Manual de Análisis y Tratamiento de Agua para Procesos

October 10, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Ymampadñk cm gbuhk`s Humstrm` Cmtmrhdkgadñk Cmtmrhdkgadñk cm `xènmk` cdsumbt` p`r hät`c` cm ^dkjbmr h`cdfdagc` Cmtmrhdkgad Cmtmrhdkgad`kms `kms fdsda`quèhda fdsda`quèhdags gs 7mr Mvgbugadñk Quidr gb QGMQ Hgtmrdg `rnçkdag Cmtmrhdkgadñk Cmtmrhdkgadñk cm sñbdc`s t`tgbms Gbagbdkdcgc Cmtmrhdkgadñk Cmtmrhdkgadñk cm Curmzg t`tgb 9cg Mvgbugadñk Quidr gb QGMQ Cmtmrhdkgadñk Cmtmrhdkgadñk cm ab`r` bdirm Cmtmrhdkgadñk Cmtmrhdkgadñk cm Qubfgt`s Cmtmrhdkgadñ Cmtmrhdkgadñkk cm Qèbdam Gibgkcghdmkt` Hdarìd`b`nèg 1mr Mvgbugadñk Quidr gb QGMQ

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

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DKSY@C]AADÑK? Bg ]kdcgc cm Gprmkcdzgom cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug, pmrtmkmam gb çrmg cm f`rhgadñk pr`fmsd`kgb cmb Igaldbbmrgt` Smak`bñnda`, Kdvmb Hmcd` Qupmrd`r cmb Dkstdtut` U`bdtäakda` Kgad`kgb. Qm uidag mk mb qudkt` kdvmb y smhmstrm cmb pbgk cm mstucd`s, sm dhpgrtm cm hgkmrg ìbdngt`rdg mk bg rghg cmb a`kàdhdmkt` a`kàdhdmkt` admkadgs Häcda` Id`bñndags cm bg agrrmrg cm Säakda` Bgi`rgt`rdstg Wuèhda`, hdshg qum aumktg a`k ukg pbgktdbbg càmktm cm pr`fms`rms a`k b`s pmrfdbms y a`hpmtmkadgs càmktms pgrg dhpgrtdr açtmcrg. Mb pr`pñsdt` prdkadpgb cm bg ]kdcgc cm Gprmkcdzgom cm Gkçbdsds y trgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg Uràms`s ms prmpgrgr gb mstucdgktm pgrg qum cmsgrr`bbm a`hpmtmkadgs pràmcdhmktgbms, gatdtucdkgbmss y a`kamptugb gatdtucdkgbm a`kamptugbms ms mk mb gkçbdsds fèsda`, quèhda` y id`bñnda` cmb gnug. Bgs ]kdcgcms cm Gprmkcdzgom dhpgrtdcgs mk mb pr`nrghg cm mstucd`s cm Säakda` Bgi`rgt`rdstg Wuèhda` vdkaubgcgs a`k Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg Uràms`s s`k? Wuèhdag Fèsdag Hgtmhçtdags Gkçbdsds Wuèhda` Säakdag y Agbdcgc Dkstruhmkt Dkstruhmktgb gb A`ktr`b Qgkdtgrd` Hdarìd`b Hdarìd`bñnda` ñnda` • • • •

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Smak`b`nèg Wuèhdag Nmstdñk cm bg Agbdcgc cm Uràms`s Ur`cuatd Ur`cuatdv`s v`s

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B`s a`ktmkdc`s qum sm dkabuymk mk mb aurs` s`k? agrgatmrdzgadñk cm gnug, gkçbdsds cm b`s a`hp`kmktms y a`ktghdkgktms cmb gnug pgrg pr`p`kmr trgtghdmkt`s qum hgktmkngk ` hmo`rmk bg agbdcgc cmb gnug pgrg b`s cdstdkt`s pràms`s pgrg bg qum sm rmqudmrg. Gcmhçs cm ukg a`rrmatg dktmrprmtgadñk cm b`s rmsubtgc`s cm bgi`rgt`rd` g fdk cm rmspmtgr bg k`rhgtdvdcgc gpbdagibm. Bgs a`hpmtmkadgs pr`fmsd`kgbms y bgi`rgbms mstçk s`p`rtgcgs mk b`s fukcghmkt`s tmñrda`s y admktèfda`s cm b`s qum sm lgrç cum÷` mb gbuhk`, vgb`rgkc` mb trgigo` mk mqudp`, bg l`kmstdcgc, bg rmsp`ksgidbdcgc, bg ätdag y bg mhpgtèg mktrm `tr`s. Sghidäk cmsgrr`bbgrç lgidbdcgcms y a`hpmtmkadgs kmamsgrdgs pgrg p`cmr gkgbdzgr m dktmrprmtgr b`s mstucd`s fdsda`quèhda`s y h`cdfdagr su a`kcuatg sìrm bg a`ksmrvgadñk cmb gnug. Bg hmt`c`b`nèg cm trgigo` mstç igsgcg mk mstçkcgrms cm gprmkcdzgom pbgktmgc`s mk bgs a`hpmtmkadgs. Agcg a`hpmtmkadg sm cmsgnrmng mk rmsubtgc`s cm gprmkcdzgom (YGU) qum sm gi`rcgk g trgväs cm gatdvdcgcms sustgktdvgs qum tdmkmk a`h` pr`pñsdt` dkcdagr ukg nmkmrgbdcgc pgrg cmsgrr`bbgr bgs smaumkadgs cdcçatdags qum gtmkcmrçk agcg YGU. Bgs mvdcmkadgs a`k bgs qum sm mvgbugrç f`rhgtdvghmktm agcg YGU sm cmfdkmk hmcdgktm uk cmsmhpm÷` dktmnrgc`, mk mb qum b`s mstucdgktms h`strgrçk su sgimr lgamr cm hgkmrg rmfbmxdvg, utdbdzgkc` mb a`kàdhdmkt` qum vg gcqudrdmkc` curgktm mb pràms` cdcçatda` pgrg trgksfmrdr mb gprmkcdzgom g sdtugad`kms sdhdbgrms y cdfmrmktms. Mb pgpmb cmb càmktm ms smr fgadbdtgc`r, ms cmadr tdmkm ukg dktmrvmkadñk hmcdgc`rg mktrm b`s a`ktmkdc`s cdsadpbdkgrd`s, bgs agrgatmrèstdags cmb a`ktmxt` y b`s dkstruhmkt`s ` lmrrghdmktgs qum pr`vmm gb mstucdgktm pgrg fgadbdtgr uk gprmkcdzgom sdnkdfdagtdv`, mstrgtända`, gutñk`h` y a`bgi`rgtdv` g trgväs cm h`hmkt`s rmfbmxdv`s, arètda`s y armgtdv`s.

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

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Bgs gatdvdcgcms pgrg mstg gsdnkgturg sm cmsgrr`bbgk curgktm 9 l`rgs p`r smhgkg mk bgi`rgt`rd` y ukg l`rg mk `tr`s ghidmktms cm gprmkcdzgom.

Mvgbugadñk cmb aurs` Bg mvgbugadñk cm tdp` `rcdkgrdg sm bbmvg g agi` mk trms pmrd`c`s curgktm uk smhmstrm, pgrg garmcdtgr mb aurs` sm cmimrç auhpbdr a`k bg mktrmng puktugb cm bgs mvdcmkadgs s`bdadtgcgs p`r b`s pr`fms`rms dhpgrtmkSmñrdag. bg ]kdcgc cm Gprmkcdzgom, cdstrdiuymkc` uk =5% Mvgbugadñk Urçatdag y =5%qum Mvgbugadñk Mb gbuhk` qum k` garmcdtm cm f`rhg `rcdkgrdg pumcm prmsmktgr Mvgbugadñk Mxtrg`rcdkgrdg ` Mvgbugadñk g Sètub` cm Qufdadmkadg mk b`s pmrd`c`s mstdpubgc`s p`r bg ]kdcgc Gagcähdag y smnÿk sm lgygk auhpbdc` b`s rmqudsdt`s msa`bgrms pgrg mbb`.

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Dkstdtut` U`bdtäakda` Kgad`kgb Amktr` cm Mstucd`s Admktèfda`s y Smak`bñnda`s K`. 6 Säakda` Bgi`rgt`rdstg Wuèhda`

UYÇASDAG Kµ. 7 Humstrm` ]KDCGC 7 ]KDCGC MQSY]AS]Y MQSY]AS]YG G H@BMA]BGY CMB GN]G A@HUMSMKADG UGYSÈA]BGY? Mxpbdag bg kgturgbmzg, pr`pdmcgcms y mstruaturg cmb gnug, pgrg abgsdfdagr su dhp`rtgk dhp`rtgkadg adg a`h` rmaurs` dhprmsadkcd dhprmsadkcdibm ibm mk ssuu prmsmrvgadñk y a`ksuh` YMQ]BSGC@ CM GUYMKCD_GOM UY@U]MQS@(YGU) 7? Cmfdkm bg dhp`rtgkadg cmb gnug a`h` uk rmaurs` ukdvmrsgb rmk`vgibm pgrg bg vdcg, gsè a`h` su audcgc` y rmspmt` mk bg kgturgbmzg YMQ]BSGC@ CM GUYMKCD_GOM UY@U]MQS@(YGU) 9? Mxpbdag bg mstruaturg cm bg h`bäaubg cmb gnug, bgs a`kstgktms fèsdags y sus pr`pdmcgcms pgrg cmfdkdrbg a`h` s`bvmktm ukdvmrsgb YMQ]BSGC@ CM GUYMKCD GUYMKCD_GOM _GOM UY@U UY@U]MQS@( ]MQS@(YGU) YGU) 1? Mstgibmam bgs a`kstgktms fèsdags y a`hp`rtghdmkt` gkñhgb` cmb gnug (cmksdcgc, tmhpmrgturg) pgrg mb hgkmo` cm bg hdshg

Nmkmrgbdcgcms?

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Humstrm`? Bgs gatdvdcgcms cmsgrr`bbgcgs pgrg ìtmkmr v`bÿhmkms cm gnug mk uk sdtd`

cmtmrhdkgc` cmb sdstmhg cm gigstmadhdmkt`, cm tgb hgkmrg qum smgk rmprmsmktgtdv`s, a`k mb pr`pñsdt` cm mvgbugr agrgatmrèstdags fèsdags, quèhdags, y/` igatmrd`bñndags. Qdstmhg cm gigstmadhdmkt`? A`koukt` dktmra`hukdagc` ` dktmra`kmatgc` cm fumktms, ìrgs

cm agptgadñk, pbgktgs ab`rgc`rgs, pbgktgs p`tgidbdzgc`rgs, tgkqums cm gbhgamkghdmkt` y rmnubgadñk, açragh`s cm i`him`, bèkmgs cm a`kcuaadñk y rmc cm cdstrdiuadñk. Mkvgsms pgrg t`hgr humstrg

Ugrg gkçbdsds igatmrd`bñnda`. Frgsa`s cm vdcrd` cm iàg gkalg a`k tgpñk mshmrdbgc` ` tgpg r`sagcg, ` frgsa`s cm p`bdpr`pdbmk`: rmsdstmktms g mstmrdbdzgadñk mk mstufg ` gutàbgvm `

i`bsgs mstärdbms a`k admrrm lmrhätda` y agpgadcgc cm 79= ` 9=5 hB. Ugrg gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`. Mkvgsms cm pbçstda` ` vdcrd` dkmrtms gb gnug cm 9 B cm agpgadcgc a`h` hèkdh`, a`k tgp`kms cmb hdsh` hgtmrdgb qum pr`p`rad`kmk admrrm lmrhätda`. Urmpgrgadñk Urmpg rgadñk cm mkvgsms mkvgsms pgrg t`hg cm h umstrgs pgrg gkçbdsds igatmrd`bñnda`

S`hg cm humstrg cm gnug sdk ab`r` rmsdcugb. Cmimk mstmrdbdzgrsm frgsa`s cm humstrm` mk mstufg g 7>5µA, p`r uk tdmhp` hèkdh` cm 65 hdk ` mk gutàbgvm g 795µA curgktm 7= hdk. Gktms cm bg mstmrdbdzgadñk, a`k pgpmb rmsdstmktm g ästg, cmim auirdrsm mk f`rhg cm agpualñk mb tgpñk cmb frgsa`. S`hg cm humstrg cm gnug a`k ab`r` rmsdcugb. Cmimk mstmrdbdzgrsm frgsa`s cm humstrm` mk mstufg g 7>5µA, p`r uk tdmhp` hèkdh` cm c m 65 hdk ` mk gutàbgvm g 795µA curgktm 7= hdk, b`s augbms cmimk a`ktmkmr 5.7 hB cm td`subfgt` cm s`cd` gb 1% p`r agcg 79= hB cm agpgadcgc cm mst`s. Gktms cm bgcmb mstmrdbdzgadñk, a`k pgpmb rmsdstmktm g ästg, cmim auirdrsm mk f`rhg cm agpualñk mb tgpñk frgsa`.

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

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Urmpgrgadñk Urmpg rgadñk cm mkvgsms pgrg t`hg cm humstrgs pgrg gkçbdsds gkçbdsds fdsda `quèhda`s

B`s mkvgsms cmimk bgvgrsm pmrfmatghmktm y mkougngrsm g a`ktdkugadñk a`k gnug cmstdbgcg ` cmsd`kdzgcg. Uràmcdhdmkt` pgrg t`hg cm humstrg pgrg Gkçbdsds Gkçbdsds Igatmrd`bñnda`

Mk i`hig cm hgk` ` nrdf` cmb sdstmhg cm cdstrdiuadñk

Mb gnug cm b`s nrdf`s cmim pr`vmkdr cdrmatghmktm cmb sdstmhg cm cdstrdiuadñk. K` cmim mfmatugrsm t`hg cm humstrg mk nrdf`s qum prmsmktmk fungs mktrm mb tghi`r y mb aumbb`, yg qum mb gnug pumcm a`rrmr p`r bg pgrtm mxtmrd`r cmb nrdf` y a`ktghdkgr bg humstrg. Cmimk rmh`vmrsm b`s gaams`rd`s ` gcdtghmkt`s mxtmrk`s a`h` hgknumrgs, i`qudbbgs y fdbtr`s cm pbçstda` ` lubm gktms cm t`hgr bg humstrg. Cmim bdhpdgrsm mb `rdfdad` cm sgbdcg a`k ukg t`rukcg cm gbn`cñk dhprmnkgcg cm s`buadñk cm ldpàb`rdt` cm s`cd` a`k ukg a`kamktrgadñk cm 755 hn/B. Cmim cmogrsm a`rrmr mb gnug gpr`xdhgcghmktm p`r 1 hdk ` lgstg gsmnurgrsm qum mb gnug qum a`ktmkègk bgs tuimrègs lg sdc` vgadgcg t`tgbhmktm. g) Amrag cmb `rdfdad` cm sgbdcg, cmimk qudtgrsm sdhubtçkmghmktm mb tgpñk cmb frgsa` y mb pgpmb

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a`h` ukdcgc, mvdtgkc` qum sm a`ktghdkmk mb tgpñk, ` mb pgpmb cm pr`tmaadñk, `hgkmoçkc`b`s mb aumbb` cmb frgsa`. i) Cmim hgktmkmrsm mb tgpñk lgadg gigo` pgrg mvdtgr a`ktghdkgadñk y pràmcmr g t`hgr bg humstrg sdk pärcdcg cm tdmhp` y sdk mkougngr mb frgsa`: sm cmim cmogr mb mspgad` bdirm rmqumrdc` pgrg bg gndtgadñk cm bg humstrg prmvdg gb gkçbdsds (gpr`xdhgcghmktm 75% cm v`buhmk cmb frgsa`). Mfmatugcg bg t`hg cm humstrg, cmimk a`bàgrsm mb tgpñk y mb pgpmb cm pr`tmaadñk gb frgsa`. Mk agptgadñk cm uk aumrp` cm gnug supmrfdadgb ` tgkqum cm gbhgamkghdmkt`

g) Cmimk bgvgrsm hgk`s y gktmirgz`s a`k gnug y ogiñk. Cmim qudtgrsm mb pgpmb cm pr`tmaadñk mvdtgkc` qum sm a`ktghdkm. i) Quhmrndr mb frgsa` mk mb gnug a`k mb aumbb` lgadg gigo` lgstg ukg pr`fukcdcgc pr`fukcdcgc cm 7= g 15 ah, girdr y mkcmrmzgr g a`ktdkugadñk a`k mb aumbb` lgadg grrdig (mk t`c`s b`s ags`s cmim mvdtgrsm t`hgr bg agpgmk supmrfdadgb f`kc`, c`kcm pumcm lgimrt`hgrsm kgtg ` smcdhmkt` y mkbgmbhumstrg ags` cm cm agptgadñk aumrp`s `cmcmb gnug supmrfdadgbms, k` cmimk humstrgs huy prñxdhgs g bg `rdbbg ` huy cdstgktms cmb pukt` cm mxtrgaadñk): sd mxdstm a`rrdmktm mk mb aumrp` cm gnug, bg t`hg cm humstrg cmim mfmatugrsm a`k bg iàg cmb frgsa` mk a`ktrga`rrdmktm. Mfmatugcg bg t`hg cm humstrg cmim a`bàgrsm mb tgpñk, sgagr mb frgsa` cmb gnug y a`bàgr mb pgpmb cm pr`tmaadñk. Mk mb ags` cm tgkqums cm gbhgamkghdmkt`

Qd k` ms p`sdibm bg t`hg cm humstrg añh` sm dkcdag mk agptgadñk cm uk aumrp` cm gnug supmrfdadgb ` tgkqum cm gbhgamkghdmkt`, cmim pràmcmrsm a`h` sm hmkad`kg mk p`z` pr`fukc`.

