NU@H@M PHIZ@[TIUN[IM @H GPLNHIENE@T Y DI@HDINT E@ FN TNFPE N.D.
FID@HDINUP[N @H @HJ@[L@[IN
‖LNHPNF E@ DMHTPFUN @WU@[HN“
MNWNDN E@ OPN[@_, MNWNDN
HMZI@LK[@, ;2;2
>
IHEID@ Ihtrmeuddiôh-----------------------------------------------------------------------4 Oustijidndiôh-----------------------------------------------------------------------5 Mko`tivms---------------------------------------------------------------------------0 >. E`jihidimh e` dmhsuftn `xt`rhn-----------------------------------------------: >.> Iht`crndiôh e` dmhsuftn `xt`rhn----------------------`xt`rhn---------- --------------------------------------------: ----: >.; Juhdimh`s dmluh`s e` dmhsuftn `xt`rhn-----------------------`xt`rhn----------- --------------------: -------: ;. E`sdripdiôh e` pu`stms--------------------------------------------------------3 ;.> @hj`rl`rn `hdnrcnen e` dmhsuftn `xt`rhn--------`xt`rhn----------------------------------------3-7 ----3-7 ;.; O`j` léeidm dmhsuftn `xt`rhn-----------------------`xt`rhn----------- ---------------------------------------------9 -------9 ;.4 Léeidms dmhsuftnht`s e` `sp`dinfiene`s---------------------`sp`dinfiene`s-------- ----------------------->2 --------->2 4. E`sdripdiôh e`f prmd`eili`htm------------------------------------------>>->4 Dmhdfusiôh------------------------------------------------------------------------>5 Nh`xms-------------------------------------------------------------------------->0-45 Kikfimcrnjìn-----------------------------------------------------------------------40
;
IHU[MEPDDIÔH
@h `f pr`s`ht` trnknom s` e`sdrik` `f prmd`eili`htm smkr` dôlm s` ff`vn n dnkm fn dmhsuftn `xt`rhn e` icunf jmrln fns juhdimh`s qu` ti`h` dnen p`rsmhnf qu` fnkmrn `h eidgn îr`n
Fn dmhsuftn `xt`rhn dmlm uh s`rvidim e` fn nt`hdiôh léeidn, ti`h` `sp`dinf ilpmrtnhdin ilpmrtnhdin yn qu` `h fns uhiene`s gmspitnfnrins e` fms eij`r`ht`s s`dtmr`s e` snfue s` ff`vnh n dnkm nddimh`s nddimh `s qu` jmrtnf`d` jmrtnf`d`hh mtrms s`rvi s`rvidims dims jihnf`s jihnf`s y hm l`hms ilp ilpmrtnht mrtnht`s, `s, si`hem uhm e` `stms, `f ihcr`sm e` e`r`dgmgnki`ht`s m usunrims nf îr`n e` gmspitnfizndiôh. Rmr mtrm fnem sirv` e` npmym n fn nt`hdiôh léeidn prilnrin, yn qu` s` dfnsijidnh fms pne`dili`htms qu` nl`ritnh nt`hdiôh e` s`cuhem hiv`f.
Rmr tnf lmtivm `s h`d`snrim dmhtnr dmh emdul`htms tédhidms- hmrlntivms qu` r`cuf`h fns nddimh`s qu` s` e`snrrmffn nddimh`s e`snrrmffnhh `h fns îr`ns e` dmhsuft dmhsuftnn `xt`rhn, n jih e` dmhmd`r fns juhdimh juhdimh`s `s tnhtm fms prmj`simhnf`s qu` s` vnh jmrlnhem dmlm fms trnknonemr`s e` fn snfue pnrn gnd`r krihenr uhn ne`dunen nt`hdiôh n fn pmkfndiôh qu` fm r`qui`r`.
.
4
OPTUIJIDNDIÔH
@f pr`s`ht` emdul`htm emdul`htm gn siem dr`nem dmlm uh ihstrul`htm ihstrul`htm e` dmhksuftn, pnrn `f p`rsmhnf nesdritm nf nr`n e` dmhsuftn `xt`rhn y prmj`simhnf`s qu` s` vnh jmrlnhem dmh `f prmpmsitm e` qu` sirvn e` npmym `h `f e`snrrmffm e` fns juhdimh`s qu` s` ff`vnh ndkm `h `f nr`n e` dmhsuftn `xt`rhn, pmr fm qu` `s e` vitnf ilpmrntnhdin qu` `f lislm s` r`vis` dih fn e`kien p`rimeidiene n jih e` qu` s` lnht`hcn ndtunfiznem.
5
MKO@UIZMT
C`h`rnf`s?
Mri`htnr nf p`rsmhnf smkr` fms mko`tivms, juhdimh`s y `strudturn mrcîhidn e` Dmhsuftn @xt`rhn, @xt`r hn, e`fil e`filitnhem itnhem fns r`spmhsn r`spmhsnkifie kifiene`s, ne`s, nsì dmlm `f îlkit îlkitmm e` dmlp`t`hdin dmlp`t`hdin e` fns eistihtns îr`ns qu` fn iht`crnh y s`rvir e` npmym pnrn dmhmdili`htm e` fns p`rsmhns e` hu`vm ihcr`sm.
