MANUAL. CompLEC

 

 

@JMSJL Qruchj dc Nb`pctcm Nb`pctcmnej nej Lcntbrj pjrj Cdunjneþm ^cnumdjrej

Nb`pLCN  Jutbrcs7

Smevcrsedjd dc _jlcmnej Cstj pruchj fj sedb cljhbrjdj krjnejs j lj suhvcmneþm dcl @emestcreb Cdunjneþm, Qblàtenj ^bnejl y Dcpbrtc `cdejmtc cl nbmtrjtb dc emvcstekjneþm pjrj lj rcjlezjneþm dc cstudebs sbhrc lcnturj @CQ^D8116-H88 @CQ^D8116H88 nbmncdedb jl prbycnt17‐  Cvjlujneþm  Cvjlujneþm dc nb`pctcmnejs dc lcnturj cm C^B sekuecmdb cl csquc`j QE^J7 dejkmþstenb dc jlu`mbs‐ jlu`mbs‐ (HBC sêhjdb >: dc cmcrb dc 8115). 8115).  

 

JKXJDCNE@ECMTB^  Lbs jutbrcs jkrjdcncm jkrjdcncm j lbs dercntbrcs, ps psenbpcdjkbkbs, enbpcdjkbkbs, prbocsbrcs prbocsbrcs y jlu`mbs dc lbs sekuecmtcs ncmtrbs cdunjtevbs su pjrtenepjneþm pjrtenepjneþm dcsemtcrcsjdj cm lj cljhbrjneþm dc cstj pruchj7 Ncmtrbs lj Nb`umedjd EC^ Njrb dc Hjrbgj (Qj`plbmj)dc Mjvjrrj7 EC^ Mjvjrrb _ellbsljdj (Qj`plbmj) EC^ Wezur (Qj`plbmj) EC^ CKJ ^jm Jdreêm (Qj`plbmj) EC^ Jzjkrj (Jzjkrj)

EC^ ^btbs (Njsj-Ehêúcz) EC^ Hbmeojneb Nbmdcstjhlc Êlvjrb Lumj (Ellcsnjs) ( Ellcsnjs) EC^ ^crrjmàj Hjgj (Ljmdctc) EC^ Lencb Njrjncmsc (Kujdjljgjrj)

Ncmtrbs dc Njmtjhrej7 Nblckeb ^jlcsejmbs (^jmtjmdcr) Nblckeb ^jm Jkustàm (^jmtjmdcr) Nblckeb _crdc`jr (^jmtjmdcr) EC^ Jlhcrtb Qenb (^jmtjmdcr) EC^ Tbrrcs Zucvcdb (^jmtjmdcr) ( ^jmtjmdcr)

EC^ Qrbocsbr Kbmzjlb Fucsj (Xbmdj) EC^ @jrtàm Xevcrb (Xbmdj) EC^ Qårcz dc Kuz`êm (Xbmdj) EC^ Xbdràkucz Dclkjdb (Xbmdj) EC^ K.J Hånqucr (^cvellj) EC^ _clêzqucz (^cvellj)

EC^ G.@ Qcrcdj (^jmtjmdcr) EC^ @urecdjs (Nj`jrkb) EC^ Jstellcrb (Cl Jstelljrb) EC^ G. Brhc Njmb (Nbrrjlcs dc Huclmj)

EC^ @jnjrcmj (^cvellj) EC^ Xj`þm dcl _jllc-Emnlêm (^cvellj) EC^ @jrtàmcz @bmtjúås (^cvellj)

EC^ Wjpjtþm (Tbrrcljvckj (Tbrrcljvckj)) Ncmtrbs dc Njstellj Lj @jmnfj7 Nblckeb ^jmtàse`j Tremedjd (Jlnêzjr dc ^jm Gujm) EC^ Nj`pb dc Njljtrjvj (@ekuclturrj) EC^ Esjhcl Qcrellêm y Zuerþs (Nj`pb dc Nreptjmj) EC^ dc Hjlhucmj EC^ Hcrmjrdb Qårcz Qjstbr (Tbhjrrj)(_jldcpcújs) EC^ Lcbmjrdb Dj _emne (Jlhjnctc)  

Ncmtrbs dc Jmdjlunàj7

Ncmtrbs dc lj Nb`umedjd _jlcmnejmj7 Nblckeb M· : Lehcrtjs (Tbrrcvecgj) Nblckeb ^jkrjdb Nbrjzþm (@esljtj) Lj ^jllc (Jlnby) Nblckeb Em`jnuljdj Gc Gcsuetjs suetjs (Jlenjmtc) Nblckeb Jvc @jràj dc Qcmyj Xbgj (_jlcmnej) EC^ Keljhcrt dc Ncmtcllcs (Mulcs) EC^ _crcdj (Qbhlj dc _jllhbmj) EC^ Tjvcrmcs (Tjvcrmcs Hljmqucs)

 

 Àmdenc :. @cdedj dc lj nb`pctcmnej lcntbrj……………………………………………………………4 :.:. Dcoemeneþm dc nb`pctcmnej lcntbrj………………………………………………..4 :.8. Dcnesebmcs sbhrc lj pruchj………………………………………..…………………? :.>. Descúb kcmcrjl dc lj pruchj………………………………………………..………..? 8. Jmêleses cstjdàstenb dc lj pruchj…………………………………………………………..…:1 8.:. Dcsnrepneþm Dcsnrepneþm dc lj `ucstrj ………………………………………………….………:1  8.8. Jmêleses dc lbs àtc`s………………………………………………………….……….:: 

8.>. Jmêleses klbhjl dc lj pruchj …………………………………………………….…..::  >. Mbr`js emtcrprctjtevjs……………………………………………………………….…………:8 

Jmcxb :. Qruchj Nb`pLCN………………………………………………………………………..:>

Jmcxb 8. Tepb dc prckumtjs y nretcrebs dc nbrrcnneþm…………………………………….8? 

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:. @CDEDJ DC LJ NB@QCTCMNEJ LCNTBXJ :.:. Dcoemeneþm dc nb`pctcmnej lcntbrj Lccr cs um bhgctevb hêsenb dcl sestc`j cdunjtevb yj quc fby dàj nujlquecr pcrsbmj quc mb scpj lccr tcmdrê screjs deoenultjdcs pjrj dcscmvblvcrsc cm cl `umdb jntujl. Qcrb, ²Nþ`b dcoeme`bs lb quc cs sjhcr lccr cm lj sbnecdjd sbnecdjd jntujl2 Jncptj`bs lj dcoemeneþm dc QE^J (BNDC, 8118)7 Lccr cs nb`prcmdcr, usjr y rcolcxebmjr sbhrc tcxtbs ccsnretbs snretbs j oem dc lbkrjr `ctjs  pcrsbmjlcs, dcsjrrblljr cl nbmbne`ecmtb y ljs pbtcmnejledjdcs pcrsbmjlcs, y pjrtenepjr cm lj sbnecdjd

Cstj dcoemeneþm cs j`plej, nb`prcmsevj y tecmc um cmbr`c nbmscmsb emtcrmjnebmjl. Jdc`ês, cl csquc`j dc nb`pctcmnejs dc QE^J fj emsperjdb dercntj`cmtc cl descúb y nbmstrunneþm dc cstj pruchj. Dc jnucrdb nbm cstc csquc`j, lbs cstudejmtcs dc`bstrjrjm su nb`pctcmnej lcntbrj nujmdb scpjm utelezjr umbs tcxtbs pjrj rcspbmdcr j umjs prckumtjs. prckumtjs. Qjrj cl descúb dc lbs tcxtbs tcxtbs y prckumtjs QE^J pjr pjrtc tc dc um csquc`j cm tbrmb j trcs cgcs7 •  ^etujnebmcs7 ²Cm  ²Cm quå setujnebmcs sc lcc2   •  Tcxtbs7 ²Zuå tcxtbs sc lccm2   • Jspcntbs (tjrcjs)7 ²Cm quå tjrcjs fjy quc scr um lcntbr nb`pctcmtc2  