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

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Mk p`z` pr`fukc`

Qd mb p`z` aumktg a`k nrdf` pgrg t`hg cm humstrg, cmim pràmcmrsm a`h` mk i`hig cm hgk` ` nrdf` cmb sdstmhg cm cdstrdiuadñk. Qd mb p`z` k` aumktg a`k nrdf` pgrg t`hg cm humstrg, cmim girdrsm bg vçbvubg cm ukg tuimrèg cm cmsf`num, cmogrsm a`rrmr mb gnug p`r uk hèkdh` cm 1 hdkut`s y g a`ktdkugadñk sm pràmcm a`h` mk i`hig cm hgk` ` nrdf` cmb sdstmhg cm cdstrdiuadñk Zg y iX Mk p`z` s`hmr` ` fumktm sdhdbgr

Augkc` k` ms p`sdibm t`hgr bg humstrg a`k bg mxtmksdñk cmb irgz`, cmim gtgrsm gb frgsa` uk sìrmpms` usgkc` usgkc` mb mxtrmh` cm uk a`rcmb bdhpd`. Cmimk qudtgrsm sdhubtçkmghmktm mb tgpñk y mb pgpmb cm pr`tmaadñk, hgkmoçkc`b`s a`h` ukdcgc, mvdtgkc` qum sm a`ktghdkmk mb tgpñk, ` mb pgpmb cm pr`tmaadñk, ` mb aumbb` cmb frgsa`. Cmim hgktmkmrsm mb aumbb` cmb frgsa` lgadg gigo` y sm pràmcm g t`hgr bg humstrg, igogkc` mb frgsa` cmktr` cmb p`z`, y cmsmkr`bbgkc` mb a`rcmb bmktghmktm, mvdtgkc` qum mb frgsa` t`qum bgs pgrmcms cmb p`z`. Mfmatugcg bg t`hg cm humstrg, cmimk a`bàgrsm mb tgpñk y mb pgpmb cm pr`tmaadñk gb frgsa`. Uràmcdhdmkt` pgrg t`hg cm humstrg pgrg pgrg Gkçbdsds Fdsda`quèhda`s

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Mb v`buhmk cm humstrg cmim t`hgrsm a`h` sm dkcdag mk mb Gpäkcdam "G" K`rhgtdv`. Mk i`hig cm hgk` ` nrdf` cmb sdstmhg cm cdstrdiuadñk ` p`z` pr`fukc` Cmim cmogrsm a`rrmr mb gnug gpr`xdhgcghmktm p`r 1 hdk ` lgstg gsmnurgrsm qum mb gnug qum a`ktmkègk bgs tuimrègs lg sdc` vgadgcg t`tgbhmktm. Mb humstrm` cmim rmgbdzgrsm audcgc`sghmktm, mvdtgkc` qum sm a`ktghdkmk mb tgpñk, iàg m dktmrd`r cmb mkvgsm: sm rmqudmrm t`hgr uk pà` cmb gnug qum sm vg g gkgbdzgr, sm admrrg mb mkvgsm y gndtgr fumrtmhmktm pgrg mkougngr, cmsmalgkc` msg gnug: sm mfmatÿg mstg `pmrgadñk c`s ` trms vmams, pràmcdmkc` mksmnudcg g t`hgr bg humstrg. Mk agptgadñk cm uk aumrp` cm gnug supmrfdadgb, tgkqum cm gbhgamkghdmkt`, p`z` s`hmr` ` fumktm sdhdbgr , cmim hgkmogrsm mb mkvgsm sdnudmkc` bgs dkcdagad`kms a`hprmkcdcgs mk

agptgadñk uk aumrp` cm gnug cm gbhgamkghdmkt` Zg ycmbiX,sdstmhg mk i`hig cm hgk` `cmnrdf` cmb sdstmhg cm supmrfdadgb cdstrdiuadñk` `tgkqum mk i`hig cm hgk` ` nrdf` cm cdstrdiuadñk Zg y iX, mk su ags`. Hgkmo` cm humstrgs

Bgs humstrgs t`hgcgs a`h` sm dkcdagk mk mb pukt` 6 cmimk a`bàgrsm mk ldmbmrg a`k i`bsgs rmfrdnmrgktms ` i`bsgs cm ldmb` pgrg su trgksp`rtm gb bgi`rgt`rd`, cm prmfmrmkadg g ukg tmhpmrgturg mktrm b`s 3 y 75µA, audcgkc audcgkc`` cm k` a`knmbgr bgs humstrgs. Mb pmrd`c` hçxdh` qum cmim trgksaurrdr mktrm bg t`hg cm humstrg y mb gkçbdsds ms? Ugrg gkçbdsds igatmrd`bñnda` 6 l`rgs. Ugrg gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`, mb pmrd`c` cmpmkcm cm bg prmsmrvgadñk mhpbmgcg pgrg agcg pgrçhmtr`. A`h` mk mb gpäkcdam "G" K`rhgtdv` (bàgbdzgc` gb fdkgb cm mstm hgkugb).

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

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Dcmktdfda Dcm ktdfda gadñk y a`ktr`b cm humstrgs humstrgs

Ugrg bg dcmktdfdagadñk cm bgs humstrgs cmimk mtdqumtgrsm b`s frgsa`s y mkvgsms a`k bg sdnudmktm dkf`rhgadñk? Kÿhmr` cm rmndstr` pgrg dcmktdfdagr bg humstrg. Fmalg y l`rg cm humstrm`. Dcmktdfdag Dcmktdfdagadñk adñk cmb pukt` ` sdt` cm humstrm` •

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Smhpmrgturg ghidmktm y tmhpmrgturg cmb gnug pL Ab`r` rmsdcugb Sdp` cm gkçbdsds g mfmatugr Säakdag cm prmsmrvgadñk mhpbmgcg @ismrvgad`k @ismrvgad`kms ms rmbgtdvgs g bg t`hg cm humstrg K`hirm cm bg pmrs`kg qum rmgbdzñ mb humstrm`.

Ugrg mb a`ktr`b cm bg humstrg cmim bbmvgrsm uk rmndstr` ` idtça`rg a`k b`s cgt`s dkcdagc`s mk bg mtdqumtg cmb frgsa` ` mkvgsm. Qmbmaadñk Qm bmaadñk cm pukt` s cm humstrm`

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Bg smbmaadñk cm pukt`s cm humstrm` cmim a`ksdcmrgrsm dkcdvdcugbhmktm pgrg agcg sdstmhg cm gigstmadhdmkt`. Qdk mhigrn`, mxdstmk ardtmrd`s qum cmimk t`hgrsm mk aumktg pgrg mbb`. Mst`s ardtmrd`s s`k? Agktdcgc cm pukt pukt`s `s cm humstrm`, suf sufdadmktms dadmktms pgrg smr rmprm rmprmsmktgtdv`s smktgtdv`s cm bgs cdfmrmktms fumktms cm gnug qum gigstmamk mb sdstmhg. Dkabudr b`s ppukt`s ukt`s cm humstrm` rmprmsmktgtdv`s cm b`s bungrms hçs susamptdibms cm a`ktghdkgadñk a`ktghdkg adñk a`h` s`k? ` Uukt`s humrt`s ` _`kgs cm igog prmsdñk ` _`kgs a`k gktmamcmktms cm prìbmhgs cm a`ktghdkgadñ a`ktghdkgadñk k ` _`kgs a`k fungs frmaumktms ` _`kgs cmksghmktm pìbgcgs y a`k gbagktgrdbbgc gbagktgrdbbgc`` dksufdadmktm ` Sgkqums cm gbhgamkghdmkt` gidmrt`s y agrmktms cm pr`tmaadñk ` _`kgs pmrdfärdags cmb sdstmhg hçs gbmogcgs cm bgs dkstgbgad`kms cm trgtghdmkt`. Cdstrdiuadñk ukdf`rhm cm b`s pukt`s cm hum humstrm` strm` g b` bgrn` ccmb mb sdstmh sdstmhg. g. A`ksdcmrgr mb kÿ kÿhmr` hmr` ccmm rghg rghgbms bms cm sdstmhgs cm cdstrdiuadñk cdstrdiuadñk.. Cmim lgimr a`h` hèkdh` uk pukt` cm humstrm` dkhmcdgtghmktm g bg sgbdcg cm bgs pbgktgs cm trgtghdmkt`, mk su ags`. •

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

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CMQGYY@BB@ H]MQSYM@?

IGASM IGA SMYD YD@ @B NDA@ NDA@

YMGASDV@Q?

MW]DU@ T HGSMYDGB? HGSMYDGB?

K` gpbdag

Ymadpdmktm cm vdcrd` a`k admrrm lmrhätda` bdhpd` y mstmrdbdzgc` agpgadcgc cm 79= ` 9=5 hB Mtdqumtgs Idtça`rg cm rmndstr` Ymadpdmktm cm pbçstda` UMS a`k admrrm lmrhätda` bdhpd` agpgadcgc cm 9 B Mtdqumtgs Idtça`rg cm rmndstr`

FDQDA@W] FDQD A@W] HDA@ K` gpbdag

UY@AMCDHDMKS@? Qdnudmkc` mb ardtmrd` cmsardt` gktmrd`rhmktm y a`kf`rhm g k`rhgtdvdcgc, rmgbdzg bg t`hg cm humstrg cm gnug cm `rdnmk cm uk sdtd` ga`rcgc` mk abgsm. Agcg mqudp` rmgbdzgrç bg t`hg cm uk bungr cdstdkt`. Qdnum bgs rma`hmkcgad`kms cmb càmktm. S`hg mk aumktg mb tdp` cm humstrg (sdhpbm ` a`hpumstg), mb tdp` ccmm mkvgsm, mb v`buhmk cm humstrg kmamsgrdg pgrg b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s y igatmrd`bñnda`s, yg qum mstg sm àupgrç curgktm t`c` mb aurs`. Y`tubg mb mkvgsm y a`ksmrvg bg humstrg g tmhpmrgturg gcmaugcg. Srgksp`rtg bgs humstrgs a`ksmrvgkc` bg tmhpmrgturg a`kstgktm.

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Mtdqumtgc`?

Cdsm÷g y mbgi`rg ukg mtdqumtg qum a`ktmkng hèkdhghmktm b`s sdnudmktms cgt`s? Fmalg y l`rg cm humstrm` Gkgbdstg (K`hirm y agrn`) Bungr cm humstrm` Ygzñk cm Humstrm` Kuhmr` cm frgsa` ` humstrg / rmndstr` Smhpmrgturg ghidmktm y a`kcdad`kmss abdhçtdags a`kcdad`km Ugrçhmtr`s gkgbdzgc`s dk pL?PPPPPPP Ab`r`?PPPPPPP Smhpmrgturg? PPPPPPP sdtu @ismrvgad`kms? V`.I`. cm rmadi` mk bgi`rgt`rd` Ymp`rtm

Ymndstrg mk mb hgkugb b`s cgt`s y ìsmrvgad`kms nrupgbms ìtmkdcgs curgktm mb humstrm`, y mbgi`rg uk rmp`rtm sdnudmkc` bgs dkcdagad`kms cmb pr`fms`r

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

< 4 75 77 79

4

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

MBGI@YG MB CDGNYGHG CM FB]O@ CMB UY@AMCDHDMKS@

75

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75

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

A]MQSD@KGYD@ 7. °Wuä mqudp` ccmm pr`tmaadñ pr`tmaadñkk pmrs`kgb ccmims mims usgr gb sgbdr g aghp` g t`hgr uk ukgg humstrg cm gnug kgturgb y rmsdcugb0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP 9. °Auçb ms bg agktdcgc cm humstrg g rma`bmatgr pgrg rmgbdzgr uk gkçbdsds cm nrgsgs y gamdtms0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 1. Dkvmstdng y cmsardim irmvmhmktm qum ms gnug? kgturgb, p`tgibm, rmsdcugb y rmsdcugb trgtgcg PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP

77

3. °U`r quä ms huy dhp`rtgktm rmndstrgr bgs ìsmrvgad`kms cmb abdhg y cmb ma`sdstmhg0 Oustdfdag tu rmspumstg PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P

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YMFMYMKADGQ? - Uràmcdhdm Uràmcdhdmkt`s kt`s Qgkdtgrd`s pgrg mb humstrm` cm nug pgrg us` y a`ksuh` luhgk` mk

sdstmhgs cm gigstmadhdmkt` cm gnug pÿibda`s y prdvgc`s. UY@T-K@H-573-QQG77441.

77

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

77

Dkstdtut` U`bdtäakda` Kgad`kgb Amktr` cm Mstucd`s Admktèfda`s y Smak`bñnda`s K`. 6 Säakda` Bgi`rgt`rdstg Wuèhda`

UYÇASDAG Kµ. 9 Cmtmrhdkgadñk Cm tmrhdkgadñk cm `xènmk` cdsumbt` p` r hät`c` c m ^ ^dkjbmr dkjbmr h`cdf dagc` ]KDCGC 9 Cmtmrhdkgad`kms fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug A@HUMSMKADG UGYSÈA]BGY? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cmb gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s mk gnug cm `rdnmk kgturgb pgrg su agrgatmrdz agrgatmrdzgadñk gadñk y a`hpgrgr a`k bg k`rhgtdvdcgc hmxdagkg vdnmktm YGU 7? Momhpbdfdag b`s cdfmrmktms gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s qum sm bm cmtmrhdkgk g mb gnug pgrg a`hpgrgr b`s rmsubtgc`s ìtmkdc`s a`k bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms YGU 9? Mstgibmam gkgb`nègs a`k b`s rmsubtgc`s cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`-quèhda` ìtmkdc`s mk gnug cm `rdnmk kgturgb a`k bgs agrgatmrèstdags fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug p`tgibm y purdfdagc cm bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms K@H-79> y 537 QQG7-7443 YGU 1? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s cmb gnug a`k igsm mk bgs K@H pgrg su agrgatmrdzgadñk gktm ukg humstrg prìbmhg NMKMYGBDCGCMQ

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B`s kdvmbms cm `xènmk` cdsumbt` (@C) mk gnug kgturgb, rmsdcugb y rmsdcugb trgtgcg cmpmkcmk cm bgs gatdvdcgcms quèhdags, fèsdags y id`quèhdags mk b`s aumrp`s cm gnug. Mk mb hät`c` cm gzdcg cm s`cd` sm gcdad`kg ukg cds`buadñk cm hgkngkms` cdvgbmktm y ukg cds`buadñk gbagbdkg y`cur`-gzdcg cm s`cd` g ukg humstrg cm gnug a`ktmkdcg mk uk frgsa` cm vdcrd` qum cmim pmrhgkmamr amrrgc`. Mb @C `xdcg gb ldcrñxdc` cm hgkngkms` cdsumbt`, mk agktdcgc mqudvgbmktm, pgrg pr`cuadr uk prmadpdtgc` cm hgkngkms` a`k vgbmkadg hçs gbtg. Qm gadcdfdag bg humstrg y b`s d`kms y`cur` rmcuamk gb hgkngkms` g su mstgc` cdvgbmktm pr`cuadäkc`sm y`c` mqudvgbmktm gb a`ktmkdc` cm @C `rdndkgb. Mb y`c` sm tdtubg a`k ukg cds`buadñk k`rhgbdzgcg cm td`subfgt` cm s`cd`. Mb pukt` fdkgb cm bg vgb`rgadñk sm cmtmatg vdsugbhmktm a`k uk dkcdagc`r cm gbhdcñk.

CMQGYY@BB@ UGYGHMSY@ FDQDA@W]DHD F DQDA@W]DHDA@? A@?   @\DNMK@ CDQ]MBS@ (@C)

YMGASDV@Q? Q`buadñk cm subfgt` hgkngk`s` Q`buadñk gbagbdkg cm y`cur`gzdcg Çadc` subfÿrda` a`kamktrgc` Q`buadñk mstçkcgr cm td`subfgt` cm s`cd` 5,59=H Q`buadñk cm gbhdcñk gb 9% Gnug cmstdbgcg

79

MW]DU@ T HGSMYDGB? HGSMYDGB? Urìmtg =55hB Urìmtg 755hB Vgs` cm pp 955hB Smrhñhmtr` Udzmtg Frgsa` tdp` ^dkjbmr 155 hB 1 pdpmtgs =hB Hgtrgz mrbmhmkymr 79=hB Iurmtg 9=hB N`tmr` Cdsp`sdtdv` pgrg tdtubgadñk

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

79

@\DNMK@ CDQ]MBS@ (@C) Hät`c` y`c`hätrda` y`c`hätrda`

7. Dk sdtu, sm t`hg bg i`tmbbg cm ^dkjbmr y sm suhmrnm mk bg fumktm cm gnug y cmspuäs cm qum sm bbmkm sm tgpg cm dkhmcdgt` sdk qum qumcmk iuriuogs cm gdrm. 9. Mk bgi`rgt`rd` ssmm bbmkg bg i`tmbbg lgstg mb rgs cm bg i`qudbbg ^dkjbmr y sm bbmkg a`k bbg g humstrg prmvdghmktm l`h`näkmg y vmrtdmkc` p`r bgs pgrmcms bmktghmktm mvdtgkc` f`rhgr iuriuogs. 1. Gcdad`kgr 7 hB cm rmgatdv` prmsmrvgktm ` fdogc`r cmb `xènmk`, mk mstm ags` ms uk ukg g s`buadñk cm subfgt` hgkngk`s` HkQ@3, dktr`cuadmkc` bg pdpmtg bmktghmktm mk mb aumbb` cmb frgsa`, mvdtgkc` bg gcdadñk cm gdrm ` f`rhgadñk cm iuriuogs 3. A`bàgr mb tgpñk y rmtdrgr mb mxamcmktm cm gnug cmspbgzgcg cmb ^dkjbmr, gndtgr vdn`r`sghmktm. =. Gnrmngr 7 hB cm bg s`buadñk çbagbd y`cur`-gzd y`cur`-gzdcg, cg, dktr`cuadr bg pdpmtg bmktghmktm mk mb aumbb` cmb frgsa`, mvdtgkc` dktr`cuadr gdrm y f`rhgr iuriuogs. K`tg? Qm f`rhgrç ukg a`b`rgadñk ghgrdbbg, sd lgy prmsmkadg cm `xènmk`, sè bg t`kgbdcgc fumrg bmal`sg ` ibgkag, sdnkdfdagrèg qum mb kdvmb cm `xènmk` ms huy igo`. 6. A`bàgr mb tgpñk y rmtdrgr mb mxamcmktm cm gnug cmspbgzgcg cmb ^dkjbmr, gndtgr vdn`r`sghmktm (sd k` sm mstç dk sdtu, cmogr smcdhmktgr mb prmadpdtgc` gpr`xdhgcghmktm p`r 95 hdk mk bg `saurdcgc)

71

9Q@3) audcgc`sghmktm (cgcg bg >. G÷gcdr 7 hBcmcm çadc` subfÿrda` a`kamktrgc` pmbdnr`sdcgc mstm rmgatdv` a`rr`sdv`), dktr`cuadr(Lbmktghmktm gb aumbb` cmb ^dkjbmr y trgs vmrtmr, tgpgr kumvghmktm, cmsagrgr mb bèqudc` cmspbgzgc` y hmzabgr p`r dkvmrsdñk lgstg a`hpbmtg cds`buadñk cmb prmadpdtgc`. < 4 75 77 79

73

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

MBGI@YG MB CDGNYGHG CM FB]O@ CMB UY@AMCDHDMKS@

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

A]MQSD@KGYD@

7.- Mk mb gnug cm `rdnmk, °quä `tr`s ngsms cdsumbt`s sm mkaumktrgk0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 9.-Auçb ms bg a`kamktrgadñk a`kamktrgadñk cm @C mk mb gdrm y augb mk gnug sgturgcg a`k @9 g 95µA0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 1.-°Mk cñkcm ms prmfmrdibm cmtmrhdkgr @C0 T qum pgrçhmtr`s sm cmimk rmndstrgr tghidäk PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P

76

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 3.- Msardim y igbgkamg bgs rmgaad`kms bbmvgcgs g agi` curgktm bg prçatdag PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P

A@KAB]QD@KMQ PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP YMFMYMKADGQ? - Cmtmrhdkgad Cmtmrhdkgadñk ñk cm @xènmk` Cdsumbt` mk Gnugs kgturgbms, rmsdcugbms y rmsdcugbms trgtgcgs. KH\-GG-579-QAFD-9557. - K@YBMTH@YMS@. @xènmk` cdsumbt`. ZVdcm` mk bèkmgX. Uuibdagc` mb 1 177 oub 9571. A`ksubtgc` oubd` 9574. Cdsp`kdibm mk? lttps?//yùtu.im/DwtUsaaV=Fs

