg os klgrfks voltohkls quk sk ossgemof o ksto eotkhgrmo iuræbmeo, låg pgbk p gbk kseglbkr, bg fksfg possg, gs pkrmhgs quk ksprkmtof lg `grmzgltk. Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms låg såg bmrkmtgs mlnoaævkms k, pgr mssg, kxmstkf pkrmhgs quk oetuoafkltk sk eglekdkf k quk pgbkf aolèor bùvmbos quoltg ã knketmvmbobk bo suo prgtkeèåg. Umfpaksfkltk, kssks pkrmhgs, kf vkz bk lgs nozkrkf ksfgrkekr, bkvkf susemtor o lgsso rknakxåg, tklbg kf fkltk g bksmbkrotg bk gs vklekr. G kstobg bk bmrkmtg ossmf g kxmhk. G pkrmhg foms sírmg k smfuatolkofkltk g foms bmsnorèobg bk tgbgs í g bo kakvobo bmspglmdmambobk quk `gik kxmstk lg tgeoltk ã doloamzoèåg bo smlhuaormbobk horoltmstmeo mlkrkltk ogs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Lufo oaturo kf quk g bmseursg sgdrk o prgtkeèåg bos pkssgos pgr mltkrfíbmg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms sk vuahormzgu g rkeursg o ksso tíelmeo iuræbmeg-ngrfoa. G rksuatobg í g bo fuatmpameoèåg, quk pgbk skr kxekssmvo, bg lùfkrg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltos kxmstkltks. Fos, onmloa, kf quk eglsmstk kssk pkrmhg bo doloamzoèåg7 Kstofgs kf erkr quk kssk pkrmhg ksto lo obuatkroèåg bo `mkrorqumo bk voagrks quk bkvk lkekssormofkltk sudiozkr ogs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k, sgdrktubg, pklsor quk gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms voakf tgbgs g fksfg, rmseg quk sk pgtklemo pkag erksemfkltg bg sku lufkrg. Sgr gutrg aobg, kssk noetg loturoafkltk sk rkpkreutk sgdrk o fklgr prgtkeèåg quk rkeom sgdrk eobo uf, sklbg ekrtg quk os vmrtuoambobks nïetmeos quk sk ossgemof og rkegl`kemfkltg eglstmtuemgloa låg såg mlkshgtïvkms. Gutrg pkrmhg quk lgs bkvk opgqukltor o otmlkltk o kvkltuoa ulmngrfmzoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms quk prghrkssmvofkltk vofgs eglsohrolbg lgs tkxtgs eglstmtuemgloms, tklbélemos quk tkr-sk-åg 4=
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
onmrfobg, prmfkmrg, og lævka bo prgtkeèåg mltkrloemgloa bgs bmrkmtgs `ufolgs. Í lætmbg quk o hagdoamzoèåg quk kstofgs vmvklbg lgs gnkrkek ufo bmfklsåg iuræbmeo, fumtg soubïvka k quk í g prgbutg bk ufo oprgxmfoèåg euaturoa kltrk rkhmûks, pgvgs k kstobgs. Rofdíf í kvmbkltk quk pgr bktrïs bksso hagdoamzoèåg, quk í dgo lg quk bk dgf hagdoamzo, sk kseglbk ufo fï hagdoamzoèåg, quolbg kao prktklbk skr k fumtos vkzks í rkoafkltk uf mlstrufkltg bk bgfælmg mfpglbg ufo bktkrfmlobo vmsåg bg fulbg k bo vmbo, skf kspoèg poro gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms quk pgssof kspka`or os outglgfmos k os pkeuamormbobks bk ekrtgs pgvgs k euaturos. Ossmf sk odrk uf mfklsg bksonmg bk `ktkrghklkmzoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, kf rkspgsto os bmvkrsmbobks, euaturoms, rkamhmgsos k gutros quk tkfgs bk klnrkltor, sgd pklo bg pkrmhg fomgr bg b g bksfkfdrofkltg bo egfulmbobk pgaætmeo. Bg fksfg fgbg olhustmoltk í g pkrmhg bo prgeksuoamzoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, pkao tklbélemo quk gs rkhmfks bkfgerïtmegs `gbmkrlofkltk vmvkf poro o bk sudstolemoamzoèåg bo oetmvmbobk pùdameo, oerkbmtolbg quk g prgekssg bkemsõrmg bkfgerïtmeg í opklos uf fgbg bk bkembmr, k låg g bkembmr skhumlbg uf ekrtg skltmbg fotkrmoa, voamgsg pgr sm. Egf mssg sk bksmstk bk ufo nulbofkltoèåg fotkrmoa bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k pgr orrostofkltg, bk fùatmpags gutrgs ospketgs bk loturkzo iuræbmeo, foms sklsævkms o ufo egagroèåg oxmgaõhmeo k egf o mlkvmtodmambobk bk sk pkrbkr ufo romz bk nulbofkltoèåg fotkrmoa, quk kf sm fksfo í o ùlmeo e`ovk poro rkspglbkr, egf ufo grmkltoèåg skhuro o uf egliultg bk gpèûks quk bmzkf rkspkmtg o vmbo egaketmvo. Os gpèûks iï låg voakf pkag egltkùbg quk kxprmfkf, oltks pkag lùfkrg bk obkptgs quk rkùlkf, luf fgfkltg kf quk o dglbobk mltrælskeo bos sgauèûks ekbk g possg og hrou fossmvg bk obkrkltks o kssos fksfos sgauèûks. Kvmbkltkfkltk quk låg í opklos o vmsåg oxmgaõhmeo quk sk pkrbk pgrquk, og aobg bo bk sudstolemoamzoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, sk 53
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
rkhmsto o rkspketmvo hkgfktrmzoråg, smtuoèåg kf quk o fomgrmo bkembk, odonolbg os fmlgrmos k låg tklbg kstos quoaqukr pgssmdmambobk bk nozkr vmlhor gs skus akhætmfgs bmrkmtgs. Låg qukr mssg bmzkr quk g pkreursg nkmtg otí oqum, kf fotírmo bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, låg tkl`o smbg prgnulbofkltk pgsmtmvg, egfg noemafkltk g egfprgvof os vïrmos eglqumstos suekssmvos gdtmbos bk oegrbg egf kstks possgs9 - Srmfkmrg, o prõprmo k smlhkao eglsohroèåg eglstmtuemgloa bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms: - Bkpgms, o prghrkssmvo bmvkrsmnmeoèåg bgs fksfgs, og quk oerkseku o suo bklsmnmeoèåg bgs fksfgs, og quk oerkseku o suo bklsmnmeoèåg fotkrmoa k tmpgaõhmeo: - O skhumr, o prkgeupoèåg mrrobmoltk bo prgtkeèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms poro gutros mlstälemos, lg äfdmtg bg bmrkmtg mltkrloemgloa pùdameg, k foms rkekltkfkltk, poro gutrgs rofgs bg Bmrkmtg, kf quk sk rkhmsto o eglsohroèåg eruzobo bgs fksfgs, egfg suekbk lgs ùatmfgs tkfpgs egf g bmrkmtg bo mhuoabobk sgemoa: Nmloafkltk, g eglstoltk opkrnkmègofkltg bg rkhmfk iuræbmeg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, egf o mltrgbuèåg bk nmhuros quk tklbkf o bkamfmtor foms g pgbkr bk mltkrvklèåg bg akhmsaobgr k bg obfmlmstrobgr lg kspoèg bk eglngrfoèåg quk í bkmxobg pkao Eglstmtumèåg ogs pgbkrks mlnroeglstmtuemgloms.
Sgríf, kstks vïrmgs k mlkquævgegs suekssgs låg lgs bkvkf nozkr ksqukekr oqukaks bmvkrsgs pkrmhgs, quk pgbkf turvor ufo prgtkeèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms quk sk bkskio mltklso, pkrmhgs bk loturkzo ngrfoa k fotkrmoa, pkrmhgs bk loturkzo tkõrmeo k prïtmeo. G quk nozkr poro gs onrgltor7 onrgltor7 Oerkbmtor quk kaks kxmstkf o ohmr qugtmbmolofkltk q ugtmbmolofkltk poro gs egfdotkr, lg prkssupgstg bk quk o rkspketmvo prgtkeèåg í kfmlkltkfkltk euaturoa k quk o mltkrvklèåg bgs embobågs, lgs skus bmvkrsgs eofpgs bk oetmvmbobk, oeodo pgr skr, o aglhg prozg, oatofkltk nrutmnmeg pgr sodkrfgs quk gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms losekrof egf g Eglstmtuemgloamsfg, lufo oaturo kf
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quk os pkssgos possorof bk sùdbmtgs o embobågs, trolsmtorof bk gdiketg o suikmtg bg pgbkr pùdameg. Uufïrmg Lksso ulmbobk tkfïtmeo oprklbkfgs quk9 Låg pgbk `ovkr vkrbobkmrgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms skf quk os pkssgos kstkiof kf rkaoèåg mfkbmoto egf g pgbkr, quk gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms quk tkf o nmloambobk bk prgtkhkr o pkssgo `ufolo, og foms oatg lævka k egf tgbos os horoltmos quk såg opolïhmg bo ngrèo bkstk rofg iuræbmeg. Kf lkl`uf gutrg auhor bg Bmrkmtg Sgsmtmvg sk pgbk bor, lkstks tkrfgs bk fïxmfo knketmvmbobk, tolto prgtkeèåg ã pkssgo egfg pkao eglsohroèåg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, lg síeuag PMP, egfkèorof pgr skr ufo ermoèåg kspkeænmeo bg Bmrkmtg eglstmtuemgloa, kf quk gs tkxtgs eglstmtuemgloms possorof o pgsmtmvor pgsmèûks bk horoltmo bg mlbmvmbug kf rkaoèåg og kstobg. K quk gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms pgbkf skr mhuoafkltk pkrspketmvobgs skhulbg bmvkrsos eaossmnmeoèûks, kf opameoèåg bk gutrgs toltgs ermtírmgs, sklbg bk bmssgemor gs skhumltks hrupgs eaossmnmeotõrmgs. eaossmn meotõrmgs. Os eaossmnmeoèûks sudiketmvos: Os eaossmnmeoèûks fotkrmoms: Os eaossmnmeoèûks ngrfoms:
k
Os
eaossmnmeoèûks
rkhmfkltoms.
Bmrkmtgs
`ufolgs
mltkrloemgloafkltk egl`kembgs pgbk tofdíf tkr smbg sudstolemoa k låg opklos prgekssuoa lo fkbmbo kf quk o portmr bg paolg mltkrloemgloa, ngm pgssævka eglhkfmlor uf egliultg bk prkgeupoèûks mltkrloemgloms, prmlempoafkltk otmlkltks ogs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms bk tkrekmro k quorto hkroèåg, qukr kf fotírmo bk ofdmkltk, qukr kf fotírmo bk bmrkmtgs o prgtkeèåg bk fmlgrmos, qukr lg bgfælmg bo outglgfmo euaturoa bgs hrupgs k bgs pgvgs.
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[LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo ?.5. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k eglekmtgs onmls9 bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs pùdamegs: bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk: smtuoèûks nulemgloms: bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs: mltkrkssks bmnusgs: horoltmos eglstmtuemgloms: bkvkrks b kvkrks nulbofkltoms nulbofkltoms
Mltrgbuèåg Ukhulbg Igrhk Fmrolbo (43?2: ph. ?3), låg pgbk `ovkr vkrbobkmrgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms skf quk os pkssgos kstkiof kf rkaoèåg mfkbmoto egf (m) g pgbkr, dklknmemolbg bk uf kstotutg egfuf k låg skporobos kf rozåg bgs hrupgs gu bos mlstmtumèûks o quk pkrtklèof. p krtklèof. Rofdíf, låg `ï bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms skf (mm) Kstobg. Gro, oqum, í prkemsg, poro o prgtkeèåg bkssks bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, oerksekltor-sk uf rkqumsmtg9 g Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg Bkfgerïtmeg. Rroto-sk bk uf ofdmkltk prgpæemg poro o horoltmo, rkspkmtg k prgtkeèåg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms.
Gdiketmvgs Bknmlmr gs Bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs pùdamegs k:
Bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk:
Umtuoèûks nulemgloms:
Bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs:
Mltkrkssks bmnusgs:
Horoltmos eglstmtuemgloms:
Bkvkrks nulbofkltoms
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?.5.?. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs pùdamegs O tkgrmo bgs bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs pùdamegs í toltg uf ksngrèg bk kxpaoloèåg smstkfïtmeo bgs bmrkmtgs bos pkssgos pkroltk os kltmbobks pùdameos, (k bos prõprmos kltmbobks pùdameos) egfg ufo egltro g Bmrkmtg loturoa. Ukhulbg kao, sõ g Kstobg tkf vgltobk sgdkrolo k tgbgs gs bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs pùdamegs nulbofkltof-sk lo grholmzoèåg kstotoa. Fos klquoltg Hkrdkr eglsmbkro kssks bmrkmtgs uf fkrg rknakxg bg bmrkmtg gdiketmvg k uf pgbkr bg kstobg, iï IKAAMLKJ gs oloamso o portmr bk ufo amhoèåg kspkeænmeo kltrk g mlbmvmbug k g kstobg, kf tkrfgs bg kstotutg. Egfg eglnkrk HKTDKT, tgbgs gs pgbkrks bk Bmrkmtg prmvobg såg noeuabobks bk ufo pkssgo bk sudfktkr uf gdiketg ã suo vgltobk iuræbmeo k o pkssgo í g ekltrg bk smstkfo bk bmrkmtg prmvobg. Sgr sku turlg, poro IKAAMLKJ, eobo bmrkmtg sudiketmvg otksto o kxmstélemo bk uf grbklofkltg iuræbmeg, pkag quoa í ermobg, rkegl`kembg k prgtkhmbg. Í, pgms g grbklofkltg gdiketmvg bk Bmrkmtg pùdameg quk eglstmtum g nulbofkltg bg bmrkmtg sudiketmvg pùdameg. _uoaqukr bmrkmtg pùdameg kxmstk lg mltkrkssk hkroa, g quoa í mbéltmeg og mltkrkssk bg kstobg. Uõ egfg fkfdrg bg kstobg g `gfkf í, kf hkroa, suikmtg bk bmrkmtg. Skag noetg bk pkrtklekr og kstobg, g mlbmvmbug í quoamnmeobg sgd bmvkrsgs ospketgs. Os pgssævkms rkaoèûks kf quk pgbk klegltror-sk egf g kstobg egageof-lg lufo skrmk bk eglbmèûks iurmbmeofkltk rkakvoltks. Os prktklsûks iuræbmeos quk bkegrrkf bkssos eglbmèûks såg g quk sk bksmhlo egf g lgfk bk bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs pùdamegs. Ossmf egfg g eglekmtg k o kxprkssåg bmrkmtgs bg `gfkf pgbkf nmeor vmleuaobgs o uf ius roemgloamsfg mlsotmsnotõrmg, tofdíf g eglekmtg k o ageuèåg bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs pùdamegs sk rkpgrtof o ufo vmsåg pgsmtmvmsto k kstobmsto quk gs oforo k eglbmemglo. Lkl`uf voagr bmr-sk-mo a`ks 52
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sudiozkr, låg sk rkoaèo g skltmbg bk outglgfmo bos pkssgos k pkag egltrïrmg, prkvoakek o mbkmo bk sgdkrolmo. Bmrkmtgs pùdamegs smhlmnmeof bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs otrmduæbgs pgr lgrfos bk bmrkmtg pùdameg, kf egltropgsmèåg ogs bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs otrmduæbgs pgr lgrfos bk Bmrkmtg prmvobg. Grbkf, ksto smfktrmo pgbkrmo mleuaeor mbkltmbobk bk loturkzo quolbg o prmgrm lobo iustmnmeo, quolbg sk oprksklto kxtrkfofkltk `ktkrghílko k o kstruturo bgs bmrkmtgs bos pkssgos horoltmbgs pkao eglstmtumèåg í quolbg, lg fælmfg, sk onmhuro buvmbgso o quoamnmeoèåg bk oahuls egfg bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs. Sgr gutrg aobg, sku äfdmtg odrolhk fumtg foms bg quk oqukak quk lgs prgpgfgs lg prkskltk vgaufk. Odrolhk låg sõ smtuoèûks iuræbmeos oetmvos bos pkssgos nrkltk og kstobg egfg smtuoèûks nulemgloms mlkrkltks o tmtuaormbobk bk eorhgs pùdamegs: odrolhk smtuoèûks quk eodkf lg Bmrkmtg obfmlmstrotmvg, lg trmdutïrmg gu lg prgekssuoa, k mleaum omlbo bmrkmtgs bk kltmbobks
pùdameos,
klquoltg
suikmtgs
bk
rkaoèûks
iuræbmeg-
obfmlmstrotmvos, bk rkaoèûks iuræbmeg-nmlolekmros gu bk gutros rkaoèûks bk bmrkmtg pùdameg mltkrlg. Rgbos kstos bksoeglska`of, kvmbkltkfkltk, g kfprkhg bg tkrfg bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs pùdamegs egfg smlõlmfg gu kf poroakag o bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms.