@sp`dìjidms?
Krihenr nt`hdiôh mpmrtuhn nf usunrim qu` ndue` nf s`rvidim e` dmhsuftn `xt`rhn e` ndu`rem n fn pntmfmcìn pr`s`htnen Krihenr nt`hdiôh léeidn `sp`dinfiznen e` jmrln mpmrtuhn dmh dnfiene y dnfie`z n fms pndi`ht`s qu` nsist`h n fn uhiene e` fn dmhsuftn `xt`rhn. Rrmpmrdimhnr uh lnrdm r`cufnemr qu` e`jihn juhdimh`s y r`spmhsnkifiene`s. Rmt`hdinr `f nutmduienem pnrn lnht`h`r uhn nutmhmlìn, ihe`p`he`hdin y dnfiene e` vien.
0
>. E@J E@JIHID IHIDIÔH IÔH E@ DMHTPF DMHTPFUN UN @WU@[H @WU@[HN N Nt`hdiôh léeidn qu` s` mtmrcn nf pndi`ht` nlkufntmrim, `h uh dmhsuftmrim m `h `f emlidifim
e` eidgm pndi`ht`, qu` dmhsist` `h r`nfiznr uh iht`rrmcntmrim y uhn `xpfmrndiôh jìsidn pnrn iht`crnr uh einchôstidm y/m enr s`cuili`htm n uhn `hj`rl`ene einchmstidnen pr`vinl`ht`. Tmh e`p e`pnr nrtn tnl` l`ht htms ms emh emhe` e` s` il ilpn pnrt rt`h `h nt nt`h `hdi diôh ôh lé léei eidn dn y du duie iene nems ms e` `h `hj`r j`rl` l`rì rìnn n pndi`ht`s ditnems n trnvés e` iht`rdmhsuftns, e`pnrtnl`htm e`pnr tnl`htm e`f îr`n y r`visimh`s sud`sivns. Dmhsist` `h fn r`fndiôh n trnvés e` uhn `htr`vistn léeidm- pndi`ht` y fns `xpfmrndimh`s qu` dmheud`h nf einchôstidm y fn pr`sdripdiôh si ju`s` h`d`snrim.
>.> IHU@C[NDIMH E@ DMHTPFUN @WU@[HN L`eidihn pr`v`htivn L`eidihn c`h`rnf L`eidihn e` `sp`dinfiene`s.
>.; JPHDIMH@T DMLPH@T @H DMHTPFUN @WU@[HN Fmdnfiznr, pr`pnrnr y eistrikuir gistmrins dfìhidns. Iheidnr nf pndi`ht` dmlm e`k` pnsnr` fn tnro`tn snhitnrin pnrn s`r nt`heiem. Nt`he`r ` ihjmrlnr nf pndi`ht`. [`pmh`r lnt`rinf `h tmens fns dmhsuftns. :
Ditnr nf pndi`ht` pnrn prôxilns visitns. Nt`he`r urc`hdins qu` surc`h `h `f eìn.
;. E@TD[I E@TD[IRDIM RDIMH H E@ RP@TUM RP@TUMT T ;.> @HJ@[L@[N @HDN[CNEN E@ DMHTPFUN @WU@[HN Rrmpmrdimhnr n fns y fms usunrims y pndi`ht`s y/m jnlifinr r`spmhsnkf` uh trntm dmreinf y nlnkf`, knsnem `h `f dôeicm e` étidn ihstitudimhnf, r`sp`tnhem sus vnfmr`s, dr``hdins, ie`mfmcìn y mric`h Rr`s`htnrs` dmh fns y fms usunrims y pndi`ht`s y/m jnlifinr r`spmhsnkf`, iheidnhem su hmlkr` dmlpf`tm y dnrcm. [`di [` diki kirr `f p` p`rs rsmh mhnf nf e` @h @hj` j`rl rl`r `rìn ìn e` e`ff Lôeu Lôeufm fm e` Nsic Nsichn hndi diôh ôh e` Di Ditn tn e` Rr`dmhsuftn, n fns y fms usunrims y pndi`ht`s, qu` nsist`h `h jmrln pr`s`hdinf n smfi smfidi ditn tnrr uhn vn vnfm fmrn rndi diôh ôh `h `f T`rvi T`rvidi dimm e` Rr Rr`dm `dmhsu hsuft ftn, n, f` f`ss ih ihjmr jmrln ln smkr` smkr` fm fmss r`quisitms e`f s`rvidim. F`s smfiditn su hmlkr` dmlpf`tm, j`dgn e` hndili`htm y uh hÿl`rm t`f`jôhidm (pr`j`r`ht`l`ht` jiom) y f`s `htr`cn `f Urìptidm e`f T`rvidim e` Rr`dmhsuftn dmh fn j`dgn y gmrn e` fn ditn. Z`rijidnr fn ie`htijidndiôh e` fns y fms usunrims y pndi`ht`s l`einht` fn sicui`ht` ihjmrlndiôh?