76

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

76

Dkstdtut` U`bdtäakda` Kgad`kgb Amktr` cm Mstucd`s Admktèfda`s y Smak`bñnda`s K`. 6 Säakda` Bgi`rgt`rdstg Wuèhda` UYÇASDAG Kµ. 1 Cmtmrhdkgad`kms fdsda`quèhdags ]KDCGC CM 9 Cmtmrhdkgad`kms fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug A@HUMSMKADG UGYSÈA]BGY ? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cmb gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s mk gnug cm `rdnmk kgturgb pgrg su agrgatmrdz agrgatmrdzgadñk gadñk y a`hpgrgr a`k bg k`rhgtdvdcgc k`rhgtdvdcgc hmxdagkg vdnmktm YGU 7? Momhpbdfdag b`s cdfmrmktms gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s qum sm bm cmtmrhdkgk gb gnug pgrg a`hpgrgr b`s rmsubtgc`s ìtmkdc`s a`k bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms YGU 9? Mstgibmam gkgb`nègs a`k b`s rmsubtgc`s cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`-quèhda` ìtmkdc`s mk gnug cm `rdnmk kgturgb a`k bgs agrgatmrèstdags fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug p`tgibm y purdfdagc cm bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms K@H-79> y 537 QQG7-7443 YGU 1? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s cmb gnug a`k igsm mk bgs K@H pgrg su agrgatmrdzgadñk gktm ukg humstrg prìbmhg NMKMYGBDCGCMQ

7>

Bg tmhpmrgturg pumcm smr kgturgb mk gnugs tmrhgbms ` pr`cuadcg p`r cmsagrngs dkcustrdgbms mk gnug a`k gbt` a`ktmkdc` cm Ag(LA@ 1)9. Bgs tmhpmrgturgs mbmvgcgs mk mb gnug s`k dkcdagc`rms cm gatdvdcgc id`bñndag, quèhdag y fèsdag mk mb gnug, b` gktmrd`r tdmkm dkfbumkadg mk b`s trgtghdmkt`s y gigstmadhdmkt`s pgrg mb gnug, gsè a`h` mk bg mvgbugadñk bdhk`b`nèg7 cm uk aumrp` cm gnug, p`r b` qum ms kmamsgrd` hmcdr bg tmhpmrgturg a`h` uk dkcdagc`r cm bg prmsmkadg cm a`hpumst`s y a`ktghdkgktms mk mb gnug. Mb pL (p`tmkadgb cm ldcrñnmk`) ms ukg hmcdcg cm bg gadcmz ` gbagbdkdcgc cm ukg s`buadñk. Mb vgb`r cm pL ms uk pgrçhmtr` rmnubgc` p`r bèhdtms hçxdh`s pmrhdsdibms mk cmsagrngs cm gnugs rmsdcugbms gb gbagktgrdbbgc` ` g aumrp`s rmampt`rms, tghidäk ms uk pgrçhmtr` cm agbdcgc cmb gnug pgrg us`s y gatdvdcgcms gnrèa`bgs, pgrg a`ktgat` prdhgrd` y pgrg mb a`ksuh` luhgk`. Bg a`kcuatdvdcgc mbmatr`bètdag ms ukg mxprmsdñk kuhärdag cm bg agpgadcgc cm ukgcm s`buadñk pgrg trgksp`rtgr ukg a`rrdmktm mbäatrdag. Mstg agpgadcgc cmpmkcm cm bg prmsmkadg d`kms, cm su a`kamktrgadñk t`tgb, cm su h`vdbdcgc, vgbmkadg y a`kamktrgad`kms rmbgtdvgs, gsè a`h` cm bg tmhpmrgturg. Bg cmtmrhdkgadñk cm a`kcuatdvdcgc ms cm nrgk dhp`rtgkadg pums cg ukg dcmg cmb nrgc` cm hdkmrgbdzgadñk cmb gnug kgturgb, p`tgibm, rmsdcugb, rmsdcugb trgtgcg, cm pràms` ` idmk cmb gnug pgrg smr usgcg mk mb bgi`rgt`rd` mk gkçbdsds cm rutdkg ` pgrg trgigo`s cm dkvmstdngadñk. Mb vgb`r cm a`kcuatdvdcgc ms uk pgrçhmtr` rmnubgc` p`r bèhdtms hçxdh`s pmrhdsdibms mk cmsagrngs cm gnugs rmsdcugbms gb gbagktgrdbbgc` ` g aumrp`s rmampt`rms, tghidäk ms uk

7

Bdhk`b`nèg? Yghg cm bg ma`b`nèg qum mstucdg b`s ma`sdstmhgs gauçtda`s a`ktdkmktgbms (rè`s, bgn`s, bgnukgs, hgrdshgs, mstugrd`s y algrags), bgs dktmrgaad`kms mktrm b`s `rngkdsh`s gauçtda`s y mb ghidmktm, bgs augbms mstgibmamk su giukcgkadg y cdstrdiuadñk. Gnmkadg Dkf`rhgtdvg Dkf`rhgtdvg A`kgayt. Bdhk`b`nèg. Admkadghx k`tdadgs. Cdsp`kdibm mk? mk? lttp?//www.admkadghx.a`h/dkcmx.plp/vàgiubgrd`/75>1>-bdhk`b`ndg lttp?//www.admkadghx.a`h/dkcmx.plp/vàgiubgrd`/75>1>-bdhk`b`ndg

7>

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

7>

pgrçhmtr` cm agbdcgc cmb gnug pgrg us`s y gatdvdcgcms gnrèa`bgs, pgrg a`ktgat` prdhgrd` y pgrg mb a`ksuh` luhgk`. Bg turidmcgc mk gnug sm cmim g bg prmsmkadg cm pgrtèaubgs suspmkcdcgs y cdsumbtgs. Hgtmrdg mk suspmksdñk a`h` gradbbg, admk` ` hgtmrdg `rnçkdag m dk`rnçkdag fdkghmktm cdvdcdcg, gsè a`h` a`hpumst`s s`buibms a`b`rdc`s, pbgkat`k y cdvmrs`s hdar``rngkdsh`s. Bg trgkspgrmkadg cmb gnug ms huy dhp`rtgktm augkc` mstç cmstdkgcg gb a`ksuh` cmb smr luhgk`, g bg mbgi`rgadñk pr`cuat`s gb hdsh` y g `tr`s pràms`srgzñk cm hgkufgaturg rmqudmrmk mbcmmhpbm` cm cmstdkgc`s gnug a`k agrgatmrèstdags mspmaèfdags, p`r bg augb,qum bg cmtmrhdkgadñkk cm bg turidmcgc ms huy ÿtdb a`h` dkcdag cmtmrhdkgadñ dkcdagc`r c`r cm bg agbdcgc cmb gnug, y oumng uk pgpmb huy dhp`rtgktm mk mb cmsmhpm÷` cm bgs pbgktgs cm trgtghdmkt` cm gnug, f`rhgkc` a`h` pgrtm cmb a`ktr`b cm b`s pràms`s pgrg a`kàmr añh` y auçkc` mb gnug cmim smr trgtgcg. Mb a`b`r  mk mk mb gnug pumcm cmimrsm g bg prmsmkadg cmb a`ktmkdc` kgturgb cm hmtgbms ` d`kms hmtçbda`s mk cds`buadñk, luhus ` rmsdcu`s `rnçkda`s, pbgkat`k ` cmsmal`s dkcustrdgbms. U`r b` nmkmrgb sm mbdhdkg mb a`b`r pgrg augbqudmr pr`pñsdt` cm us` cmb gnug. Ms p`r mbb`, dhp`rtgktm bg cmtmrhdkgadñk cm a`b`r mk gnugs kgturgbms. A`b`r gpgrmktm? Ms mb a`b`r cm bg humstrg cmidc` g sustgkadgs mk f`rhg cdsumbtg y gb pr`p`rad`kgc` p`r sñbdc`s suspmkcdc`s, mstm pgrçhmtr` ms huy pà` rmpr`cuadibm yg qum mb a`hp`rtghdmkt` cm b`s sñbdc`s suspmkcdc`s ms huy vgrdgibm, sm hdcm mk bg humstrg gndtgcg sdk fdbtrgr.

7<

A`b`r  vmrcgcmr`? vmrcgcmr`? Ms mb a`b`r cm bg humstrg cmidc` g sustgkadgs mk f`rhg cdsumbtg, sm hdcm mk bg humstrg fdbtrgcg ` amktrdfungcg. Urçatdaghmktm t`c`s b`s `b`rms mk b`s suhdkdstr`s cm gnug kgturgb a`k mxampadñk cmb subfur` Urçatdaghmktm cm ldcr`nmk` (L9Q) s`k cm `rdnmk `rnçkda` y rgrghmktm cm ab`r`. B`s `b`rms cmsgnrgcgibms pr`vdmkmk cm dhpurmzgs mk b`s pràms`s cm putrmfgaadñk ` cmsa`hp`sdadñk id`bñndag cm sustgkadgs `rnçkdags `rnçkdags cm `rdnmk vmnmtgb ` gkdhgb. Mb sgi`r  cmb cmb gnug pr`vdmkm cm bgs sustgkadgs hdkmrgbms cdsumbtgs qum a`ktmkngk. B`s sgi`rms içsda`s ` prdhgrd`s s`k? mb sgi`r sgbgc` qum sm cmim g bg prmsmkadg cm ab`rur`s y subfgt`s: sgi`r hmtçbda` qum sm cmim g sgbms cm aìrm, fdmrr` zdka, mta.: sgi`r gadc` qum sm cmim g bg prmsmkadg cm çadc`s hdkmrgbms y agriñkda`s. B`s sgi`rms cmsgnrgcgibms pr`vdmkmk nmkmrgbhmktm cm bg hgtmrdg `rnçkdag mk pràms` cm cmsa`hp`sdadñk y bgs fmrhmktgad`kms cm gbnukgs bmvgcurgs y igatmrdgs. Mb sgi`r y `b`r s`k prdkadpgbhmktm cmb gnug supmrfdadgb, sdmkc` dka`b`rg m dksgi`rg mb gnug cm p`z`s pr`fukc`s. Bg mbdhdkgadñk cm `b`rms y sgi`rms cmsgnrgcgibms sm bbmvg gagi` a`k agriñk gatdvgc`, `z`kdzgadñk, ab`rgadñk mk pukt` arètda`, JHk@3 ` fdbtrçkc`b` a`k Hk@9. Ms cm vdtgb dhp`rtgkadg lgamr k`tgr qum bg hmcdadñk cm gbnuk`s pgrçhmtr`s cmim rmgbdzgrsm mk mb sdtd` cm humstrm`, cm prmfmrmkadg y sd ms qum sm aumktg a`k mqudp` p`rtçtdb pgrg rmgbdzgr mstgs hmcdad`kms a`h` s`k: tmhpmrgturg, pL, a`kcuatdvdcgc y @9 cdsumbt`, gsè a`h`: a`b`r, `b`r y sgi`r. Mk ags` a`ktrgrd` bg humstrg cmim smr bbmvgcg gb bgi`rgt`rd` mk mb hçs a`rt` tdmhp` pgrg smr gkgbdzgcg. U`r aumstd`kms cm sgbuirdcgc ustmc k` cmim dknmrdr kd smr mxpumst` g kdknukg humstrg cm gnug p`r kdknÿk h`tdv`. Gsè a`h` tghidäk cmim mvdtgr smr ustmc uk fgat`r cm a`ktghdkgadñk pgrg bg hdshg.

7<

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

75 ukdcgcms, cdbudr bg humstrg a`k gnug cmstdbgcg mk pr`p`rad`kms a`kàdcgs lgstg qum mb a`b`r smg hmk`r cm >5 y hgy`r cm 95 (ukdcgcms pbgtdk`-aìgbt`) A@B@Y VMYCGCMY@

7. Amktrdfungr y fdbtrgr ukg humstrg cm =5 hB lgstg qum bg humstrg mstä t`tgbhmktm abgrg. 9. A`bàgr =5 hB cm humstrg amktrdfungcg y fdbtrgcg mk uk tui` Kmssbmr, a`hpgrgr a`k bg msagbg cm a`b`r y rmndstrgr bgs ukdcgcm ukdcgcmss a`rrmsp`kcdmktm a`rrmsp`kcdmktmss

95

@B@Y 7. L`h`nmkmdzgr bg humstrg (mstg cmimrç mstgr g tmhpmrgturg ghidmktm) 9. S`hgr uk v`buhmk v `buhmk cm 755hB 1. Gamragr bg humstrg g bg kgrdz y pmradidr a`k mb `bfgt` sd mb `b`r ms gnrgcgibm ` cmsgnrgcgibm, rmndstrgrb` QGI@Y 7. L`h`nmkmdzgr bg humstrg (mstg cmimrç mstgr g tmhpmrgturg ghidmktm) 9. S`hgr uk v`buhmk v `buhmk cm =5hB 1. A`bàgr =5 hB cm humstrg mk ukg agpsubg cm p`rambgkg, lmrvdr p`r 7= hdk, cmogr mkfrdgr, prìgr mb rmsdcu` y pmradidr a`k mb nust` sd mb sgi`r ms gnrgcgibm ` cmsgnrgcgibm, rmn rmndstrgrb` dstrgrb` K@SG. Cmims gsmnurgrtm cm qum b`s gpgrgt`s qum mhpbmms mstäk prmvdghmktm agbdirgc`s. U`r kdknÿk h`tdv` sm cmim cmnustgr gnug rmsdcugb

95

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

95

AGBA]B@Q ]kdcgcms cm a`b`r Ut A`8 G x FC G 8 A`b`r mstdhgc` cm bg humstrg FC 8 Fgat`r cm cdbuadñk cm bg humstrg

Ymp`rtgr b`s rmsubtgc`s a`h` sm dkcdag? ]kdcgcms cm A`b`r Ut-A`

Ymc`kcmgr a`k ukg rms`buadñk cm

7 - =5 =7 - 755 757 - 9=5 9=7 - =55

7 = 75 95

Açbaub`s Cgt`s Cg t`s

Qustdtua dñk

Ymsubtgc`

97

97

Augcr` cm rmsubtgc`s nrupgbms? Mqudp`

Humstrg

tmhpmrgturg (Aµ)

a`kcuatdvdcgc pL

(βQ/ah ` β`lhs/ah)

turidmcgc (KS])

7 9 1 3 = 6 > < 4 75 77 79

97

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Augcr` cm rmsubtgc`s?

Mqudp`

H]MQSYG

a`b`r gpgrmktm (ukdcgcms Ut A`)

a`b`r vmrcgcmr` (ukdcgcms Ut A`)

`b`r

sgi`r

7 9 1 3 = 6 > < 4 75 77 79

99

99

99

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

MBGI@YG MB CDGNYGHG CM FB]O@ CMB UY@AMCDHDMKS@

91

91

91

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

A]MQSD@KGYD@

7. °Auçb ms bg a`kvmrsdñk cm βQ/ah g β`lhs/ah 0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 9. °Auçbms s`k b`s fgat`rms hçs dhp`rtgktms qum dkfbuymk mk bg cmtmrhdkga cmtmrhdkgadñk dñk cm pL y a`kcuatdvdcgc0 PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPP 1. °Wuä ms bg turidmcgc0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 3. °Auçbms s`k b`s bèh bèhdtms dtms hçxdh`s pmrhdsd pmrhdsdibms ibms pgrg t`c` t`c`ss b`s pgrçhmtr` pgrçhmtr`ss cmtmrhdkgc` cmtmrhdkgc`ss mk mstg prçatdag mk gnug p`tgibm0 A`k mxampadñk cm bg tmhpmrgturg

93

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP =. °U`rqum k` cmims cmnustgr mb ggnug nug rmsdcugb0 Oustdfdag tu rmspumstg PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP A@KAB]QD@KMQ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP YMFMYMKADGQ? - - - - - -

Cmtmrhdkgadñk cm tmhpmrgturg tmhpmrgturg  KH\-GG-55>-QAFD-9571 KH\-GG-55>-QAFD-9571   Cmtmrhdkgadñk cm pL pL KH\-GG-55). Cmspuäs cm bg cdnmstdñk, mb cdar`hgt` k` rmcuadc` sm hdcm p`r tdtubgadñk ` mspmatr`f`t`hätrdaghmktm pgrg cmtmrhdkgr bg agktdcgc cm cdar`hgt` a`ksuhdc` y agbaubgr a gbaubgr bg hgtmrdg `xdcgibm mk tärhdk`s cm `xènmk` mqudvgbmktm.

9=

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

9=

CMQGYY@BB@ UGYGHMSY@ FDQDA@W]DHDA@?   FDQDA@W]DHDA@? HGSMYDG @YNGKDAG

YMGASDV@Q?

MW]DU@ T HGSMYDGB? HGSMYDGB?

Q`buadñk cm Idftgbgt` cm U`tgsd` Q`buadñk cdnmst`rg Q`buadñk cm çadc` a`k pbgtg Gnug cmstdbgcg

Urìmtg 755hB Vgs` cm pp 755hB Smrhñhmtr` Udzmtg 3 pdpmtgs =hB Adktg tmfbñk nrums` 9 tui`s a`k tgpg r`sag cm igjmbdtg cm 75hB Mstufg cm bgi`rgt`rd` Mspmatr`f`tñhmtr`

HÄS@C@ G YMFB]O@ AMYYGC@/ HÄS@C@ MQUMASY@F@S@HÄSYDA MQUMASY@F@S@HÄSYDA@ @

Ymgbdzgr ukg aurvg cm agbdirgadñk pgrg CW@ a`k a`kamktrgad`kms cm 5 g 7=55 hn/B.

96

7. L`h`nmkmdzgr bg humstrg (mstg cmimrç mstgr g tmhpmrgturg ghidmktm) y t`hgr uk v`buhmk cm =5 hB 9. Urmagbmktg Urmagbmktgrr bg mstufg cm bgi`rgt`rd` g 7=5 ¿A. 1. Mk uk tui` a`k tgpg r`sag cm igjmbdtg pmrf pmrfmatghmktm matghmktm bdhpd` gnrmngr gnrmngr 9.5 hB cm bg humstrg g gkgbdzgr ` 9.5 hB cm gnug cmstdbgcg pgrg mb ibgka`, a`bàgr adktg tmfbñk nrumsg mk bg iàg cm b`s 9 tui`s 3. G÷gcdr 7.5 hB cm bg s`buadñk cdnmst`rg g agcg tui` =. G÷gcdr bmktghmktm 9.5 hB ccmm s`buadñk cm çadc` a`k pbgtg, mb a`b`r p`r cmsgrr`bbgr ms ghgrdbb`, cdbudr sd bg humstrg sm a`b`rmg vmrcm 6. Sgpgr pmrfmatghmktm y l`h`nmkdzgr audcgc`sghmktm >. A`bàgr b`s tui`s mk l`rk` g 7=5 ¿A, curgktm 9 l`rgs 6. Srgksaurrdc` mb tdm tdmhp`, hp`, cmogr mkfrdgr y bbmvgr g mspmatrñhmtr` mspmatrñhmtr` pg pgrg rg lgamr bmaturg cm gis`rigkadg g ukg b`kndtuc cm `kcg cm 695 kh =5

>6

7555 7=55

Q`buadñk cm Idftgbgt` cm Gnug cmstdbgcg U`tgsd` (hB) (hB) 5.555 5.955 5.111 5.66> 7.555

9.555 7. 7.111 7.555

Bmaturg cm gis`rigkadg g κ8 695kh 5 5.511 5.561 5.719 5.95>

7.111 9.555

5.66> 5.555

5.9 < 4 75 77 79 Mk mb sdnudmktm mspgad` a`bàg bg nrçfdag rmgbdzgcg mk mstg cmtmrhdkgadñk? cmtmrhdkgadñk?