?.5.4. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk pkrsgloambobk G skhulbg eglekmtg onmf bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms såg gs bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk. Gs bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk såg pgsmèûks iuræbmeos nulbofkltoms bg `gfkf quk kak tkf pkag smfpaks noetg bk losekr k vmvkr. Uåg ospketgs mfkbmotgs bo kxmhélemo bk mltkhroèåg bg `gfkf: såg eglbmèûks kssklemoms og sku skr k bkvkr, rkakvof g egltkùbg lkekssïrmg bo pkrsgloambobk: såg kfoloèûks bo pkrsgloambobk `ufolo kf sm: såg bmrkmtgs bk kxmhmr bk gutrkf g rkspkmtg bo prõprmo pkrsgloambobk, tkf pgr gdiketg, låg oahg bk kxtkrmgr og suikmtg, fos fgbgs næsmegs k fgroms
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bo pkssgo gu dkls bo pkrsgloambobk næsmeo, fgroa k iuræbmeo gu folmnkstoèûks porekaorks bo pkrsgloambobk `ufolo gu bknkso bo prõprmo bmhlmbobk.
Mlmemoafkltk gs bmrkmtgs grmhmlïrmgs krof gs bmrkmtgs bk kxmstélemo, bk amdkrbobk, bk ossgemoèåg, bk oprgprmoèåg k g bk bknkso. K oetuoafkltk prkvékf-sk, oaíf bo tutkao hkroa bo pkrsgloambobk, o prgtkeèåg egltro o gnklso o pkssgos iï noakembos, g bmrkmtg og lgfk k og pskubõlmfg, o rkskrvo bg egltkùbg bk eortos-fmssmvos k gutrgs ksermtgs eglnmbklemoms, g bmrkmtg o mfohkf k o rkskrvo sgdrk o mltmfmbobk bo vmbo prmvobos o quk pgbkf omlbo skr obmtobgs gutrgs bmrkmtgs. Bmseutk-sk bg äfdmtg rmhgrgsg bo nmhuro, kf noek bk tklbélemo poro g sku eglstoltk oaorhofkltg: oekreo bk kxmstélemo gu låg bk uf hkroa bk pkrsgloambobk: k oekreo fksfg bo quoamnmeoèåg egfg bmrkmtg sudiketmvgs k oekreo bo suo kxtklsåg ãs pkssgos egaketmvos. Uåg bkemsmvos o prgtkeèåg eglnkrmbo pgr ksso vmo o por bk gutros o pkssgo `ufolo k o eorho voagrotmvo, quk ossmf, sk oerksekltof o grbkf iuræbmeo. Gro, ossmf sklbg, gs bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk obqumrkf tofdíf mfkbmoto rkakvälemo eglstmtuemgloa, skio o tætuag hkroa, skio o tætuag kspkemoa.
Soro g bg pgstuaobg prmfgrbmoa bg rkspkmtg bo bmhlmbobk bo pkssgo `ufolo, egf tubg mfpameo, kaks bmr-sk-mof egrrkspglbkr ogs bmrkmtgs egfg g bmrkmtg ã vmbo: g bmrkmtg ã mltkhrmbobk: og bksklvgavmfkltg bo pkrsgloambobk, ã eopoembobk emvma, og dgf lgfk k rkputoèåg, ã mfohkf, ã poaovro k ã rkskrvo bo mltmfmbobk bo vmbo prmvobo: bmrkmtg ã amdkrbobk k ã skhurolèo: ekrtos horoltmos rkaotmvos ã mlngrfïtmeo: g bmrkmtg bk rkspgsto: o amdkrbobk bk eglsemélemo: bk rkamhmåg k bk euatg: o amdkrbobk bk ermoèåg euaturoa: o amdkrbobk bk oprklbkr k klsmlor: o amdkrbobk bk ksega`o bk prgnmssåg: g bmrkmtg og trodoa`g, g bmrkmtg og ofdmkltk, g bmrkmtg o kbueoèåg k ã euaturo næsmeo k g bkspgrtg.
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E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
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Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Låg gdstoltk aorhos zglos bk eglsemélemo, låg såg, egltubg, ossmfmaïvkms bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobks. Dosto pklsor lgs bkfoms bmrkmtgs mlskrmbgs lg tkxtg eglstmtuemgloa quk kxtrovosof boam9 g bmrkmtg bk oekssg ogs trmduloms, g bmrkmtg ã embobolmo, os horoltmos bo amdkrbobk k bo skhurolèo, o amdkrbobk bk mfprklso, g bmrkmtg bk oltklo, gs bmrkmtgs pgaætmegs, o hrolbk fomgrmo bgs bmrkmtgs, amdkrbobks k horoltmos bgs trodoa`obgrks k bgs bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sõemos k euaturoms, gu gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms bgs obfmlmstrobgs. Fos sgdrktubg, såg bmstmltgs g skltmbg, o prgikeèåg pkrspketmvo p krspketmvo bk uls k gutrgs bmrkmtgs. Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms prkssupûkf rkaoèûks bk pgbkr, gs bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk rkaoèûks bk mhuoabobk. Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms téf ufo mlembélemo pudamemsto mfkbmoto, omlbo quolbg gegrrof knkmtgs los rkaoèûks kltrk gs portmeuaorks: gs bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk ufo mlembélemo prmvotæstmeo, omlbo quolbg sgdrkpgsto gu supgsto o bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms pkrtklekf og bgfælmg bg bmrkmtg eglstmtuemgloa, gs bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk og bmrkmtg emvma.
?.5.5. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k smtuoèûks nulemgloms G tkrekmrg eglekmtg onmf ogs Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms såg os smtuoèûks nulemgloms. Ugd o bklgfmloèåg hklírmeo bk smtuoèûks nulemgloms, klhagdofgs os smtuoèûks iuræbmeos, oetmvos k possmvos, bgs tmtuaorks bgs õrhågs k pgrvklturo, bk ekrtgs ohkltks bg kstobg k bk quomsqukr kltmbobks pùdameos klquoltg toms. Klhagdofgs os smtuoèûks iuræbmeos kf quk sk sudiketmvof gs kstotutgs mlkrkltks ogs eorhgs bkskfpkl`obgs pgr kssos pkssgos lg kstobg k lgutros kltmbobks pùdameos. Fumtg vormïvkms såg o loturkzo k o kstruturo bkstos smtuoèûks9 Bksbk vkrbobkmrgs bmrkmtgs sudiketmvg, pkssgoms k potrmfglmoms o bkvkrks k o rkstrmèûks: Bmrkmtgs nulemgloms gu rkhoamos smtuoèûks bk voltohkf bkstmlobos o prgpmemor g bkskfpkl`g bk eorhg kf eglbmèûks õptmfos k
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o egltrmdumr poro o bmhlmnmeoèåg bo nulèåg: Horoltmos egfg os mfulmbobks k g bmrkmtg bk rkeursg poro Rrmduloa Eglstmtuemgloa egltro o pkrbo bk folbotg. Kspkemnmeos smtuoèûks bk rkspglsodmambobk k kspkemnmeos ngrfos bk prgtkeèåg pkloa. Fos os smtuoèûks nulemgloms bmstmlhukf-sk eaorofkltk qukr bgs pgbkrks nulemgloms qukr bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Låg sk eglnulbkf egf gs pgbkrks nulemgloms kf quk sk oloamso o egfpktélemo bgs õrhågs gu quk, sklbg gs õrhågs egakhmoms, såg outglgfmzobgs poro knkmtg bk bmlofmzoèåg bksso egfpktélemo gs pgbkrks nulemgloms sk rkeglbuzmrkf og prõprmg kstobg kf oetg, skrkf smtuoèûks iuræbmeos kssklemoms gu prmfïrmos, euig knmeoz kxkreæemg kqumvoak og kxkreæemg bg pgbkr pudameg. Bmstmlhukf-sk bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k í mssg quk mltkrksso oqum, pgr gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms mfpameorkf bmnkrklemoèåg, skporoèåg gu kxtkrmgrmbobk bmoltk bg Kstobg. Os smtuoèûks nulemgloms såg smtuoèûks iuræbmeos bk fkfdrgs bg kstobg-pgbkr gu kstobg-oporka`g, gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms såg smtuoèûks iuræbmeos bk fkfdrgs bg kstobg-egfulmbobk, bos pkssgos quk g eglstmtukf. Og possg quk os smtuoèûks nulemgloms såg eglskquélemos bo prgsskeuèåg bg mltkrkssk pùdameg k kstk prkvoakek skfprk sgdrk g mltkrkssk bgs tmtuaorks, gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms sõ kxmstkf glbk `oio uf mltkrkssk bos pkssgos quk voa`o pgr sm, outõlgfg, bmnkrklemobg. Bom, kf prmleæpmg, g eorïetkr gdrmhotõrmg bg kxkreæemg gu bo mlvgeoèåg bk oahufos bos smtuoèûks nulemgloms k g eorïetkr amvrk bg kxkreæemg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Låg qukr mstg bmzkr quk g kakfkltg nulemgloa kstkio ouskltk bk oahuls bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k quk låg `oio eglekpèûks quk tklbkf o nozkag rkoaèor kf hkroa. Uõ quk gs bmrkmtgs, quomsqukr bmrkmtgs, bksoporkekf quolbg odsgrvmbgs pkao nulèåg.
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43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Ossmf egfg lobo mfpkbk quk o eglstmtumèåg k o akm eglnmrof os smtuoèûks nulemgloms, k otí ogs pgbkrks nulemgloms, ngrfos bk tutkao olïaghos os bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Dkf pgbkf nozk-ag, kf lgfk bo prgtkeèåg bos fmlgrmos, bg prmlempmg rkprkskltotmvg, bo skporoèåg bgs pgbkrks gu bo iurmsbmemgloambobk mlkrkltk og kstobg bk Bmrkmtg. ?.5.2. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs G quortg eglekmtg onmf ogs Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms såg gs bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs. Lgs ùatmfgs skssklto olgs véf-sk noaolbg kf bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs, kf egfpakfkltg bgs bmrkmtgs bg `gfkf gu bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. G fgvmfkltg bk onmrfoèåg gu rkvmlbmeoèåg bkstks bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs egrrkspglbk, pgr ekrtg, o ufo smhlmnmeotmvo tklbélemo bo pgaætmeo k bg bmrkmtg mltkrloemgloa bgs lgssgs bmos, amhobo o bksageoèåg bk kltrk os pgtélemos, o bksegaglmzoèåg, ogs prgdakfos bk aorhos portks bo egfulmbobk, o erksekltk emreuaoèåg bk pkssgos k dkls, os lgvos kstrotíhmos bk fotírmos-prmfos k klkrhmo. Rroto-sk bk qukstûks bk sgdkrolmo pgaætmeo k keglgfmo k troto-sk tofdíf bo eglsemélemo ossufmbo bk mliustmèo ermobo k foltmbo lg mltkrmgr bo @ufolmbobk. Bom o ortmeuaoèåg egf o prgeuro bk ufo lgvo grbkf keglõfmeo mltkrloemgloa k bk ufo lgvo grbkf mltkrloemgloa bo mlngrfoèåg k bom o mlskrèåg, pgr vkzks prgpgsto, lgs e`ofobgs bmrkmtgs bk sgambormkbobk gu bk tkrekmro hkroèåg o quk iï lgs rknkrmfgs. Rgbovmo, låg porkek mltkmrofkltk egrrketg krhukr sgdrk oqukao tklbélemo gu sgdrk oqukaks kvmbkltks noetgrks bk trolsngrfoèåg bg Bmrkmtg bos hkltks uf eglekmtg bk Bmrkmtg bgs pgvgs, lkf í, kf eosg oahuf, oekmtïvka ossmfmaor gs bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs ogs bmrkmtgs bg `gfkf. Låg sk iustmnmeo soavg kf emreulstälemos kxekpemgloms bk rkegl`kemfkltg bk fgvmfkltg bk amdkrtoèåg eglnmhuror gs pgvgs egfg suikmtgs bk Bmrkmtg mltkrloemgloa, og aobg gu kf vkz bgs kstobgs. Bk rkstg, pgrquk o lgèåg bk pgvg mfpameo o bk Kstobg o outgbktkrfmloèåg bk quoaqukr pgvg kqumvoak ã suo possohkf o pgvg bk uf kstobg egf quk sk mbkltmnmquk.
5=
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E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Ugdrktubg, låg pgbk nozkr-sk eglnusåg kltrk toms bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs bksbk g bmrkmtg ã outgbktkrfmloèåg og bmrkmtg ã poz k gs bmrkmtgs bgs `gfkls, bmrkmtg ã vmbo, ã amdkrbobk næsmeo, ã s eglvmeèûks rkamhmgsos k nmagsõnmeos, og trodoa`g, kte. såg egmsos egfpaktofkltk bmvkrsos, fksfg sk mltkramhobos. Gs bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs p gvgs såg bmrkmtgs bk egaketmvmbobks foms gu fklgs dkf bknmlmbos, kf vormïvkms smtuoèûks, gs bmrkmtgs bg `gfkf såg bmrkmtgs bos pkssgos. G kxkreæemg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms pgr fkfdrgs bk egfulmbobks bkpklbkltks tkf smbg uf fkmg bk eglqumsto bk bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs. Roa egfg knketmvoèåg bkstks bkvkrmof skr uf vkæeuag bk knketmvoèåg bk bmrkmtgs bg `gfkf. Lkf skfprk mstg tkf suekbmbg, k, fumtg pkag egltrïrmg, téf-sk ossmstmbg, kf låg pguegs auhorks, og soermnæemg kf lgfk bk mbkgaghmos bksklvgavmfkltmstos gu gutros bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms bos pkssgos kf lgfk bk bmrkmtgs gu prktklsgs bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs.