Xcspcntb j setujnebmcs, QE^J nbmtc`plj nujtrb setujnebmcs deocrcmtcs dc lcnturj7 (j) p÷hlenjs tjlcs nb`b lccr dbnu`cmtbs boenejlcs (p. cg., obllctb sbhrc sjmedjd), b emobr`jneþm sbhrc jnbmtcne`ecmtbs (p. cg., um nbmnecrtb dc `÷senj)9 (h) cdunjtevjs, tjlcs nb`b lccr nujlquecr dbnu`cmtb rcqucredb pbr um prbocsbr9 (n) prevjdjs b pcrsbmjlcs, tjl nb`b lccr mbvcljs, njrtjs, b tcxtbs emobr`jtevbs lcàdbs pbr nurebsedjd pcrsbmjl9 (d) bnupjnebmjlcs, cs dcner, lccr pjrj fjncr nbsjs nbmnrctjs cm um trjhjgb tjl nb`b sckuer ljs emstrunnebmcs dc bpcrjneþm dc um jpjrjtb b umjs mbr`js dc prbncde`ecmtb dc umj c`prcsj. QE^J deocrcmnej cmtrc tcxtbs nbmtemubs (nb`pucstbs dc pêrrjobs pêrrjobs y nbm um brdcm dc lcnturj nljrb), nljrb), y mb nbmtemubs (cl brdcm brdcm dc lcnturj mb cstê prcoegjdb). Lbs pre`crbs pucdcm scr cxpbsetevbs, mjrrjtevbs, jrku`cmtjtevbs, b dcsnreptevbs. Lbs sckumdbs sbm krêoenbs, tjhljs, dejkrj`js, b `jpjs. Cgc`plbs dc lbs tcxtbs utelezjdbs cm QE^J-8111 pucdcm vcrsc y dcsnjrkjrsc cm umj puhlenjneþm dcl Emstetutb dc Cvjlujneþm dcl @emestcreb dc Cdunjneþm cm fttp7//www.emstetutbdccvjlujnebm.`cn.cs/ fttp7//www.emstetutbdccvjlujnebm.`cn.cs/.. 

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Xcspcntb j lbs jspcntbs b tjrcjs, QE^J nbmsedcrj quc um lcntbr dchc scr nb`pctcmtc pjrj7 j) Xcnupcrjr emobr`jneþm cxplànetj b e`plànetj cm cl tcxtb, pudecmdb lj emobr`jneþm cstjr cm umj orjsc b despcrsj cm vjrejs orjscs. h) Nb`prcmdcr edcjs kcmcrjlcs tjlcs nb`b semtctezjr cl `cmsjgc dc um pêrrjob b tbdb um tcxtb, njptjr lj emtcmneþm dc um jutbr. n) Emtckrjr emobr`jneþm dcl tcxtb, lb quc e`plenj rcljnebmjr edcjs (p. cg., njusjs y nbmscnucmnejs, sc`cgjmzjs y deocrcmnejs), b fjncr emocrcmnejs. d) Xcolcxebmjr y cvjlujr cl nbmtcmedb dcl tcxtb, lb quc e`plenj e`plenj rcljnebmjr lb quc denc cl tcxtb nbm nbmbne`ecmtbs prcvebs dcl lcntbr. c) Xcolcxebmjr y cvjlujr lj obr`j dcl tcxtb, cs dcner, destjmnejrsc dcl tcxtb y guzkjr lj njledjd y rclcvjmnej dc nujlquecr jspcntb (p. cg., lj jdcnujneþm cmtrc cl prbpþsetb y lj obr`j dc rcdjnneþm csnbkedj b lj brkjmezjneþm dcl tcxtb). Qjrj lbs trcs pre`crbs jspcntbs cl lcntbr tecmc quc utelezjr sbhrc tbdb emobr`jneþm dcl tcxtb. ^em c`hjrkb, pjrj lbs dbs ÷lte`bs sc fj dc c`plcjr jhumdjmtc emobr`jneþm dc oucrj dcl tcxtb, jumquc nbm cl prbpþsetb dc jmjlezjr lb quc cl tcxtb denc. QE^J jkrupj ljs nemnb nemnb njtckbràjs jmtcrebrcs jmtcrebrcs cm trcs7 (:) Xcnupcrjr Xcnupcrjr emobr`jneþm, quc sc nbrrcspbmdc nbm lj njtckbràj “j‐9 (8) Emtckrjr emobr`jneþm, quc jkrupj ljs njtckbràjs “h y n‐7 (>) Xcolcxebmjr y cvjlujr sbhrc cl nbmtcmedb y lj obr`j dc lbs tcxtbs, quc jkrupj ljs njtckbràjs “d y c‐.

Cm tbdbs lbs lbs njsbs, QE^J destemkuc cmtrc nemnb mevclcs, secmdb : cl `ês hjgb y 3 cl `ês jltb. Qbr cgc`plb, njptjr cl tc`j dcl tcxtb cm um tc`j oj`elejr cs umj njpjnedjd dc mevcl :, `ecmtrjs pcrb semtctezjr semtctezjr emobr`jneþm dc um pêrrjob cm um tcxtb pbnb oj`elejr dbmdc fjy quc fjncr emocrcmnejs cs dc mevcl 4. Cm sàmtcses, QE^J cvjl÷j njpjnedjdcs nb`plcgjs dc lcnturj, tjlcs nb`b rcnupcrjr emobr`jneþm b cvjlujr cl nbmtcmedb dc lbs tcxtbs, jplenjdjs j tcxtbs dc `uy devcrsbs tepbs utelezjdbs utelezjdbs cm setujnebmcs y nbm nbm prbpþsetbs `uy deocrcmtcs. Fjhrê nfe nfenbs nbs y nfenjs quc tcmkjm csjs njpjnedjdcs `uy dcsjrrblljdjs, dcsjrrblljdjs, `ecmtrjs btrbs btrbs ljs tcmkjm cm um krjdb `uy clc`cmtjl. Lbs pre`crbs cstjrêm cm `cgbrcs nbmdenebmcs quc lbs sckumdbs pjrj jorbmtjr lbs dcsjoàbs quc pljmtcj umj sbnecdjd tjm nb`plcgj nb`b lj jntujl.