9>

9>

9>

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

MBGI@YG MB CDGNYGHG CM FB]O@ CMB UY@AMCDHDMKS@

9 y 537 QQG7-7443

YGU 1? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s cmb gnug a`k igsm mk bgs K@H pgrg su agrgatmrdzgadñk gktm ukg humstrg prìbmhg NMKMYGBDCGCMQ

15

Bgs gnugs kgturgbms ` rmsdcugbms a`k gbt`s a`ktmkdc`s cm sñbdc`s suspmkcdc`s ` sgbms cdsumbtgs k` pumcmk smr utdbdzgcgs mk f`rhg cdrmatg p`r bgs dkcustrdgs ` p`r bgs pbgktgs p`tgidbdzgc`rgs. Cm mbb` sm cmrdvg mb dktmräs p`r cmtmrhdkgr mk f`rhg augktdtgtdvg mst`s pgrçhmtr`s. Mb prdkadpd` cm mstm hät`c` sm igsg mk bg hmcdadñk augktdtgtdvg cm b`s sñbdc`s y sgbms cdsumbtgs, gsè a`h` bg agktdcgc cm hgtmrdg `rnçkdag a`ktmkdc`s mk gnugs kgturgbms y rmsdcugbms, hmcdgktm bg mvgp`rgadñk y agbadkgadñk cm bg humstrg fdbtrgcg ` k`, mk su ags`, g tmhpmrgturgs mspmaèfdags, mk c`kcm b`s rmsdcu`s s`k pmsgc`s y sdrvmk cm igsm pgrg mb açbaub` cmb a`ktmkdc` cm mst`s. CMQGYY@BB@ UGYGHMSY@ FDQDA@-W]DHDA@? FDQDA@-W]DHDA@? Q@BDC@Q S@SGBMQ Q@BDC@Q S@SGBMQ V@BGSDBMQ Q@BDC@Q Q]QUMKCDC@Q S@SGBMQ Q@BDC@Q CDQ]MBS@Q S@SGBMQ

YMGASDV@Q? Gnug cmstdbgcg Hmzabg subfàrñhdag

15

MW]DU@ T HGSMYDGB? HGSMYDGB? Urìmtg 755hB Vgs` cm pp 955hB Smrhñhmtr` Udzmtg Cmsmagc`r 9 açpsubgs cm p`rambgkg 7=5hB Udkzgs pgrg agpsubg cm p`rambgkg Udkzgs pgrg fdbtr` Ugpmb fdbtr` ^lgthgk #35 bdirm cm amkdzgs Mhiuc` Iualkmr Hgtrgz Jdtgsgt` I`hig cm vgaè` A`kmxd`kms cm lubm Mstufg cm bgi`rgt`rd` Hufbg

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

15

UMQ@ A@KQSGKSM A@KQSGKSM CMB HGSMYDGB Açpsubg cm p`rambgkg Bdhpdmzg prmvdg sñb` mk ags` cm hgtmrdgb a`k dkarustgad` dkarustgad`kms? kms? 7. Mkougngr a`k hmzabg subfàrñhdag 9. Cmogr rmp`sgr 15 hdk 1. Mkougngr a`k sufdadmktm gnug cm bg bbgvm

3. a`k gnug =. Mkougngr Qmagr g 775µA mk mbcmstdbgcg l`rk` p`r 15 hdkut`s Ugrg açpsubgs cm p`rambgkg sdk dkarustgad`kms sm pumcm `hdtdr mb bgvgc` y smnudr b`s pgs`s 6 g 75. 6. Dktr`cuadr g bg hufbg g 6655µA 55µA curgk curgktm tm 9 g 1 l`rgs >. Mkfrdgr mk l`rk` g 775µA p`r 15 hdkut`s -QQG7-7443.

1=

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

1=

Dkstdtut` U`bdtäakda` Kgad`kgb Amktr` cm Mstucd`s Admktèfda`s y Smak`bñnda`s K`. 6 Säakda` Bgi`rgt`rdstg Wuèhda` UYÇASDAG Kµ. 6 GB AGB AGBDKDCGC DKDCGC ]KDCGC 9 Cmtmrhdkgad`kms fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug A@HUMSMKADG UGYSÈA]BGY 9? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg hmt`c`b`nèg cmb gkçbd gkçbdsds sds fdsda`quèhda`s mk gn gnug ug cm `rdnmk kgturgb pgrg su agrgatmrdzgadñk y a`hpgrgr a`k bg k`rhgtdvdcg k`rhgtdvdcgcc hmxdagkg vdnmktm YGU 7? Momhpbdfdag b`s cdfmrmktms gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s qum sm bm cmtmrhdkgk gb gnug pgrg a`hpgrgr b`s rmsubtgc`s ìtmkdc`s a`k bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms YGU 9? Mstgibmam gkgb`nègs a`k b`s rmsubtgc`s cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`-quèhda` ìtmkdc`s mk gnug cm `rdnmk kgturgb a`k bgs agrgatmrèstdags fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug p`tgibm y purdfdagc cm bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms K@H-79> y 537 QQG7-7443

YGU 1? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s cmb gnug a`k igsm mk bgs K@H pgrg su agrgatmrdzgadñk gktm ukg humstrg prìbmhg

16

NMKMYGBDCGCMQ Gbagbdkdcgc? B`s idagri`kgt`s rmprmsmktgk rmprmsmktgk bg prdkadpgb f`rhg cm gbagbdkdcgc, sdmkc sdmkc`` f`rhgc`s p`r bg gaadñk cmb A@ 9 sìrm hgtmrdgbms içsda`s mk mb sumb`, mk gnugs a`ktghdkgcgs y mk mstgc` gkgmrìd` sm pumcmk pr`cuadr sgbms cm çadc`s cäidbms tgbms a`h` gaätda`, pr`pdñkda` m ldcr`subfÿrda` b`s augbms a`ktrdiu a`ktrdiuymk ymk g bg gbagbdkdcgc.

Ms bg agpgadcgc qum tdmkm uk gnug pgrg rmgaad`kgr a`k uk çadc`. Qm cmim frmaumktmhmktm g bg prmsmkadg cm idagri`kgt idagri`kgt`s, `s, agri`kgt`s m ldcrñxdc`s. Mk bgs gnugs kgturgbms sm cmim g bg cds`buadñk cm bgs ràgs agbdzgs qum gp`rtgk idagri`kgt`s, agri`kgt`s m ldcrñxdc`s cm agbad`, hgnkmsd`, s`cd`, ldmrr` y `tr`s mbmhmkt`s. Bg gbagbdkdcgc mk mb gnug sm cmtmrhdkg p`r tdtubgadñk a`k ukg s`buadñk cm çadc` vgb`rgc` y sm mhpbmgk pgrg mstm ìomt` c`s abgsms cm dkcdagc`rms, bg fmk`bftgbmèkg y mb gkgrgkogc` cm hmtdb`. Qdk mhigrn`, mstgs cmtmrhdkgad`kms k` suhdkdstrgk ukg hmcdcg cdrmatg cm b`s mspmaèfda`s rmsp`ksgibms cm bg gbagbdkdcgc. Bg gbagbdkdcgc mstç pr`cuadcg p`rd`kms b`s idagri`kgt`s, agri`kgt`s m ldcrñxdc`s, `tr`s d`kms a`h` b`s f`sfgt`s, sdbdagt`s, qum pgradgbhmktm a`ktrdiuymk a`ktrdiuymk g bg gbagbdkdcgc. CMQGYY@BB@ UGYGHMSY@ FDQDA@W]DHDA@? FDQDA@W]DHDA@?   GBAGBDKDCGC

YMGASDV@Q? Dkcdagc`r fmk`bftgbmèkg Dkcdagc`r gkgrgkogc` cm hmtdb` LAb gb 5.7 K

16

MW]DU@ T HGSMYDGB? HGSMYDGB? Urìmtg 755hB Vgs` cm pp 755hB Udzmtg Hgtrgz mrbmkhmymr 9=5 hB 9 n`tmr`s Iurmtg 9=hB

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

16

Uràmcdhdmkt`? 7. Mk uk hgtrgz mrbmkhmymr sm a`bàgk =5 hB cm humstrg sm gcdad`kgk 1 n`tgs cm fmk`bftgbmèkg sd bg humstrg sm a`b`rmg (r`sg) ms gbagbdkg, y sm pràmcm g tdtubgr a`k LAb y gk`tg mb ngst` mb augb a`rrmsp`kcm g U (gba (gba gbdkdc gc g bg fmk`bftgbmèkg). fmk`bftgbmèkg). 9. Mk mb ags` a`ktrgrd` qum gb gcdad`kgr bg fmk`bftgbmèkg qumcm qumcm dka`b`r` dkcda` qum U (gbagbdkdcgc g bg fmk`bftgbmèkg ms dnugb g amr`) y yg k` sm tdtubg. 1. Mk `tr` hgtrgz t`h` t`h` =5 hB cm humstrg, humstrg, gcdad`k` 1 n`tgs cm gk gkgrgkogc` grgkogc` cm cm hmtdb` y sm tdtubg lgstg mb aghid` cm a`b`r cm ghgrdbb` g a`b`r agkmbg, sm gk`tg mb ngst` y mstm a`rrmsp`kcm a`rrmsp`kc m g H (gbagbdkdcgc (gbagbdkdcgc gb gkgrgkogc` cm h mtdb`). mtdb`).

S`hgkc` mk aumktg b`s ngst`s gktmrd`rms sm cmcuam cm gaumrc` gb augcr` cm gbagbdkdcgc qum?

Gb gnrmngr fmk`bftgbmèkg fmk`bftgbmèkg g ukg humstrg cm gnug y sd sm pr`cuam ukg a`b`rgadñk a`b`rgadñk r`sg, k`s p`km cm hgkdfdmst` bg prmsmkadg cm b`s d`kms? @L" ` A@ 1" y gb kmutrgbdzgrb`s k`s cgrç bg gusmkadg cm mst`s gbagbdkdcgc g U: sd bg humstrg cm gnug k` prmsmktg a`b`rgadñk, k`s dkcdag bg d`kms y cmadh`s qum U85 y s`b ` lgy LA@1 .

Gb gnrmngr gkgrgkogc` cm hmtdb` g ukg humstrg cm gnug y sd sm pr`cuam ukg a`b`rgadñk ghgrdbbg, k`s p`km cm hgkdfdmst` bg prmsmkadg cm b`s d`kms? @L - ` A@ 18 ` LA@ 1- y gb kmutrgbdzgrb`s k`s cgrç bg gbagbdkdcgc g H: sd bg humstrg cm gnug k` prmsmktg a`b`rgadñk ròg agkmbg k`s dkcdag bg gusmkadg cm mst`s d`kms.

•

1>

•

Augcr` cm gbagbdkdcgc

A@18

@L-

H

5

5

A`kcdadñk LA@17

U85

9

U2

H

H ‑ 9U

9U

5

1

U8

H

5

9U

5

3

U;

H

5

=

U8H

5

9(H ‑ U) 9U ‑ H 5

H

U8

1>

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

1>

H8

C`kcm? K8 k`rhgbdcgc cmb çadc` F8 fgat`r cm a`kvmrsdñk Gbagbdkdcgc t`tgb mxprmsgcg mk pph cm AgA@ 1 pph AgA@18 (hB cm çadc` x 7555) / hB cm humstrg Qd sm cmsmg mxprmsgr bg gbagbdkdcgc mk tärhdk`s cm `tr`s a`hp`kmktms cm bg humstrg, sm mhpbmgk uk fgat`r cm a`kvmrsdñk, smnÿk mb sdnudmktm augcr`? Augcr` cm vgb`rms cm F (fgat`r (fgat`r c m a`kvmrsdñ a`kvmrsdñk) k)

A`hpumst`

Fgat`r (pph) 5.57>57 5.56759 5.515 5.5=1 5.535 5.5=55=

@L LA@1- A@18 Kg9 A@18 Kg@L Ag A@18

1<

1 < 4 75 77 79

14

14

14

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

MBGI@YG MB CDGNYGHG CM FB]O@ CMB UY@AMCDHDMKS@

35

35

35

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

A]MQSD@KGYD@

7.- Msardim y igbgkamg bgs rmgaad`kms bbmvgcgs g agi` curgktm bg prçatdag PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 9.-Wuä `tr` hät`c` mxdstm pgrg cmtmrhdkgr gbagbdkdcgc0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 1.-Auçb ms mb `rdnmk cm bg gbagbdkdcgc mk uk gnug kgturgb0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 3.-Wuä hät`c` ms utdbdzgc` pgrg mbdhdkgr idagri`kgt`s mk gnug p`tgibm0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP

37

=.-Wuä ms PPPPPPPPPPPP mb ab`r`PPPPPPPPPPPPP rmsdcugb0 PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P A@KAB]QD@KMQ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPP YMFMYMKADGQ? - -

Cmtmrhdkgadñk cm gadcmz y gbagbdkdcgc mk gnugs kgturgbms, rm rmsdcugbms sdcugbms y rmsdcugbms trgtgcgs. KH\-GG516-QAFD-9557. Bèhdtms pmrhdsdibms pmrhdsdibms cm agbdcgc y trgtghdmkt` g qum cmim s`hmtmrsm mb gnug pgrg su p`tgidbdzg p`tgidbdzgadñk. adñk. K@ K@HH79>-QQG7-7443.

37

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

37

Dkstdtut` U`bdtäakda` Kgad`kgb Amktr` cm Mstucd`s Admktèfda`s y Smak`bñnda`s K`. 6 Säakda` Bgi`rgt`rdstg Wuèhda` UYÇASDAG Kµ. > Cmtmrhdkgadñk Cm tmrhdkgadñk cm Curmzg S S`tgb `tgb ]KDCGC 9 Cmtmrhdkgad`kms Cmtmrhdkgad `kms fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug A@HUMSMKADG UGYSÈA]BGY? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cmb gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhd fdsda`quèhda`s a`s mk ggnug nug cm `rdnmk kgturgb pgrg su agrgatmrdzgadñk y a`hpgrgr a`k bg k`rhgtdvdcg k`rhgtdvdcgcc hmxdagkg vdnmktm YGU 7? Momhpbdfdag b`s cdfmrmktms gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s qum sm bm cmtmrhdkgk gb gnug pgrg a`hpgrgr b`s rmsubtgc`s ìtmkdc`s a`k bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms YGU 9? Mstgibmam gkgb`nègs a`k b`s rmsubtgc`s cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`-quèhda` ìtmkdc`s mk gnug cm `rdnmk kgturgb a`k bgs agrgatmrèstdags fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug p`tgibm y purdfdagc cm bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms K@H-79> y 537 QQG7-7443

YGU 1? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s cmb gnug a`k igsm mk bgs K@H pgrg su agrgatmrdzgadñk gktm ukg humstrg prìbmhg

39

NMKMYGBDCGCMQ Bg curmzg sm mktdmkcm a`h` bg agpgadcgc cm uk gnug pgrg prmadpdtgr gb ogiñk y mst` mstç igsgc` mk bg prmsmkadg cm sgbms cm b`s d`kms agbad` y hgnkmsd`. Bg curmzg ms bg rmsp`ksgibm cm bg f`rhgadñk cm dkarustg dkarustgad`kms ad`kms mk rmadpdmktms y tuimrègs b` qum nmkmrg fgbbgs y pmrcdcgs cm mfdadmkadg mk cdfmrmktms pràms`s dkcustrdgbms a`h` bgs ukdcgcms cm trgksfmrmkadg cm agb`r. Mb tmrhdk` curmzg sm gpbdañ mk prdkadpd` p`r rmprmsmktgr gb gnug mk bg qum mrg cdfèadb (cur`) cm bgvgr y sm rmfdmrm gb a`ksuh` cm ogiñk pgrg bgvgc`, mk bg hgy`règ cm bgs gnugs gbagbdkgs mstg kmamsdcgc cm a`ksuh` cm ogiñk mstç cdrmatghmktm rmbgad`kgcg a`k mb a`ktmkdc` cm agbad` y hgnkmsd`.

Bgs gnugs kgturgbms a`ktdmkmk cdvmrsgs agktdcgcms cm sgbms y s`k cm a`hp`sdadñk huy vgrdgibm.. Gbnukgs cm mbbgs, augkc` sm mhpbmgk pgrg mb bgvgc` a`k b`s ogi`kms `rcdkgrd`s vgrdgibm (qum s`k sgbms cm s`cd` ` p`tgsd` cm çadc`s nrgs`s cm mbmvgc` pms` h`bmaubgr), prmadpdtgk nruh`s y p`r mstg rgzñk sm bms bbghg gnugs curgs. Mb hät`c` sm igsg mk bg f`rhgadñk cm a`hpbmo`s p`r bg sgb cdsñcdag cmb çadc` mtdbmkcdghdk`tmtrggaätda` a`k b`s d`kms agbad` y hgnkmsd`. Mb hät`c` a`ksdstm mk ukg vgb`rgadñk mhpbmgkc` uk dkcdagc`r vdsugb cm pukt` fdkgb, mb kmnr` cm mrdàr`h` S, qum ms cm a`b`r rò` mk bg prmsmkadg cm agbad` y hgnkmsd` y vdrg g gzub augkc` mst`s sm mkaumktrgk ga`hpbmogc`s ` gusmktms. Mb a`hpbmo` cmb MCSG a`k mb agbad` y mb hgnkmsd` ms hçs fumrtm qum mb qum mst`s d`kms f`rhgk a`k mb kmnr` cm mrdàr`h` S, cm hgkmrg qum bg a`hpmtmkadg p`r b`s d`kms sm cmspbgzg lgadg bg f`rhgadñk cm b`s a`hpbmo`s a`k MCSG cmsgpgrmadmkc` mb a`b`r rò` cm bg cds`buadñk y t`rkçkc`sm gzub.

39

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

39

CMQGYY@BB@ UGYGHMSY@ FDQDA@W]DHDA@?   W]DHDA@? C]YM_G

YMGASDV@Q?

MW]DU@ T HGSMYDGB? HGSMYDGB?

Gnug cmstdbgcg Hmzabg çadc` kètrda`-çadc` subfÿrda` ` çadc` kètrda`-çadc` pmrabñrda` Q`buadñk cm gh`kdga`

Urìmtg 755hB Vgs` cm pp 755hB Udzmtg Cdsp`sdtdv` cm fdbtrgadñk gb vgaè`

Q`buadñk Dkcdagc`rgh`rtdnugc`rg kmnr` cm mrdàr`h` S Q`buadñk cm MCSG 5.57 H (vgb`rgcg)

Amktrdfung Ugpmb fdbtr` U`tmkadñhmtr` Smrhñhmtr` Hgtrgz mrbmkhmymr 79=hB 9 n`tmr`s Iurmtg 9=hB Cdsp`sdtdv` pgrg tdtubgadñk Ubgag cm agbmktghdmkt` Udpmtg =hB Aualgrdtg cm pbçstda`

UY@AMCDHDMKS@? C]YM_G S@SGB HÄS@C@ U@Y SDS]BGADÑK

31

Ugrg gnug p`tgibm ` kgturgb ‒abgrg‘ k` sm rmqudmrm cm amktrdfungr ` fdbtrgr (prmtrgtghdmkt` (prmtrgtghdmkt` cm bg

humstrg) sm rmgbdzg bg cmtmrhdkgadñk cdrmatg sìrm bg humstrg rma`bmatgcg. Srgtghdmkt` prmvd` cm humstrgs cm gnugs a`ktghdkgcgs y rmsdcugbms?