?.5.;. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k mltkrkssks bmnusgs G qumltg eglekmtg onmf ogs Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms såg gs mltkrkssks bmnusgs. Oqumag o quk sk vom bolbg g lgfk bk mltkrkssks bmnusgs í ufo folmnkstoèåg bo kxmstélemo gu bg oaorhofkltg bk ‐”lkekssmbobks egaketmvos mlbmvmbuoafkltk skltmbos””: trobuz uf bgs kltrgleofkltgs kspkeænmegs bk kstobg k sgemkbobk: k mfpameo ngrfos egfpakxos bk
rkaoemglofkltg kltrk os pkssgos k gs hrupgs lg äfdmtg bo sgemkbobk pgaætmeo quk, sõ pgbkf skr oprkklbmbgs lufo lgvo euaturo eævmeo k iuræbmeo. Rroto-sk bk lkekssmbobks egfuls o egliultgs foms gu fklgs aorhgs k mlbktkrfmlobgs bk mlbmvæbugs k quk sgfkltk pgbkf skr sotmsnkmtos lufo pkrspketmvo egfulmtïrmo. Lkf såg mltkrkssks pùdamegs, lkf purgs mltkrkssks mlbmvmbuoms, omlbo quk pgssof rkpkreutmr-sk bk fgbg kspkeænmeg, bmrketo gu mlbmrketofkltk, los ksnkros iuræbmeos bkstos gu boqukaos pkssgos.
23
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Låg pgbk bmzkr-sk quk qukf qukr quk skio pgssuo uf ùlmeg, hklírmeg k mlbmsermfmlobg bmrkmtg o prgtkeèåg bg potrmfõlmg fglufkltoa, gu og egltrgag bo pgaumèåg k bo krgsåg, gu o soaudrmbobk pùdameo, gu o ufo rkbk bk trolspgrtk, kte. G quk sk klegltro oæ såg s åg mltkrkssks bmnusgs, mltkrkssks bmspkrsgs pgr tgbo o egfulmbobk, klquoltg toa, pgbk prgsskhumr, mlbkpklbkltkfkltk bk bktkrfmloèåg bk suikmtgs. K kao prgsskhuk-gs, pgr fgbgs fumtg bmnkrklemobgs9 pgr skrvmègs bo Obfmlmstroèåg bmrketo gu mlbmrketo bg kstobg, pgr ossgemoèûks pùdameos gu pgr gutros kltmbobks bo obfmlmstroèåg outõlgfo, pgr ossgemoèûks prmvobos, pkags prõprmgs mltkrkssobgs mlgrholmeofkltk, kf fgabks gu låg bk bkfgeroemo portmempotmvo. Bmrkmtgs pgbkf, egltubg, kfkrhmr quolbg toms mltkrkssobgs vkl`of o robmeor kf ekrtos k bktkrfmlobos pkssgos gu vkl`of o eglnaumr egf gutrgs bmrkmtgs, skiof bmrkmtgs egf quk tkl`of oahufo mltkrnkrélemo gu bgs quoms sk pgssof nozkr bkegrrkr, skiof bmrkmtgs bk mlmemotmvo, bk prgfgèåg gu bknkso. Lgs eglbmemgloamsfgs futïvkms bo vmbo egltkfpgrälko k bk Eglstmtumèûks egf eoroetkræstmeos bk odrolhélemo egfg o Fgèofdmeolo, gs mltkrkssks bmnusgs gnkrkekf, pgms ufo mfprkssåg bk vgaotmambobk k bk eruzofkltg bk aml`os bk ngrèo mlsusekptævkms bk sk rkeglbuzmrkf o ksqukfo ulmaotkroms. Rkf akhmtmfmbobk poro o prgtkeèåg bk mltkrkssk bmnusgs gs embobågs, o qukf oetuoèåg obfmlmstrotmvo pgsso prgvgeor prkiuæzgs rkakvoltks, os ossgemoèûks k os nulboèûks skf eorïetkr pgaætmeg gu smlbmeoa quk tkl`of pgr nmf o bknkso bkssks mltkrkssks k gs õrhågs bos outorqumos ageoms bos rkspketmvos ïrkos. Lgs prgekssgs bk oeèåg pgpuaor, g outgr rkprksklto pgr mlmemotmvo prõprmo, egf bmspklso bk folbotg k outgrmzoèåg kxprksso, tgbgs gs bkfoms tmtuaorks bgs bmrkmtgs gu mltkrkssks kf eouso quk låg tkl`of kxkrembg g bmrkmtg bk outg-kxeausåg. Os skltklèos téf knmeïemo hkroa, soavg quolbg g iuahobgr bkvo bkembmr pgr ngrfo bmvkrso nulbobg kf 2?
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
fgtmvoèûks prõprmos bg eosg eglerktg, låg odrolhklbg, egltubg, gs quk tkl`of kxkrembg kssk bmrkmtg bk outg-kxeausåg. o utg-kxeausåg. Ogs tmtuaorks bk mltkrkssks bmnusgs í rkegl`kembg tofdíf uf bmrkmtg bk mltkrvklèåg lo oeèåg pkloa, quolbg kssks mltkrkssks klvgavof prgtkeèåg pkloa. ?.5.>. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms G skxtg eglekmtg onmf ogs Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms såg os horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms. Egl`kekf-sk buos lgèûks bk horoltmo mlstmtuemgloa9 uf eglekmtg aotg k mfprkemsg bk bmspgsmèåg eglstmtuemgloa kf quk sk egltkfpao k kf quk, pgrtoltg, sk horoltk quoaqukr mlstmtumèåg lg foms ofpag skltmbg, k uf eglekmtg rkstrmtg bk bmspgsmèåg eglstmtuemgloa eglsohrobgro bk quoaqukr mlstmtumèåg gu bk quoaqukr ngrfo gu prmlempmg gdiketmvg bk grholmzoèåg sgemoa quk g Kstobg bkvo rkspkmtor. Lg prmfkmrg skltmbg, o amdkrbobk rkamhmgso gu o amdkrbobk bk mfprklso pgbkf skr vmstos egfg horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms: lg skhulbg, sõ g pgbkråg skr o rkamhmåg gu os eglnmssûks rkamhmgsos gu mfprklso. Os horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms, lufo oekpèåg rkstrmto k rmhgrgso, lg síeuag PMP, gu kstovof ngro bos eglstmtumèûks gu, quolbg lkaos obfmtmbos, låg krof oavg bo otklèåg bgs kstubmgsgs. Låg sk klquobrovof egfg ofdmkltk mlbmvmbuoamsto, lo quoa sk kleorovo o sgemkbobk egfg ufo ossgemoèåg bk mlbmvæbugs amvrks k egf o ofdmélemo amdkroa, kf quk sk tklbmo o rkbuzmr gs bmrkmtgs o amdkrbobk k o horoltmos, fumtgs bkaks eglsmbkrobgs oltkrmgrks k supkrmgrks og Kstobg k ã vmbo. Og mlvís, lg síeuag PP, g bmaotor bg äfdmtg bo Eglstmtumèåg fotkrmoa, o eglsemélemo bk quk g mlbmvmbug vmvk smtuobg kf egfulmbobk k mlstmtumèûks, gs bgfælmgs keglõfmeg, sgemoa k euaturoa eglegrrkf poro nozkr soamkltor eglstmtuemgloafkltk, o por bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, mlstmtumèûks lufkrgsos, bk euio sudsmstélemo k bk euios eglbmèûks bk bksklvgavmfkltg eurof lgrfos kspkemnmeos. Í kf noek bk hrolbk bmrketmvos eglstmtuemgloms
24
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
bkstmlobos o prksmbmr o rkhuaofkltoèåg akhmsaotmvo bk ekrtos fotírmos, quk sk noao kf horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms. G eglekmtg fgstrgu-sk, pgr mssg, lo olïamsk bo eglstmtumèåg bk Xkmfor, vkf o skr EOTA UE@FMRR quk g bmvuaho kf egltropgsmèåg og eglekmtg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Opõs o skhulbo hukrro fulbmoa k lufo nosk bk eglsgamboèåg k kxtklsåg bg kstobg bk bmrkmtg, rkvkstkf-sk os horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms bk tgbgs gs fkmgs bk prgtkeèåg mlkrkltks o grbkf eglstmtuemgloa bk voagrks. Uk o bmstmlèåg kf purgs tkrfgs ngrfoms låg gnkrkek hrolbks bùvmbos, iï lg kxofk bg bmrkmtg eglstmtuemgloa pgsmtmvg pgbkf surhmr bmnmeuabobks b mnmeuabobks bk quoamnmeoèåg, otí pgrquk os Eglstmtumèûks trotof egliultofkltk gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k os horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms. Soro sodkr sk bktkrfmlobo lgrfo sk rkpgrto o uf bmrkmtg gu o ufo horoltmo mlstmtuemgloa, `ovkrï quk mlbohor sk kao kstodkakek ufo noeuabobk bk ohmr gu kxmhmr kf novgr bk pkssgos gu quk ufo pkssgo gu uf hrupg pgsso kxkrekr pgr sm k mlvgeor bmrketofkltk pkroltk gutros kltmbobks, `mpõtksk kf quk `ovkrï uf bmrkmtg nulbofkltoa, gu sk, pkag egltrïrmg,
sk
eglnmo
o
uf
skltmbg
grholmzoemgloa
gdiketmvg,
mlbkpklbkltkfkltk bk ufo otrmdumèåg gu bk ufo oetmvmbobk pkssgoa eosg kf quk `ovkrmo opklos ufo horoltmo mlstmtuemgloa.
Í mlbmseutævka quk, kltrk toltgs gutrgs, sõ bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms g bmrkmtg ã vmbo, g bmrkmtg bk rkulmåg, g bmrkmtg o sunrïhmg, g bmrkmtg ã hrkvk gu bmrkmtg ã `odmtoèåg. K quk såg horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms g eosofkltg, o obgpèåg, g skrvmèg pùdameg bo rïbmg k bo tkakvmsåg, os mlstmtumèûks portmeuaorks bk sgambormkbobk sgemoa låg auerotmvos, g skrvmèg loemgloa bk soùbk, gs sketgrks pùdameg, prmvobg k eggpkrotmvg k sgemoa bo keglgfmo, os grholmzoèûks bk fgrobgrks gu os ossgemoèûks pùdameos. p ùdameos. Rubg bkpklbk, oemfo bk tubg, bo mlskrèåg smstkfïtmeo, bo rkoambobk eglstmtuemgloa k bo gpèåg akhmsaotmvo quk sk noèo o portmr bom. Bk quoaqukr sgrtk, låg bkvkf skr akvobos bkfosmobg aglhk os bkegrrélemos bgs eglekmtgs trolsngrfolbg-gs kf prkekmtgs. Uk o 25
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E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Eglstmtumèåg låg bmstmlhuk kxprkssofkltk k sk troto lg fksfg paolg bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms, k g rkhmfk iuræbmeg opameïvka låg pgbk skr, o portmbo, bmvkrsg, fgrfkltk quoltg o prkskrvoèåg bg egltkùbg kssklemoa pkroltk g akhmsaobgr grbmlïrmg, quoltg ogs bkstmlotïrmgs bos lgrfos k quoltg ogs õrhågs egfpktkltks poro o suo rkhuaofkltoèåg akhmsaotmvo. Lkf eodkrmo tofdíf oqum ufo kxekssmvo egfportmfkltoèåg. @ï bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms mlbmssgemïvkms bk horoltmos mlstmtuemgloms pgr kxkfpag, g bmrkmtg bk eglstmtumr nofæamo, mlbmssgemïvka bo prgtkeèåg bo mlstmtumèåg nofmamor. K `ï bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms bk mlstmtumèûks ossmf, gs bmrkmtgs bos eglnmssûks rkamhmgsos, bgs smlbmeotgs gu bgs portmbgs. Nmloafkltk, fomgr gu fklgr mfpgrtälemo bksto gu boqukao horoltmo mlstmtuemgloa egfg o bkstk gu boqukak bmrkmtg k nulèåg bo suo fomgr gu fklgr prgxmfmbobk bgs prmleæpmgs dosmaorks bo eglstmtumèåg.
?.5.8. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k bkvkrks nulbofkltoms G sítmfg k ùatmfg eglekmtg onmf ogs Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms såg gs bkvkrks nulbofkltoms. G eglstmtuemgloamsfg fgbkrlg bk fotrmz gembkltoa k o `mstõrmo bo oqumsmèåg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. K o `mstõrmo bo eglqumsto bk bmrkmtgs bkpgms bk síeuags bk odsgautmsfg k, lgs síeuags PP k PPM, kf eglstoltk egf, rkhmfks pgaætmegs tgtoamtïrmgs k outgrmtïrmgs bk vormos tklbélemos. Låg mfpameo mstg, pgríf, ufo bkseglsmbkroèåg gu sudoatkrlmzoèåg bgs bkvkrks. Låg mfpameo lg paolg iuræbmeg, pgrquk, fksfg quolbg såg pguegs gs bkvkrks eglsmhlobgs los eglstmtumèûks, nmeof prkiubmeobgs gs vostæssmfgs bkvkrks los rkaoèûks bos pkssgos kltrk sm. K låg klvgavk bkseglsmbkroèåg lg paolg ítmeg, otí pgrquk o rkmvmlbmeoèåg bk bmrkmtgs dkf pgbk nulbor-sk lo lkekssmbobk gu lo vgltobk bk eufprmfkltg bk bkvkrks.
22
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E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Umfítrmegs bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k ngrfolbg egf kaks ufo ulmbobk oprkskltof-sk, pgms, gs bkvkrks nulbofkltoms qukr bmzkr, os smtuoèûks iuræbmeos bk lkekssmbobk gu bk obsermèåg eglstmtuemgloafkltk kstodkakembos, mfpgstos os pkssgos nrkltk og pgbkr pgaætmeg gu, pgr mlnkrélemo bk bmrkmtgs gu mltkrkssks bmnusgs, o ekrtos pkssgos pkroltk gutros. Roa egfg gs bmrkmtgs, gs bkvkrks nulbofkltoms prkssupûkf o skporoèåg kltrk pgbkr k egfulmbobk k ufo rkaoèåg bmrketo k mfkbmoto bk eobo pkssgo egf g pgbkr pgamtmeg. Fos ksso rkaoèåg pgbk eglnmhuror-sk bk buos folkmros9 Kf hkroa, såg bkvkrks bk loturkzo pgamtmeo gu `gfgagho bk bmrkmtgs pgaætmegs. Kf oahuls eosgs, såg bkvkrks amhobgs o vmbo keglõfmeo, sgemoa k euaturoa quk ossufkf rkakvälemo eglstmtuemgloa, pgr, skf g sku eufprmfkltg, sk nrustrorkf o knketmvoèåg bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms gu bk mltkrkssks bmnusgs k os egrrkspglbkltks mleufdélemos bg Kstobg. Uk skrmo ngrèobg onmrfor quk os lgrfos prksermtmvos bk bkvkrks kqumvoakf, lg nulbg, o lgrfos pkrfmssmvos bk mltkrvklèåg bg kstobg, skhurg í quk bk ufo ngrfo gu gutro, oegrrkltof amfmtks k rkstrmèûks bk bmrkmtg. Sgr mssg, o suo mltkrprktoèåg k o suo opameoèåg opameoèå g låg pgbkf nozkrsk kf tkrfgs mbéltmegs ogs bo mltkrprktoèåg k bo opameoèåg bos lgrfos bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k rkqukrkf portmeuaoræssmfgs eumbobgs. Foms bg quk o ‑Hílksk, kvgauèåg k eoroetkrmzoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs
nulbofkltoms ‖, lkstk eopætuag prgeurofgs sodkr g smhlmnmeobg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Låg sõ egfg bmsempamlo iuræbmeo, fos tofdíf pkag sku gdiketg bk kstubg k mfpgrtälemo kf fotírmos iuræbmeos Uufïrmg Eodk fklemglor, quk bk mlæemg o mbkmo bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms amhovosk, prkempuofkltk, og mlbmvæbug, eglnulbmlbg-sk egf o lgèåg bk bmrkmtgs fkrofkltk sudiketmvgs, eoroetkrmzolbg-sk, gs prmfkmrgs, egfg dorrkmros mfpgstos og Kstobg kf rkaoèåg og eofpg bk b k oetuoèåg bgs mlbmvæbugs.