Hmlkr` dmlpf`tm
J`dgn e` hndili`htm [`di [` diki kirr `f p` p`rs rsmh mhnf nf e` @h @hj` j`rl rl`r `rìn ìn e` e`ff Lôeu Lôeufm fm e` Nsic Nsichn hndi diôh ôh e` Di Ditn tn e` Rr`dmhsuftn, fns ffnlnens t`f`jôhidns e` fns p`rsmhns qu` utifiznh `stn lmenfiene pnrn smfiditnr uhn vnfmrndiôh `h `f T`rvidim e` Rr`dmhsuftn, ihjmrlnr smkr` fms r`quisitms e`f s`rvidim. Tmfiditnr su hmlkr` dmlpf`tm, j`dgn e` hndili`htm y uh hÿl`rm t`f`jôhidn (pr`j`r`ht`l`ht` jiom) y mtmrcnr uhn j`dgn y gmrn e` fn ditn.
3
[`cistrnr fn nsist`hdin `f eìn e` fn dmhsuftn, `f p`rsmhnf e` @hj`rl`rìn e`f Lôeufm e` Nsichndiôh e` Ditn e` Rr`dmhsuftn ` iheidnr n fns y fms usunrims y pndi`ht`s pnsnr n fn dnon n r`nfiznr su pncm y qu` `sp`rnr n qu` uhn m uh `hj`rl`rm e` `st` lôeufm f`s ffnl` pnrn ihcr`snr nf T`rvidim e` Rr`dmhsuftn. [`dikir, `f p`rsmhnf e` @hj`rl`rìn e` Lôeufm e` Nt`hdiôh e` Rr`dmhsuftn n fns y fms usunrims y pndi`ht`s, pr`s`htnrs` ` iheidnr su hmlkr` dmlpf`tm y dnrcm. [`nfiznr, `f p`rsmhnf e` @hj`rl`rìn e`f Lôeufm e` Nt`hdiôh e` Rr`dmhsuftn, fn smlntml`trìn y tmln e` sichms vitnf`s e` fns y fms usunrims y pndi`ht`s.
R`sm
Nfturn m tnffn
U`lp`rnturn
Rufsm (m jr`du`hdin dnreìndn)
Rr`siôh nrt`rinf
Jr`du`hdin r`spirntmrin [`cistrnr fn ihjmrlndiôh mkt`hien `h `f Jmrlntm [`cistrm e` Tichms Zitnf`s y Tmlntml`trìn y `htr`cnr n fns y fms usunrims y pndi`ht`s `f r`cistrm e` sichms vitnf`s. @htr`cnr `f jmrlntm pnrn ndueir nf Lôeufm e` [`cistrm e` Rndi`ht`s, `h dnsm e` qu` fns y fms usunrims y pndi`ht`s s`nh nd`ptnems, y pnrn qu` s` f`s nsich` uh hÿl`rm e` `xp`ei`ht`. [`quisitnr, `f p`rsmhnf e` `hj`rl`rìn e`f Lôeufm e` [`cistrm e` Rndi`ht`s, `f jmrlntm nsichnr uh hÿl`rm e` `xp`ei`ht` ` iheidnr n fns y fms usunrims y pndi`ht`s
7
;.; O@J@ L@EIDM DMHTPFUN @WU@[HN Krihenr nt`hdiôh léeidn n pndi`ht`s e` ndu`rem n pndi`ht`s e` ndu`rem n `sp`dinfiene`s e` fn L`eidihn, l`einht` fn npfidndiôh e` prmd`eili`htms léeidms e` nftn dmlpf`oiene einchmstidn y t`rnpéutidn, e` ndu`rem n fn hmrlntivn, cuìns y prmtmdmfms e` nt`hdiôh `stnkf`diems n jih e` krihenr s`rvidims e` snfue dmh dnfiene, dnfie`z y mpmrtuhiene n fn pmkfndiôh, dmhtrikuy`hem dmh fn r`dup`rndiôh e` fn snfue e`f pndi`ht` `h `f lnrdm e`f lme`fm e` nt`hdiôh. @fnkmrnr, `o`dutnr, lmhitmr`nr y `vnfunr fms pfnh`s e` trnknom mp`rntivms e` fn uhiene. Rfnhijidnr, mrcnhiznr, eiricir y dmmreihnr fns ndtiviene`s nelihistrntivns y nsist`hdinf`s e` fn uhiene. Tup`rvisnr y `vnfunr fms s`rvidims léeidms qu` s` krihenh n fms pndi`ht`s. Dmmreihnr ndtiviene`s e` fn Phiene dmh fns O`jnturns e` E`pnrtnl`htm L`eidm y e` T`rvidim. [`nfiznr visitns ndneélidm-nsist`hdinf`s dmh léeidms [`sie`ht`s ` Iht`rhms. Jmrlufnr, prmpmrdimhnr ` ilpf`l`htnr `strnt`cins, hmrlns, lnhunf`s, cuìns, prmtmdmfms e` nt`hdiôh y e`lîs ihstrul`htms tédhidms qu` qu ` mri`ht`h fns juhdimh`s e` fn uhiene, n jih