Mstgs gnugs cmimk tmkmr uk trgtghdmkt` prmvd` qum mbdhdkm t`c` tdp` cm dktmrfmrmkadgs qum dhpdcg vmr mb aghid` cm a`b`rgadñk: sm rma`hdmkcg bbmvgr g agi` ukg cdnmstdñk a`k çadc` kètrda`-çadc` subfÿrda` ` çadc` kètrda`-çadc` pmrabñrda` (bg humstrg a`ktdmkm pgrtèaubgs ` hgtmrdg `rnçkdag), a`ksdstm mk t`hgr 755 hB cm bg humstrg, gcdad`kgr = n`tgs cm çadc` kètrda`-çadc` subfÿrda` ` çadc` kètrda`-çadc` pmrabñrda` y lmrvdr bg humstrg cm 9 hdk g = hdk, cmogr mkfrdgr g tmhpmrgturg ghidmktm y goustgr mb pL g uk vgb`r cm 4.5 utdbdzgkc` s`buadñk cm gh`kdga`, amktrdfungr, t`hgr mb sìrmkgcgktm y fdbtrgr g vgaè`. ]kg vmz ìtmkdcg bg humstrg bdhpdg, gpbdagr mb pràmcdhdm pràmcdhdmkt` kt` cm tdtubgadñk tdtubgadñk.. Sdtubgadñk cm humstrgs

L`h`nmkmdzgr bg humstrg (mstg cmimrç mstgr g tmhpmrgturg ghidmktm) S`hgr uk v`buhmk cm =5hB Ymndstrgr mb pL y bg tmhpmrgtur tmhpmrgturgg cm bg humstrg A`bàgr =5 hB cm humstrg mk uk hgtrgz mrbmkhmymr. G÷gcdr 7 hB ` 9 hB cm s`buadñk gh`rtdnugc`rg, nmkmrgbhmktm 7 hB ms sufdadmktm pgrg gbagkzgr uk pL cm 75.5 g 75.7. G÷gcdr mb dkcdagc`r kmnr` cm mrdàr`h` S (ukg pdzag ms sufdadmktm, tñhmbg a`k ukg pgbdtg ` aualgrdtg pmqum÷g pgrg k` a`ktghdkgr). Bg humstrg cmim t`hgr uk a`b`r vdk` ròdz`. Sdtubgr a`k bg s`buadñk cm MCSG 5.57 H (vgb`rgcg) gndtgkc` a`ktdkughmktm lgstg qum cmsgpgrmzagk b`s ÿbtdh`s hgtdams ròdz`s. G÷gcdr bgs ÿbtdhgs n`tgs a`k dktmrvgb`s cm 1 s g = s. Mk mb pukt` fdkgb bg humstrg aghidg cm a`b`r ròdz` g gzub.

31

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

31

AGBA]B@Q Agbaubgr bg curmzg t`tgb a`h` sm dkcdag g a`ktdkugadñk? G 8 I x A 8 hh`b cm Ag C`kcm? I8 hB ngstgc`s cm bg cds`buadñk cm MCSG A8 h`bgrdcgc cm bg cds`buadñk cm MCSG (vgb`rgcg) Curmzg t`tgb mxprmsgcg a`h` AgA@1 (hn/B) 8 (G x 755.7 x 7555) / H C`kcm? G8 hh`b cm Ag 755.78 ms mb pms` h`bmaubgr cmb agri`kgt` cm agbad` H8 s`k b`s hB cm humstrg 7 5558 ms mb fgat`r pgrg a`kvmrtdr hB g B Cgt`s Cg t`s

F`rhubg

Qustdtua dñk

Ymsubtgc`

33

33

Augcr` cm rmsubtgc`s?

Mqudp`

Curmzg t`tgb (hn/B cm AgA@1)

Humstrg

7 9 1 3 = 6 > < 4 75 77 79

33

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

MBGI@YG MB CDGNYGHG CM FB]O@ CMB UY@AMCDHDMKS@

3=

3=

3=

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

A]MQSD@KGYD@

7. Dkvmstdng y msardi msardimm bg fñrhubg cmb MC MCSG SG PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 9. Msardim y igbgkamg bgs rmgaad`kms bbmvgcgs g agi` curgktm bg prçatdag PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 1. °Auçb ms mb bèhdtm pmrhdsdibm cm curmzg t`tgb mk gnug p`tgibm0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P

36

3. °Auçbms s`k b`s hät`c`s cm mbdhdkgadñk cm curmzg mk gnug0 Cmsarèimb`s irmvmhmktm PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P =. °Wuä mfmat`s pr`cuam bg prmsmkadg cm curmzg mk mb gnug pgrg us` dkcustrdgb dkcustrdgb0 0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP A@KAB]QD@KMQ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P YMFMYMKADGQ? - -

Cmtmrhdkgadñk cm curmzg t`tgb mk gnugs kgturgbms, rmsdcugbms y rmsdcugbms trgtgcgs KH\-GG-5>9-QAFD9557. Bèhdtms pmrhdsdibms pmrhdsdibms cm agbdcgc y trgtghdmkt` g qum cmim s`hmtmrsm mb gnug pgrg su p`tgidbdzgadñk. K@H79>-QQG7-7443.

36

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

36

Dkstdtut` U`bdtäakda` Kgad`kgb Amktr` cm Mstucd`s Admktèfda`s y Smak`bñnda`s K`. 6 Säakda` Bgi`rgt`rdstg Wuèhda` UYÇASDAG Kµ. < CMSMYHDKGADÑK CMSMY HDKGADÑK CM AB@Y@ B BDIYM DIYM

CMSMYHDKGAD@KMQ CMSMYHDKGAD @KMQ FDQDA@ FDQDA@W] W] HDAGQ CMB GN GN]G ]G ]KDCGC 9 A@HUMSMKADG UGYSÈA]BGY 9? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cmb gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s mk gnug cm `rdnmk kgturgb pgrg su agrgatmrdzgadñk y a`hpgrgr a`k bg k`rhgtdvdcgc hmxdagkg vdnmktm YGU 7? Momhpbdfdag b`s cdfmrmktms gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s qum sm bm cmtmrhdkgk gb gnug pgrg a`hpgrgr b`s rmsubtgc`s ìtmkdc`s a`k bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms YGU 9? Mstgibmam gkgb`nègs a`k b`s rmsubtgc`s cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`-quèhda` ìtmkdc`s mk gnug cm `rdnmk kgturgb a`k bgs agrgatmrèstdags fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug p`tgibm y purdfdagc cm bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms K@H-79> y 537 QQG7-7443 YGU 1? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s cmb gnug a`k igsm mk bgs K@H pgrg su agrgatmrdzgadñk gktm ukg humstrg prìbmhg NMKMYGBDCGCMQ

3>

Mb ab`r` ms mb gnmktm hçs utdbdzgc` mk mb hukc` a`h` cmsdkfmatgktm mk mb gnug cm a`ksuh` luhgk`, cmidc` prdkadpgbhmktm g? • Qu agrçatmr fumrtmhmktm `xdcgktm, rmsp`ksgibm cm b g cmstruaadñk cm b`s gnmktms pgtñnmk`s (mk mspmadgb igatmrdgs) y kuhmr`s`s a`hpumst`s agusgktms cm hgb`s sgi`rms. • Qu hçs qum a`hprìgcg dkàudcgc g bgs a`kamktrgad`kms utdbdzgcgs. • Bg fgadbdcgc cm a`ktr`bgr y a`hprìgr uk`s kdvmbms gcmaugc`s.

Ms fukcghmktgb hgktmkmr mk bgs rmcms cm cdstrdiuadñk pmqum÷gs a`kamktrgad`kms cm ab`r` bdirm rmsdcugb, cmscm bgs p`tgidbdzgc`rgs lgstg bgs ga`hmtdcgs cm b`s a`ksuhdc`rms, pgrg gsmnurgr qum mb gnug lg sdc` a`kvmkdmktmhmktm cmsdkfmatgcg. K` ìstgktm, ms dhp`rtgktm sm÷gbgr qum bg gusmkadg cm ab`r` bdirm rmsdcugb k` dhpbdag bg prmsmkadg cm a`ktghdkgadñk hdarìd`bñndag. Mb ab`r` rmsdcugb bdirm mk mb gnug cm a`ksuh` luhgk` sm mkaumktrg a`h` ukg a`hidkgadñk cm ldpàb`rdt` y çadc` ldpàb`r`s`, mk ukg pr`p`radñk qum vgrèg mk fukadñk cmb pL. Mb ab`r` rmsdcugb a`hidkgc` ms mb rmsubtgc` cm bg a`hidkgadñk cmb ab`r` a`k mb gh`kd` (ab`rghdkgs), y su p`cmr cmsdkfmatgktm cmsdkfmatgktm ms hmk`r qum mb bdirm. Bg suhg cm b`s c`s a`kstdtuym mb ab`r` rmsdcugb t`tgb. Bg @rngkdzgadñk Hukcdgb cm bg Qgbuc (@HQ) sm÷gbg qum k` sm lg ìsmrvgc` kdknÿk mfmat` gcvmrs` mk luhgk`s mxpumst`s g a`kamktrgad`kms cm ab`r` bdirm mk gnug p`tgibm. p`tgibm. K` ìstgktm, mstgibmam uk vgb`r nuèg hçxdh` cm ab`r` bdirm cm = hdbdnrgh`s p`r bdtr` y gfdrhg mxpbèadtghmktm qum sm trgtg cm uk vgb`r a`ksmrvgc`r.

3>

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

3>

3>

CMQGYY@BB@ UGYGHMSY@ FDQDA@W]DHDA@?   W]DHDA@? Ab`r` bdirm

YMGASDV@Q? LAb 6 K LAb a`kamktrgc` LK@1 Gnug cmstdbgcg

MW]DU@ T HGSMYDGB? HGSMYDGB? 7 pdpmtg nrgcugcg cm = 7 pdpmtg nrgcugcg cm 75 hB 7 vgs` cm prmadpdtgc`s cm 9=5 hB 7 prìmtg 7 cm vdcrd` 7 mhiuc` s`p`rtm ukdvmrsgb 7 gkdbb` cm fdmrr` 7 ards`b ` agpsubg cm p`rambgkg 7 pgpmb fdbtr` Hufbg Mstufg Ugrrdbbg mbäatrdag

Ab`r` bdirm 7. S`hgr ukg humstrg cm =hB cm gnug. 9. A`bàgr bg humstrg cm gnug mk uk u k tui` cm mksgy` 1. Gcdad`kgr 3 n`tgs cmb rmgatdv` cm `rt`t`bdcdkg 3. @ismrvgr mb aghid` cm a`b`r   =. A`hpgrgr a`k bg msagbg cmb tui` tmstdn`, utdbdzgkc` mb ab`rdhmtr` cm Sgyb`r 6. Gk`tgr bg bmaturg mk p.p.h. cm ab`r` bdirm.

Augcr` cm rmsubtgc`s?

3<

Mqudp`

Humstrg

Ab`r` bdirm (pph)

7 9 1 3 = 6 > < 4 75 77 79

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

3-QQG7-74430 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 3. °Ugrg quä sm utdbd utdbdzg zg mb ab`r` mk gn gnug ug p`t p`tgibm0 gibm0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P =. Mk bgs pbgktgs cm trgtghdmkt` cm gnug, a`h` Autzghgbg °añh` gcdad`kgk mb ab`r`0 y °mk quä h`hmkt` b` gcdad`kgk0

A@KAB]QD@KMQ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP YMFMYMKADGQ? - -

Cmtmrhdkgadñk cm ab`r` bdirm y ab`r` t`tgb. KH\-GG-75-QQG7-7443.

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

=5

=5

Dkstdtut` U`bdtäakda` Kgad`kgb Amktr` cm Mstucd`s Admktèfda`s y Smak`bñnd Smak`bñnda`s a`s K`. 6 Säakda` Bgi`rgt`rdstg Wuèhda` UYÇASDAG Kµ. 4 CMSMYHDKGAD@K CM Q]BFGS@Q (Q@38) ]KDCGC 9 Cmtmrhdkgad`kms fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug A@HUMSMKADG UGYSÈA]BGY? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cmb gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhd fdsda`quèhda`s a`s mk ggnug nug cm `rdnmk kgturgb pgrg su agrgatmrdzgadñk y a`hpgrgr a`k bg k`rhgtdvdcg k`rhgtdvdcgcc hmxdagkg vdnmktm YGU 7? Momhpbdfdag b`s cdfmrmktms gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s qum sm bm cmtmrhdkgk gb gnug pgrg a`hpgrgr b`s rmsubtgc`s ìtmkdc`s a`k bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms YGU 9? Mstgibmam gkgb`nègs a`k b`s rmsubtgc`s cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`-quèhda` ìtmkdc`s mk gnug cm `rdnmk kgturgb a`k bgs agrgatmrèstdags fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug p`tgibm y purdfdagc cm bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms K@H-79> y 537 QQG7-7443 YGU 1? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s cmb gnug a`k igsm mk bgs K@H pgrg su agrgatmrdzgadñk gktm ukg humstrg prìbmhg NMKMYGBDCGCMQ

=7

B`s subfgt`s sm mkaumktrgk mk mb gnug kgturgb mk uk ghpbd` dktmrvgb` cm a`kamktrgad`kms. Mb gnug cm hdkgs y b`s mfbumktms dkcustrdgbms a`ktdmkmk nrgkcms agktdcgcms cm subfgt`s pr`vmkdmktms pr`vmkdmkt ms cm bg `xdcgadñk cm bg pdrdtg y cmb us` cmb çadc` subfÿrda`. B`s mstçkcgrms pgrg gnug p`tgibm cmb smrvdad` cm sgbuc pÿibdag tdmkmk uk bèhdtm hçxdh` cm 355 pph cm subfgt`s, yg qum g vgb`rms supmrd`rms tdmkm ukg gaadñk "purngktm". B`s bèhdtms cm a`kamktrgadñk, grrdig cm b`s augbms sm pmradim uk sgi`r ghgrn` mk mb gnug s`k? Ugrg mb subfgt` cm hgnkmsd` 355 g 655 pph y pgrg mb subfgt` cm agbad` s`k cm 9=5 g 355 pph. Bg prmsmkadg cm subfgt`s ms vmktgo`sg mk bg dkcustrdg amrvmamrg, yg qum bm a`kfdmrm uk sgi`r cmsmgibm gb pr`cuat`. Mk b`s sdstmhgs cm gnug pgrg us` c`hästda`, b`s subfgt`s k` pr`cuamk uk dkarmhmkt` mk bg a`rr`sdñk cm b`s gaams`rd`s hmtçbda`s, pmr` augkc` bgs a`kamktrgad`kms s`k supmrd`rms g 955 pph, sm dkarmhmktg bg agktdcgc cm pb`h` cdsumbt` pr`vmkdmktm cm bgs tuimrègs cm pb`h`. Mb d`k subfgt` prmadpdtg a`k ab`rur` cm igrd`, mk uk hmcd` çadc` (LAb), f`rhgkc` ardstgbms cm subfgt` cm igrd` cm tghg÷` ukdf`rhm. Bg gis`radñk mspmatrgb cm bg suspmksdñk cmb subfgt` cm igrd` sm hdcm a`k uk kmfmbñhmtr` ` f`tñhmtr` cm trgshdsdñk Bg a`kamktrgadñk cm d`k subfgt` sm cmtmrhdkg p`r a`hpgrgadñk cm bg bmaturg a`k ukg aurvg pgtrñk. Augkc` sm rmqudmrm ukg cmtmrhdkgadñk rçpdcg cm rutdkg ` a`ktr`b cm gnugs dkcustrdgbms sm gpbdag mb hät`c` turidcdhätrda` a`k uk çhidt` cm gpbdagadñk cm 75 g 65 hn/B mxprmsgc`s a`h` Q@38.

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

=7

=7

CMQGYY@BB@ UGYGHMSY@ FDQDA@-W]DHDA@? FDQDA@-W]DHDA@? Q]BFGS@Q (Q@38)

YMGASDV@Q?

MW]DU@ T HGSMYDGB? HGSMYDGB?

Gnug cmstdbgcg Q`buadñk mstçkcgr cm subfgt` Ymgatdv` ga`kcdad`kgc`r Ardstgbms cm ab`rur` cm igrd`

Urìmtg 755hB Vgs` cm pp 955hB Udzmtg Hgtrgz mrbmkhmymr 9=5hB Ubgag cm gndtgadñk hgnkätdag Udpmtg =hB Mspmatr`f`tñhmtr`

Q]BFGS@Q (Q@38) HMS@C@ S]YIDCDHMSYDA@

Ymgbdzgr ukg aurvg cm agbdirgadñk a`k s`buadñk mstçkcgr cm subfgt` (7.55 hB cm mstg s`buadñk 8 755 β n cm Q@38) mspgadgr g dkarmhmkt`s cm = hn/B mk b`s bèhdtms cm 5 g 35 hn/B cm subfgt`. Grrdig cm 35 hn/B, cmarmam bg mxgatdtuc cmb hät`c` y pdmrcmk mstgidbdcgc bgs suspmksd`kms cm subfgt` cm igrd`.

=9

F`rhgadñk cm turidmcgc cm subfgt` cm igrd` L`h`nmkmdzgr bg humstrg (mstg cmimrç mstgr g tmhpmrgturg ghidmktm) S`hgr uk v`buhmk cm 755hB Srgksfmrdr g uk hgtrgz mrbmkhmymr cm 9=5 hB ukg humstrg cm 755 hB, ` ukg p`radñk a`kvmkdmktm gf`rgcg a`k gnug g 755 hB. G÷gcdr mxgatghmktm = hB cmb rmgatdv` ga`kcdad`kgc`r y hmzabgr mk mb gpgrgt` gndtgc`r. Hdmktrgs bg s`buadñk sm mstç gndtgkc`, g÷gcdr 5.9-5.1 n cm ardstgbms cm ab`rur` cm igrd` y mhpmzgr g hmcdr mb tdmhp` dkhmcdgtghmktm. Gndtgr curgktm uk hdkut` mxgat` g ukg vmbàdcgc a`kstgktm. K@SG. Bg vmbàdcgc mxgatg cm gndtgadñk k` ms arètdag, pmr` cmim smr a`kstgktm pgrg agcg a`rrdcg cm humstrgs y cm pgtr`kms, y cmim goustgrsm g agsd mb hçxdh` gb augb k` àurrgk sgbpdagcurgs. Hmcdadñk cm bg turidmcgc cmb subfgt` cm igrd` Dkhmcdgtghmktm cmspuäs cm tmrhdkgr mb pmrè`c` cm gndtgadñk, vmrtmr gbn` cm bg s`buadñk g bg ambcg cmb mspmatr`f`tñhmtr` y bmmr bg gis`rigkadg g 395 kh, g dktmrvgb`s cm 15 smnukc`s curgktm 3 hdkut`s. Cmidc` g qum bg turidmcgc hçxdhg sm prmsmktg nmkmrgbhmktm cmktr` cm b`s 9 hdkut`s y qum cm glè mk gcmbgktm bgs bmaturgs pmrhgkmamk a`kstgktms curgktm 1 g 75 hdkut`s, sm a`ksdcmrg qum bg turidmcgc, ms bg hçxdhg bmaturg ìtmkdcg curgktm mb dktmrvgb` cm 3 hdkut`s.