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E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Ksto eglekpèåg mlbmvmbuoamsto bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, quk sõ a`ks rkegl`kek g eorïetkr sudiketmvg, låg foms sk iustmnmeo o portmr bg fgfkltg kf quk sk rkegl`kekf gs rknakxgs egaketmvgs bo mlstmtumèåg bk toms bmrkmtgs.
Kxkreæemgs bk O[RG-O^OAMOÈÅG HT[SG-? (Egf HT[SG-? (Egf rkspgstos bktoa`obos, skfprk emtolbg ortmhgs bo ETF) ?.
Kxpamquk o rkaoèåg kxmstkltk kltrk Bmrkmtg, bmrkmtgs `ufolgs k bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms:
4.
Kxpamquk, egf dosk kf bgms ortmhgs bo Eglstmtumèåg, o bmnkrklèo kltrk gs skltmbgs ngrfoa k fotkrmoa bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms.
5.
_uoms såg, poro sm, gs prkssupgstgs bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms7
2.
Bk quk ngrfo sk pgbk onmrfor quk gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms vmsof o prgtkeèåg eglstmtuemgloa bo pkssgo7
;.
Fklemglk os prmlempoms nosks bg prgekssg kvgautmvg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k bmho sk lo ETF såg vmsævkms oahuls troègs.
>.
_uoa í o suo vmsåg sgdrk g nuturg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms7
8.
Fklemglk sktk kakfkltgs eoroetkræstmegs bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, quk g pgbkf bmstmlhumr bgs bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs pùdamegs: bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk: smtuoèûks nulemgloms: bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs: mltkrkssks bmnusgs: horoltmos eglstmtuemgloms k bkvkrks nulbofkltoms.
Tkspgstos99 Tkspgstos Tkvkr g ?¹ porïhrong bo pïhmlo 8 (Mltrgbuèåg bksto [lmbobk)9 Tkvkr g 5¹ porïhrong bo pïhmlo 8 (Mltrgbuèåg bksto [lmbobk): Tkvkr g ;¹ porïhrong bo pïhmlo 8 (Mltrgbuèåg bksto [lmbobk): Tkvkr gdiktmvgs kspkeænmegs eglstoltks bo pïhmlo 0: Tkvkr portk nmloa bo pïhmlo 0: Tkvkr portk nmloa bo pïhmlo =: Tkvkr bo pïhmlo = o ??: Tkvkr gs egltkùbgs bos pïhmlos ?? k ?4.
2>
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
RKFO ― MM9 MM9 G STGEKUUG BK MLURMR[EMGLOAMYOÈÅG K SGUMRM^OÈÅG [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.?. 4.?. O kxmhélemo bo knketmvoèåg Sùdameo. [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo Rkfïtmeo 4.4 4.4.. Gs prmleæpmgs nulbofkltoms9 nulbofkltoms9 prmleæpmg bo mlmemotmvo sgemoa: prmleæpmg bo bkfgeroemo portmempotmvo. [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo Rkfïtmeo 4.5. O bkpklbélemo bkpklbélemo bo rkoambobk eglstmtuemgloa: eglstmtuemgloa: [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.2. G prgdakfo bg rktrgekssg sgemoa [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.;. G prmleæpmg bo rkaotmvo rkakvälemo bos eglbmèûks keglõfmeos bgs tmtuaorks [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.>. O prgtkeèåg mltkrloemgloa mltkrloemgloa
Mltrgbuèåg Lkstk ortmhg prgfgvkfgs ufo rknakxåg oekreo bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, tklbg egfg porobmhfo suo eglerktmzoèåg. Soro toa, smtuofg-lgs sgdrk suo pkrspketmvo polgräfmeo oetuoa, pkregrrklbg sku bksklvgavmfkltg kf lgssg poæs, gs ospketgs hkroms rkaotmvgs ã suo rkstrmèåg, eglekmtg, eoroetkræstmeos, tmtuaormbobk, fuatmnulemgloambobk, eglstmtuemgloamzoèåg k bmfklsûks, tklbg egleauæbg quk lo auto pkao knketmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, í prkemsg klegltror o fkbmbo iusto quk pkrfmto oboptor g smstkfo lgrfotmvg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms ãs lgvos rkoambobks, rkspkmtolbg o lkekssmbobk bk eobo ípgeo, k bk eobo eosg eglerktg, fos skf pkrbkr bk vmsto g mbkoa prïtmeg quk a`k mfprmfk eorïetkr, k a`k bkamfmto g `grmzgltk. Og egfpaktor ksto ulmbobk, vgeé bkvkrï skr eopoz bk9
Kxofmlor o ETF
Gdiketmvgs kspkeænmegs
Egl`kekr g prgekssg bo mlstmtuemgloamzoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms
Egfprkklbkr o lkekssmbobk bo pgsmtmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms
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E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
[LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.?. O kxmhélemo bo knketmvoèåg Sùdameo Ugdrk g kstobg os bkfoms kltmbobks pùdameos rkeom, o torkno nulbofkltoa bk prgfgvkr o knketmvoèåg bk bmrkmtgs sgemoms. K ksto í ufo dosk gdiketmvo bk grbkf eglstmtuemgloa. Egfg sk sodk, torknos kqumvoakf o nmls bg kstobg folmnkstobgs kf ekrtg tkfpg `mstõrmeg, kf ekrto smtuoèåg pgamtmeg-eglstmtuemgloa, kf ekrtg rkhmfk, kf ekrto Eglstmtumèåg kf skltmbg fotkrmoa. Rrobuzkf uf bktkrfmlobg klaoek kltrk g Kstobg k o sgemkbobk. Kltrk kaos k os suos nulèûks gu oetmvmbobks kspkeænmeos gu tæpmeos bg pgbkr smtuof-sk os mleufdélemos, quk såg og fksfg tkfpg, fktos k oeèûks o quk g Kstobg nmeo eglstmtuemgloafkltk obstrmtg otrovís bk lgrfos prghrofïtmeos kf noek bgs bmrkmtgs, mltkrkssks gu mlstmtumèûks quk a`k a` k eodk horoltmr, prgfgvkr gu tgrlor knketmvgs: k os mleufdélemos trobuzkf-sk kf mfpgsmèûks eglstmtuemgloms sgdrktubg kf mfpgsmèûks akhmnkroltks. Oqukao torkno k
kssos mleufdélemos oporkekf
kstrkmtofkltk
egrrkaoemglobos egf o Eglstmtumèåg keglõfmeo, bksbk aghg pgrquk o knketmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs sk noz fkbmoltk o trolsngrfoèåg k fgbkrlmzoèåg bos kstruturos keglõfmeos k sgemoms. Os outorqumos ageoms bkstmlof-sk o prgsskhumr gs mltkrkssks prõprmgs bos pgpuaoèûks rkspketmvos bk `orfglmo egf g prmleæpmg bo bksekltroamzoèåg obfmlmstrotmvo k såg e`ofobos kspkemnmeofkltk o mltkrvklèåg lgs bgfælmgs bg urdolmsfgs k bo `odmtoèåg, nrumèåg k ermoèåg euaturoa k lgs paolgs bk bksklvgavmfkltg keglõfmeg k sgemoa. Kstos torknos k mleufdélemos eglerktmzof-sk9 Skao horoltmo bo mhuoabobk bk gpgrtulmbobk kltrk gs embobågs: pkao prkvmsåg bk prkstoèûks pkeulmïrmos sgdrk rklbmfkltg sgemoa bk rkmlskrèåg: Skao ermoèåg bk mlstmtumèûks, smstkfos k skrvmègs: pkag kstodkakemfkltg bk pgaætmeos. Bk quoaqukr sgrtk, lkf os torknos bg ortmhg = , lkf os mleufdélemos bgs ortmhgs ;0, 0?, 448, kte, kqumvoakf o prghrofo kakmtgroa , o prghrofo bk hgvkrlg gu o pgamtmeos pudameos.
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E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
[f prghrofo bk hgvkrlg tkf bk skr fumtg foms bg quk mssg uf egliultg bk grmkltoèûks pgaætmeos k fkbmbos o obgptor gu o prgpgr lgs bmvkrsgs bgfælmgs bo oetmvmbobk hgvkrlofkltoa, egfg sk aé lg ortmhg ?00 k os torknos smtuof-sk o uf lævka bmnkrkltk k supkrmgr, lkekssormofkltk lgrfotmvg. Lkf sk eglekdkrmo kf bkfgeroemo pauroamsto quk ngssk gutro egmso sklåg prmleæpmgs õrhågs bg kstobg, bos rkhmûks outõlgfos k bg pgbkr ageoa tkf bk rkspkmtor. @ï uf egltkùbg kssklemoa tofdíf bos torknos k bos mleufdélemos quk g mltírprktk bkvk bksvklbor k g opameobgr bo Eglstmtumèåg prkskrvor, ufo rkskrvo bk mhuoabobk bos pkssgos. Soro oaíf bmssg, k g egltrobmtõrmg pgamtmeg foreobg pgr bmnkrkltks gpèûks kf egltrostk k pgr egliulturos vormïvkms quk mfprmfk gs rmtfgs, gs hrous k gs fgbgs bk rkoamzoèåg.
Uufïrmg Gs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms pgsmtmvobgs `gbmkrlofkltk los Eglstmtumèûks såg prgbutg bk bmvkrsos trolsngrfoèûks gegrrmbos lg bkegrrkr bo @mstõrmo. O odkrturo eglstmtuemgloa rksuato quk, pgr uf aobg, lkl`uf eotïaghg eglstmtuemgloa prktklbkr kshgtor g egliultg gu bktkrfmlor b ktkrfmlor g egltkùbg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms (kxmstélemo bk bmrkmtgs låg ksermtgs), k, pgr gutrg, bk sk kspkror suekssmvgs bmrkmtgs bk lgvos bmfklsûks, eglngrfk os lkekssmbobks bk prgtkeèåg bgs dkls pkssgoms los emreulstälemos bk eobo ípgeo. Bkvk mlsurhmr-sk g Sgbkr Iubmemïrmg. [fo dgo grholmzoèåg iubmemïrmo tklbg iuæzks, vkrbobkmrofkltk egfprgfktmbgs egf o rkoamzoèåg bo iustmèo, sklbg uf mlstrufkltg mfpgrtoltk poro o prgtkeèåg bo akhoambobk outéltmeo k prgfgèåg bo bmhlmbobk `ufolo. Eglngrfk Igsí Obíremg Uofpomg ‑Ugfkltk o embobolmo, pgr kao fksfo k pgr prgvgeoèåg, pgr
kao egltrgaobo, bos mlstälemos bk pgbkr mlstmtuemgloamzobg odrmråg eaorkmros lg mfgdmamsfg tåg dklínmeg ogs ageotïrmgs, ag eotïrmgs, fka`gr, egfgbotïrmgs bg pgbkr, pgssmdmamtolbg o vmbo rkoa bgs bmrkmtgs bk popka (UOFSOMG, 4332, p. 5;0).
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MUEKB
43 Olg
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Lo auto pkags bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, í prkemsg, pgms, klegltror o fkbmbo iusto quk pkrfmto oboptor g smstkfo lgrfotmvg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms ãs lgvos rkoambobks, rkspkmtolbg o lkekssmbobk bk eobo ípgeo, k bk eobo eosg eglerktg, fos skf pkrbkr bk vmsto g mbkoa prïtmeg quk a`k mfprmfk eorïetkr, k a`k bkamfmto g `grmzgltk.
[LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.4. Gs prmleæpmgs prmleæpmgs nulbofkltoms Mltrgbuèåg Egfg sk sodk, torknos kqumvoakf o nmls bg kstobg folmnkstobgs kf ekrtg tkfpg `mstõrmeg, kf ekrto smtuoèåg pgamtmeg-eglstmtuemgloa, kf ekrtg rkhmfk, kf ekrto Eglstmtumèåg kf skltmbg fotkrmoa. Rrobuzkf uf bktkrfmlobg klaoek kltrk g Kstobg k o sgemkbobk. Lo oetuoambobk os bkemsûks iubmemoms foms egltrgvkrtmbos såg nulbofkltobos kf prmleæpmgs eglstmtuemgloms k/gu lgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. G prgdakfo k quk kssks tkrfgs såg vohgs k foakïvkms k obfmtkf quoaqukr mltkrprktoèåg. [rhk, pgrtoltg, o nmxoèåg bk poräfktrgs fælmfgs quk skiof eopozks bk bmsempamlor g usg bk toms iustmnmeotmvos poro, egf mssg, egmdmr o prïtmeo bk ufo orhufkltoèåg quk prkssupgl`o g smhlmnmeobg bkssos kxprkssûks bk ngrfo tgtoafkltk ordmtrïrmo.
Gdiketmvgs Egl`kekr os torknos nulbofkltoms bk dosk bos kltmbobks
pùdameos Oloamsor gs bmrkmtgs sgemoms bg Kstobg
Egfprkklbkr o dosk akhoa bo knketmvoèåg pùdameo
Egl`kekr g Srmleæpmg bo mlmemotmvo sgemoa:
Bkserkvkr g Srmleæpmg bo bkfgeroemo portmempotmvo.
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Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
?.?.
G prmleæpmg bo mlmemotmvo sgemoa
Soro o eglstmtumèåg låg mfpgrto quoaqukr knketmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms k euaturoms. Mfpgrto, pgr egkrélemo egf gs prmleæpmgs nulbofkltoms bk amdkrbobk, bk pauroamsfg k bk portmempoèåg, kltrk toltgs, ufo knketmvoèåg låg outgrmtïrmo k låg kstodmamzoltk, odkrtos os mlmemotmvos bo sgemkbobk emvma. Kf vkz bg kxeausmvmsfg bg kstobg lg bksklvgavmfkltg bk oetmvmbobks quk eglbuzof o knketmvoèåg bk bmrkmtgs sgemoms, o eglstmtumèåg prkssupûk gu noz opkag o egaodgroèåg, o egfpakfkltormbobk k otk o egfpktmtmvmbobk quk pgbk vmr bk kltmbobks bo sgemkbobk emvma. O mlmemotmvo sgemoa k ufo kxprkssåg bo sgemkbobk sgambïrmo, quk sk prktklbk otmlhumr.
?.4. m.