e` prmpmrdimhnr nt`hdiôh l`eidn dmh dnfiene y dnfie`z n fms pndi`ht`s. Eis`þnr, `o`dutnr y `vnfunr fms pfnh`s y prmcrnlns pnrn `f e`snrrmffm e` fn uhiene. Nt`he`r `f sist`ln e` r`j`r`hdin-r`tmrhm C`stimhnr e` l`eidnl`htms, `quipms y /m ihsulms léeidms pnrn `f e`snrrmffm fn e`emtndiôh fns ndtiviene`s. Zicifnr `f ne`dunem sulihistrm e` fms l`eidnl`htms ` ihsulms léeidms. Ns`smrnr nf p`rsmhnf knom su r`spmhsnkifiene, Léeidms, Léeidms [`sie`ht`s y `stueinht`s. Krihenr nt`hdiôh l`eidn s`cÿh `sp`dinfiene. Z`fnr pmr `f r`cistrm ne`dunem e` fn ihjmrlndiôh dmrr`spmhei`ht` n fns ndtiviene`s e` fn uhiene. Rrmlmv`r, ns`smrnr y dmmreihnr `f trnknom di`htijidm-t`dhidm. @litir ihjmrl`s p`riôeidms smkr` fns ndtiviene`s e`snrrmffnens pmr fn uhiene, pr`s`htnrfms dmh mpmrtuhiene n fn o`jnturn ihl`eintn pnrn fn tmln e` e`disimh`s. Nsistir n r`uhimh`s nelihistrntivns dmhvmdnens pmr `f Eir`dtmr e`f Gmspitnf, nsì dmlm n prmcrnlns m ndtiviene`s e` jmrlndiôh y dnpnditndiôh. 9
@fnkmrnr l`lmrin e` fnkmr`s nhunf`s e` fn uhiene y pr`s`htnrfn dmh mpmrtuhiene n fn o`jnturn ihl`eintn. Dulpfir y jndifitnr fn npfidndiôh e` fn F`y e` Ndd`sm n fn Ihjmrlndiôh Rukfidn `h fns eij`r`ht`s îr`ns e` su r`spmhsnkifiene.
;.4 L@EIDMT DMHTPFUNHU@T E@ @TR@DINFIENE@T Krihenr n dnen usunrim fn nt`hdiôh léeidn dmhtihunen e` fn lîs nftn dnfiene. Dulpfir fm `stnkf`diem `h fn hmrlntivn hndimhnf e` nt`hdiôh y `h `f lnhunf e` mrcnhizndiôh y e` prmd`eili`htms e`f s`rvidim m e`pnrtnl`htm. [`visnr qu` fn gistmrin dfìhidn e` sus pndi`ht`s s`n dmlpf`tn y dmh dnfiene dmh f`trn dfnrn y f`cikf`, e`onr dmhstnhdin e` su pnrtidipndiôh n trnvés e` su jirln y s`ffm p`rsmhnf. @j`dtunr n dnen usunrim uhn vnfmrndiôh einchmstidn e` fms prmkf`lns dfìhidms qu` e`t`dt`, utifiznhem `f létmem dfìhidm (`h dnen usunrim iheivieunfl`ht`), `vitnhem fn iheidndiôh e` `xîl`h`s ihh`d`snrims. Rr`sdr Rr`s drik ikir ir fms fms l` l`ei eidn dnl` l`ht htms ms pr pr`v `vis istm tmss `h `f du dune nerm rm kî kîsi sidm dm fm fmdn dnff y du dunh nhem em s` s`nn ilpr`sdiheikf` uh l`eidnl`htm qu` hm `sté `h `f dunerm kîsidm, trnlitnrfm p`rsmhnfl`ht` dmh sus sup`rimr`s, njìh e` r`nfiznr fns c`stimh`s dmh dnrîdt`r ihstitudimhnf. Rnrtidipnr `h fn nt`hdiôh l`eidn `h fms s`rvidims e` `l`rc`hdin y nlkufntmrims e` ndu`rem dmh fns nsichndimh`s e` gmrns `stnkf`diens y fns h`d`siene`s léeidns e` fn ihstitudiôh. [`nfiz [`nf iznr nr `f ff`h ff`hnem nem dmr dmrr`d r`dtm tm y mpmrt mpmrtuh uhmm e` tm tmem emss fm fmss em emdul dul`h `htm tmss léei léeidmdm-f` f`cnf cnf`s `s r`fndimhnems dmh fn nsist`hdin léeidn. Dul Dulpfi pfirr dmh fns hmrl hmrlns, ns, r`cf r`cfnl` nl`htm htms, s, prmt prmtmdm mdmfms fms y/m prmd`ei prmd`eili` li`htm htmss ihsti ihstitud tudimh imhnf` nf`ss `stnkf`diems. Ff`vnr `f r`cistrm mpmrtuhm e` fns ndtiviene`s r`nfiznens gndi`hem usm e` fms jmrlufnrims dmrr`spmhei`ht`s.