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

=9

=9

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

AGBA]B@Q A]YVG CM AGBDIYGAD@K Sui`s 7 9 1 3 = 6 > <

A`kamktrgadñk Smñrdag cm (Q@38) (hn /B) 5.55 9.55 =.55 >.55 75.55 95.55 15.55 35.55

hn Q@38 5 5.9 5.= 5.> 7 9 1 3

V`buhmk cm s`buadñk Ugtrñk (hB) 5 9 = > 75 95 15 35

Gnug cmstdbgcg (hB) 755 4< 4= 41 45 5 65

Bmaturg cm gis`rigkadg g κ8 395kh 5.5555 5.5531 5.5775 5.57=5 5.5995 5.5655 5.7555 5.71 <

=1

=1

Mstdhgr bg a`kamktrgadñk cmb d`k subfgt` mk bg humstrg, a`hpgrgkc` bg bmaturg cm turidmcgc a`k ukg aurvg cm agbdirgadñk prmpgrgcg a`k mb us` cm b`s pgtr`kms cm subfgt`, curgktm t`c` mb pràmcdhdmkt`. 8

Mqudp` 7 9 1 3 = 6 > < 4 75 77 79

Humstrg

A`kamktrgadñk (hn /B)cm (Q@3 )

=1

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

MBGI@YG MB CDGNYGHG CM FB]O@ CMB UY@AMCDHDMKS@

=3

=3

=3

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

A]MQSD@KGYD@

7. °Wuä `tr`s hät`c`s cm augktdfdagad augktdfdagadñk ñk mxdstmk pgrg subfgt`s mk gnug p`tgibm0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PP 9. °Auçb ms mb bèhdtm pmrhdsdibm cm subfgt`s mk gnug p`tgibm smnÿk bg K K@H-79>-QQG7@H-79>-QQG774430 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 1. °Auçb ms mb hät`c` cm mbdhdkgadñ mbdhdkgadñkk ccmm subfgt`s mk gnug0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP

==

3. °Wuä ms uk kmfmbñhmtr`0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P =. Msardim y igbgkamg bgs rmgaad`kms bbmvgcgs g agi` curgktm bg prçatdag

A@KAB]QD@KMQ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P YMFMYMKADGQ? - -

Cmtmrhdkgadñk cmb d`k subfgt`. KH\-GG-5>3-74-QQG7-7443.

==

==

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Dkstdtut` U`bdtäakda` Kgad`kgb Amktr` cm Mstucd`s Admktèfda`s y Smak`bñnda`s K`. 6 Säakda` Bgi`rgt`rdstg Wuèhda` UYÇASDAG Kµ. 75 Cmtmrhdkgadñ Cmtm rhdkgadñk k c m Qè Qèbdam bdam ]KDCGC 9 Cmtmrhdkgad`kms fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug A@HUMSMKADG UGYSÈA]BGY? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cmb gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s mk gnug cm `rdnmk kgturgb pgrg su agrgatmrdz agrgatmrdzgadñk gadñk y a`hpgrgr a`k bg k`rhgtdvdcgc k`rhgtdvdcgc hmxdagkg vdnmktm YGU 7? Momhpbdfdag b`s cdfmrmktms gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s qum sm bm cmtmrhdkgk gb gnug pgrg a`hpgrgr b`s rmsubtgc`s ìtmkdc`s a`k bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms YGU 9? Mstgibmam gkgb`nègs a`k b`s rmsubtgc`s cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`-quèhda` ìtmkdc`s mk gnug cm `rdnmk kgturgb a`k bgs agrgatmrèstdags fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug p`tgibm y purdfdagc cm bgs k`rhgs vdnmktms K@H-79> y 537 QQG7-7443

YGU 1? Gpbdag bg hmt`c`b`nèg cm b`s gkçbdsds fdsda`quèhda`s cmb gnug a`k igsm mk bgs K@H pgrg su agrgatmrdzgadñk gktm ukg humstrg prìbmhg NMKMYGBDCGCMQ

=6

Qèbdam. - K`hirm a`hÿkhmktm cgc` gb cdñxdc` cm sdbdad` ` cdñxdc` sdbèada` (Qd@ 1 ) Qm prmsmktg

ghpbdghmktm mk bg kgturgbmzg a`h` grmkg, augrz`, cdgt`hdtg. B`s sdbdagt`s y bg sèbdam cdsumbt`s s`k prmadpdtgc`s a`k çadc` ab`rlècrda` mb augb b`s cmsldcrgtg pgradgbhmktm. Mstm prmadpdtgc` ms bbmvgc` g agbadkgadñk g 7955µA, pgrg a`hpbmtgr su cmsldcrgtgadñk y cmspuäs sm pmsg pgrg augktdfdagrb`. Ugrg gkçbdsds qum rmqudmrmk rmsubtgc`s cm hgy`r mxgatdtuc, sm gcdad`kg çadc` fbu`rlècrda` gb prmadpdtgc` y sm agbadkg g 7955µA pgrg qum bg sèbdam sm cmsprmkcg a`h` tmtrg fbu`rur` cm sdbdad`. A`ksdcmrgkc` t`cgs bgs dhpurmzgs a`h` rmsdcu`s k` v`bçtdbms, bg sèbdam sm cmtmrhdkg p`r cdfmrmkadg cm pms`s. CMQGYY@BB@ UGYGHMSY@ FDQDA@W]DHDA@? FDQDA@W]DHDA@? Qèbdam

YMGASDV@Q? YMGASDV@ Q? LAb 6 K LAb a`kamktrgc` LK@1 Gnug cmstdbgcg

MW]DU@ T HGSMYDGB? HGSMYDGB? 7 pdpmtg nrgcugcg cm = 7 pdpmtg nrgcugcg cm 75 hB 7 vgs` cm prmadpdtgc`s cm 9=5 hB 7 prìmtg 7 mhiuc` cm vdcrd` 7 s`p`rtm ukdvmrsgb 7 gkdbb` cm fdmrr` 7 ards`b ` agpsubg cm p`rambgkg 7 pgpmb fdbtr` Hufbg Mstufg Ugrrdbbg mbäatrdag

=6

=6

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

UY@AMCDHDMKS@ 7. Qm t`hgk 955 hB cm bg humstrg cm gnug, gcdad`kgr 7 hB cm LAb a`kamktrgc` cm 9 g

1 n`tgs cm LK@1 a`kamktrgc`, sm mvgp`rg lgstg smqumcgc. Qm rmpdtm mb trgtghdmkt` c`s vmams hçs. 9. Gb rmsdcu` cm bg mvgp`rgadñk sm bm g÷gcmk 15 hB cm gnug cmstdbgcg y 7 hB cm LAb a`kamktrgc`, sm fdbtrg g trgväs cm uk pgpmb fdbtr` wlgfhgk bdirm cm amkdzgs, sm bgvg a`k 75 hB cm LAb gb 6 K, igogkc` t`c` mb prmadpdtgc` cmb vgs` y sm bbmvg g uk v`buhmk cm 755 hB a`k gnug cmstdbgcg. 1. Qm cmsprmkcm cmb mhiuc` mb pgpmb fdbtr` y sm a`bàg mk uk ards`b cm p`rambgkg g pms` a`kstgktm, sm cmsmag mk bg mstufg g 755 -775 µA curgktm 7= hdkut`s, p`stmrd`rhmktm sm agbadkg mk hmalmr`, cmspuäs a`bàgr mk bg hufbg g

=>

Qd@9 mk pph 8

AGBA]B@Q Cgt`s

F`rhubg

Qustdtua dñk

Ymsubtgc`

=>

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Augcr` cm rmsubtgc`s?

Mqudp`

Humstrg

A`kamktrgadñk cm (Q@38) (hn /B)

7 9 1 3 = 6 > < 4 75 77 79

=<

=-QQG7-74430 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P A@KAB]QD@KMQ

65

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP YMFMYMKADGQ? - -

Cmtmrhdkgadñk cm sèbdam. KH\-GG-5>=-7449. Bèhdtms pmrhdsdibms pmrhdsdibms cm agbdcgc y trgtghdmkt` g qum cmim s`hmtmrsm mb gnug pgrg su p`tgidbdzgadñk. K@H79>-QQG7-7443.

65

65

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Dkstdtut` U`bdtäakda` Kgad`kgb Amktr` cm Mstucd`s Admktèfda`s y Smak`bñnda`s K`. 6 Säakda` Bgi`rgt`rdstg Wuèhda` UYÇASDAG Kµ. 77 GI BG BGKCGHDMKS@ KCGHDMKS@ ]KDCGC 1 Cmtmrhdkgad`kms fdsda`quèhdags cmb gnug A@HUMSMKADG UGYSÈA]BGY 1? Ymgbdzg b`s gkçbdsds fèsda`s-quèhda`s y id`bñnda`s g mb gnug curgktm b`s augtr` trgtghdmkt`s y ga`kcdad`kghdmkt` cm bg hdshg pgrg su us` smnÿk smg mb ags` YGU 7? Gpbdag täakdags cm trgtghdmkt` prdhgrd` gb gnug cm tdp` rmsdcugb pgrg su ga`kcdad`kghdmkt` y rmus` YGU 9? Gpbdag täakdags cm trgtghdmkt` smaukcgrd` id`bñnda` gb gnug cm tdp` rmsdcugb pgrg su ga`kcdad`kghdmkt` y rmus` YGU 1? Ymgbdzg uk mvdcmkadg dktmnrgc`rg hmcdgktm uk dkf`rhm a`k b`s gkçbdsds ìtmkdc`s curgktm mb smhmstrm pgrg cmfdkdr ukg pr`pumstg cm ukg pbgktg cm trgtghdm trgtghdmkt` kt` cm gnug NMKMYGBDCGCMQ

67

Bg hgy`r pgrtm cmb gnug qum sm utdbdzg pgrg us`s dkcustrdgbms ` urigk`s sm t`hg cm b`s rè`s ` p`z`s y a`ktdmkm agktdcgcms vgrdgibms cm sgbms cm agbad` y hgnkmsd`, bgs augbms pumcmk cgr prìbmhgs pgrg admrt`s us`s. Augkc` bgs agktdcgcms cm d`kms Ag 9+ y Hn9+ s`k mbmvgcgs, mb gnug sm cmk`hdkg ‒curg‘. Qd cdalgs sgbms vgk ga`hpg÷gcgs cm agktdcgcms dhp`rtgktms cm

gkd`kms cm ldcrñnmkàgri`kgt` (idagri`kgt`), pgrtm cm bg curmzg pumcm mbdhdkgrsm p`r miubbdadñk, a`k prmadpdtgadñk cm agri`kgt` cm agbad`. Bg utdbdzgadñk cm f`sfgt`s mk b`s pr`cuat`s cm bgvgc` tdmkm a`h` ìomt` mbdhdkgr b`s d`kms agbad` cmb hmcd` f`rhgkc` a`hpbmo`s mstgibms y s`buibms. Mb dhpgat` ghidmktgb qum pr`cuam bg gauhubgadñk cm f`sfgt`s mk bgs gnugs rmsdcugbms lg lmal` qum äst`s sm vmgk sustdtudc`s p`r zm`bdtgs.

67

67

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Ymsdkgs Ym sdkgs cm dktmraghid` dñkda`

69

@trg hgkmrg cm cdshdkudr bg curmzg cmb gnug ms hmcdgktm mb pràms` cm dktmraghid` dñkda`. Ugrg mbb`, sm pgsg mb gnug p`r a`buhkgs rmbbmkgs a`k rmsdkgs cm dktmraghid` dñkda`. Mstgs rmsdkgs s`k p`bèhmr`s dks`buibms a`k f`rhg nrgkubgr mk b`s qum mxdstmk nrup`s fukad`kgbms, p`r momhpb`, Q@1-, L+ ` KL1-, @L- qum dktmraghidgk agtd`kms y gkd`kms. Ymnmkmrgadñk cm bgs Ymsdkgs

]kg vmz gn`tgcg bg agpgadcgc cm aghid`, bg rmsdkg sm rmnmkmrg dkvdrtdmkc` mb pràms`. Ms` sm a`ksdnum pgsgkc` mk agcg ags` g trgväs cm bg a`buhkg ukg cds`buadñk cm LAb, KgAb ` Kg@L. Ga tdvd td vdcg cgc c Ur Urmvd mvdg? g? Cdsm÷g mk mqudp` uk fdbtr` cm gnug, a`k hgtmrdgbms cm us` a`hÿk qum pumcgs a`ksmnudr fçadbhmktm a`h` ms? agriñk, nrgvg, grmkg, rmsdkgs, hgbbg, UVA, mkvgsms tuiubgrms cm pbçstda`, mta. Qm sundmrm qum prmvdghmktm rmgbdamk bg bdhpdmzg cm b`s hgtmrdgbms y prumimk bg mfmatdvdcgc cm mstm yg qum mk mstg prçatdag sm p`kcrç bg mfdadmkadg cmb trgtghdmkt`.

69

69

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

CMQGYY@BB@ SYGSGHDMKS@ W]DHDA@? W]DHDA@? GIBGKCGHDMKS@

YMGASDV@Q ? YMGASDV@Q? Gnug cmstdbgcg Hmzabg çadc` kètrda`-çadc` subfÿrda` ` çadc` kètrda`-çadc` pmrabñrda` Q`buadñk cm gh`kdga`

MW]DU@ T HGSMYDGB? HGSMYDGB? Urìmtg 955hB Urìmtg 755hB Vgs` cm pp 955hB 9 vgs`s cm pp 755hB Udzmtg

Q`buadñk Dkcdagc`rgh`rtdnugc`rg kmnr` cm mrdàr`h` S Q`buadñk cm MCSG 5.57 H (vgb`rgcg)

Cdsp`sdtdv` Amktrdfung cm fdbtrgadñk gb vgaè` Ugpmb fdbtr` U`tmkadñhmtr` Smrhñhmtr` Hgtrgz mrbmkhmymr 79=hB 9 n`tmr`s Iurmtg 9=hB Cdsp`sdtdv` pgrg tdtubgadñk Ubgag cm agbmktghdmkt` Udpmtg =hB Aualgrdtg cm pbçstda` Cdsp`sdtdv` pgrg dktmraghid` dñkda`

UY@AMCDHDMKS@? GI BG BGKCGHDMKS@ KCGHDMKS@

61

SYGSGHDMKS@ W]DHDA@

L`h`nmkmdzgr bg humstrg (mstg cmimrç mstgr g tmhpmrgturg ghidmktm) S`hgr uk v`buhmk cm 7=5hB Cmtmrhdkgr bg curmzg t`tgb cm bg humstrg (C7) dkdadgb (Urçatdag Kµ >) Ymndstrgr (C7) dkdadgb H`ktgr mb cdsp`sdtdv` cm dktmraghid dktmraghid`` dñkda` Lgamr pgsgr bg humstrg g trgväs cmb cdsp`sdtdv` (755hB) Yma`bmatgr 9 humstrgs g bg sgbdcg cmb cdsp`sdtdv` (cm =5 hB a/u) ‒a`ksmrvm s`b` bg smnukcg humstrg‘ Cmtmrhdkgr bg curmzg t`tgb cm bg humstrg (C9) fdkgb Ymndstrgr fdkgb cmb trgtghdmkt Agbaubgr bg(C9) mfdadmkadg trgtghdmkt`, `, rmndstrgr AGBA]B@Q Mfdadmkadg cmb trgtghdmkt` 8 Z(Curmzg dkdadgb ‑ Curmzg fdkgb) / Curmzg dkdadgbX x 755

61

61

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Augcr` cm rmsubtgc`s nrupgbms?

Mqudp`

Humstrg

Curmzg dkdadgb Curmzg fdkgb (hn/B cm AgA@1) (hn/B cm AgA@1)

Mfdadmkadg cmb trgtghdmkt`

7 9 1 3 = 6 > < 4 75 77 79

63

63

63

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

MBGI@YG MB CDGNYGHG CM FB]O@ CMB UY@AMCDHDMKS@

6=

6=

6=

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

A]MQSD@KGYD@

7. Mkbdstg b`s h hät`c`s ät`c`s ccmm purdfdag purdfdagadñk adñk cm gn gnug, ug, fèsda`s y quèhda`s PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 9. Mkbdstg b`s hät`c`s cm gibgkcghdmkt` hçs a`hukms PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P

66

1. Mkbdstg b`s hät`c`s cm cmsdkfmaadñk hçs a`hukms PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P 3. °Mk qquä uä a`ksdstm mb hät`c` cm fdbtrgadñk0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP =. °Mk quä a`ksdstm mb dktmraghid` dñkda` a`k rmsdkgs0 Msardim bgs rmgaad`kms cm mmstm stm PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P A@KAB]QD@KMQ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P YMFMYMKADGQ? -

Bèhdtms pmrhdsdibms pmrhdsdibms cm agbdcgc y trgtghdmkt` g qum cmim s`hmtmrsm mb gnug pgrg su p`tgidbdzgadñk. K@H79>-QQG7-7443.

66

66

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Dkstdtut` U`bdtäakda` Kgad`kgb Amktr` cm Mstucd`s Admktèfda`s y Smak`bñnd S mak`bñnda`s a`s K`. 6 Säakda` Bgi`rgt`rdstg Wuèhda` UYÇASDAG Kµ. 79 HDAY@ID@B@NDG ]KDCGC 1 Hät`c`s cm trgtghdmkt` cm gnug rmsdcugb A@HUMSMKADG UGYSÈA]BGY 1? Ymgbdzg b`s gkçbdsds fèsda`s-quèhda`s y id`bñnda`s g mb gnug curgktm b`s augtr` trgtghdmkt`s y ga`kcdad`kghdmkt` cm bg hdshg pgrg su us` smnÿk smg mb ags` YGU 7? Gpbdag täakdags cm trgtghdmkt` prdhgrd` gb gnug cm tdp` rmsdcugb pgrg su ga`kcdad`kghdmkt` y rmus` YGU 9? Gpbdag täakdags cm trgtghdmkt` smaukcgrd` id`bñnda` gb gnug cm tdp` rmsdcugb pgrg su ga`kcdad`kghdmkt` y rmus` YGU 1? Ymgbdzg uk mvdcmkadg dktmnrgc`rg hmcdgktm uk dkf`rhm a`k b`s gkçbdsds ìtmkdc`s curgktm mb smhmstrm pgrg cmfdkdr ukg pr`pumstg cm ukg pbgktg cm trgtghdm trgtghdmkt` kt` cm gnug NMKMYGBDCGCMQ

6>

Mb gnug p`tgibm, cmfdkdcg a`h` ‒gcmaugcg pg rg mb a`ksuh` luhgk` y pgrg t`c` us` c`hästda` lgidtugb, dkabudcg bg ldndmkm pmrs`kgb‘, ms bdirm cm hdar``rngkdsh`s agusgktms cm

mkfmrhmcgcms. Bgs p`sdibms a`ksmaumkadgs cm bg a`ktghdkgadñk hdarìdgkg pgrg bg sgbuc s`k tgbms qum su a`ktr`b cmim smr ìomtdv` prdh`rcdgb y kukag cmim a`hpr`hmtmrsm. Bg prmsmkadg ` guhmkt` cm igatmrdgs, pgrçsdt`s, vdrus y l`kn`s mk mb gnug surnm usugbhmktm p`r mfmat` cdrmat` ` dkcdrmat` cm aghid`s mk mb hmcd` ghidmktm y mk bg pìbgadñk tgbms a`h` urigkdzgadñk k` a`ktr`bgcg, armadhdmkt` dkcustrdgb, pìrmzg, àupgadñk cm rmnd`kms gktms cmslgidtgcgs, y bg cdsp`sdadñk dkgcmaugcg cm mxarmtgs luhgkgs y gkdhgbms. B`s aghid`s rmbgad`kgc`s a`k bgs gatdvdcgcms gktr`p`näkdags sm vmk rmfbmogc`s cdrmatghmktm mk mb mkt`rk` y, p`r a`ksdnudmktm, mb bgs rmaurs` lècrda`. Bgs prdkadpgbms gatdvdcgcms qum fgv`rmamk bg a`ktghdkgadñk cm gnugsmks`k gnr`pmaugrdgs a`h` h`vdbdzgadñk cm gkdhgbms, aubtdv`s, gi`k`s `rnçkda`s hgb pràmsgc`s y cdsp`sdadñk dkgcmaugcg cm gnugs rmsdcugbms qum gfmatgk bg agbdcgc hdarìd`bñndag cm bgs fumktms cm gnug. CMQGYY@BB@ YMGASDV@Q? -Gngr aumktg mstçkcgr -Agbc` bgat`sgc` -Agbc` bgat`sg idbds vmrcm irdbbgktm -Sd`subfgt` cm s`cd` mstärdb gb 75%