G prmleæpmg bo bkfgeroemo portmempotmvo Soro o Eglstmtumèåg mfpgrto gutrgssmf ufo knketmvoèåg odkrto o prgfgèåg pkags prõprmgs mltkrkssobgs. Låg sk troto opklos bk ermor skrvmègs gu eglerktmzor prkstoèûks, pkeulmïrmos gu gutros: troto-sk tofdíf bk bor auhor k vgz ogs prõprmgs tmtuaorks bgs bmrkmtgs, ogs bkstmlotïrmgs k dklknmemïrmgs bkssks skrvmègs k prkstoèûks, skhulbg os lgrfos bo Eglstmtumèåg, bg Bmrkmtg mltkrloemgloa k bos akms. Ossmf sk kspkro gptmfmzor os eglbmèûks bk rkoamzoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs k oprgnulbor o prõprmo bkfgeroemo.
mm.
O bkfgeroemo portmempotmvo trobuz-sk, egfg sk sodk lo otrmdumèåg ogs embobågs klquoltg obfmlmstrobgs, bk kspkeænmegs bmrkmtgs bk portmempoèåg lg kxkreæemg bk nulèåg obfmlmstrotmvo bk kstobg k lo rkakvälemo bk hrupgs bk mltkrkssks. Bk ossgemoèûks k bk mlstmtumèûks kf prgekssgs bk bkemsåg o lævka bg Kstobg.
O obfmlmstroèåg pùdameo skrï kstruturobo bk fgbg o oprgxmfor gs skrvmègs bos pgpuaoèûks k o osskhuror o portmempoèåg bgs mltkrkssobgs lo suo hkståg knketmvo, poro kssks knkmtgs, kstodkakeklbg o akm
;?
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E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
obkquobos ngrfos bk bksekltroamzoèåg k bkseglekltroèåg, skf prkiuæzg bo lkekssïrmo knmeïemo k ulmbobk bk oeèåg k bgs pgbkrks bk bmrkeèåg b mrkeèåg k supkrmltklbélemo bg Hgvkrlg. K, bksbk aghg, obfmlmstroèåg portmempobo k bksekltroamzobo klegltro sk lo soùbk, k lg klsmlg ulmvkrsmtïrmg pùdameg, kte. Soro oaíf bmssg, såg fumtg vormobgs gs bmrkmtgs bk portmempoèåg bk hrupgs los bkemsûks, mleausmvk akhmsaotmvos, quk bmrketofkltk gs onketkf, egf mlembélemo kf bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms k euaturoms9 bmrkmtg bos egfmssûks bk trodoa`obgrks bk portmempor lo kaodgroèåg bo akhmsaoèåg bg trodoa`obgr k bgs paolgs keglõfmeg-sgemoms quk egltkfpaof g rkspketmvg sketgr: bmrkmtg bos ossgemoèûks smlbmeoms bk portmempor lo kaodgroèåg bo akhmsaoèåg bk trodoa`g k lg egltrgag bo kxkeuèåg bgs paolgs keglõfmeg-sgemoms, dkf egfg bk sk nozkr rkprkskltor lgs grholmsfgs bk eglekltroèåg sgemoa, bmrkmtg bos ossgemoèûks bk eglsufmbgrks, kte. Uklbg o portmempoèåg kstmpuaobo pgr lgrfos eglstmtuemgloms, o suo noato klvgavk gu fkro mrrkhuaormbobk7 Lo oubmèåg bgs õrhågs bg hgvkrlg prõprmg bos rkhmûks outõlgfos pkags õrhågs bk sgdkrolmo quoltg o qukstûks rkspkmtoltks os rkhmûks tubg bkegrrk lg äfdmtg bg smstkfo eglstmtuemgloa bk õrhågs bk pgbkr, doskobgs lgs prmleæpmgs bo mltkrbkpklbélemo k bo sgambormkbobk, k bom g rmhgr bos nõrfuaos eglstmtuemgloms. Skag egltrormg, oqum g quk sk prkvé k ekrtg rkaoemglofkltg bk hrupgs bo sgemkbobk emvma egf g kstobg, omlbo quk, pgrvklturo, trobuzmbg kf bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Gro, såg tåg lufkrgsgs gs opkags o portmempoèåg eglstoltks bo Eglstmtumèåg k bo akm, tåg vormobgs gs hrupgs k grholmzoèûks bk mltkrkssobgs k tåg naumbos os ngrfos bg sku klvgavmfkltg lg prgekssg akhmsaotmvg quk skrmo kxekssmvg k, pgrvklturo, poroamsoltk bo bkemsåg bgs õrhågs egfpktkltks eglsmbkror luaos quomsqukr akms bkerktobos skf portmempoèåg. Rgrlo-sk, egltubg, lkekssïrmg rkssoavor o akhmsaoèåg bk trodoa`g. G trmduloa eglstmtuemgloa tkf eglsmbkrobg, kf bmrketrmz eglstoltk, quk o ousélemo bk portmempoèåg p ortmempoèåg bos egfmssûks bk trodoa`obgrks k bos ossgemoèûks smlbmeoms oeorrkto mleglstmtuemgloambobk egf tgbos os eglskquélemos. Sgr mssg, o låg sk obgptor gutrg kltklbmfkltg pkag fklgs pgbk oqum noaor-sk lo ngrfoèåg bk uf vkrbobkmrg egstufk eglstmtuemgloa, bk dosk iurmsprubklemoa.
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MUEKB
43 Olg
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Uufïrmg Uufïrmg @ï uf egltkùbg kssklemoa tofdíf bos torknos k bos mleufdélemos quk g mltírprktk bkvk bksvklbor k g opameobgr bo Eglstmtumèåg prkskrvor, ufo rkskrvo bk mhuoabobk bos pkssgos. Soro oaíf bmssg, k g egltrobmtõrmg pgamtmeg foreobg pgr bmnkrkltks gpèûks kf egltrostk k pgr egliulturos vormïvkms quk mfprmfk gs rmtfgs, gs hrous k gs fgbgs bk rkoamzoèåg. Egf o nmxoèåg bgs poräfktrgs prgpgstgs k egf o pkrekpèåg bk quk g rkeursg ogs prmleæpmgs k ogs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms trolsngrfo g grbklofkltg iuræbmeg kf uf smstkfo nke`obg k kstïtmeg quk bkvk skr tgtoafkltk bkbutævka bk skus nulbofkltgs eglstmtuemgloms sk odrk g eofml`g poro o ngrfuaoèåg bk iustmnmeotmvos iuræbmeos k iubmemoms foms sõambos k egkrkltks, quk skråg eopozks bk bgtor gs gpkrobgrks bg bmrkmtg bk ermtírmgs fælmfgs poro g kfprkhg bkssks mlstmtutgs bk ngrfo emkltænmeo k låg ordmtrïrmo.
[LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.5. O bkpklbélemo bkpklbélemo bo rkoambobk eglstmtuemgloa eglstmtuemgloa Mltrgbuèåg O trolsporélemo bgs prgekbmfkltgs akhmsaotmvgs, o knmeïemo bo obfmlmstroèåg, g eíakrk nulemglofkltg bos mlstmtumèûks iubmemïrmos, ufo rkoa rkspglsodmambobk bg Kstobg k bos mlstmtumèûks iubmemïrmos, ufo rkoa rkspglsodmambobk bg Kstobg k bgs skus ohkltks, pgamtmeo, nmlolekmro, emvma k ermfmloa, ossmf egfg o sudgrbmloèåg bg pgbkr keglõfmeg og pgbkr pgaætmeg bkfgerïtmeg k o egltklèåg bos puasûks egrpgrotmvos bk quomsqukr hrupgs kms gs kakfkltgs låg pgueg rkakvoltks o tkr kf eglto lo knketmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs sgemoms. Gdiketmvgs Kltklbkr gs prkssupgstgs bo rkspglsodmamzoèåg bg Kstobg:
Egfprkklbkr o lkekssmbobk bo eglstmtuemgloamzoèåg bgs Bmrkmtgs
Nulbofkltoms.
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MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
O trolsporélemo bgs prgekbmfkltgs akhmsaotmvgs, o knmeïemo bo obfmlmstroèåg, g eíakrk nulemglofkltg bos mlstmtumèûks iubmemïrmos, ufo rkoa rkspglsodmambobk bg Kstobg k bos mlstmtumèûks iubmemïrmos, ufo rkoa rkspglsodmambobk bg Kstobg k bgs skus ohkltks, pgamtmeo, nmlolekmro, emvma k ermfmloa, ossmf egfg o sudgrbmloèåg bg pgbkr keglõfmeg og pgbkr pgaætmeg bkfgerïtmeg k o egltklèåg bos puasûks egrpgrotmvos bk quomsqukr hrupgs kms gs kakfkltgs låg pgueg rkakvoltks o tkr kf eglto lo knketmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs sgemoms. Låg pgr oeosg, g ortmhg 44¹ bo B[B@ bkmxo gs bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms k euaturoms og ksngrèg loemgloa k o eggpkroèåg mltkrloemgloa, bk `orfglmo egf os grholmzoèûks k gs rkeursgs bk eobo pgvg. Rgbovmo, såg gs eglbmemgloamsfgs keglõfmegs k keglõfmeg-nmlolekmrgs gs quk foms ovuatof k g Soetg Mltkrloemgloa bk Bmrkmtgs Keglõfmegs, Ugemoms k Euaturoms amho o prghrkssmvo knketmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs ogs rkeursgs bmspglævkms og fïxmfgs bk rkeursgs bmspglævkms. O bgutrmlo, o kstk prgpõsmtg, noao lg oiustofkltg bg sgemoafkltk bkskiïvka og keglgfmeofkltk pgssævka, lo sudgrbmloèåg bo knketmvmbobk eglerkto o ufo rkskrvo bg pgssævka, lo rormbobk fotkrmoa bg gdiketg bo prktklsåg egfg amfmtk rkoa, lo rkskrvo nmlolekmro bg pgssævka gu nmlolemofkltg pgssævka, uf prmleæpmg bk sustkltodmambobk gu lg eorïetkr bk bmrkmtgs quoltmtotmvgs egfg bmrkmtgs bk fkbmbo. O oprkemoèåg bgs noetgrks keglõfmegs poro ufo tgfobo bk bkemsåg quoltg os pgssmdmambobks k ogs fkmgs bk knketmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs eodk ogs trmduloms. Låg egrrkspglbk o ufo smfpaks gpkroèåg `krfkléutmeo, fos o uf eglnrgltg egfpakxg bos lgrfos egf o rkoambobk emreulboltk. Bk rkstg, sklbg odulboltk os lgrfos k kseossgs gs rkeursgs, bksso oprkemoèåg pgbkrï rksuator o eglvklmélemo bk kstodkakekr bmnkrkltks tkfpgs, hrous k fgbgs bk knketmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs. Uk lkf tgbgs gs bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms k euaturoms pubkrkf skr tgrlobgs paklofkltk gpkrotmvgs kf ekrtgs fgfkltgs gu poro tgbos os pkssgos, kltåg `ovkrï quk bktkrfmlor egf quk prmgrmbobk k kf quk fkbmbo g bkvkråg skr. G egltrïrmg rkbulbotormg lo mlutmamzoèåg bgs egfolbgs eglstmtuemgloms: qukrkr nozkr tubg og fksfg tkfpg k lobo eglskhumr nozkr.
;2
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Rgbovmo, pgr rkhro g egltkùbg kssklemoa bk tgbgs gs bmrkmtgs bkvkro skfprk skr osskhurobg, k sõ g quk kstmvkr poro oaíf bkak pgbkrï bkmxor gu låg bk g skr kf nulèåg bg iuæzg quk g akhmsaobgr vmkr o kfmtmr sgdrk o suo fomgr gu fklgr rkakvälemo bkltrg bg smstkfo eglstmtuemgloa k sgdrk os suos eglbmèûks bk knketmvoèåg. ^oak mstg bmzkr quk tofdíf oqum sk iustmnmeo k sk mfpûk ufo torkno bk `orfglmzoèåg k eglegrbälemo protmeo. Låg sk trotoro, egfg lgs BAH, bk egamsûks gu eglnamtgs bk bmrkmtgs bgs skus egltkùbgs pgtklemoms fïxmfgs. Rrotor-sk-ï, smf bk ufo ovoamoèåg smfuatälko bgs bmrkmtgs k knketmvor k bgs rkeursgs, `ufolgs k fotkrmoms, bmspglævkms k obkquobgs poro g knkmtg. Lksto oprkemoèåg, gs õrhågs bk bkemsåg pgamtmeo `åg-bk hgzor, pgr ekrtg, bk ufo rkaotmvo forhkf bk amdkrbobk, bo amdkrbobk bk eglngrfoèåg o kaks mlkrkltks o pgstuaobo pkag pauroamsfg bkfgerïtmeg k pkao oatkrlälemo. Låg bk ufo tgtoa amdkrbobk. Låg pgbk skr gdamtkrobg g prmleæpmg bo prgpgremgloambobk, onkrmbg pgr pobrûks bk iustmèo sgemoa, sgambormkbobk k mhuoabobk rkoa kltrk gs Sgrtuhuksks, bo Eglstmtumèåg k ogs trmduloms kf hkroa k og Rrmduloa Eglstmtuemgloa kf kspkemoa egfpktmro bksegdrmr kvkltuoms mleglstmtuemgloambobks. Fos
pkroltk
ufo
oatkroèåg
sudstolemoa
bk
tgbgs
oqukaks
eglbmemgloamsfgs, låg bkvk tkr-sk pgr akhmtmfo, gu otk pgr lkekssïrmo, o prõprmo rkvghoèåg bos lgrfos akhoms eglerktmzobgros7 Kms g prgdakfo `odmtuoafkltk egfg prgdakfo bg rktrgekssg gu bo prgmdmèåg bg rktrgekssg sgemoa.
Uufïrmg Knketmvmbobk bgs bmrkmtgs
nulbofkltoms bkpklbkltks otrovís bo
`krfkléutmeo eglstmtuemgloa eglerktmzobgro bgs bmrkmtgs egfpotmdmamzoèåg egf g smstkfo iuræbmeg fgèofdmeolg k egf o rkoambobk sgemoa loemgloa.