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:.8. Dcnesebmcs sbhrc lj pruchj Dc jnucrdb nbm cl csquc`j dc nb`pctcmnejs, tb`j`bs ljs sekuecmtcs dcnesebmcs sbhrc lj pruchj7 j) Qbhljneþm7 J deocrcmnej dc QE^J, quc cvjl÷j j lbs nfenbs cm 4 dc C^B, dcnede`bs fjncr umj pruchj pjrj nfenbs cmtrc : y > dc C^B. Lj rjzþm ÷lte`j cs quc cstj pruchj tcmdrê nbmtemuedjd nbm um sestc`j dc cmscújmzj, jntujl`cmtc cm ojsc dc descúb. Cs dcner, sc trjtjhj dc umj pruchj pjrj emtcrvcmer cdunjtevj`cmtc jmtcs dc quc lbs nfenbs y nfenjs tcr`emjrjm lj csnbljredjd bhlekjtbrej, lb quc rcquecrc umj pruchj pjrj lbs nursbs nursbs jmtcrebrcs jl nursb bhgctevb dc QE^J. h) Njrjntcràstenjs Njrjntcràstenjs dcl tcst. J deocrcmnej deocrcmnej dc QE^J, Nb`pLCN cs umj pruchj dc dejkmþstenb emdevedujl. Cs dcner, tbdbs lbs cstudejmtcs dchcm nbmtcstjr lbs `es`bs  àtc`s j oem dc quc su cgcnuneþm sc pucdj nb`pjrjr nbm umj `ucstrj rcprcscmtjtevj. Lj pruchj, jdc`ês dchcrê pbdcr rcjlezjrsc cm um tec`pb `êxe`b jprbxe`jdb dc : fbrj. Oemjl`cmtc, dchcrê nbmtcmcr prckumtjs `jybretjrej`cmtc dc rcspucstj ncrrjdj (clcnneþm `÷lteplc) y, ljs quc oucrjm jhecrtjs, dchcrêm scr dc oênel nbrrcnneþm. Lj rjzþm cs quc dcsdc cl nb`ecmzb pcmsj`bs cm umj vcrseþm clcntrþmenj dc Nb`pLCN nuyj nbrrcnneþm nbrrcnneþm y dejkmbstenb pbstcrebr scrê jutb`êtenb. jutb`êtenb. Djdj lj le`etjneþm le`etjneþm dc dc cxtcmseþm dc lj pruchj, y quc mucstrb emtcrås crj dctcntjr y dejkmbstenjr deoenultjdcs dc nb`pctcmnejs lcntbrjs cstrcnfj`cmtc rcljnebmjdjs nbm lbs jprcmdezjgcs jnjdå`enbs, dcnede`bs prcsnemder dc tcxtbs mjrrjtevbs, lbs nujlcs, pbr btrj pjrtc, sblb supbmcm cl 81% 81% dc lj pr pruchj uchj QE^J. Cl rcstb dc njrjntcràstenjs njrjntcràstenjs dc lj pruchj cs edåmtenb jl rcolcgjdb rcolcgjdb cm QE^J. C Cmtrc mtrc ljs `ês rclc rclcvjmtcs vjmtcs dc cstjs njrjntcràstenjs njrjntcràstenjs oekurjm ljs sekuecmtcs7 (j) emstrunnebmcs kcmcrjlcs pjrj rcspbmdcr j ljs prckumtjs, (h) tepb dc tcxtbs y (n) tepb dc prckumtjs. Smj dcsnrepneþm `ês dctjlljdj dc tbdjs cstjs njrjntcràstenjs sc pucdc vcr cm lj scnneþm sekuecmtc. :.>. Descúb kcmcrjl dc lj pruchj Qjrj llckjr j lj vcrseþm dcoemetevj quc dcsnrehe`bs cm lj scnneþm sekuecmtc rcjlezj`bs nemnb jplenjnebmcs pelbtb cm ljs quc prbhj`bs devcrsbs tcxtbs y um m÷`crb `uy jltb dc prckumtjs. Cm tbdbs lbs njsbs sc c`plcjrbm `ucstrjs obr`jdjs pbr um `àme`b dc 61 cstudejmtcs dc dbs b trcs nursbs dc C^B, dcpcmdecmdb dc ljs jplenjnebmcs. Cm njdj jplenjneþm oue`bs cle`emjmdb lbs àtc`s quc mb nu`plàjm lbs rcquesetbs jdcnujdbs fjstj llckjr j lj pruchj dcoemetevj. Qbstcrebr`cmtc rcjlezj`bs um pjsc dcoemetevb dc lj pruchj nbm ljs bpbrtumjs `bdeoenjnebmcs rcjlezjdjs tcmecmdb cm nucmtj lbs rcsultjdbs bhtcmedbs cm cl pjsc pelbtb. Cm cl pjsc dcoemetevb sc c`plcþ umj `ucstrj dc cstudejmtcs dc dbs nursbs dc Cdunjneþm ^cnumdjrej (:· y >· dc C^B), cm um tbtjl dc 48 ncmtrbs quc pcrtcmcnàjm j nemnb Nb`umedjdcs Jutþmb`js deocrcmtcs.

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Cm cl descúb kcmcrjl kcmcrjl dc lj pruchj tuve`bs tuve`bs cm nucmtj cl csquc`j csquc`j dc cvjlujneþm dc QE^J, cl nujl sc rcocràj cspcnàoenj`cmtc j ljs njrjntcràstenjs dc lbs tcxtbs, ljs prckumtjs y ljs emstrunnebmcs pjrj su rcjlezjneþm. J) Lbs Tcxtbs. Dcnede`bs quc lj pruchj dchcràj nbmstjr dc nemnb tcxtbs, trcs nbmtemubs y dbs mb-nbmtemubs, lbs nujlcs pbdràjm scr lcàdbs y nbmtcstjdb nbmtcstjdbss cm cl tec`pb oegjdb dc umj fbrj nb`b `êxe`b. Tcxtbs nbmtemubs sbm jqucllbs nb`pucstbs pbr orjscs, jkrupjdjs jkrupjdjs cm pêrrjobs, lbs nujlcs jkrupjdbs cm scnnebmcs, scnnebmcs, dchecmdb scr lcàdbs cm um brdcm scnucmnejl dc premnepeb j oem. Cs dcner, lbs tcxtbs `ês `ê s nlêsenbs. Tcxtbs mb-nbmtemubs, sbm jqucllbs quc mb rcquecrcm umj lcnturj lemcjl. ^bm cgc`plbs dc tcxtbs mb nbmtemubs lbs krêoenbs, dejkrj`js, tjhljs, `jpjs, ctn. J oem tcmcr lj pbseheledjd dc fjncr um dejkmþstenb deocrcmnejl dc cstbs cstbs dbs tepbs, dcnede`bs mb utelezjr utelezjr tcxtbs `extbs nb`pucstbs dc j`hbs tepbs tepbs dc cstrunturj. Ekujl`cmtc dcne dcnede`bs de`bs quc lbs tcxtbs pbdràjm pcrtcmcncr j nujlquecrj dc ljs nujtrb setujnebmcs nbmtc`pljdjs pbr QE^J cmu`crjdjs cm lj scnneþm jmtcrebr. Tbdbs lbs tepbs dc tcxtbs pbdràjm obr`jr pjrtc dc lj pruchj, j cxncpneþm dc lbs mjrrjtevbs, pbr ljs rjzbmcs cxpucstjs jmtcs. J oem dc husnjr lj `êxe`j se`eletud nbm QE^J, husnj`bs tcxtbs mjturjlcs quc tuvecrjm umj cstrunturj se`eljr nbm lbs tcxtbs lehcrjdbs pbr QE^J. Cm nbmnrctb, husnj`bs nbm umj cstrunturj se`eljr j trcs tcxtbs t cxtbs nbmtemubs (Krepc, Wjpjtelljs y Krjoette) y dbs mb nbmtemubs (Ljkb Nfjd y Qbhljneþm Jntevj). H) Ljs prckumtjs. ^ekuecmdb cl csquc`j dc QE^J nb`cmtjdb jmtcs, cljhbrj`bs prckumtjs dc lbs trcs tepbs cmu`crjdbs jmtcs7 (j) rcnupcrjr emobr`jneþm, (h) emtckrjr emobr`jneþm y (n) rcolcxebmjr/cvjlujr sbhrc lj obr`j y nbmtcmedb dc lbs tcxtbs. Qjrj elustrjr lbs trcs tepbs dc prckumtjs mbs scrve`bs dc lbs tcxtbs dc lj pruchj llj`jdb “Cmcrkàj “Cmcrkàj Munlcjr ‐ cm cl quc sc nb`pjrjm ljs bpemebmcs dc dbs pcrsbmjs,  Jrturb y ^bmej jncrnj dc lj cmcrkàj munlcjr, cstjmdb umb j ojvbr y lj btrj cm nbmtrj. Ljs prckumtjs oekurjm j nbmtemujneþm.