MW]DU@ T HGSMYDGB? HGSMYDGB? -Frgsa` cm vdcrd` cm iàg gkalg a`k 5.7 hB cm td`subfgt` cm s`cd` mstärdb gb 75% -Agogs pmtrd mstärdbms -Sui`s a`k agbc` bgat`sgc` mstärdb gb 7=5% cm a`kamktrgadñk y aghpgkg Curlgh -Gsg igatmrd`bñndag -Sui`s a`k agbc` bgat`sg idbds vmrcm irdbbgktm gb 9% a`k aghpgkg Curlgh -Dkauigc`rg igatmrd`bñndag -Ymfrdnmrgc`r

6>

6>

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Mstg täakdag sm t`hñ cmb Dkstruatdv` cm A`ktr`b Qgkdtgrd` Hdarìd`bñnda` cm bg mspmadgbdcgc cm Säakda` Bgi`rgt`rdstg Wuèhda` K@SG? K@S G? Y`tub Y`tubg g prmvdghmktm tu hgtmrdgb, tui`s, pdp pdpmtg mtgss y a gogs pmtrd

6<

65

7. Srgksfmrdr dkcdvdcugbhmktm 9-1 gsgcgs cm agcg tui` p`sdtdv` g `tr` tui` a`k agbc` idbds vmrcm irdbbgktm gb 9% a`k aghpgkg Curlgh. 9. Dkauigr g 1= · 9µA curgktm 3< · 9lrs. 1. Bg f`rhgadñk cm augbqudmr agktdcgc cm ngs cmktr` cm bg aghpgkg lgam bg prumig p`sdtdvg. 3. Cmtmrhdkgr mb KHU cm `rngkdsh`s a`bdf`rhms mk bg humstrg cm gnug, a`kf`rhm g bg tgibg sdnudmktm? Augcr` pgrg cmtmrhdkgr mb kÿhmr` hçs prìgibm cm `rngkdsh`s, bèhdtms pgrg vgrdgs a`hidkgad`kms cm rmsubtgc`s p`sdtdv`s y kmngtdv`s augkc` s`k usgc`s = tui`s a`k 75 hb cm humstrg. Kuhmr` cm tui`s p`sdtdv`s 5 7 9 1 3 =

KHU/755 hB 2 9.9 9.9 =.7 4.9 76 ;76

Bèhdtms cm a`kfdgkzg (4=%) Hèkdh` Hçxdh` 5 6.5 5.7 79.5 5.= 74.9 7.6 94.3 1.1 =9.4 5

>5

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Augcr` cm rmsubtgc`s? rmsubtgc`s? Mqudp`

Humstrg

Hms`fèbda`s gmrìd`s ]FA /755 hB

Ymsubtgc` prumig prmsuktdvg A`bdf`rhms t`tgbms KHU/755 hB

Ymsubtgc` prumig a`kfdrhgtdvg A`bdf`rhms t`tgbms KHU/755 B

7 9 1 3 = 6 > < 4 75 77 79

>7

>7

>7

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

MBGI@YG MB CDGNYGHG CM FB]O@ CMB UY@AMCDHDMKS@

>9

>9

>9

Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

A]MQSD@KGYD@

>1

7. °U`r quä ms dhp`rtgktm augktdfdagr b`s hmsñfdb`s gmrìd`s mk gnug0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP 9. °Auçb ms mb bbèhdtm èhdtm pmrhdsdib pmrhdsdibmm cm hm hms`fèbda`s s`fèbda`s mk ggnug nug p`tg p`tgibm0 ibm0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP 1. °Wuä `tr`s hät`c`s cm augktdfdaga augktdfdagadñk dñk mxdstmk pgrg hmsñfdb`s mk gnug p`tgibm0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP 3. °A`k quä `tr` k`hir k`hirmm sm bm a`k a`kàm àm gb hät hät`c` `c` cm KH KHU0 U0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P =. °Wuä s`k b`s b`c`s gatdvgc`s y añh` fukad`kgk mk mb trgtghdmkt` cm gnugs rmsdcugbms0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PP A@KAB]QD@KMQ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP YMFMYMKADGQ? - - - - - - - -

@rngkdzgadñk Hukcdgb cm bg Qgbuc. Nudcmbd Nudcmbdkms kms f` f`rr Crdkjdkn-wgtmr Wugbdty ZDktmrkmtX. Nmkmvg: 99577. 577. ==63 63 p. Cdsp`kdibm mk? mk? lttp?//gpps.wl` lttp?//gpps.wl`.dkt/drds/idtstrmgh/756 .dkt/drds/idtstrmgh/7566=/33=3

Gn ug bdnm bd nmrgh rghmk mktm tm sgb` sg bìr irm m ? Gnug a`k a`kamktrgadñk cm sñbdc`s cdsumbt`s t`tgbms dnugb ` hgy`r g 7 555 y hmk`r g 9 555 hn/b. Gn ug p`tgi p` tgibm? bm? Bdtmrgbhmktm gnug qum sm pumcm imimr. Bg k`rhgtdvdcgc hmxdagkg (K@H79>-QQG7-7443) cmfdkm mb gnug pgrg us` y a`ksuh` luhgk` a`h` gquäbbg qum k` a`ktdmkm a`ktghdkgktms ìomtgibms, yg smgk quèhda`s ` gnmktms dkfmaad`s`s, y qum k` agusg mfmat`s kàdv`s gb smr luhgk`. Gn ug rmk `vgib `v gib m? Agktdcgc hçxdhg cm gnug qum ms fgatdibm mxpb`tgr gkugbhmktm. Mb gnug rmk`vgibm sm agbaubg a`h` mb msaurrdhdmkt` supmrfdadgb vdrnmk gkugb, hçs bg rmagrng hmcdg gkugb cm b`s gauèfmr`s, hçs bgs dhp`rtgad`km dhp`rtgad`kmss cm gnug cm `trgs rmnd`kms ` pgèsms, hmk`s bgs mxp`rtgad`kms cm gnug g `trgs rmnd`kms ` pgèsms. Gn ug sgb sgbdk dkg? g? Gnug a`k a`kamktrgadñk cm sñbdc`s cdsumbt`s t`tgbms dnugb ` hgy`r g 75 555 hn/b. Gn ug sgb sgbì ì rm? Gnug a`k a`kamktrgadñk cm sñbdc`s cdsumbt`s t`tgbms dnugb ` hgy`r g 9 555 y hmk`r g 75 555 hn/b. Gn ug ssui ui tmrrçk tmr rçk mg? Ms mb gnug qum sgturg p`r a`hpbmt` b`s p`r`s ` dktmrstdad`s cmb suisumb`. Gn ug vmr vmrcm cm?? Agktdcgc cm gnug qum f`rhg pgrtm cm bg luhmcgc cmb sumb` y qum ms utdbdzgcg mk b`s aubtdv`s cm tmhp`rgb y vmnmtgadñk mk nmkmrgb. Gn ug vd rtug rt ugb?b? Quhg cm bg agktdcgc cm gnug mhpbmgcg mk mb pràms` pr`cuatdv` pgrg bg

mbgi`rgadñk cm uk pr`cuat`.

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Gn ugs kgt kgtur urgbm gbms? s? Gnug arucg, suitmrrçkmg, cm bbuvdg, cm t`rhmktg, cm t`rhmktg rmsdcugb y supmrfdadgb. Gn ugs kga d` d`kg kgbms bms?? Bgs gnugs pr`pdmcgc cm bg Kgadñk, mk b`s tärhdk`s cmb pçrrgf` qudkt` cmb Grtèaub` 9> cm bg A`kstdtuadñk U`bètdag cm b`s Mstgc`s ]kdc`s Hmxdagk`s, auyg prmsmrvgadñk mk agktdcgc y agbdcgc y sustmktgidbdcgc ms tgrmg fukcghmktgb cmb Mstgc` y bg Qàdmcgc, gsè a`h` prd`rdcgc y gsukt` cm smnurdcgc kgad`kgb. Gn ugs rms dc dcug ugbms bms ? Bgs gnugs cm a`hp`sdadñk vgrdgcg pr`vmkdmktms cm bgs cmsagrngs cm us`s pÿibda` urigk`, c`hästda`, dkcustrdgb, a`hmradgb, cm smrvdad`s, gnrèa`bg, pmaugrd`, cm bgs pbgktgs cm trgtghdmkt` y mk nmkmrgb cm augbqudmr `tr` us`, gsè a`h` bg hmzabg cm mbbgs. Gn ugs supmr su pmrfdfdad adgbms gbms ? Gnug qum buym ` sm gbhgamkg mk bg supmrfdadm cm bg a`rtmzg tmrrmstrm mk f`rhg cm rè`s, bgn`s ` mhigbsms grtdfdadgbms a`h` prmsgs, i`rc`s y agkgbms. Gb agbd ag bdkd kd zgad zgadñk ñk ? Sghidäk a`kàdcg a`h` sgbdkdzgadñk. Ymprmsmktg uk dkarmhmkt` mk mb a`ktmkdc` cm sgbms mk mb sumb` supmrfdadgb qum pr`vàg, mktrm `trgs a`sgs, bg cdshdkuadñk cmb rmkcdhdmkt` cm b`s aubtdv`s. Qus p`sdibms agusgs dkabuymk bg dktrusdñk cm gnugs hgrdkgs y mb us` cm sdstmhgs cm rdmn` qum utdbdzgk gnug a`k ukg gbtg a`kamktrgadñk cm s`cd`. Bg sgbdkdzgadñk ` gbagbdkdzgadñk sm prmsmktg prdkadpgbhmktm mk bgs rmnd`kms çrdcgs, mk bgs aumkags amrrgcgs y mk bgs z`kgs a`stmrgs qum tdmkmk sumb`s kgturgbhmktm sgbdk`s.

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Gb agbd ag bdkd kd cgc cgc?? sm rmfdmrm g bg prmsmkadg cm sustgkadgs ldcr`bdzgibms mk gnug y qum a`h` pr`cuat` cm ldcrñbdsds nmkmrgk mb dñk ldcr`xdb` (@L-), a`h` s`k bgs igsms fumrtms, y b`s ldcrñxdc`s cm b`s hmtgbms gbagbdk`tärrm`s: a`ktrdiuymk tghidäk mk f`rhg dhp`rtgktm g bg gbagbdkdcgc b`s agri`kgt`s y f`sfgt`s. Bg prmsmkadg cm i`rgt`s y sdbdagt`s mk a`kamktrgad`kms gbtgs tghidäk a`ktrdiuymk g bg gbagbdkdcgc cmb hmcd`. Gb agbd ag bdkd kd cgc t`tgb t` tgb?? Ms bg agktdcgc cm çadc` fumrtm qum ms kmamsgrd` g÷gcdr g ukg humstrg pgrg bbmvgr mb pL g uk vgb`r prmcmtmrhdkgc` a`dkadcmktm a`k mb vdrm cmb kgrgkog cm hmtdb`. Ga dc dcmz mz t`tgb t` tgb?? Ms bg agktdcgc cm igsm fumrtm qum ms kmamsgrd` g÷gcdr g ukg humstrg pgrg bbmvgr mb pL g uk vgb`r prmcmtmrhdkgc` a`dkadcmktm a`k mb vdrm cm bg fmk`bftgbmèkg. Ms bg agktdcgc cm d`kms ldcr`kd` (L 1@+) mk bg humstrg gau`sg y sm cmtmrhdkg a`h` bg agpgadcgc augktdtgtdvg cm ukg humstrg cm gnug pgrg rmgaad`kgr a`k ukg igsm fumrtm lgstg uk pL cm =

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

A`b`r? Ur`pdmcgc fèsdag cm bg buz mhdtdcg p`r b`s ìomt`s y sustgkadgs, b`s aumrp`s tdmkmk bg agpgadcgc cm gis`rimr admrtg p`radñk cm rgy`s cm buz y rmfbmogr ÿkdaghmktm bg b`kndtuc cm `kcg qum bm a`rrmsp`kcm g sè hdsh`. A`b`r gpgrmktm? Ms mb a`b`r cm bg humstrg cmidc` g sustgkadgs mk f`rhg cdsumbtg y gb pr`p`rad`kgc` p`r b`s sñbdc`s suspmkcdc`s, mstm pgrçhmtr` ms huy pà` rmpr`cuadibm yg qum mb a`hp`rtghdmkt` cm b`s sñbdc`s suspmkcdc`s ms huy vgrdgibm, sm hdcm mk bg humstrg gndtgcg sdk fdbtrgr. A`b`r vmrcgcmr`? Ms mb qum tdmkm ukg humstrg cmidc` g sustgkadgs mk f`rhg cdsumbtg, sm hdcm mk bg humstrg fdbtrgcg ` amktrdfungcg. A`kcuatdvdcgc? Ur`pdmcg Ur`pdmcgcc fèsdag cm b`s aumrp`s qum pmrhdtmk mb pgs` g trgväs cm sd cmb agb`r ` bg mbmatrdadcgc mbmatrdadcgc.. A`ktghdkgadñk? Dka`rp`rgadñk cm gnmktms mxtrg÷`s gb gnug, agpgams cm h`cdfdagr su a`hp`sdadñk fèsdag, quèhdag y agbdcgc.

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Aumkag ldcr`bñndag? ]kdcgc cmb tmrrdt`rd`, cdfmrmkadgcg cm `trgs ukdcgcms, k`rhgbhmktm cmbdhdtgcg p`r uk pgrtmgnugs ` cdvds`rdg cm bgs gnugs p`r gqumbbg bèkmg p`bdn`kgb f`rhgcg p`r b`s pukt`s cm hgy`r mbmvgadñk mk cdalg ukdcgc mk c`kcm àurrm mb gnug mk cdstdktgs f`rhgs, y ästg sm gbhgamkg ` buym lgstg uk pukt` cm sgbdcg qum pumcm smr mb hgr u `tr` aumrp` rmampt`r dktmrd`r, g trgväs cm ukg rmc ldcr`nrçfdag cm aguams qum a`kvmrnmk mk uk` prdkadpgb, ` idmk mb tmrrdt`rd` mk c`kcm bgs gnugs f`rhgk ukg ukdcgc gutñk`hg ` cdfmrmkadgcg cm `trgs, guk sdk qum cmsmhi`qumk mk mb hgr. Mk cdal` mspgad` cmbdhdtgc` p`r ukg cdvmrsdcgc t`p`nrçfdag a`mxdstmk b`s rmaurs`s gnug, sumb`, b`rg, fgukg, `tr`s rmaurs`s kgturgbms rmbgad`kgc`s a`k äst`s y mb hmcd` ghidmktm. Bg aumkag ldcr`bñndag a`kouktghmktm a`k b`s gauèfmr`s a`kstdtuym a`kstdtuym bg ukdcgc cm nmstdñk cm b`s rmaurs`s lècrda`s. Aumrp` rmampt`r? Bg a`rrdmktm ` cmpñsdt` kgturgb cm gnug, prmsgs, aguams, z`kgs hgrdkgs ` idmkms kgad`kgbms c`kcm sm cmsagrngk gnugs rmsdcugbms, gsè a`h` b`s tmrrmk`s mk c`kcm sm dkfdbtrgk ` dkymatgk cdalgs gnugs, augkc` pumcgk a`ktghdkgr b`s sumb`s, suisumb` ` b`s gauèfmr`s. Cmhgkcg Wuèhdag cm @xènmk`? Agktdcgc cm hgtmrdg `rnçkdag m dk`rnçkdag mk uk aumrp` cm gnug, susamptdibm g smr `xdcgcg p`r uk `xdcgktm fumrtm. Cmsigstm? Ms uk pràms` hmcdgktm mb augb sm mbdhdkgk b`s sñbdc`s cm hgy`r tghg÷` pgrg mvdtgr mkt`rpmamr ` cg÷gr b`s mqudp`s utdbdzgc`s pgrg mb trgtghdmkt`. A`hÿkhmktm sm utdbdzgk açhgrgs cm rmog ` amstgs a`k hgbbg hmtçbdag qum mvdtgk mb pgs` cm mbmhmkt`s mktrm 75 y 95 hdbèhmtr`s ` hçs Curmzg? Ms ukg agrgatmrèstdag cmb gnug cmidc` g bg prmsmkadg cm agtd`kms hmtçbda`s k` gbagbdk`s prmsmktms (d`kms cm agbad`, mstr`kad`, igrd` y hgnkmsd` mk f`rhg cm agri`kgt`s ` idagri`kgt`s) y sm mxprmsg mk mqudvgbmktms cm agri`kgt` cm agbad` y a`kstdtuym uk pgrçhmtr` sdnkdfdagtdv` mk bg agbdcgc cmb gnug p`rqum mb gnug curg gfmatg bg agpgadcgc cm f`rhgadñk cm mspuhgs cm cmtmrnmktms mk a`ktgat` a`k gnug y rmprmsmktg ukg smrdm cm prìbmhçtdags mk mqudp` dkcustrdgb y c`hästda` p`r bgs dkarustgad`kms, gcmhçs su prmsmkadg pumcm rmsubtgr

kàdvg mk mb a`ksuh` cm gnug.

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Fumktm cm gigstmadhdmkt` gigstmadhdmkt`?? Q`k b`s aumrp`s cm gnug supmrfdadgbms ` suitmrrçkm`s cm c`kcm sm mxtrgm mb gnug pgrg sus cdvmrs`s us`s. Lumbbg lècrdag? Bg suhg cm bg agktdcgc cm gnug qum utdbdzg agcg pmrs`kg pgrg sus cdvmrsgs gatdvdcgcms y bg qum ms kmamsgrdg pgrg pr`cuadr b`s idmkms y smrvdad`s qum a`ksuhm. Dkabuym gnug gzub y gnug vmrcm. Luhmcgbms? Bgs z`kgs cm trgksdadñk mktrm b`s sdstmhgs gauçtda`s y tmrrmstrms qum a`kstdtuymk çrmgs cm dkukcgadñk tmhp`rgb ` pmrhgkmktm, suomtgs ` k` g bg dkfbumkadg cm hgrmgs, a`h` pgktgk`s, adäkgngs y hgrdshgs, auy`s bèhdtms b`s a`kstdtuymk mb tdp` cm vmnmtgadñk ldcrñfdbg cm prmsmkadg pmrhgkmktm ` mstgad`kgb: bgs çrmgs mk c`kcm mb sumb` ms prmc`hdkgktmhmktm lècrda`: y bgs çrmgs bgaustrms ` cm sumb`s pmrhgkmktmhmktm lÿhmc`s p`r bg cmsagrng kgturgb cm gauèfmr`s. Dktmraghid` dñk da`? @pmrgadñk cm smpgrgadñk igsgcg mk bg trgksfmrmkadg cm hgtmrdg fbudc`Dktmraghid` sñbdc`, dkv`buarg bg trgksfmrmkadg cm uk` ` hçs d`kms cm bg fgsm fbudcg gb sñbdc` p`r dktmraghid` ` cmspbgzghdmkt` cm d`kms cm bg hdshg agrng, qum sm mkaumktrgk ukdc`s p`r fumrzgs mbmatr`stçtdags g nrup`s fukad`kgbms supmrfdadgbms. Bg mfdagadg cmb pràms` cmpmkcm cmb mqudbdird` sñbdc`-fbudc` y cm bg vmbàdcgc cm trgksfmrmkadg cm hgtmrdg. B`s sñbdc`s sumbmk smr cm tdp` p`bdhärda`, sdmkc` b`s hçs lgidtugbms b`s igsgc`s mk rmsdkgs sdktätdags.