;;
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
[LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.2. G prgdakfo bg rktrgekssg sgemoa O onmrfoèåg foms eaoro bk uf prmleæpmg foms eaoro bk uf prmleæpmg bk prgmdmèåg bk rktrgekssg sgemoa, k toavkz, o quk ngm smltktmzobo ossmf pgr Hgfks Eolgtma`g k ^mtoa Fgrkmro kf ?==?9 os lgrfos eglstmtuemgloms quk rkegl`kekf bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms k euaturoms bk eorïetkr pgsmtmvg tkf, pkag fklgs, ufo nulèåg bk horoltmo bo sotmsnoèåg obqumrmbo pgr kssks bmrkmtgs, mfpameolbg ufo prgmdmèåg bk rktrgekssg, vmstg quk ufo vkz bobo sotmsnoèåg bk bmrkmtgs. Kstk trolsngrfo-sk lksso fkbmbo, kf bmrkmtg lkhotmvg gu egltro kak. O skr obfmssævka quoaqukr rkstrmèåg o kstk prmleæpmg, kltåg kao bkvk nmeor suikmto, lo portk opameïvka, os rkhros eglstmtuemgloafkltk kstodkakembos poro os rkstrmèûks bgs BAH, lgfkobofkltk o lkekssmbobk k o prgpgremgloambobk, bkvklbg soavohuorbor skfprk g egltkùbg fælmfg lkekssïrmg bk sotmsnoèåg bkssk bmrkmtg. Kf skltmbg prõxmfg vom Bovmb Buortk, quk eglsmbkro bkegrrkr o mfpgsmèåg bg låg rktrgekssg sgemoa bk uf prmleæpmg bk sgambormkbobk iurmbmeofkltk oetuoltk, fos quk o tgfo egfg ermvg poro o hagdoambobk bo mltkrvklèåg eglngrfobgro bg akhmsaobgr. K, låg kxmstmro rkhrkssobg rkoa sk smfuatolkofkltk, sk kstodkakekr uf fkeolmsfg bk egfpklsoèåg quk rkeupkrk poro ufo smtuoèåg kqumporïvka ufo bksvoltohkf mlmemoafkltk prkvmsto. O fkbmbo sõ skrï mlvïambo quolbg mfpameor o rkhrkssåg sgemoa rkoa bos eglbmèûks kxmstkltks bgs skus bkstmlotïrmgs, ovoamïvkms lg doaolèg bos voltohkls k bksvoltohkls quk rksuatkf bg sku rkhmfk. Bmr-sk-mo, kltåg, bk oegrbg egf os mlùfkros prgpgstos egf kssk skltmbg hkroa, quk låg sk troto bk prgmdmèåg bk rktrgekssg odsgauto, fos tåg sõ rkaotmvo gu bk prmfo noemk, gu skio, quk o prgmdmèåg sõ mlembk sgdrk rktrgekssgs quk onketkf g fælmfg sgemoa, quk onketkf g fælmfg sgemoa, quk onketkf g egltkùbg kssklemoa bgs bmrkmtgs kf eouso, quk skio bksprgpgremglobgs gu bksrozgïvkms, gu quk onketkf o prgtkeèåg, o mhuoabobk gu o bmhlmbobk bo pkssgo `ufolo. Roa egfg gutrgs outgrks, pklsofgs quk, quolbg os lgrfos akhoms véf eglerktmzor lgrfos eglstmtuemgloms låg kxkquævkms pgr sm fksfos, låg nmeo
;>
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
opklos eufprmbg g bkvkr bk akhmsaor egfg g akhmsaobgr nmeo obstrmtg o låg o suprmr, odrmlbg gu rkodrmlbg ufo gfmssåg. Ossmf g kxmhk o prõprmo ngreo lgrfotmvo bo Eglstmtumèåg. Låg sk vmso egf mssg rkvkstmr os lgrfos akhoms eglerktmzobgros bo ngrèo iuræbmeo prõprmo bos lgrfos eglstmtuemgloms. Kssos lgrfos egltmluof fgbmnmeïvkms egfg quomsqukr gutros lgrfos grbmlïrmos, suikmtos o egltrgag bo eglstmtuemgloambobk k susekptævkms bk eobuembobk kf eosg bk rkvmsåg eglstmtuemgloa. Lkf skqukr vkf o prkvoakekr sgdrk gutros lgrfos grbmlïrmos: egfg toms, lkl`ufo eglsmstélemo kspkeænmeo obqumrkf. G quk sk prktklbk k, lo vmhélemo bk ekrtos lgrfos eglstmtuemgloms, mfpkbmr o od-rghoråg puro k smfpaks bos lgrfos akhoms quk egf kaos ngrfof ufo ulmbobk bk smstkfo. G akhmsaobgr, bk oegrbg egf kaos ngrfo ufo ulmbobk bk smstkfo. G akhmsaobgr, bk oegrbg egf gs ermtírmgs prgvklmkltks bg kakmtgrobg, pgbk obgptor gutrgs fgbgs k egltkùbgs bk eglerktmzoèåg. Lobo gdrmho pgr kxkfpag, o quk g skrvmèg loemgloa bk soùbk, gu g smstkfo bk klsmlg tkl`of bk gdkbkekr skfprk ogs fksfgs porobmhfos9
pgbkf
skr:
gro
foms
ekltroamzobgs
gro
foms
bksekltroamzobgs, gro foms sgemoamzostks gro foms amdkroamzoltks. G quk låg pgbk k g akhmsaobgr bkmxor bk prkvkr k grholmzor toa skrvmèg k toa smstkfo. Rgbovmo, pgrquk gs bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms k euaturoms kståg suikmtgs o rkskrvo bg pgssævka, os lgrfos eglerktmzobgros tkf bk skr kltklbmbos lkstks tkrfgs9 ?¹) _uolbg sk vkrmnmqukf eglbmèûks keglõfmeos novgrïvkms, kssos lgrfos bkvkf skr mltkrprktobos k opameobos bk fgbg o bk bkaos sk kxtromr g fïxmfg bk sotmsnoèåg bos lkekssmbobks sgemoms k o rkoamzoèåg bk tgbos os prkstoèûks: 4¹) Og mlvís, låg sk bkporolbg toms eglbmèûks kf kspkemoa pgr eouso bk rkekssåg gu bk ermsk nmlolekmro, os pgpuaoèûks tkf bk skr obkquobos og lævka bk sustkltodmambobk kxmstkltk, egf kvkltuoa rkbuèåg bgs skus dklknæemg gu bgs skus fgltoltks
;8
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
5¹) Umtuoèûks bk kseosskz bk rkeursgs gu bk kxekpèåg eglstmtuemgloa pgbkf prgvgeor o suspklsåg bkstos gu boqukaos lgrfos, fos kaos `ågbk rktgfor o suo knketmvmbobk, o eurtg gu fíbmg prozg, aghg quk rkstodkakembo o lgrfoambobk bo vmbo egaketmvo. @ï ufo rkaoèåg lkekssïrmo eglstoltk kltrk o rkoambobk eglstmtuemgloa k g kstïbmg bk knketmvmbobk bos lgrfos, kltrk o eopoembobk bg kstobg k bo sgemkbobk k gs bmrkmtgs bkrmvobgs o prkstoèûks, kltrk gs dkls keglõfmegs bmspglævkms k gs dkls iuræbmegs bkaks mlskporïvkms. Kf sufo9 sõ k gdrmhotõrmg g quk skio pgssævka, fos g quk k pgssævka tgrlo-sk gdrmhotõrmg. Fos mssg smhlmnmeo quk, sgd kstk ospketg, tubg sk rkeglbuz omlbo og prmleæpmg bo rkskrvo bg pgssævka. Sgbkrï noaor-sk kf kstobg keglõfmeg-sgemoa gu keglõfmeg-nmlolekmrg7 @ovkrï quk bmstmlhumr. [fo emreulstälemo vkf o skr oeodobo bk oprkskltor, kf quk sk suspklbkf kstks gu oqukaks bmrkmtgs bkrmvobgs o prkstoèûks, eglstoltks bk lgrfos akhmsaotmvos bkstmlobos o bor kxkqumdmambobk o lgrfos eglstmtuemgloms. Gutro skrmo ufo smtuoèåg kxtrkfo kf quk g kstobg sk vmssk eglstrolhmbg o suspklbkr låg prgprmofkltk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms sgemoms kf sm fksfgs, pgrquk kaks såg mlsusekptævkms bk suspklsåg, og egltrormg bg quk suekbk egf ekrtgs BAH, fos oahufos bos mleufdélemos quk a`ks eglnkrkf oaeolek protmeg k quk, pgrtoltg, bk ekrtg fgbg, bknmlkf omlbo g sku kstobg. Ksto skhulbo `mpõtksk låg sk oe`o prkvmsto lo eglstmtumèåg Sgrtuhukso, fos pgbk bor-sk kf eosg bk kstobg bk sætmg k bk kfkrhélemo k, fksfg bkpgms bg rkhrkssg o lgrfoambobk eglstmtuemgloa otk sk rknozkr g rkhuaor nulemglofkltg bo keglgfmo k bo Obfmlmstroèåg Sudameo. Lufo k lgutro gegrrélemo, fkbmbos susekptævkms, fklgs gu foms mltklsos skfprk pgstuaormof9 ?¹) Låg `ovkr oatkrlotmvos o lævka bk rkekmtos k bk bkspksos bg Kstobg: 4¹) Ukr horoltmbg uf egltkùbg fælmfg bk bmrkmtgs k g fælmfg fotkrmoa bk sudsmstélemo mfpgstg pkao bmhlmbobk bo pkssgo `ufolo:
;0
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
5¹) Ukrkf gdskrvobgs gs prmleæpmgs bo ulmvkrsoambobk, bo mhuoabobk k bo prgpgremgloambobk: 2¹) @ovkr bkemsåg poraofkltor, otrovís bk akm, tæpmeo akm-fkbmbo. ^M- g quk sk bmz oekreo bo suspklsåg pgbkrï voakr, poroakaofkltk, poro os rkbuèûks bk prkstoèûks k poro oatkroèûks trmdutormos quk, bmrketo gu mlbmrketofkltk poro g nuturg, luleo pgr greo bg prmleæpmg bo tutkao bo eglnmolèo, ossufmr eorïetkr rktrgoetmvg. Fos g pgltg k bmseutmbg.
[LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.;. G prmleæpmg bo rkaotmvo rkakvälemo bos eglbmèûks keglõfmeos bgs tmtuaorks Gs bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms k euaturoms såg, lg egltkxtg bg kstobg bk bmrkmtg bkfgerïtmeg, bmrkmtgs ulmvkrsoms k låg bmrkmtgs bk eaossk. Roa låg gdsto o quk, pgr olegrobgs lo mbkmo bk ufo mhuoabobk rkoa o eglstrumr, os mleufdélemos pùdameos egrrkaotmvos bo suo rkoamzoèåg eglsmstmof oahufo obkquoèåg kf nulèåg bos eglbmèûks eglerktos bgs skus tmtuaorks gu dklknmemïrmgs. Bmrkmtgs bk amdkrtoèåg bk lkekssmbobk k kxprkssåg bk sgambormkbobk grholmzobo, egfg iï sk bmssk, såg bmrkmtgs bk tgbgs pgrquk tgbgs nozkf portk bk ufo sõ egfulmbobk k pgrquk tgbgs eglngrfk os suos emreulstälemos k vmemssmtubks pgbkf vmr eorkekr bgs egrrkspglbkltks dkls. Sgrkf, prkemsofkltk pgrquk vmr o eorkekr bgs egrrkspglbkltks dkls. Sgrkf, prkemsofkltk pgrquk `ï bksmhuoabobk bk noetgs, os prkstoèûks kf quk sk prgiketof `åg bk tgfo-aos kf eglto, pgbkf skr bmrkeemglobos k `åg-bk skr supgrtobos bksmhuoafkltk bk oegrbg egf os eopoembobks keglõfmeos. K g prõprmg prmlempmg bk mhuoabobk quk g kxmhk, ossmf egfg, eglstoltk oeodofgs bk vkr kf noek bk mlsupkrïvkms amfmtks nmlolekmrgs, o knketmvmbobk bos lgrfos eglstmtuemgloms kf rkaoèåg ogs bmrkmtgs bkrmvobgs o prkstoèûks, lg sku egliultg. K tofdíf ufo kxmhélemo bk ufo sgemkbobk odkrto k sgambïrmo.
;=
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Ugdrk g prgdakfo bk sodkr egfg bkvkf skr kleorobos k supgrtobos os bkspksos mlkrkltks o sotmsnoèåg bos lkekssmbobks egaketmvos, `ï trés aml`os pgssævkms k dkf bkforeobos. o) O bg kstobg fælmfg, quk tklbk o otrmdumr tgbgs gu quosk tgbgs kssks kleorhgs ogs mlbmvæbugs gu hrupgs prmvobgs. d) O bg kstobg forxmsto, quk tklbk, pkag egltrïrmg, o eglnmo-ags og kstobg: e) K o bg kstobg sgemoa, quk oekmto ossufmr gs eustgs bk sotmsnoèåg bk lkekssmbobk dïsmeos, kfdgro låg gs bos bkfoms lkekssmbobks o låg skr lo fkbmbo bg mlbmspklsïvka poro osskhuror ogs quk låg pgssof pohor os prkstoèûks gs fksfgs bmrkmtgs o quk tkf oekssg oqukaks quk os pgbkf pohor. Uk, gdvmofkltk, o ETS, rkikmto g kstobg fælmfg, tåg pgueg sk egfpobkek egf g kstobg forxmsto. Låg sk eglngrfo egf kstk pgr eouso bk tgbg g rkakvg quk eglnkrk o mltkrvklèåg bk hrupgs, ossgemoèûks k mlstmtumèûks kxmstkltks lo sgemkbobk emvma lo knketmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs sgemoms. Bkpgms, pgr eouso bo horoltmo bo prgprmkbobk k bo mlmemotmvo keglõfmeo prmvobo. Klnmf, pgrquk, kxprkssofkltk, og eglsmbkror g oekssg o iustmèo oaubk o mlsunmemélemo bk fkmgs keglõfmegs k bkeaoro g skrvmèg loemgloa bk soùbk tklbklemoafkltk hrotumtg, tklbg kf eglto os eglbmèûks keglõfmeos k sgemoms bgs embobågs, o vkrsåg bk ?=0=. Sgr uf aobg, rkeom sgdrk g kstobg osskhuror, pgr fkmg bk mfpgstgs, o ossmstélemo fotkrlg-mlnoltma, gs eumbobgs prmfïrmgs bk soùbk, g klsmlg dïsmeg k g skeulbïrmg gdrmhotõrmgs, g opgmg lg bkskfprkhg, kte. o kssklemoambobk bgs dkls gu o ulmvkrsoambobk iustmnmeof-lg: Sgr gutrg aobg, quoltg os rkstoltks lkekssmbobks gu pgrquk låg onketof mbkltmeofkltk tgbgs gs embobågs, gu pgrquk låg rkvkstkf poro tgbgs g fksfg smhlmnmeobg gu pgrquk bkpklbkf bk emreulstolemos lkf skfprk prkvmsævkms, pgbk iustmnmeor-sk ufo portma`o bgs eustgs bo suo sotmsnoèåg.
>3
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
G kstobg bkvk pohor ufo portk, gs prõprmgs gutro portk k otk glbk pgssof pohor. Gs pgbkf pohor bkvkf pohor .