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Cmcrkàj Munlcjr Jntujl`cmtc cl 6;% dc lj cmcrkàj quc Cl usb dc lj cmcrkàj munlcjr mb sc pucdc nbmsu`e`bs prbvecmc dc quc`jr dcocmdcr7 me sbnejl, me cnbmþ`enj, me nb`hustehlcs dcrevjdbs dcl pctrþlcb, lb quc `cdebj`hecmtjl`cmtc. Mb fjy quc emsester cm  prbdunc kjscs dc cocntb emvcrmjdcrb. Cstb su pclekrbsedjd, yj quc lj tcrrehlc cxplbseþm cstê jocntjmdb krjvc`cmtc jl nj`heb dc lj ncmtrjl munlcjr dc Nfcrmþhel supusb cl nle`êtenb pbr lb quc dchc`bs orcmjr lj  pumtb oemjl j cstc dchjtc dchjtc.. Lj emdustrej emdu strej munlcjr c`eseþm dc cstbs kjscs. ^e nbmsedcrj`bs quc fj orjnjsjdb cnbmþ`enj`cmtc djdb quc, j lj dc`jmdj dc cmcrkàj `umdejl mb dcgj dc  pcsjr dc ljs j yudjs cnbmþ`enjs cnb mþ`enjs r cnehedjs, mb ju`cmtjr, quc fjrê`umdejlcs quc cm pbnb sc jkbtcm ljslbrcscrvjs dc tec`pb pctrþlcb, dchc`bs c`pczjr j nbmsedcrjr lj cxplbtjneþm dc oucmtcs jltcrmjtevjs dc cmcrkàj deocrcmtcs dcl pctrþlcb. Cm lj jntujledjd, lj ÷menj pbseheledjd suoenecmtc`cmtc dcsjrrblljdj pjrj kjrjmtezjr ljs mcncsedjdcs `umdejlcs dc cmcrkàj cs lj cxplbtjneþm dc lj cmcrkàj munlcjr. Fjstj lj ocnfj su premnepjl orcmb fjm sedb lbs  prbhlc`js dc sckuredjd y `cdebj`hecmt `cdebj`hecmtc. c. Qcrb, cm lbs ÷lte`bs júbs, lj emdustrej jtþ`enj fj `bdeoenjdb sus cstrjtckejs pjrj lbkrjr quc ljs ncmtrjlcs munlcjrcs scjm `ês sckurjs, le`pejs y coenecmtcs. Dc fcnfb cl m÷`crb dc jnnedcmtcs njyþ um 51% cm lj

fj nbmsckuedb scr um Qbr sestc`j rcmtjhlc dc kcmcrjneþm dc cmcrkàj. btrj pjrtc, cm lbs ÷lte`bs nemnucmtj júbs mb sc fj cmnbmtrjdb umj sbluneþm sjtesojntbrej pjrj dcsfjncrsc dc lbs pclekrbsbs rcsedubs rjdebjntevbs quc kcmcrj. Jdc`ês, cl urjmeb, dcl nujl prbncdc lj cmcrkàj munlcjr, tj`heåm sc erê cmnjrcnecmdb pbrquc ljs rcscrvjs `umdejlcs nbmbnedjs y rcnupcrjhlcs j um nbstc rjzbmjhlc mb supcrjm lbs > þ 4 `ellbmcs dc tbmcljdjs. Dchc`bs `erjr j pjàscs nb`b Jlc`jmej y ^ucnej quc cstêm ncrrjmdb sus ncmtrjlcs munlcjrcs j lj vcz quc des`emuycm cl nbmsu`b dc pctrþlcb pjrj rcduner ljs c`esebmcs dc NB 8, cl premnepjl kjs rcspbmsjhlc dcl cocntb emvcrmjdcrb. Qjrj

dånjdj :551-:555. Lb qucjltcrmjtevj nbmvecrtc pjrj j lj cmcrkàj dc munlcjr cm lj `cgbr kjrjmtezjr cl jhjstcne`ecmtb `umdejl dc cmcrkàj sckurj y le`pej.

rcspbmdcr j ljs mcncsedjdcs nrcnecmtcs dc cmcrkàj, cstbs pjàscs cstêm utelezjmdb cmcrkàjs rcmbvjhlcs, nb`b lj cþlenj b lj sbljr, vcrdjdcrjs oucmtcs dc cmcrkàj jltcrmjtevj, `ês cnbmþ`enjs, le`pejs y sckurjs.

Jrturb ^bmej

Lj prckumtj sekuecmtc rcquecrc sbhrc tbdb quc sc lbnjlenc umj emobr`jneþm cspcnàoenj. Csb cs lb quc QE^J cmtecmdc pbr rcnupcrjr emobr`jneþm. Qjrj Jrturb lj cmcrkàj munlcjr cs lj `cgbr jltcrmjtevj. ²Qbr quå2  J) H) N) D)

Lj cmcrkàj munlcjr prbvecmc dcl pctrþlcb quc ccss um rcnursb ele`etjdb Ljs ncmtrjlcs munlcjrcs nbmtj`emjm `cmbs y fjm ju`cmtjdb su sckuredjd. Qbrquc lj prbdunneþm dc lj cmcrkàj cmcrkàj munlcjr cs ele`etjdj. Lj cmcrkàj cmcrkàj munlcjr cs hjrjtj y oênel dc prbduner.

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Lj sekuecmtc prckumtj rcquecrc quc cl lcntbr rcljnebmc vjrejs emobr`jnebmcs. Cm nbmnrctb sc lc pedc quc scújlc pumtbs dc jnucrdb cmtrc ljs dbs pcrsbmjs. Cs um cgc`plb dc emtckrjr emobr`jneþm.  Jumquc fjy `unfbs pumtbs dc dcsjnucrdb, Jrturb y ^bmej cstêm dc jnucrdb cm quc…  J) H) N) D)

Cstê ju`cmtjmdb `unfb cl prcneb y cl nbmsu`b dc cmcrkàj. Ljs ncmtrjlcs munlcjrcs tecmcm recskbs screbs quc fjy quc cvetjr. Fjy quc husnjr jltcrmjtevj jltcrmjtevjss j lj cmcrkàj cmcrkàj prbncdcmtc dcl pctrþlc pctrþlcb. b. Lj cmcrkàj cs um hecm csnjsb quc fjy fjy quc prbtckcr prbtckcr pjrj quc mb sc jkbtc. 

Oemjl`cmtc, cm lj sekuecmtc prckumtj cl lcntbr tecmc quc er `ês jllê dcl tcxtb, cmtcmdecmdb umj fepbtåtenj setujneþm (um emkcmecrb quc trjhjgj cm umj ncmtrjl y munlcjr y quc tecmc umj dctcr`emjdj bpemeþm sbhrc su trjhjgb). ^c lc pedc quc rcolcxebmc sbhrc sbhrc cl nbmtcmedb dc ljs bpemebmcs bpemebmcs dc Jrturb y ^bmej y dekj nbm nuêl dc lbs dbs cstjràj `ês dc jnucrdb. Cl lcntbr, jdc`ês, jdc`ês, fj dc scújljr lj rjzþm pjrj csc jnucrdb. Luàs cs um emkcmecrb quc trjhjgj dcsdc fjnc júbs cm umj ncmtrjl munlcjr y pecmsj quc nbm su trjhjgb fjnc umj nbmtrehuneþm `uy e`pbrtjmtc j lj sbnecdjd. ²Nbm queåm nrcc nrccss quc cstjràj dc jnucrdb (nbm Jrturb b nbm ^bmej)2  J) Nbm ^bmej pbrquc cm su njrtj jpucstj pbr cmcrkàjs cmcrkàjs jltcrmjtevjs jl pctrþlcb. H) Nbm Jrturb pbrquc tj`heåm dc dcoecmdc oecmdc cl usb dc cmcrkàjs rcmbvjhlcs. N) Nbm Jrturb pbrquc dcoecmdc quc lj cmcrkàj munlcj munlcjrr cs `ês sckurj sckurj y le`pej pjrj ccll `cdeb j`hecmtc quc cl pctrþlcb. D) Nbm ^bmej pbrquc nbmsedcrj quc lj cmcrkàj munlcjr cs `ês rcmtjhlc pjrj lbs neudjdjmbs.