>2
E@TD[IRDIÔH E@F R[MD@EILI@HUM
>. [`d`pdiôh
e` pndi`ht`
;. @stueim
smdim`dmhôlidm pnrn ukidndiôh e` hiv`f
@f pndi`ht` ndue` n dmhsuftn e` pril`rn v`z, dmh gmon e` r`j`r`hdin y dmhtrnrr`j`r`hdin.
@stnkf`d`r hiv`f smdim`dmhôlidm e` ndu`rem nf `stueim r`nfiznem, dunhem ndue`h n dmhsuftn pmr pril`rn mdnsiôh.
Nelihistrntivm e`f lôeufm e` pr`dmhsuftn
Nelihistrntivm e`f lôeufm e` pr`dmhsuftn
Unkufnemr @xp`ei`ht` dfìhidm
>>
4. Dmkrm
Ndus` n r`nfiznr `f trîlit` e` pncm e` ndu`rem nf hiv`f nsichnem. [`dikm Hmrlntiviene
5. [`d`pdiôh e`
pndi`ht`
[`dik` y v`rijidn fn ditn `h fn fikr`tn e` ditns e`f dmhsuftmrim n pnsnr.
Tukeir`ddiôh e` [`dursms Jihnhdi`rms (Îr`n e` Dnon e` Gmspitnf)
R`rsmhnf e`f Lôeufm e` Ditns
Fikr`tn e` r`cistrms
>;
0. Tmlntml`trin
[`nfizn fn smlntml`trin y tmln e` sichms vitnf`s nht`s e` fn dmhsuftn e`f pndi`ht`.
@hj`rl`rn e` dmhsuftn `xt`rhn
Unro`tn e` r`cistrm
[`dik` nf pndi`ht` e` pril`rn v`z `h pr`dmhsuftn. :. Nt`hdiôh l`eidn
[`dik` nf pndi`ht` suks`du`ht`, mtmrcn dmhsuftn y nc`hen dmhsuftn suks`du`ht` m s` `hvìn n gmspitnfizndiôh e` ndu`rem n iheidndiôh léeidn
Léeidm `sp`dinfistn
@xp`ei`ht` dfìhidm Mre`h e` iht`rhnli`htm.
>4
DMHDFPTIÔH
N fn dmhdfus dmhdfusiôh iôh qu` ff`cn ff`cnlms lms ju` qu` `s ilpmr ilpmrtnht` tnht` t`h`r dmhmdili dmhmdili`htm `htm e` fns ndtiviene`s ndtiviene`s qu` s` r`nfizn `h `stnrî îr`n e` dmhsuftn `xt`rhn yn qu` `s e` suln ilpmrtnhdin yn qu` `s nquì emhe` s` ihidin `f prmd`sm pnrn qu` hms krihe`h uhn ne`dunen nt`hdiôh y l`omr` hu`strn snfue.
Rmr `ffm fms léeidms, `hj`rl`rms, `stueinht`s y e`lîs trnknonemr`s e`f îr`n e` fn snfue e`k`h snk`r dôlm `s eidgm prmd`sm `f mre`h n s`cuir pnrn trnknonr e` lnh`rn mre`hnen, dmh ku`hn dmluhidndiôh `htr` tmens y nsì enrf` uhn sntisjnddiôh nf pndi`ht` e` qu` gn siem nt nt`h `hei eiem em e` fn ln lnh` h`rn rn lî lîss nl nlnk nkf` f`,, c`h`r c`h`rnr` nr`lm lmss dm dmhji hjinh nhzn zn y nsì pm pme`l e`lms ms pr` pr`v` v`hi hir r `hj`rl`ene`s, enr einchôstidms y trntnli`htms ne`dunems.
>5
NH@WMT
R[IL@[ HIZ@F
>0
>:
ÌHEID@ E@ FMT EMDPL@HUMT ^P@ IHU@C[NH @F @WR@EI@HU@ DFÌHIDM
M[E@H E@F @WR@EI@HU@ DFÌHIDM (E@ NE@FNHU@ GNDIN NU[ÎT) GMON J[MHUNF GITUM[IN DFÌHIDN C@H@[NF (GITUM[IN DFÌHIDN DFÌ HIDN R@[IHNU R@[IHNUNF, NF, GITUM[IN DFÌHIDN MEMHUMFMCÌDN @UD). HMUN E@ IHC[@TM (@H DNTM E@ R[MC[NLN @TR@DÌJIDM) HMUNT E@ @ZMFPDIÔH (E@F L@EIDM, MEMHUMFMCM, RTIDMFMCM, HPU[IDIÔH @UD.) RN[UMC[NLN (TI NRFIDN) GMON E@ @HJ@[L@[ÌN GMON E@ NPWIFIN[@T EINCHÔTUIDM Y U[NUNLI@HUM
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GMON J[MHUNF
>3
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G`r`eitnrims y jnlifinr`s
R`rsmhnf`s hm pntmfôcidms
R`rsmhnf`s Rntmfôcidms
Nht`d`e`ht`s Cih`dm-mkstétridms
Rne`dili`htm ndtunf (lmvm e` dmhsuftn)
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Eic`svm
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Dirdufntmrim (5)
Prihnrim (0)
C`hitnf (:)
G`lîdm y fihjîdm (3)
@hemdrihm (7)
H`rvimsm (9)
Lusdufm `squ`fédm
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Ri`f, ludmsns y nh`xms (>>)
Tìhtmlns c`h`rnf`s (>;)
@xîl`h`s pr`vims (>4)
U`rnpéudn @lpf`nen
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IHEIDNDIMH@T E@F L@EIDM E@K@ I[ T@CPIEMT E@F HMLK[@, JI[LN Y DNU@CM[IN E@F L@EIDM
J@DGN Y GM[N
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HMUNT LÉEIDNT
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J@DGN Y GM[N
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[@DM[EN[ GND@[FM @[PDUN[ NF U@[LIHN[ E@ E @ LNLN[. NDMTUN[FM E@F FNEM E@[@DGM DPNHEM U@[LIH@. EN[F@ E@ LNLN[ NFU@[HNHEM NLKMT T@HMT EP[NHU@ >2 N >0 LIH. E@ DNEN FNEM.