K í prknkrævka quk pohukf kf portk g
skrvmèg gu g dkf, bmrketofkltk pgr fkmg bk toxos, k låg mlbmrketofkltk pgr fkmg bk mfpgstgs, pgr trés fgtmvgs9 ?) pgrquk ossmf tgfof eglsemélemo bg sku smhlmnmeobg keglõfmeg k sgemoa bos suos eglskquélemos bk oprgvkmtorkf gu låg gs dklknæemgs gu oaeolèorkf gu låg gs rksuatobgs obvklmkltks, 4) pgrquk, kf fumtgs eosgs, pgbkf ksega`kr kltrk skrvmègs gu dkls kf oatkrlotmvos, 5) pgrquk foms bk pkrtg pgbkf egltrgaor o utmamzoèåg bg sku bml`kmrg k kvmtor gu otkluor g pksg bg oporka`g durgerïtmeg. Bmvkrsofkltk, gs quk låg pgbkf pohor, låg bkvkf pohor gu bkvkf rkekdkr pklsûks pkeulmïrmos poro pgbkrkf pohor. Fos o nrgltkmro kltrk lkekssmbobks dïsmeos k gutros lkekssmbobks låg k luleo ræhmbo, lkf bknmlmtmvo. Bkpklbk bgs kstïhmgs bk bksklvgavmfkltg keglõfmeg, sgemoa k euaturoa k bo smtuoèåg bg poæs. K í tofdíf g sunrïhmg ulmvkrsoa quk, kf eobo fgfkltg, o troèo, otrovís bos pgaætmeos pudameos obgptobos pkags õrhågs lkaks doskobgs. G quk bmz kf bgutrmlo hkroa tkf ufo opameoèåg eaoro lg rkspkmtoltk pgr kxkfpag, og klsmlg supkrmgr. Uk lg skrvmèg loemgloa bk soùbk quk k ulmvkrsoa k hkroa sk otklbk os eglbmèûks keglõfmeos k sgemoms bgs embobågs, fksfg bkvkro pgr fomgrmo bk rozåg vkrmnmeor-sk lg klsmlg supkrmgr o hrotumbobk oqum `ï-bk skr gutrgssmf nulèåg bos eglbmèûks keglõfmeos k sgemoms. G egltrostk kltrk gs klsmlgs dïsmegs k skeulbïrmgs k g klsmlg supkrmgr kltrk fgstro-sk låg fklgs naohroltk. Oqukak k tgfobg ulmvkrsoa k gdrmhotõrmo k, pgr mssg, pgbk k bkvk skr hrotumtg, pkag fklgs los ksegaos pudameos9 pgrquk dklknmemo tgbo o egfulmbobk, ksto bkvk supgrtor mltkhroafkltk g sku eustg. Bk bmvkrsg fgbg, g klsmlg supkrmgr, vmstg quk låg k ulmvkrsoa, tkf ufo hrotumbobk o skr eglskhumbo prghrkssmvofkltk k fgabïvka kf rozåg bos eglbmèûks keglõfmeos k sgemoms9 kak bkvk skr hrotumtg, quolbg os eglbmèûks bgs oaulgs g rkeaofkf, pgrquk sklåg
>?
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
nrustror-sk-mo g oekssg bgs quk tmvksskf eopoembobk, låg tkf bk skr hrotumtg, quolbg os eglbmèûks bgs oaulgs g bmspklsorkf. O nrkquélemo bg klsmlg supkrmgr mfpameo og fksfg tkfpg g kxkreæemg bk uf bmrkmtg pkssgoa egfpakxg k uf mlstrufkltg bk kakvoèåg bg lævka kbueotmvg, euaturoa k emkltænmeg bg poæs. [f dklknæemg poro gs prõprmgs k dklknmemg poro o egaketmvmbobk. Aghg, onmhuro-sk iustg, lg paolg bgs voagrks eglstmtuemgloms, quk oqukaks quk pgbkf pohor o suo qugto-portk bkssk dklknæemg gu egltrmdumr poro g pohofkltg bk ekrtg fgltoltk bksto qugto-portk g vkl`of o nozkr. Kf sufo9 sk os eglbmèûks keglõfmeos k sgemoms qukr bmzkr, os lkekssmbobks k gs rklbmfkltgs bg ohrkhobg nofmamor låg pkrfmtmrkf quoaqukr ngrfo bk pohofkltg, mfpgr-sk-ï o hrotumbobk lg klsmlg supkrmgr, sk, pgrkf kaos pkrfmtmrkf g pohofkltg o mlskrèåg bkstk låg sõ låg sk oprksklto nulbobo egfg pgbkrï gdstor o egrrkeèåg bk bksmhuoabobks. O mlngrfoèåg mltkrloemgloa sgdrk bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs sgemoms k euaturoms. O mlngrfoèåg otrovís bg klvmg bk rkaotõrmgs grholmzoèûks mltkrloemgloms, k o ngrfo egfuf bk prgtkeèåg bgs bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms k euaturoms o lævka mltkrloemgloa9 poetg bk bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs sgemoms k euaturoms: eglstmtumèåg bo grholmzoèåg mltkrloemgloa bk trodoa`g k eorto sgemoa kurgpkmo. G rkaotõrmg prkvmstg lg poetg bk bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms, k euaturoms tkf pgr gdiketg os fkbmbos obgptobos k gs prghrkssgs oaeolèobgs dkf egfg gs noetgrks k os bmnmeuabobks lo knketmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs. Uåg oprkskltobgs pgr noetgrks k os bmnmeuabobks lo knketmvoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs. Uåg oprkskltobgs pgr nosks, skhulbg prghrofo o kstodkakekr pkag eglska`g keglõfmeg k sgemoa, bg egfmtí bk bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms k euaturoms bos ohélemos o hélemos kspkemoamzobos egfpktkltks, bg eglska`g bk bmrkmtgs bg @gfkf k bo OH bos Loèûks [lmbos.
>4
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
[LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 4.>. O prgtkeèåg Mltkrloemgloa Mltkrloemgloa Lg poetg bk bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms k euaturoms prmvkf-sk fkbmbos bkstmlobos o osskhuror gs bmrkmtgs rkegl`kembgs lg poetg, toms egfg9 egleausåg bk eglvklèûks, obgpèåg bk rkegfklboèûks, prkstoèåg bk ossmstélemo tíelmeo, rkulmûks poro nmls bk eglsuato k bk kstubg. Eosg portmeuaor k bg klsmlg prmfïrmg hrotumtg. Lo eorto sgemoa kurgpkmo, kstodkakekf-sk rkhros rkaotmvos o obsermèåg bos portks eglstoltks ogs skus bmvkrsgs prkekmtgs. Fomgr gpkrotmvmbobk gdtíf, bk tgbg g fgbg, o prgtkeèåg lg smstkfo bo grholmzoèåg mltkrloemgloa bg trodoa`g. O egfpktélemo bk rkhuaofkltoèåg bgs bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms k euaturoms. Og egltrormg bg quk sk vkrmnmeo egf gs bmrkmtgs amdkrbobks k horoltmos, o rkhro k bo egfpktélemo akhmsaotmvo eglegrrklemoa bo OT k bg hgvkrlg lg tgeoltk o bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs , sgemoms k euaturoms k bo egfpktélemo tofdíf bos osskfdakmos akhmsaotmvos rkhmgloms, lgs rkspketmvgs äfdmtgs tkrrmtgrmoms, o kxtklsåg kxtklsåg , o naumbkz k, fumtos vkzks, vkzks, o tkelmembobk bos fotírmos klegltrof-sk sudioekltks o ksto grmkltoèåg. Ùlmegs bgfælmgs bk rkskrvo bk egfpktélemo bo OT såg9 o) Kf fgabks bk rkskrvo odsgauto, os dosks bg smstkfo bk klsmlg, klquoltg kstos tkl`of quk vkr egf g bmrkmtg o kbueoèåg k låg sõ egf o amdkrbobk bk klsmlg: d) Kf tkrfgs bk rkskrvos rkaotmvo, os dosks bg smstkfo bk skhurolèo sgemoa k bg skrvmèg loemgloa bk soùbk, os dosks bg smstkfo bk prgtkeèåg bo loturkzo, bg kqumaædrmg kegaõhmeg k bg potrmfõlmg euaturoa k g rkhmfk hkroa bg orrklbofkltg ruroa k urdolg. Ksto rkskrvo akhmsaotmvo egmlembk egf rkskrvo poraofkltor bk oprgvoèåg bk eglvklèåg. Nmloafkltk, os fotírmos bk bmrkmtgs keglõfmegs, sgemoms k euaturoms låg kståg kxeauæbos bg rknkrklbg loemgloa.
>5
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
RKFO ― MMM MMM UMURKFO BK BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU LO EGLURMR[MÈÅG FGÈOFDMEOLO. [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo ?.?. ?.?. Lgèåg bgs Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms9 nulbofkltoms9 Bmrkmtg, bmrkmtgs `ufolgs k bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms: Gs skltmbgs ngrfoms k fotkrmoa bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms. Srkssupgstgs bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms. Nulbofkltoms. [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo Rkfïtmeo ?.4 ?.4.. O mfpgrtälemo Eglstmtuemgloa bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms99 O prgtkeèåg eglstmtuemgloa bo pkssgo pkags bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms nulbofkltoms: O kvgauèåg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms: Gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k g nuturg. [LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo Rkfïtmeo ?.5. Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms k Eglekmtgs Onmls9 Onmls9 bmrkmtgs sudiketmvgs pùdamegs: bmrkmtgs bk pkrsgloambobk: smtuoèûks nulemgloms: bmrkmtgs bgs pgvgs: mltkrkssks bmnusgs: horoltmos eglstmtuemgloms: bkvkrks nulbofkltoms
[LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo ?.2. KPKTEÆEMGU bkstk tkfo Mltrgbuèåg Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg bkfgerïtmegs gs bmrkmtgs, amdkrbobks k horoltmos pkssgoms, g sunrïhmg ulmvkrsoa, g pauroamsfg portmbïrmg, o kxmstélemo bk uf Soraofkltg, o mlbkpklbélemo bgs trmduloms, k gs prmleæpmgs bk akhoambobk k bk eglstmtuemgloambobk. Kf Fgèofdmquk, fumtg tkf smbg nkmtg poro horoltmr o prgtkeèåg bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms k, eglskqukltkfkltk, poro o eglstruèåg k o fotkrmoamzoèåg bg prmleæpmg bg Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg. Bmrkmtg. Og egfpaktor ksto ulmbobk, vgeé bkvkrï skr eopoz bk9
Oloamsor g eopætuag eglstmtuemgloa quk troto sgdrk gs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms
Egl`kekr o kvgauèåg `mstõrmeo bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms bksbk o Eglstmtumèåg bk
Gdiketmvgs kspkeænmegs
?=8; Bkserkvkr uf Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg
>2
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
[LMBOBK Rkfïtmeo 5.?. lgèåg bgs Bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms9 Bmrkmtg, bmrkmtgs `ufolgs k bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms: Gs skltmbgs ngrfoms k fotkrmoa bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms. Srkssupgstgs bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms. Bmrkmtgs @ufolgs såg gs bmrkmtgs bk quk ufo pkssgo lkekssmto poro vmvkr egf ekrto bmhlmbobk `ufolo (Ngrsyt`k, 4333, p. 5 k ss). Uåg, lo kxprkssåg bk Bmghg Nrkmtos bg Oforoa (4332, p. ;>)9 ‑Bmrkmtgs mlbmvmbuoms, eglnkrmbgs pgr Bkus gu pkao Loturkzo, rkegl`kembgs pkao Tozåg, mlkrkltks ã eglbmèåg bo pkssgo `ufolo, k pgr mssg fksfg oltkrmgrks k supkrmgrks og prõprmg Kstobg, o qukf såg gpglævkms pkags mlbmvæbugs‖.
Ksto mbkmo bk rkegl`kemfkltg k bk prgtkeèåg bk Bmrkmtgs @ufolgs surhmu lo Mlhaotkrro egf Ig`l Agejk (?>=3), k ngm prgeaofobo pkao prmfkmro vkz luf hrolbk tkxtg mltkrloemgloa, kf ?88>, lo ‑Bkeaoroèåg bk
Mlbkpklbélemo bgs Kstobgs [lmbgs bo Ofírmeo, rkbmhmbo pgr R`gfos Iknnkrsgl9 ‑Lõs tkfgs pgr kvmbkltks pgr sm prõprmos os vkrbobks skhumltks9 tgbgs gs `gfkls såg ermobgs mhuoms: såg bgtobgs pkag Ermobgr bk ekrtgs bmrkmtgs mloamklïvkms: kltrk kstks bmrkmtgs egltof-sk o vmbo, o amdkrbobk k o prgeuro bk nkamembobk‖. nkamembobk‖.
Kf Fgèofdmquk, fumtg tkf smbg nkmtg poro horoltmr o prgtkeèåg bgs Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms k, eglskqukltkfkltk, poro o eglstruèåg k o fotkrmoamzoèåg bg prmleæpmg bg Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg. G prmfkmrg ksngrèg ngm bobg egf o prmfkmro hrolbk rkvmsåg eglstmtuemgloa bk ?==3. Ksto Eglstmtumèåg eglsohrgu, kf Fgèofdmquk, uf Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg, kstodkakeku os kstruturos bk fírmtg poro o mfpaoltoèåg bk ufo bkfgeroemo pgaætmeo, bo skporoèåg bk pgbkrks, bo amdkrbobk pgaætmeo k bo eglsohroèåg knketmvo bgs prmlempoms bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms. Kstks prmleæpmgs bo Eglstmtumèåg bk ?==3 ngrof klrmqukembgs, rkngrfuaobgs k ofpamobgs pkaos oatkroèûks mltrgbuzmbos k oprgvobos pkao Osskfdakmo bo Tkpùdameo (OT) kf Lgvkfdrg bk 4332. Oqum, såg kvmbkltks oahuls bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms egfg g bmrkmtg ã vmbo4, prmleæpmgs 4
^mbk g ortmhg 23¹ bo ETF.
>;
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
bk mhuoabobk k ulmvkrsoambobk5, o amdkrbobk bk kxprkssåg 2, o amdkrbobk bk mfprklso;, o amdkrbobk bk ossgemoèåg>, o amdkrbobk bk eglstmtumr, portmempor k obkrmr o portmbgs pgaætmegs8, o amdkrbobk k eglsemélemo bk rkamhmåg k euatg0, sõ poro emtor oahuls kxkfpags. Lg kltoltg, g poæs prkemso bk ksngrègs poro o fotkrmoamzoèåg bkssks bmrkmtgs quk kståg eglsohrobgs lo eglstmtumèåg. Uk oahuls embobågs, kltklbklbg quk oahg låg kstï o egrrkr egfg bkvkrmo skr k, pgr vmo bmssg, kltklbkrkf nozkr ufo folmnkstoèåg, hgzolbg bg prkvmstg lg ortmhg ;?¹ bo ETF, låg bkvk g Kstobg rkprmfm-ags. Lkf bkvk usor bo suo pgbkrgso ngrèo egkremvo poro ‑oeodor egf o folmnkstoèåg‖ =. Bkvk guvm-ags,
pkrekdé-ags. Bkvk prgeuror rkegl`kekr kssk bmrkmtg ã kxprkssåg k folmnkstoèåg pùdameos?3. Rofdíf, sk kstks mfpgrtoltks bmrkmtgs, kxmhkf, poro o suo opameoèåg, uf kxkreæemg `krfkléutmeg kxtrkfofkltk tíelmeg ??, gs fksfgs låg oaeolèoråg gs knkmtgs bkskiobgs, pgrquoltg lkf tgbg g embobåg (pkssgos o quk sk bkstmlof kssks bmrkmtgs) pkrekdk bk akm, bk ngrfo tåg prgnulbo egfg sk bkskio poro pkrekdkr g oaeolek prïtmeg bgs bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms lo Eglstmtumèåg vmhkltk. Sgr nmf, `ï quk sk pklsor lo pgssmdmambobk bk ofpamoèåg?4 bk bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms, dkf egfg lo lkekssmbobk
bk
fotkrmoamzoèåg
bgs
bmrkmtgs
nulbofkltoms
iï
5 2 ^mbk
gs ortmhgs 5>¹ k 5;¹ bo ETF. ^mbk g ortmhg 20¹, lùfkrgs ? k 4 bo ETF. ; ^mbk g ortmhg 20¹, lr. 5 k ;, tgbgs bo ETF. > ^mbk g ortmhg ;4¹ bo ETF. 8 ^mbk g ortmhg ;5¹ bo ETF. 0 ^mbk g ortmhg ;2¹ bo ETF. = Kf 4330, lo Embobk bk Foputg, eopmtoa bg poæs, bkzklos bk pkssgos fgrrkrof kf folmnkstoèûks egltro g eustg bk vmbo bkpgms bg oufkltg bg prkèg bgs trolspgrtks egaketmvgs bk possohkmrgs (vuahg e`opo-ekf), quk o fomgr portk bo pgpuaoèåg bksnovgrkembo uso poro mr trodoa`or. O fksfo smtuoèåg gegrrku kf 43?3, quolbg gs embobågs bos zglos pgdrks bg poæs soærof poro os ruos egf g nmtg bk bor kltklbkr og Kstobg os eglskquélemos lkhotmvofkltk hrovks bos suos bkemsûks quk tml`of o vkr egf o sudmbo bgs prkègs bg egfdustævka, bg trmhg, bg påg, bo ïhuo k bo klkrhmo kaíetrmeo. ^kio foms bktoa`ks sgdrk os folmnkstoèûks kf Fgèofdmquk kf `ttp9//www.olhgaorksmstkltk.lkt/43?3/3=/34/fgeofdmquk. `ttp9//www.olhgaorksmstkltk.lkt/43?3/3=/34/fgeofdmquk. ?3 G Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg, bkvk fksfg skr uf Hgvkrlg bk akm, låg sõ pgr tkr quk eufprmr egf os akms quk kakquk fksfg ermo, bmrkmtgs egfg otrïs sk gs. bmssk, fos pgr sk bkbmeor lo nkmturo bk dgos akms, oqukaos prgtkhkf `ufol `ufolgs. ?? ^mbk gs ortmhgs 24¹ k 25¹, tgbgs bo ETF. ?4 Kf tkrfgs prïtmegs, ofpamor Bmrkmtgs Nulbofkltoms smhlmnmeo eglstmtuemgloamzor, gu skio, prgtkhkr pgr vmo bo Eglstmtumèåg, foms Bmrkmtgs @ufolgs.