N) Ljs emstrunnebmcs emstrunnebmcs kcmcrjlcs7 jl ekujl quc cm QE^J, Nb`pLCN Nb`pLCN pedc j lbs cstudejmtcs quc utelencm lj emobr`jneþm dcl tcxtb pjrj rcspbmdcr ljs prckumtjs. Jsà, lbs cstudejmtcs pucdcm dcneder dcneder lccr pre`crb pre`crb nb`plctj`cmtc nb`plctj`cmtc cl tcxtb, tcxtb, lccr pre`cr pre`crb b ljs prckumtjs b nujlquecr nujlquecr btrj sbluneþm sbluneþm emtcr`cdej. Cstjs emstrunnebmcs emstrunnebmcs dcgjm lukjr j ljs cstrjtckejs dc lbs cstudejmtcs. Lj pruchj dcoemetevj nbmtecmc nbmtecmc nemnb tcxtbs, > nnbmtemubs bmtemubs y 8 mb-nbmtemubs, lbs nujlcs ehjm jnb`pjújdbs dc um tbtjl dc 81 prckumtjs, vjrejmdb cmtrc > y 3 prckumtjs pbr tcxtb. Lj nljseoenjneþm dc lbs tcxtbs y prckumtjs sc pucdc vcr cm lj tjhlj :.

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8.8. Jmêleses dc lbs àtc`s Lj deoenultjd deoenultjd  dc lbs àtc`s sc destrehuyþ cmtrc 1.>1 (cl àtc` `cmbs jncrtjdb y pbr tjmtb `ês deoànel) y 1.;? (cl àtc` `ês jncrtjdb), secmdb lj deoenultjd `cmbr nbmobr`c jvjmzj`bs cm lbs krupbs dc cdjd, tjl y nb`b njhràj cspcrjr cm umj pruchj dc tepb cvblutevb. Lj destrehuneþm dc lbs crrbrcs cmtrc crrbrcs cmtrc ljs jltcrmjtevjs emnbrrcntjs cs lj jdcnujdj, dc obr`j quc tbdjs ljs rcspucstjs crrþmcjs oucrbm clckedjs pbr um m÷`crb sekmeoenjtevb dc meúbs y meújs. Cstj àmdenc emtcmtj `eme`ezjr lbs cocntbs dc jnecrtbs prbvbnjdbs pbr lj cle`emjneþm dc jltcrmjtevjs nljrj`cmtc emnbfcrcmtcs y quc, pbr tjmtb, emnrc`cmtjràjm lbs cocntbs dc jnecrtbs dchedbs jl jzjr, des`emuycmdb lj oejheledjd y nbmsestcmnej dc lj csnjlj. Jsà `es`b, emtcmtj`bs kjrjmtezjr quc tbdbs lbs àtc`s `edecrjm cl `es`b nbmstruntb, lj nb`prcmseþm, y quc, pbr tjmtb, njdj umb dc cllbs nbmtrehuycrj j emnrc`cmtjr lj oejheledjd dc lj pruchj. Lbs rcsultjdbs bhtcmedbs, cm cstc scmtedb, mbs dc`ucstrjm quc cxestc umj nbrrcljneþm nbrrckedj  nbrrckedj  jdcnujdj cmtrc lbs àtc`s y lj pumtujneþm tbtjl, jsà nb`b nbm cl jloj, umj vcz b`etedb cl àtc`. Cs cspcnejl`cmtc rclcvjmtc cl fcnfb fcnfb dc quc cl prb`cdeb dc jnecrtbs sc destrehuyc dc obr`j prbkrcsevj j trjvås dc tbdbs lbs nursbs cstudejdbs. 8.>. Jmêleses klbhjl dc lj pruchj Cm nujmtb j lbs àmdencs klbhjlcs dc lj pruchj, dchc`bs dcstjnjr quc lj oejheledjd klbhjl oejheledjd  klbhjl dc lj pruchj j pjrter dcl jloj dc Nrb`hjnf cs 1,;53, um àmdenc clcvjdb pjrj cstc tepb dc pruchjs. Nb`b njhràj cspcrjr, cm lbs jmêleses dc vjrejmzj  vjrejmzj  rcjlezjdbs sbhrc ljs pumtujnebmcs tbtjlcs, sc cmnbmtrjrbm deocrcmnejs sekmeoenjtevjs cmtrc lbs devcrsbs mevclcs csnbljrcs, jl ekujl quc bnurràj cm cl njsb dc lbs àtc`s. Jsà, j `cdedj quc jsncmdc`bs dc nursb y cdjd lj pumtujneþm sc emnrc`cmtj, secmdb cstj deocrcmnej sekmeoenjtevj cmtrc tbdbs lbs mevclcs dc cdjd. Cstc Cstc fcnfb cs nbfcrcmtc nbm cl supucstb dc lj nb`pc nb`pctcmnej tcmnej lcntbrj `cgbrj nbmobr`c jvjmzj lj csnbljredjd dchedb sem dudj j lj cxpcrecmnej lcntbrj.

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Lj jhcgj vuclvc j lj nbl`cmj y nbmvbnj j sus nb`pjúcrjs. Nujmdb cstêm tbdjs jtcmtjs nb`ecmzj j cgcnutjr umj nurebsj djmzj. ^u hjelc sc nb`pbmc dc vucltjs quc dcsnrehcm umj oekurj se`eljr j um bnfb7 pre`crb um nàrnulb, dcspuås umj làmcj rcntj cm lj quc jketj cl jhdb`cm dc um ljdb j btrb y, pbr ÷lte`b, btrb nàrnulb kerjmdb cm scmtedb nbmtrjreb jl pre`crb. Cstbs

dcsncmdecmdb vcrtenjl`cmtc. Nb`b cl jle`cmtb sc cmnucmtrj j 41· j lj dcrcnfj dcl sbl, lj làmcj rcntj obr`j um êmkulb dc 41· nbm lj vcrtenjl.

njmtedjdcs `bdcrjdjs dc måntjr nbm cl quc sc ojhrenjrê lj `ecl quc tb`j`bs ljs  pcrsbmjs. Cl måntjr sc  prbdunc cm klêmduljs dcmb`emjdjs mcntjrebs quc sc set÷jm cm cl emtcrebr dc ljs olbrcs. Jsà, pjrj nfupjr b lehjr cl måntjr, lj jhcgj dchc jvjmzjr um trjycntb `ês b `cmbs ljrkb durjmtc cl nujl njhczj y dbrsb tbnjm destemtjs  pjrtcs dc lj olbr, cmtrc clljs lbs cstj`hrcs e`prckmêmdbsc dc pblcm. Nujmdb lj `es`j jhcgj vesetc lj prþxe`j olbr dcpbsetjrê cstbs krjmbs dc  pblcm sbhrc lj pjrtc oc`cmemj b cstek`j dc lj olbr dcgêmdblbs cm lj setujneþm jdcnujdj pjrj llcvjr j njhb lj rcprbdunneþm dc lj pljmtj. Dc cstj obr`j sc necrrj cl nenlb dc hcmcoeneb `utub `cdejmtc cl nujl ljs jhcgjs cxtrjcm cl måntjr dc ljs olbrcs jyudjmdb j su rcprbdunneþm.

`bve`ecmtbs djrêm lj dbmdc cstê setujdb cl nljvc prjdbdcj sus nb`pjúcrjs. Lj làmcj rcntj emdenj lj pbseneþm dcl sbl. Cs lj quc `ês emobr`jneþm  prbpbrnebmj. Lj cxplbrjdbrj fj lbnjlezjdb lj nb`edj cm lj dercnneþm dcl sbl y fjnej ål, pbr tjmtb, rcnbrrc lj làmcj rcntj jsncmdecmdb vcrtenjl`cmtc pbr lj supcroenec dcl pjmjl. ^e fuhecrj cmnbmtrjdb lj nb`edj cm scmtedb nbmtrjreb jl sbl, lj cxplbrjdbrj fuhecrj

lj

làmcj

Lj cxplbrjdbrj emdenj j sus nb`pjúcrjs quc cl jle`cmtb cstê hjstjmtc jlcgjdb jketjmdb `unfb cl jhdb`cm. ^e lj nb`edj fuhecrj cstjdb ncrnj, cs dcner, j `cmbs dc 31 `ctrbs, cm lukjr dc “lj djmzj dcl bnfb‐ lj jhcgj fuhecrj rcjlezjdb umj “djmzj cm nàrnulb‐. Cm cllj fuhecrj djdb mu`crbsjs vucltjs cm nàrnulb jltcrmjmdb umj vucltj cm cl scmtedb dc ljs jkugjs dcl rclbg y lj sekuecmtc cm scmtedb nbmtrjreb.