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;:
JI[LN Y GP@FFN
GMON E@ [@CITU[M NH@TUÉTIDM
@ENE C@TUNDIMHNF DNRP[[M GMTRIUNF? ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]] GIOM E@? ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
@ENE C@TUNDIMHNF DNRP[[M
N
Jmrln e`f
R`zôh np`hns vis ikf `. Hm Hm s`
R`zôh ki` h e`hiem nr`mfn
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e` 2.3 2.300
2
0
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K Luy hn c`fnhmsn
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Jihn y fis n
0
Nr`mfn ki`h e`hien . Hm smkr`snfi`ht` 2.30 Fi Fisn sn y lme`rnenl`ht` cru`sn. E`sdnlndiôh sup`rjidinf
>2
Nr`mfn smkr`snfi`ht` 2.30
>0 Cru`sn , ri ricien, cien, surdms sup` rjidinf`s dinf`s . E`sdnlndiôh sup`rjidinf
>7
Cr Cru`s u`s n y np`rcnlihnen
;;
@hcrmsnli`htm Ihidim @hcrmsnen y 5 ihdmlpf`tm 2 jmrln `hcrmsnli`htm `hdmrvnen ; Jmrln e` fn Rfnhn y sih jmrln smkr` litne < e`f kmre` kmre` tmtnfl`ht` Mr`on A nht`rimr s M n 2 0 >2 ;5 ì D e I 2 U Unln Unlnþm þm e`f Î Einl`trm 2 Hm pnfpnkf ` Eiîl`trm 2.0 dl Ei î l`trm 8 >.2 >.2 dl ; L 2.0->.2 dl < t`oiem M A T lnlnrim M 2 0 >2 >0 D I Turdms Turdms [moms C Turdms Rrmjuhems R`qu`þms s urdms urd ms e`hiems `h litne prmjuhems prmjuhems qu` Ô Nus`ht`s Rfi`cu`s F rmoms rmoms `h litne nht`rimr surdms >/4 qu` smkr`pnsnh >/; smkr`pns nh >/; nht`rimr M pfnhtnr`s nht`rimr nht`rimr nht`rimr [ P 2 0 >2 >0 ;2 @ H Y Tichm "E` fn M D I U Î L M T
kujnhen" Tichm "Dnk`zn e` cmtn"
2
:
>;
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2
5
7
>;
GMON E@F [@DI@H HNDIEM
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[@TRMHTNKF@ E@ FMT DPIENEMT E@F [.H
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;4.; Dmf mr (i h df uy` ddii nhmsi s, i dt` ri di n, p nf ie ` s ) ;4.4 RI@F ;4.5 HPU[IDIMH > > ;4.0 @E@LN Umrnx y nkeml`h suk` y knon Nd` h tu n e m y dm h s tn h t` ;4.: D[ÎH@M ;4.:.> DNRPU DNRPU (>) HM (;) TTII ;4.:.; D@JNFMG@LNUMLN D@JNFMG@LNUMLN (>) HM (;) TI ;4.:.4 E@TNUIH@NLI@HU E@TNUIH@NLI@HUM M ÔT@M (>) HM (;) TI ; ; ;4.3 JNTDI@T ;4.7 MIEMT ILRFNHUNDIÔH ;4.9 MOMT ;4.>2 HN[I_/ ZINT N@[@NT ;4.>> KMDN/RNFNEN[ KMDN/RNFNEN[ ;4.>; DP@FFM DP@FFM ;4.>4 UM[NW (DFNZIDPFN) (DFNZIDPFN)
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42
HMUN E@ @C[@TM ZMFPHUN[IM
FPCN[ Y J@DGN Gmrn?]]]]]]]] Hmlkr`? Ie`hdnem dmh? Hmlkr` e`f Jnlifinr [`spmhsnkf`? [`spmhsnkf `? Ie`hdnem dmh? [`pr`s`htnht` [`pr`s`htn ht` F`cnf? Ie`hdnem dmh?