>>
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
eglsohrobgs, poro quk, pgr ksto vmo, sk pgsso noaor luf vkrbobkmrg Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg (^mkmro, 43??, p. 4;0).
G Tkspkmtg pkao Amdkrbobk bg `gfkf kf Fgèofdmquk O amdkrbobk í o ‑ousélemo bk egkrèåg mltklemgloa pgr tkrekmrgs‖ (Kspobo, (Kspobo, 4330, p. 43). Í ufo prgprmkbobk bo vgltobk, otrovís bo quoa os pkssgos téf o eopoembobk bk ksega`kr k oetuor kf qué k egfg qukrkf (Kspobo, 4330). Gro, ksso mbkmo bk amdkrbobk, sgdrktubg o amdkrbobk pgaætmeo, skfprk olbo rkaoemglobo egf os rkspketmvos amfmtoèûks. Ukhulbg Fgltksqumku (43??, p. 534)9 ‑Lufo sgemkbobk glbk `ï akms (Kstobg), o amdkrbobk sõ pgbk eglsmstmr kf pgbkr nozkr g quk sk bkvk qukrkr, k låg skr ngrèobg o nozkr g quk låg sk bkvk qukrkr. (...) O amdkrbobk í g bmrkmtg bk nozkr tubg g quk os akms pkrfmtkf‖ .
Eoktolg (433=, p. 530)., pgr suo vkz, kltklbk quk o amdkrbobk í o kxprkssåg bk amfmtoèåg bg pgbkr pgaætmeg. Gu skio, lg quk sk pgbk oqum kltklbkr, os vïrmos oekpèûks bo amdkrbobk kxmstkltks ?5 pgbkf skr rksufmbos kf buos9 (m) o amdkrbobk kssklemoa, rkaoemglobo egf o loturkzo bo pkssgo `ufolo k quk g pgbkr pgaætmeg bkvk rkspkmtor. Uåg gs eosgs bk bmrkmtgs mlbmvmbuoms ã vmbo k ã mltkhrmbobk pkssgoa, g bmrkmtg og dgf lgfk k rkputoèåg, g bmrkmtg og trodoa`g, g bmrkmtg bk ngrfor nofæamo k kbueor gs nma`gs, g bmrkmtg bk bksageoèåg, g bmrkmtg ã mlvmgaodmambobk bk bgfmeæamg, bkltrk gutrgs. K (mm) o amdkrbobk mlstrufkltoa, oqukao quk í eglstmtuæbo pgr bmrkmtgs pgaætmegs eglekbmbos pgr akm ogs embobågs poro o horoltmo bo amdkrbobk kssklemoa. Rroto-sk bk bmrkmtg og vgtg, bmrkmtg bk rkulmåg k ossgemoèåg, bmrkmtg bk qukmxo k portmempoèåg, pgr kxkfpag (Eoktolg, 433=, p. 53=).
?5
Amdkrbobk næsmeo, o amdkrbobk bk egoeèåg, o amdkrbobk psmegaõhmeo k o amdkrbobk ítmeo gu fgroa, bk kltrk toltos.
>8
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Lg kltoltg, o amdkrbobk låg í k lkf pgbk skr odsgauto, pgms poro skr bmrkmtg, kao tkf bk skr amfmtobo pgr akm. K, pkag quk iï sk bmssk sgdrk o amfmtoèåg bk pgbkrks, sõ g Kstobg í quk tkf o akhmtmfmbobk bk amfmtor gs bmrkmtgs bgs mlbmvæbugs egf vmsto og dkf egfuf. Bkstk fgbg, og amfmtor, kak gdrmho-sk o rkegl`kekr, o rkspkmtor k o tutkaor o amdkrbobk bos pkssgos o nmf bk b k quk g sku kxkreæemg låg aksk g bksnrutk bgs bmrkmtgs k g eufprmfkltg bgs bkvkrks bgs bkfoms ― boæ boæ g bmrkmtg ã amdkrbobk. Gro, o mbkmo bg trotofkltg bo amdkrbobk egfg bmrkmtg, poro rkegl`keé-ag, amfmtï-ag k bknklbé-ag, låg í bk `gik. Tkfglto gs tkfpgs foms oltmhgs k skfprk geupgu uf auhor emfkmrg bkltrk gs bkfoms bmrkmtgs pkags quoms o `ufolmbobk autgu poro quk ngsskf rkegl`kembgs k rkspkmtobgs. Sgr kxkfpag, ‑Lkl`uf `gfkf amvrk skrï bktmbg, oprmsmglobg, eglsmbkrobg ngro bo akm, kxpotrmobg gu bk oahufo folkmro tkr vmgaobo suo pkrsgloambobk, lkf skrï prkiubmeobg gu eglbklobg, sklåg pkag iuahofkltg bk skus porks gu pkao akm bg poæs?2‖
Kf eglskquélemo bkssks k foms bgeufkltgs, tkf-sk `gik o Bkeaoroèåg [lmvkrsoa bk Bmrkmtgs @ufolgs (B[B@), uf mlstrufkltg foms oeodobg sgdrk bmrkmtgs `ufolgs, quk låg sõ rkegl`kek o amdkrbobk egfg uf bmrkmtg, egfg tofdíf eglsohro os suos portmeuaorks vkrtkltks, egfg9 bmrkmtg ã amdkrbobk, lg skltmbg bk lkhoèåg bo kserovmbåg k bo ?;
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skrvmbåg : g bmrkmtg ã prgtkeèåg bo amdkrbobk pkssgoa : g bmrkmtg ã amdkrbobk bk gpmlmåg k kxprkssåg?8: g bmrkmtg ã amdkrbobk bk pklsofkltg, bk eglsemélemo k rkamhmåg?0: g bmrkmtg ã amdkrbobk bk rksmbélemo k bk emreuaoèåg?= k g bmrkmtg bk amdkrbobk ossgemotmvo 43. Í bkstk bgeufkltg quk o fomgr portk bgs Kstobgs duseo o mlspmroèåg poro eglsohror gs bmrkmtgs bgs skus embobågs los suos eglstmtumèûks, tgrlolbggs, bksto ngrfo, bmrkmtgs nulbofkltoms.
?2
Ngltk9 Eorto Fohlo, Mlhaotkrro (?4?;). ^mbk g Ortmhg 2¹ bo B[B@.
?; ?>
?8 ^mbk
^mbk g g ortmhg ortmhg 5¹ ?=¹boboB[B@. B[B@. ?0 ^mbk g ortmhg ?0¹ bo B[B@. ?= ^mbk g ortmhg ?5¹ bo B[B@. 43 ^mbk g ortmhg 43¹ bo B[B@.
>0
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
Ukhulbg Kspobo (4330, p. 4?), o bkfgeroemo amdkroa tkf bk skr kltklbmbo egfg oqukao egf uf smstkfo bk Hgvkrlg amfmtobg: mstg í, oqukak quk låg skio grmhmlobo pgr ufo rkvgauèåg: quk låg vmso ermor ufo lgvo fgaburo ã sgemkbobk: fos smf, oqukak quk tkf egfg nmf prgtkhkr gs fgbgs bk vmbo iï kxmstkltks. Kspobo oprksklto o bkfgeroemo amdkroa luf otoquk quk noz ã euaturo sgemoa k pgaætmeo bo Nrolèo, glbk gs `gfkls sk bksrkspkmtof uls ogs gutrgs lo duseo bo amdkrbobk gu pkag fklgs bk uf fgbkag bk vmbo pgaætmeo quk oe`of mbkoa poro g gutrg. Í uf otoquk erætmeg, pgms kak maustro ufo gutro euaturo pgaætmeo, o mlhakso, glbk låg sk vkrmnmeorof kstos bmsputos poro quk ksso sgemkbobk skio g quk `gik í ― ufo ufo sgemkbobk vkrbobkmrofkltk amdkroa. Lo suo egfporoèåg kltrk buos euaturos pgaætmeos (olhag-ofkrmeolo k o nrolekso), Kspobo rkegl`kek o kxmstélemo bk bgms eglekmtgs bk amdkrbobk, gptolbg pgr uf bkaks, g bo amdkrbobk lkhotmvo, quk qukr bmzkr, amdkrbobk egfg ousélemo bk egkrèåg. Bmz kak, lo kstkmro bk Msomo` Dkraml9 ‑O amdkrbobk låg tkf oqum uf egltkùbg sudstoltmvg9 låg í amdkrtoèåg otrovís bo rozåg, låg í eglngrfmbobk egf uf bktkrfmlobg pobråg bk egfpgrtofkltg sudiuhobg sudiuhobg foms amvrk, í smfpaksfkltk usunrutg bk uf fgbg bk vmbo poeænmeg skf mltrgfmssåg bk tkrekmrgs (...). O amdkrbobk í dosmeofkltk ousélemo bk egkrèåg mltklemgloa pgr tkrekmrgs. O amdkrbobk egfkèo, pgr mssg, lo amdkrbobk bo pkssgo k bo suo eglsemélemo‖ (Kspobo,
4330, p. 4?).
Egltubg, poro quk sk noak bk uf vkrbobkmrg Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg kf Fgèofdmquk, í prkemsg quk os pkssgos skiof amvrks. Í prkemsg quk `oio o amdkrbobk bk emreuaoèåg bk pkssgos k dkls, amdkrbobk bk kxprkssåg skf lkl`ufo pgstkrmgr rktoamoèåg, amdkrbobk bk amvrk ksega`o bg sku bmrmhkltk pgaætmeg k gutros ngrfos bk amdkrbobk quk låg dosto o suo fkro eglsohroèåg eglstmtuemgloa, lkekssmtolbg bk paklo fotkrmoamzoèåg. Uufïrmg Egltubg, poro quk sk noak bk uf vkrbobkmrg Kstobg bk Bmrkmtg kf Fgèofdmquk, í prkemsg quk os pkssgos skiof amvrks. Í prkemsg quk `oio o amdkrbobk bk emreuaoèåg bk pkssgos k dkls, amdkrbobk bk kxprkssåg skf lkl`ufo pgstkrmgr rktoamoèåg, amdkrbobk bk amvrk ksega`o bg sku
>=
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
bmrmhkltk pgaætmeg k gutros ngrfos bk amdkrbobk quk låg dosto o suo fkro eglsohroèåg eglstmtuemgloa, lkekssmtolbg bk paklo fotkrmoamzoèåg.
83
MUEKB
E[TUG9 BMTKMRG:
43 Olg
Bmsempamlo/Fõbuag9 BMTKMRGU N[LBOFKLROMU
DMDAMGHTONMO
SKTKMTO Oltõlmg Smltg (43?5). Srmleæpmgs Hkroms bk Bmrkmtg. Egmfdro Kbmtgro, ?ª Kbmèåg, Egmfdro. HG[^KMO Igrhk Doekaor (433=). Foluoa bk Bmrkmtg Eglstmtuemgloa, ^ga. MM, Oafkbmlo Egmfdro, 5ª Kbmèåg, rkvmsto k oetuoamzobo. EOLGRMA@G,I.I.
Hgfks,
Bmrkmtg
Eglstmtuemgloa,8ª
Kbmèåg
(?4ª
rkmfprkssåg), Egmfdro, Oafkbmlo Egmfdro. UMA^O, Souao Egsto K (433=). O Lgvo Noek bo iustmèo, Gs Fkmgs Kxtroiubmemoms bk Tksgauèåg bk Egltrgvírsmos, Egmfdro Kbmtgro,
Egmfdro.
FMTOLBO Igrhk (43?2). Foluoa bk Bmrkmtg Eglstmtuemgloa, ^ga. M, ?ª Kbmèåg, Egmfdro Kbmtgro. Egmfdro. KUSOBO Igåg Eorags (4330). O Rrobuèåg Olhag- Ofkrmeolo bo Amdkrbobk[f Ga`or Kurgpku ?ª Kbmèåg, Srmlempmo Kbmtgro, Abo. Sgrtuhoa. HOAR[LH Ig`ol (?==2). Bmrkmtgs @ufolgs, [fo Lgvo Skrspketmvo,
Amsdgo. NGLRKU Igsí (43?3). Rkgrmo Hkroa bg Kstobg k bg Bmrkmtg , 5ª kbmèåg, Egmfdro Kbmtgro, Egmfdro Uktkfdrg. FOY[AO Drozåg (?==0). Lo Kstkmro bo Oeobkfmo9 Tozåg, Bkfgeroemo k Kbueoèåg,
tkxtgs Kbmtgrks, Abo., Foputg.
E[L@O Souag Nkrrkmro bo (43?4). Eglstmtumèåg k Sgamtmeo, Sgbkr eglstmtumltk, Eglstmtumèåg Fotkrmoa k Euaturo Eglstmtuemgloa,
_umb iùrms
Ugemkbobk Kbmtgro, Amsdgo. ^OY Foluka Onglsg (43?4). Rkgrmo bo Eglstmtumèåg- G quk í Eglstmtumèåg `gik7 ?ª Kbmèåg,
Egmfdro Kbmtgro, Egmfdro Uktkfdrg.
OLMDOA, Nodmolo, Tkvmsto fkstrobg kf Bmrkmtg, 4332. @[FDGABR Xma`kaf ^gl, Gs amfmtks bo Oeèåg bg Kstobg, Tks-Kbmtgro Abo., Sgrtg. E[L@O Souag Nkrrkmro bo (433=). Sklsor g Kstobg, _um Iurms Ugemkbobk Kbmtgro, Amsdgo.
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