Sm hcmcoeneb `utub Ljs jhcgjs sbm jtrjàdjs pbr lj obr`j, nblbr y jrb`j dc ljs olbrcs. ^bhrc tbdb prcoecrcm ljs dc tbmbs j`jrellbs y

:6

 

Qrckumtj : Cl prbpþsetb dc lj scnneþm tetuljdj Sm hcmcoeneb `utub cs cxplenjr7 Cm quå nbmsestc lj djmzj dc ljs jhcgjs. Lj uteledjd dc lj `ecl pjrj lbs scrcs fu`jmbs. Zuc ljs olbrcs sc hcmcoenejm tjmtb nb`b ljs jhcgjs. Zuc lbs fu`jmbs mbs hcmcoenej`bs tjmtb nb`b ljs jhcgjs . Qrckumtj 8 Smj jhcgj cxplbrjdbrj fj cmnbmtrjdb jle`cmtb cm dercnneþm bpucstj jl sbl ²Nþ`b emdenjrê lj jhcgj j sus nb`pjúcrjs lj dercnneþm dþmdc sc cmnucmtrj cl jle`cmtb2 J)  Lj jhcgj dcsncmdcrê vcrtenjl`cmtc. Lj jhcgj rcjlezjrê lj “djmzj dcl nàrnulb‐.  nàrnulb‐.   Lj jhcgj `bvcrê cl jhdb`cm. Lj jhcgj jsncmdcrê cm nàrnulbs. Qrckumtj > ²Qbr quå sc denc quc ljs jhcgjs tecmcm lcmkujgc2 J)  Qbrquc c`etcm sbmedbs quc btrjs jhcgjs pucdcm rcnbmbncr. Qbrquc sbm njpjncs dc jprcmdcr umjs dc btrjs. Qbrquc sc hcmcoenejm `utuj`cmtc. Qbrquc sc trjs`etcm emobr`jneþm cmtrc clljs. Qrckumtj 4 ²Zuå obr`j tecmc lj djmzj dc ljs jhcgjs nujmdb lj oucmtc dc jle`cmtb cs cstê tê j >1 `ctrbs dc lj nbl`cmj2  

Qrckumtj 3 Ljs jhcgjs trjspbrtjm cl pblcm dc umj olbr j btrj olbr tb`jmdb cl pblcm7 J)  Dcl mcntjreb dc umj olbr y llcvêmdblb j lbs cstj`hrcs cst j`hrcs dc btrj olbr. Dc lbs cstj`hrcs dc umj olbr y llcvêmdblb jl cstek`j cst ek`j dc btrj olbr. Dcl mcntjreb dc umj olbr y llcvêmdblb jl cstek`j dc btrj olbr. Dc lbs cstj`hrcs dc umj olbr y llcvêmdblb j lbs cstj`hrcs dc btrj olbr.

:5

 

Cmcrkàj Munlcjr Jntujl`cmtc cl 6;% dc lj cmcrkàj quc nbmsu`e`bs prbvecmc dc quc`jr nb`hustehlcs dcrevjdbs dcl pctrþlcb, lb quc  prbdunc kjscs dc cocntb emvcrmjdcrb. Cstb cstê jocntjmdb krjvc`cmtc jl nj`heb nle`êtenb pbr lb quc dchc`bs orcmjr lj c`eseþm dc cstbs kjscs. ^e nbmsedcrj`bs quc lj dc`jmdj dc cmcrkàj `umdejl mb dcgj dc ju`cmtjr, lb quc fjrê quc cm pbnb tec`pb sc jkbtcm ljs rcscrvjs `umdejlcs dc pctrþlcb, dchc`bs c`pczjr j nbmsedcrjr lj cxplbtjneþm dc oucmtcs jltcrmjtevjs dc cmcrkàj deocrcmtcs dcl pctrþlcb. Cm lj jntujledjd, lj ÷menj pbseheledjd suoenecmtc`cmtc dcsjrrblljdj pjrj kjrjmtezjr ljs mcncsedjdcs `umdejlcs dc cmcrkàj cs lj cxplbtjneþm dc lj cmcrkàj munlcjr. Fjstj lj ocnfj su premnepjl orcmb fjm sedb lbs  prbhlc`js dc sckuredjd y `cdebj`hecmtc. Qcrb, cm lbs ÷lte`bs júbs, lj emdustrej

Cl usb dc lj cmcrkàj munlcjr mb sc pucdc dcocmdcr7 me sbnejl, me cnbmþ`enj, me `cdebj`hecmtjl`cmtc. Mb fjy quc emsester cm su pclekrbsedjd, yj quc lj tcrrehlc cxplbseþm dc lj ncmtrjl munlcjr dc Nfcrmþhel supusb cl  pumtb oemjl j cstc dchjtc. Lj emdustrej munlcjr fj orjnjsjdb cnbmþ`enj`cmtc djdb quc, j  pcsjr dc ljs jyudjs cnbmþ`enjs rcnehedjs, mb fj nbmsckuedb scr um sestc`j rcmtjhlc dc kcmcrjneþm dc cmcrkàj. Qbr btrj pjrtc, cm lbs ÷lte`bs nemnucmtj júbs mb sc fj cmnbmtrjdb umj sbluneþm sjtesojntbrej pjrj dcsfjncrsc dc lbs pclekrbsbs rcsedubs rjdebjntevbs quc kcmcrj. Jdc`ês, cl urjmeb, dcl nujl prbncdc lj cmcrkàj munlcjr, tj`heåm sc erê cmnjrcnecmdb pbrquc ljs rcscrvjs `umdejlcs nbmbnedjs y rcnupcrjhlcs j um nbstc rjzbmjhlc mb supcrjm lbs > þ 4 `ellbmcs dc tbmcljdjs. Dchc`bs `erjr j pjàscs nb`b Jlc`jmej y ^ucnej quc cstêm ncrrjmdb sus

jtþ`enj fj `bdeoenjdb sus cstrjtckejs pjrj lbkrjr quc ljs ncmtrjlcs munlcjrcs scjm `ês sckurjs, le`pejs y coenecmtcs. Dc fcnfb cl m÷`crb dc jnnedcmtcs njyþ um 51% cm lj dånjdj dc :551-:555. Lb quc nbmvecrtc j lj cmcrkàj munlcjr cm lj `cgbr jltcrmjtevj pjrj kjrjmtezjr cl jhjstcne`ecmtb `umdejl dc cmcrkàj sckurj y le`pej.

ncmtrjlcs munlcjrcs j lj vcz quc des`emuycm cl nbmsu`b dc pctrþlcb pjrj rcduner ljs c`esebmcs dc NB8, cl premnepjl kjs rcspbmsjhlc dcl cocntb emvcrmjdcrb. Qjrj rcspbmdcr j ljs mcncsedjdcs nrcnecmtcs dc cmcrkàj, cstbs pjàscs cstêm utelezjmdb cmcrkàjs rcmbvjhlcs, nb`b lj cþlenj b lj sbljr, vcrdjdcrjs oucmtcs dc cmcrkàj jltcrmjtevj, `ês cnbmþ`enjs, le`pejs y sckurjs.