]]]]]]] Hm. E` `xp`ei`ht`]]]]]]]]]], `xp`ei`ht` ]]]]]]]]]], @ene ]]] ]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]
Rmr l`eim e` fn pr`s`ht` lnhi`stm li vmfuhtne e` `cr`snr e` `st` Gmspitnf, pmr? ]]] e`onhem n snfvm lis e`r`dgms qu` puei`rnh dmrr`spmhe`rl`. [`sul`h Dfìhidm ]]]]]]]]]
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L`eiens r`dml`henens r`dml`henens pnrn fn prmt`ddiôh e` fn snfue e`f pndi`ht` y pnrn fn nt`hdiôh e` jndtmr`s e` ri`scm, eurnht` su `cr`sm y trnsfnem. ]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]] Fm nht`rimr dmh juhenl`htm `h fn Hmrln Mdinf L`xidnhn HML 225 — TTN4 — ;2>; e`f @xp`ei`ht` Dfìhidm
Hmlkr` y Jirln e`f Rndi`ht`
Hmlkr` y Jirln e`f Jnlifinr [`spmhsnkf`
Hmlkr` y Jirln e`f U`scm
Hmlkr` y Jirln e`f Léeidm Urntnht`
Hmlkr` y Jirln e`f Léeidm
Hmlkr` y Jirln e`f U`scm
4>
DN[UN E@ DMHT@HUI DMHT@HUILI@HUM LI@HUM KNOM IHJM[LNDIÔH RN[N NU@HDIÔH MKTU@U[IDN Hmtn? Fn pr`s`ht` Dnrtn s`rî lmeijidnen e` ndu`rem n fns [`jmrlns e` fn F`y Dmrr`spmhei`ht`. Rmr l`eim e` fn pr`s`ht` y `h pf`hm usm e` lis jnduftne`s sidns y l`htnf`s, lnhi`stm qu` g` siem ihjmrlnen ihjmrlnen smkr` smkr` fms eiv`rsms eiv`rsms prmd`ei prmd`eili`htm li`htmss Mkstétridms Mkstétridms qu` s` pmerình pmerình r`qu`rir r`qu`rir `h li p`rsmhn y/m `h `f prmeudtm prmeudtm e` e` li `lknrnzm. `lknrnzm. (@h `st` `spndim e`sdrikn fn hnturnf`zn e` fn Dirucìn).
Lnhimkrns m prmd`eili`htms mkstétridms? [i`scms y dmlpfidndimh`s?
Uipm e` Nh`st`sin? G` t`hiem fn mpmrtuhiene e` jmrlufnr fns pr`cuhtns r`j`r`ht`s nf prmd`eili`htm mkstétridm, fns dunf`s l` gnh siem `xpfidnens n li `ht`rn snsjnddiôh1 pmr fm tnhtm nutmrizm nf p`rsmhnf e` snfue, pnrn qu` ff`v`h n dnkm `f prmd`eili`htm e` nt`hdiôh e`f pnrtm, fms létmems einchôsdms l`eiens t`rnpéudns y quirÿrcidns qu` s` r`qui`rnh1 nsì dmlm, pnrn nt`he`r fns dmhhc`hdins y/m urc`hdins, fm nht`rimr dmh juhenl`htm `h `f Nrdufm :> Jrnddiôh I e` fn F`y C`h`rnf e` Tnfue, Hmrln Mdinf L`xidnhn HML — 223 — TTN — >994 pnrn fn Nt`hdiôh e` fn Luo`r eurnht` `f @lknrnzm, Rnrtm m Ru`rp`rim y e`f [`diéh Hndiem, nsì dmlm fn Hmrln Mdinf L`xidnhn HML — 225 — TTN4 — ;2>; e`f @xp`ei`ht` Dfìhidm. Fucnr y J`dgn ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Hmlkr`? Ie`hdnem dmh? Hmlkr` e`f Jnlifinr [`spmhsnkf`? Ie`hdnem dmh? [`pr`s`htnht` F`cnf? Ie`hdnem dmh?
Hmlkr` y Jirln e`f Rndi`ht`
Hmlkr` y Jirln e`f U`scm
Hm. e` @xp`ei`ht`?
, @ene
Hmlkr` y Jirln e`f Léeidm Urntnht`
Hmlkr` y Jirln e`f U`scm
Hmtn? Fn pr`s`ht` Dnrtn s`rî lmeijidnen e` ndu`rem n fns [`jmrlns e` fn F`y Dmrr`spmhei`ht`.
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D@[UIJIDNEM E@ F@TIMH@T Hm. ]]]]]]]]]] NFI@HUM NFDMGMFIDM?
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NTPHUM? D`rdndiôh e` f`simh`s ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] , Mnx.]]]]]]]]]] e` ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]e`]]]]]]]]]]] D. Nc`ht` e`f Lihist`rim Rÿkfidm. R[@T@HU@ @f qu` sus susdri drik` k` ]]] ]]]]]] ]]]]]] ]]]]]] ]]]]]] ]]]]]] ]]]]]] ]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]] ]]]]]] ]]]]]] ]]]]], ]], lée léeidm idm f`cnfl`ht` Nutmriznem pnrn `o`rd`r, dmh [`cistrm C`h`rnf e` Rrmj`simh`s ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] D`rdn, qu` gnki`hem r`nfiznem `xnl`h dfìhidm n éf (fn) D.]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]], e` ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] nþms e` `ene, s` f` gnh `hdmhtrnem fns sicui`ht`s f`simh`s.