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Hdar``rngkdsh`s gmrìd`s hmsñfdb`s? Nrup` cm hdar``rngkdsh`s agpgams cm cmsgrr`bbgrsm mk prmsmkadg cm `xènmk` g ukg tmhpmrgturg a`hprmkcdcg mktrm 95µA y 3=µA a`k ukg ñptdhg mktrm 15¿A y 35¿A. Hdar``rngkdsh`s a`bdf`rhms t`tgbms? s`k hdar``rngkdsh`s prdkadpgbhmktm igatmrdgs igadb`s nrghkmngtdv`s, gmrìd`s y gkgmrìd`s fgaubtgtdv`s k` msp`rubgc`s, f`rhgk pgrtm cm vgrd`s näkmr`s (Msalmrdaldg, Mktmrìgatmr, Jbmisdmbbg, Adtrìgatmr , mta.) cmb nrup` cm bgs Mktmrìgatmrdgamgm bgat`sg-p`sdtdvgs a`k pr`cuaadñk cm çadc` y ngs, hçs ` hmk`s rçpdcghmktm, mk uk pmrd`c` cm 3< l`rgs y a`k ukg tmhpmrgturg cm dkauigadñk a`hprmkcdcg mktrm 15-1>¿A. y a`kstdtuymk uk nrup` cm igatmrdgs qum sm cmfdkmk hçs p`r bgs prumigs usgcgs pgrg su gdsbghdmkt` qum p`r ardtmrd`s tgx`kñhda`s. Qm mkaumktrgk mk mb dktmstdk` cmb l`hirm y cm b`s gkdhgbms, pmr` tghidäk mk `tr`s ghidmktms? gnug, sumb`, pbgktgs, açsagrg cm lumv`, mta. Hdar``rngkdsh`s a`bdf`rhms fmagbms? Q`k a`bdf`rhms t`tgbms qum gcmhçs fmrhmktgk bg bgat`sg a`k pr`cuaadñk cm çadc` y ngs mk 93-3< l`rgs g tmhpmrgturgs a`hprmkcdcgs mktrm 33 y 3=¿A mk prmsmkadg cm sgbms idbdgrms. B`s a`bdf`rhms fmagbms a`hprmkcmk prdkadpgbhmktm Msalmrdaldg a`bd y gbnukgs ampgs cm Mktmrìgatmr   y Jbmisdmbbg. Qu `rdnmk ms prdkadpgbhmktm fmagb y p`r ms`s sm a`ksdcmrgk èkcdams cm a`ktghdkgadñk fmagb. Umr` mb vmrcgcmr` èkcdam cm a`ktghdkgadñk fmagb ms Msalmrdaldg a`bd tdp` D yg qum su `rdnmk fmagb ms smnur`. Humstrm`? Bgs gatdvdcgcms cmsgrr`bbgcgs pgrg ìtmkmr v`bÿhmkms cm gnug mk uk sdtd` cmtmrhdkgc` cmb sdstmhg cm gigstmadhdmkt`, cm tgb hgkmrg qum smgk rmprmsmktgtdv`s, a`k mb pr`pñsdt` cm mvgbugr agrgatmrèstdags fèsdags, quèhdags, y/` igatmrd`bñndags. @xènmk` Cdsumbt`? Ms bg agktdcgc cm `xdnmk` ngsm`s` qum mstg cdsumbt` mk mb gnug. Mb `xènmk` bdirm ms fukcghmktgb pgrg bg vdcg cm b`s pmams, pbgktgs, gbngs, y `tr`s `rngkdsh`s:

p`r ms`, cmscm sm lg a`ksdcmrgc` a`h` uk dkcdagc`r cm bg agpgadcgc cm uk rè` pgrg hgktmkmr bg vdcgsdmhprm, gauçtdag.

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Ugbustrm? Umrtmkmadmktm ` rmbgtdv` g ukg bgnukg ` g uk pgktgk`. pL? ]kdcgc cm hmcdcg cm bg gbagbdkdcgc ` gadcmz cm ukg s`buadñk, mspmaèfdaghmktm hdcm bg agktdcgc cm d`kms cm ldcrñnmk` qum a`ktdmkm ukg s`buadñk cmtmrhdkgcg, sus sdnbgs s`k p`tmkadgb cm ldcr`nmkd`kms. Qu hmcdadñk sm lg a`kvmrtdc` cm ukg f`rhg prçatdag cm hgkmogs adfrgs cm gbagbdkdcgc, kmutrgbdcgc ` igsdadcgc. Ubgktg cm trgtghdmkt` cm gnugs rmsdcugbms? Dkfrgmstruaturg cdsm÷gcg pgrg rmadidr gnugs rmsdcugbms y rmh`vmr hgtmrdgbms qum cmnrgcmk bg agbdcgc cmb gnug ` p`kngk mk rdmsn` bg sgbuc pÿibdag augkc` sm cmsagrnumk g aumrp`s ` aguams rmampt`rms. Ubgktg p`tgidbdzgc`rg? Dkfrgmstruaturg cdsm÷gcg pgrg mbdhdkgr cmb gnug b`s mbmhmkt`s kàdv`s pgrg bg sgbuc luhgkg, prmvdg g su cdstrdiuadñk pgrg mb gigstmadhdmkt` cm gnug g amktr`s cm pìbgadñk. U`z` U`z ` pr`fukc `? @rdfdad` vmrtdagb pmrf`rgc` mk bg tdmrrg pgrg mxtrgmr gnug suitmrrçkmg. Urmsg? @irg qum sdrvm pgrg agptgr, gbhgamkgr y a`ktr`bgr mb gnug cm ukg aumkag kgturgb y qum a`kstg cm ukg a`rtdkg y uk vmrtmc`r cm cmhgsègs.

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Urmtrgtghdmkt` cm gnugs? Q`k a`koukt` cm `pmrgad`kms qum i usagk ga`kcdad`kgr mb gnug rmsdcugb pgrg fgadbdtgr b`s trgtghdmkt`s pr`pdghmktm cdal`s, y prmsmrvgr bg dkstgbgadñk cm mr`sd`kms y tgp`kghdmkt`s. Dkabuym mqudp`s tgbms a`h` rmogs, tghdams, cmsgrmkgc`rms y cmsmknrgsgc`rms. Gbnukgs `pmrgad`kms rmbgad`kgcgs s`k? cmsigstm, cmsgrmkgc` y cmsmknrgsgc` Qgkmghdmkt`? Yma`ndcg y trgksp`rtm cmb gnug rmsdcugb y mb trgtghdmkt` tgkt` cm ästg a`h` cm b`s suipr`cuat`s nmkmrgc`s mk mb aurs` cm msgs gatdvdcgcms, cm f`rhg qum su mvgaugadñk pr`cuzag mb hèkdh` dhpgat` mk mb hmcd` ghidmktm. Qèbdam? A`hpumst` f`rhgc` p`r sdbdad` y `xènmk`, qum mktrg mk bg a`hp`sdadñk cm gbnuk`s hdkmrgbms a`h` mb augrz` ` mb ñpgb`. Qñbdc`s cdsumbt`s t`tgbms? Ms mb hgtmrdgb s`buibm a`kstdtudc` p`r hgtmrdg dk`rnçkdag y `rnçkdag qum pmrhgkmam a`h` rmsdcu` cmspuäs cm mvgp`rgr y smagr ukg humstrg prmvdghmktm fdbtrgcg fdbtrgcg g trgväs cm uk fdbtr` cm fdirg cm vdcrd` a`k p`r` cm 7,= ½h g ukg tmhpmrgturg cm 75= µA · 9 µA. Qñbdc`s susp mkcdc`s t`tgbms? Ms mb hgtmrdgb a`kstdtudc` p`r b`s sñbdc`s smcdhmktgibms, b`s sñbdc`s suspmkcdc`s y a`b`dcgbms qum s`k rmtmkdc`s p`r uk fdbtr` cm fdirg cm vdcrd` a`k p`r` cm 7,= ½h smagc` y bbmvgc` g hgsg a`kstgktm g ukg tmhpmrgturg cm 75= µA · 9 µA. Qñbdc`s suspmkcdc`s v `bçtdbm `bçtdbms? s? Q`k gqumbb`s sñbdc`s suspmkcdc`s qum sm v`bgtdbdzgk mk bg agbadkgadñk g ==5 µA · =5 µA. Qñbdc`s t`tgbm t`tgbms? s? Hgtmrdg sñbdcg qum mstç suspmkcdcg, cdsumbtg ` gsmktgcg mk uk bèqudc` y qum pmrhgkmam bumn` cm bg mvgp`rgadñk y smagc` cm bg humstrg. Qñbdc`s t`tgbms v`bçtdbms? Agktdcgc cm hgtmrdg `rnçkdag m dk`rnçkdag qum sm v`bgtdbdzg p`r mb mfmat` cm bg agbadkgadñk g ==5 µA · =5 µA.

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Qdstmhg cm gnug p`tgibm y gbagktgrdbbgc` ? A`koukt` cm ìrgs y gaad`kms qum pmrhdtmk bg prmstgadñk cm smrvdad`s pÿibda`s cm gnug p`tgibm y gbagktgrdbbgc`, dkabuymkc` mb sgkmghdmkt`, mktmkcdmkc` a`h` tgb bg a`kcuaadñk, trgtghdmkt`, gbmoghdmkt` y cmsagrng cm bgs gnugs rmsdcugbms. Smhpmrgturg? Hgnkdtuc qum pmrhdtm a`kàmr mb kdvmb tärhda` ` mb agb`r qum uk aumrp` p`smm. S`cg sustgkadg mk cmtmrhdkgc` mstgc` cm gnrmngadñk mstç a`kstdtudcg p`r h`bäaubgs qum sm mkaumktrgk mk a`ktdku` h`vdhdmkt`, bg suhg cm bgs mkmrnègs cm t`cgs msgs h`bäaubgs ms a`kàdcg a`h` mkmrnèg tärhdag y bg tmhpmrgturg ms bg hmcdcg cm msg mkmrnèg pr`hmcd`. Srgtghdmkt` prdhgrd`? B`s trgtghdmkt`s prdhgrd`s s`k gqumbb`s qum mbdhdkgk b`s sñbdc`s mk suspmksdñk prmsmktms mk mb gnug rmsdcugb. B`s prdkadpgbms pràms`s fdsda`quèhda`s qum pumcmk smr dkabudc`s mk mb trgtghdmkt` prdhgrd` s`k b`s sdnudmktms? smcdhmktgadñk, fb`tgadñk, a`gnubgadñk ‑ fbàubgadñk y fdbtrgadñk.

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Srgtghdmkt` smaukcgrd`? a`kstdtuym ukg smrdm cm dhp`rtgktms pràms`s cm kgturgbmzg id`bñndag cm trgtghdmkt` cm bgs gnugs rmsdcugbms qum tdmkmk mk a`hÿk bg utdbdzgadñk cm hdar``rngkdsh`s (mktrm bgs qum cmstgagk bgs igatmrdgs) pgrg bbmvgr g agi` bg mbdhdkgadñk cm hgtmrdg `rnçkdag id`cmnrgcgibm, tgkt` a`b`dcgb a`h` cdsumbtg, gsè a`h` bg mbdhdkgadñk cm a`hpumst`s qum a`ktdmkmk mbmhmkt`s kutrdmktms (K y U). Mk bg hgy`r pgrtm cm b`s ags`s, bg hgtmrdg `rnçkdag a`kstdtuym bg fumktm cm mkmrnèg y cm agri`k` qum kmamsdtgk b`s hdar``rngkdsh`s pgrg su armadhdmkt`. Gcmhçs, tghidäk ms kmamsgrdg bg prmsmkadg cm kutrdmktms, qum a`ktmkngk b`s mbmhmkt`s msmkadgbms pgrg mb armadhdmkt`, mspmadgbhmktm b`s a`hpumst`s qum a`ktmkngk K y U, y, p`r ÿbtdh`, mk mb ags` cm sdstmhg gmrìd`, bg prmsmkadg cm `xènmk` cdsumbt` mk mb gnug. Mstm ÿbtdh` gspmat` smrç abgvm g bg l`rg cm mbmndr mb pràms` id`bñnda` hçs a`kvmkdmktm. B`s pràms`s gmrìd`s sm igsgk mk bg mbdhdkgadñk cm b`s a`ktghdkgktms `rnçkda`s p`r su trgksf`rhgadñk mk id`hgsg igatmrdgkg, A@ 9 y L9@. B`s pràms`s gkgmrìd`s trgksf`rhgk bg sustgkadg `rnçkdag mk id`nçs, hmzabg cm hmtgk` y A@ 9. Srgtghdmkt` tmradgrd`? A`ksdstm mk `pmrgad`kms auyg fukadñk smg mbdhdkgr bg agrng `rnçkdag rmsdcugb y gqumbbgs `trgs sustgkadgs a`ktghdkgktms k` mbdhdkgcgs mk b`s trgtghdmkt`s smaukcgrd`s, a`h`, p`r momhpb`, b`s kutrdmktms, fñsf`r` y kdtrñnmk`. Mst`s pràms`s s`k cm kgturgbmzg id`bñndag ` fdsda`quèhdag, sdmkc` mb pràms` ukdtgrd` hçs mhpbmgc` mb trgtghdmkt` fdsda`quèhda`. Mstm a`kstg cm ukg a`gnubgadñk ‑ fbàubgadñk y ukg cmagktgadñk. @tr`s pràms`s mhpbmgc`s a`h` trgtghdmkt`s tmradgrd`s s`k bgs rmsdkgs cm dktmraghid`s cm d`kms, bg gcs`radñk mk agriñk gatdv`, bg ubtrgfdbtrgadñk, bg ñsh`sds dkvmrsg, bg mbmatr`cmsdkfmaadñk, mbmatr`cmsdkfmaadñk, bgs hmhirgkgs amrçhdags, mta. Srgtghdmkt` augtmrkgrd` Srgtghdmkt` augtmrkgrd`?? Q`k `pmrgad`kms auy` ìomtdv` ms cdshdkudr bg cdsmhdkgad cdsmhdkgadñk ñk cm b`s a`ktghdkgktms mhmrnmktms (gktdidñtda`s, pmstdadcgs, l`rh`kgs, gktdagkamrènmk`s, mta.) pgrg s`buad`kgr mb prìbmhg, b`s sdstmhgs cm fdbtrgadñk p`r ñsh`sds dkvmrsg s`k mfdadmktms, gsè a`h` mb trgtghdmkt` a`k rgy`s ].V. Suridmcgc? Fgbtg cm trgkspgrmkadg cm uk bèqudc` cmidc` g bg prmsmkadg cm pgrtèaubgs mk suspmksdñk. Augkt`s hçs sñbdc`s mk suspmksdñk lgyg mk mb bèqudc`, hçs suadg pgrmamrç ästg y hçs gbtg smrç bg turidcmz. Ms a`ksdcmrgcg ukg hmcdcg cm bg agbdcgc cmb gnug.

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Bgi`rgt`rd` cm Gkçbdsds y Srgtghdmkt` cm Gnug pgrg pràms`

Ymfmrmkadgs Ym fmrmkadgs rma` rma`hmkcgcgs? hmkcgcgs? gkt`kd`nutdh. (9571). Bgs pr`pdmcgcms fèsdags cmb gnug. ZVdcm` mk bèkmgX. Uuibdagc` mb 77 cm gn`. 9571. A`ksubtgc` 9 gn`. cmb 957>. Cdsp`kdibm mk? lttps?//www.yùtuim.a`h/wgtal0v8g4^sHVmM4]G Gnmkadg Dkf`rhgtdvg A`kgayt. Bdhk`b`nèg. Admkadghx k`tdadgs. lttp?//www.admkadghx.a`h/dkcmx.plp/vàgiubgrd`/75>1>-bdhk`b`ndg

Cdsp`kdibm

mk?

A@KGN]G (9575). Qdstmhg Autzghgbg. ZVdcm` mk bèkmgX. Uuibdagc` mb 6 gn`. cm 9575. A`ksubtgc` mb 9 gn`. 957>. Cdsp`kdibm mk? mk? lttps?//yùtu.im/caUV^Wbsg=s A@KGN]G-QMHGYKGS. (9576). Hgkugb cm Gnug U`tgibm, Gbagktgrdbbgc` y Qgkmghdmkt`. Cdsm÷` cm Ubgktgs U`tgidbdzgc`rgs cm Smak`b`nèg Qdhpbdfdagcg. Cdsp`kdibm mk? lttp?//gkmgs.a`h.hx/wp-a`ktmkt/upb`gcs/9576/53/QNGUCQ-7-7=-Bdir`93.pcf   lttp?//gkmgs.a`h.hx/wp-a`ktmkt/upb`gcs/9576/53/QNGUCQ-7-7=-Bdir`93.pcf   A@KGN]G (9576). Nb`sgrd` cm bgs Mstgcèstdags cmb Gnug mk Häxda`. Cdsp`kdibm mk? lttp?//sdkg.a`kgnug.nì.hx/sdkg/dkcmx.plp A@KGN]G. (s.f.). Uràmcdhdmkt` cm humstrm`, gkçbdsds y rmp`rtm cm agbdcgc cm bgs gnugs rmsdcugbms. Cdsp`kdibm mk? lttp?//www.a`kgnug.nì.hx/a`kgnug5>/Cmabgrgnug/Uràmcdhdmkt`PHumstrm`.pcf   lttp?//www.a`kgnug.nì.hx/a`kgnug5>/Cmabgrgnug/Uràmcdhdmkt`PHumstrm`.pcf

. A`ksubtgc` mb 9 gn`. 957> Cdsp`kdibm mk? mk? lttps?//yùtu.im/Nz`FlOK7zF5Af7t` K@YBMTH@YMS@. @xènmk` cdsumbt`. ZVdcm` mk bèkmgX. Uuibdagc` mb 17 oub 9571. A`ksubtgc` oubd` 9574. Cdsp`kdibm mmk? k? lttps?/ lttps?//yùtu.im /yùtu.im/DwtUsaaV /DwtUsaaV=Fs =Fs K@YBMTH@YMS@. pL, a`kcuatdvdcgc, @9C, Suridmcgc y SCQ. ZVdcm` mk bèkmgX. Uuibdagc` mb 91 cm ouk cmb 9571. A`ksubtgc` mb 9 cm gn`. cmb 957>. Cdsp`kdibm mk? lttps?//www.yùtuim.a`h/wgtal0v8KIapPH3`Sma K@YBMTH@YMS@. Umrfdb cm sñbdc`s. ZVdcm` mk bèkmgX. Uuibdagc` mb 7 oub 9571. A`ksubtgc` mb K@YBMTH@YMS@. 9 gn`. 957>. Cdsp`kdibm mk? mk? lttps?//yùtu.im/cgAu7nkCoc3 K@YBMTH@YMS@. Ur`pdmcgcms @rngk`bäptdags y Sdp`s cm Agbdirgadñk. ZVdcm` mk bèkmgX Uuibdagc` mb 91 ouk. 9571. A`ksubtgc` 9 gn`. cmb 957>. Cdsp`kdibm mk? lttps?//yùtu.im/qqs_5PgFT

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