Jrturb ^bmej

81

 

Qrckumtj : Qjrj Jrturb lj cmcrkàj munlcjr cs lj `cgbr jltcrmjtevj. ²Qbr quå2 J)  Lj cmcrkàj munlcjr prbvecmc dcl pctrþlcb quc cs um rcnursb ele`etjdb H)  Ljs ncmtrjlcs munlcjrcs nbmtj`emjm `cmbs y fjm ju`cmtjdb su sckuredjd. N)  Qbrquc lj prbdunneþm dc lj cmcrkàj munlcjr cs ele`etjdj. D)  Lj cmcrkàj munlcjr cs hjrjtj y oênel dc prbduner. Qrckumtj 8 Jumquc fjy `unfbs pumtbs dc dcsjnucrdb, Jrturb y ^bmej cstêm dc jnucrdb cm quc…  quc…  J)  Cstê ju`cmtjmdb `unfb cl prcneb y cl nbmsu`b dc cmcrkàj. H)  Ljs ncmtrjlcs munlcjrcs tecmcm recskbs screbs quc fjy quc cvetjr. N)  Fjy quc husnjr jltcrmjtevjs j lj cmcrkàj prbncdcmtc dcl pctrþlcb. D)  Lj cmcrkàj cs um hecm csnjsb quc fjy quc prbtckcr pjrj quc mb sc jkbtc. Qrckumtj > Jrturb sukecrc quc cl usb dc lj cmcrkàj munlcjr pbdràj, cm pjrtc, cvetjr cl nj`heb nle`êtenb pbrquc….   J)  Lj cmcrkàj munlcjr jtjnj y rcdunc lbs kjscs dc cocntb emvcrmjdcrb. H)  Cm pbnb tec`pb sc jkbtjrêm ljs rcscrvjs `umdejlcs dc pctrþlcb. N)  Lj cmcrkàj munlcjr cs emjkbtjhlc pbrquc sus rcnursbs sbm ele`etjdbs. D)  ^u prbdunneþm, j deocrcmnej dcl pctrþlcb, mb prbdunc kjscs dc cocntb emvcrmjdcrb. e mvcrmjdcrb. Qrckumtj 4 Lues cs um emkcmecrb quc trjhjgj dcsdc fjnc júbs cm umj ncmtrjl munlcjr y pecmsj quc nbm su trjhjgb fjnc umj nbmtrehuneþm `uy e`pbrtjmtc j lj sbnecdjd. ²Nbm queåm nrccs quc cstjràj dc jnucrdb (nbm Jrturb b nbm ^bmej)2 J)  Nbm ^bmej pbrquc cm su njrtj jpucstj pbr cmcrkàjs jltcrmjtevjs jlt crmjtevjs jl pctrþlcb. H)  Nbm Jrturb pbrquc tj`heåm dcoecmdc cl usb dc cmcrkàjs rcmbvjhlcs. N)  Nbm Jrturb pbrquc dcoecmdc quc lj cmcrkàj munlcjr cs `ês sckurj y le`pej pjrj cl `cdeb j`hecmtc quc cl pctrþlcb. D)  Nbm ^bmej pbrquc nbmsedcrj quc lj cmcrkàj munlcjr cs `ês rcmtjhlc pjrj lbs neudjdjmbs. Qrckumtj 3 ²Nbm quå oemjledjd fjncm rcocrcmnej Jrturb y ^bmej j lbs jnnedcmtcs munlcjrcs2 J)  Qjrj djr jpbyb j sus jrku`cmtjnebmcs7 Jrturb pbrquc cl m÷`crb dc jnnedcmtcs jnnedc mtcs sc fj rcdunedb y ^bmej  pbrquc lbs jnnedcmtcs j÷m sbm `uy krjvcs. H)  Qjrj cxplenjr quc lj cmcrkàj munlcjr cs pclekrbsj, cm lb quc j`hbs cstêm dc jnucrdb. N)  Qjrj cxplenjr quc lbs jnnedcmtcs cm ljs ncmtrjlcs munlcjrcs fjm dcsncmdedb y y,, pbr tjmtb, lj cmcrkàj munlcjr cs umj hucmj jltcrmjtevj. D)  Qjrj nbmnecmnejr j lbs lcntbrcs dc quc fjy quc rcduner rcduner cl m÷`crb dc jnnedcmtcs cm ljs ncmtrjlcs munlcjrcs.

8:

 

Jnnedcmtcs dc trêoenb Cl dejkrj`j dc êrhbl quc jpjrcnc j nbmtemujneþm `ucstrj lj destrehuneþm dc jnnedcmtcs dc trêoenb suncdedbs cm um pjàs sck÷m ljs nbmscnucmnejs quc fjm tcmedb pjrj lbs jnnedcmtjdbs cm tår`embs dc `ucrtc, emvjledcz b se`plc`cmtc hjgj ljhbrjl durjmtc 8114.

Jnnedcmtcs dc trêoenb

Cl dejkrj`j dc êrhbl quc jpjrcnc j nbmtemujneþm `ucstrj lj destrehuneþm dc jnnedcmtcs dc trêoenb suncdedbs cm um pjàs sck÷m ljs nbmscnucmnejs quc fjm tcmedb pjrj lbs jnnedcmtjdbs cm tår`embs dc `ucrtc, emvjledcz b se`plc`cmtc hjgj ljhbrjl durjmtc 8114.

Qcrsbmjs quc fjm pjdcnedb jnnedcmtcs dc trêoenb ?.;14

Fcredbs >:66 4;,3%

Qbhljneþm jntevj 8;>1 63,?%

Dcsc`plcjdbs 343 :5,5%

C`plcjdbs 8:63 61,: %

Emvjledcz pcr`jmcmtc 6;3 41%

@ucrtbs >3:? 38,3 %

Qbhljneþm mb jntevj 436 :4,4%

 Meúbs 8?8 3;,8%

Qcrsbmjs >ª cdjd :5? 48,6%

Emvjledcz tc`pbrjl :>:1 ?1%

Mbtjs7

:.  Lj pbhljneþm jntevj sc rcoecrc j ljs pcrsbmjs nbm cdjdcs nb`prcmdedjs cmtrc lbs :? y lbs ?3 júbs. 8.  Lj emvjledcz pcr`jmcmtc sc rcoecrc j lj emnjpjnedjd pjrj dcsc`pcújr um trjhjgb durjmtc cl rcstb dc lj vedj dc lj  pcrsbmj, `ecmtrjs quc lj emvjledcz tc`pbrjl emdenj quc trjmsnurredb um tec`pb lj l j pcrsbmj pucdc vblvcr j rcjlezjr ljs jntevedjdcs dc quc crj njpjz jmtcs dcl jnnedcmtc.  

88

 

Qrckumtj : ^ck÷m cl dejkrj`j, ²Nuêmtjs pcrsbmjs dc lj >ª cdjd `urecrbm nb`b nbmscnucmnej dc um jnnedcmtc j nnedcmtc dc trêoenb2 J) 

@urecrbm :5?.

H) 

@urecrbm >3:?.

N) 

Cl 48,6% dc lbs >3:? `ucrtbs.

D) 

Cm cl csquc`j sþlb fjy emobr`jneþm dc lbs fcredbs.