E` ndu`rem n fn dfnsidndiôh e` f`simh`s? (TI) (HM) Rmh`h `h p`ficrm fn f n vien. Unre`h (LNT) (L@HMT) e` ; s`lnhns `h snhnr. (TI) (HM) E`onh didntriz visikf` (TI) (HM)E`onh s`du`fn? ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]] T` `xpie` fn pr`s`ht` pnrn fms h`s nf qu` nf iht`r`snem dmhv`hcn, `h mricihnf y dmpin.
NU@HUNL@HU@? ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
44
DMHT@HUILI@HUM IHJM[LNEM
[`dmhmzdm qu` s` l` gn prmpmrdimhnem ihjmrlndiôh nlpfin y pr`disn smkr` fms k`h`dims e` usnr uh létmem nhdmhd`pvm pnrn duienr li snfue y pr`v`hir `lknrnzms, pmr fm qu` `h`hem y e`dfnrm fm sicui`ht`? >. T` l` ihjmrlô ihjmrlô qu` `xist`h `xist`h létmems létmems nhdmhd` nhdmhd`pvms pvms t`lpmrnf t`lpmrnf`s `s y p`rlnh`ht` p`rlnh`ht`ss pnrn lì y li pnr`on. ;. Fms létmems létmems t`lpmrnf`s t`lpmrnf`s eispmhikf`s eispmhikf`s `h fn fn TTN, smh smh fns pnsffns (Gmrlmhnf`s mrnf`s), `f `f eispmsivm eispmsivm ihtrnut`rihm (EIP), fns ihy`ddimh`s ihy`ddimh`s (gmrlmhnf`s ihy`dtnkf`s). 4. Fms létmems létmems p`rlnh`ht`s p`rlnh`ht`s smh? Fn ficneurn e` trmlpns trmlpns (mdfusiôh (mdfusiôh turknrin kifnt`rnf kifnt`rnf m snfpihcmdfnsin) snfpihcmdfnsin) pnrn fns luo`r`s y pnrn fms gmlkr`s fn vns`dtmlìn. 5. ^u` si e`diem usnr usnr uh létmem létmem t`lpmrnf, `stms `h nfcuhms dnsms dnsms ff`cnh n jnffnr y pmr pmr fm tnhtm pu`em qu`enr qu`enr `lknrnznen. 0. ^u` si si e`dieiô e`dieiô usnr usnr uh létmem létmem p`rlnh`h p`rlnh`ht`, t`, yn hm hm pmeré pmeré t`h`r t`h`r lîs gioms gioms.. :. `lknrnznen ^u` nuh nuh fms (m létmems p`rlnh`ht`s p`rlnh`ht`s ff`cnh n jnffnr y qu` pmr fm tnhtm `xist` fn fn pmsikifiene pmsikifiene e` qu` qu`e` `lknrnd` n li pnr`on). 3. ^u` s` l` gn gn ihjmrlnem ihjmrlnem dmh nlpfi nlpfitue tue y dfnriene dfnriene smkr` smkr` tmens fns fns dmsns y dnen dnen uhn e` fns fns pmsikf`s pmsikf`s lmf`sns m `j`dtms hm e`s`nems qu` nf usnr `f létmem `f`ciem pu`em t`h`r. 7. ^u` l` dmlprml dmlprml`tm `tm n ndueir ndueir n r`visiôh r`visiôh léeidn léeidn `h dnsm dnsm e` ff`cnr ff`cnr n t`h`r t`h`r nfcuhn euen euen m lmf`sn, lmf`sn, m dunhem s` l` iheiqu`.
Rmr fm nht`rimr, `s li e`disiôh fikr`, dmhsi`ht` ` ihjmrlnen nd`ptnr `f usm e`f sicui`ht` létmem? ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]] Jirlm `st` dmhs`hli`htm dmh li fikr` vmfuhtne `h pr`s`hdin e` uh t`scm qu` ym `sdmcì y sih gnk`r `stnem suo`tn (m) n hihcÿh pm e` pr`siôh m dm`rdiôh pnrn gnd`rfm.
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Fucnr y J`dgn
Nd`ptnht`
U`scm
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]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]] Hmlkr` y ukidndiôh e` fn uhiene
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]] Hmlkr` y rln e`f léeidm 45
KIKFIMC[NJIN
DMUNHEN, J. F. (;2>3). LNHPN LNHPNF F E@ NEL NELIHITU[N IHITU[NDIMH DIMH Y C@ C@TUIMH TUIMH T TNHIUN[ NHIUN[IN. IN. EIN_ E@ TNHUMT. HM[LN MJIDINF L@WIDNHN HML-225-TTN4-;2>2 E@F @WR@EI@HU@ DFÌHIDM. HM[LN MJIDINF L@WIDNHN HML-2;0-TTN;->995 RN[N FN R[@TUNDIÔH E@ T@[ZIDIMT @H PHIENE@T E@ NU@HDIÔH GMTRIUNFN[IN LÉWIDMRTI^PIÎU[IDNT.
40