Qrckumtj 8 ²Zuå pbrncmtjgc dc ljs pcrsbmjs c`plcjdjs quc fjm suoredb um jnnedcmtc dc trêoenb pbdrê vblvcr j su  pucstb dc trjhjgb dcspuås dcl jnnedcmtc2

Qrckumtj > Cm lj njsellj dc meúbs pbdc`bs vcr dbs neorjs neor js (8?8 --- 3;,8%) ²J quå sc rcoecrc csc pbrncmtjgc2 J)  J lj prbpbrneþm dc pcrsbmjs fcredjs cm jnnedcmtc quc pcrtcmcncm j lj pbhljneþm mb-jntevj y quc sbm meúbs. H)  J lj prbpbrneþm dc meúbs quc pcrtcmcncm j lj pbhljneþm mb-jntevj, quc sbm dcsc`plcjdbs y fjm rcsultjdb fcredbs cm um jnnedcmtc. N)  J lj prbpbrneþm dc pcrsbmjs quc pcrtcmcncm j lj pbhljneþm jntevj, quc sbm meúbs y quc fjm rcsultjdb fcredbs cm um jnnedcmtc. D)  J lj prbpbrneþm dc meúbs quc pcrtcmcncm j lj pbhljneþm jntevj, quc sbm dcsc`plcjdbs y quc fjm rcsultjdb fcredbs cm um jnnedcmtc. Qrckumtj 4 Cm ljs cstjdàstenjs dcl júb 8113 jlkumbs djtbs dcl csquc`j pucdcm nj`hejr. Emdenj nuêl7 J)  Ljs rj`js dcl êrhbl (pbr cgc`plb, dbs rj`js quc sjlcm sjlc m dc fcredbs). H)  Lbs pbrncmtjgcs (%) (pbr cgc`plb, meúbs 3;,8%). N)  Ljs njtckbràjs dc njdj rcnujdrb (pbr cgc`plb, fcredbs, `ucrtbs,…).  `ucrtbs,…).   D)  Ljs mbtjs dc pec dc pêkemj (pbr cgc`plb, mbtj :, mbtj 8,…).  8,…).  

8>

 

^ECMTC^C CM ^ELLJ^ JDCNSJDJ^ Dblbrcs `usnuljrcs, dcskjstcs, lcsebmcs

 pucdcm emnjpjnetjr dc obr`j pcr`jmcmtc.

Qrcvcmer cs `cgbr quc nurjr

Ljs lcsebmcs y cmocr`cdjdcs prbvbnjdjs  pbr fcrrj`ecmtjs y lukjrcs dc trjhjgb emjdcnujdbs sc dcsjrrblljm nbm lcmtetud j lb ljrkb dc `cscs b dc júbs. Jfbrj hecm, mbr`jl`cmtc um trjhjgjdbr suclc tcmcr scújlcs y sàmtb`js durjmtc `unfb tec`pb quc emdenjm quc jlkb mb vj hecm. Jsà,  pbr cgc`plb, cl trjhj gjdbr pbdrê cmnbmtrjrsc emnþ`bdb `ecmtrjs rcj-

^e umj sellj cs dc`jsejdb ràkedj pucdc obrzjr pbsturjs emnbrrcntjs. ^e cstê dc`jsejdb jnblnfjdj pucdc emnrc`cmtjr cl recskb dc dblbrcs `usnuljrcs. Sm jsecmtb jdcnujdb dchc nu`pler nujtrb rcquesetbs7 Cm pre`cr lukjr, dchc jsckurjr umj  pbseneþm nbrrcntj dc lj nblu`mj vcrtchrjl   pjrj lb nujl fj dc scr cstjhlc,

lezj tjrcj bcmpbdrê scmtersu dblbrcs lbs `÷snulbs b cm ljs jrtenuljnebmcs emnlusb dcspuås dcl trjhjgb. ...Lcsebmcs csebmcs.. .. prbvb prbvbCstjs... Cstjs njdjs pbr cl trjhjgb b Csoucrzb X cpctetevb, cpctetevb, llj`jdjs LCX, suclcm scr `uy dblbrbsjs y

 prbpbrnebmjr jl usujreb lehcrtjd dc `bve`ecmtbs y pcr`eterlc umj pbsturj nbmobrtjhlc. Dchc prb pbrnebmjr lj pbseheledjd dc rckuljr lj jlturj  jlturj  dcl jsecmtb.. Tj`heåm dchc jsecmtb scr pbsehlc rckuljr lj jlturj   c emnlemjneþm  jlturj emnlemjneþm  dcl rcspjldb.   Qbr ÷lte`b sc rcspjldb.

rcnb`ecmdj quc cl rcspjldb tcmkj umj  sujvc nurvjturj  nurvjturj  nbm cl oem dc prbpbrnebmjr um  hucm jpbyb j lj pjrtc emocrebr dc lj cspjldj dcl usujreb (zbmj lu`hjr).

Ljs lcsebmcs nbstbsjs

sbm

Qjrj cvetjr lcsebmcs y `blcstejs tjlcs nb`b dblbrcs cm lj cspjldj, tcmseþm cm lj munj b dblbrcs dc njhczj, dchc`bs jsckurjrmbs dc quc ljs selljs quc utelezj`bs sbm ljs jdcnujdjs. Cs jnbmsc gjhlc csnbkcr nuedjdbsj`cmtc cl `bhelejreb dcl lukjr dc trjhjgb  pbrquc jumquc pucdj rcsultjr `ês njrb, nbm cl  pjsb dcl tec`pb lbs  hcmcoenebs nb`pcmsjm cl nbstc..emenejl.  nbstc

84

 

Qrckumtj : ²Nuêl dc ljs sekuecmtcs joer`jnebmcs sc jsbnej nbm ljs njrjntcràstenjs quc dchc nu`pler umj sellj jdcnujdj2 J) Lj sellj dchc tcmcr um jsecmtb hljmdb y nþ`bdb. H) Lj sellj dchc pcr`eter lj rckuljneþm dcl jsecmtb. N) Lj sellj dchc cvetjr lbs `bve`ecmtbs dcl usujreb. D) Lj sellj dchc tcmcr um rcspjldb jltb y rcntb.

Qrckumtj 8 ²Qbr quå scmtjrsc emjdcnujdj`cmtc cs `ês pcrgudenejl cm cl trjhjgb quc cm ljs selljs dc njsj2 J) Qbrquc lbs trjhjgjdbrcs pjsjm `unfjs fbrjs cm sus selljs. H) Qbrquc cm cl trjhjgb sc `jmtecmc umj pbsturj pbsturj `ês ràkedj y rcntj. N) Qbrquc cm cl trjhjgb cstj`bs cm tcmseþm. D) Qbrquc ljs selljs dc njsj tecmcm um descúb `ês nbmobrtjhlc nbmobrtjhlc y cstudejdb.

Qrckumtj > Ljs cmocr`cdjdcs prbvbnjdjs pbr cl csoucrzb rcpctetevb (LCX) sc njrjntcrezjm pbrquc7 J) Tjrdjm cm jpjrcncr jumquc cl trjhjgjdbr suorc jlk÷m tepb dc `blcstej njse dcsdc cl premnepeb. H) Jpjrcncm rêpedj`cmtc nb`b nbmscnucmnej dcl `jl usb dc ljs selljs u btrbs eemstru`cmtbs. mstru`cmtbs. N) ^c jltcrmjm pcrebdbs dc dblbrcs dblbrcs emtcmsbs nbm btrbs pcrebdb pcrebdbss dc pbnjs `blcstejs durjmtc vjrebs júbs. D) ^bm lcsebmcs krjvcs jumquc cl trjhjgjdbr mb cxpcre`cmtj memk÷m memk÷m sàmtb`j.

83

 

Jmcxb 8. Tepb dc prckumtjs y nretcrebs dc nbrrcnneþm.

TCVTB   TCVTB Njlcmtj`ecmtb Klbhjl   Klbhjl

Lcmkujgc dc ljs Jhcgjs   Jhcgjs

Cmcrkàj Munlcjr  Munlcjr 

Jnnedcmtcs dc Trêoenb   Trêoenb

Jdcnujdjs   ^elljs Jdcnujdjs

QXCKSMTJ   QXCKSMTJ

TEQB DC QXCKSMTJ  QXCKSMTJ 

XC^QSC^TJ   XC^QSC^TJ

:

Xcolcxeþm/Cvjlujneþm

H

8

Emtckrjneþm

>1 júbs (:) > júbs (1.3)

>

Emtckrjneþm

D

:

Emtckrjneþm

N

8

Xcnupcrjneþm

J

>

Xcolcxeþm/Cvjlujneþm

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