mANUAL 3293

 

 

EFWO[^OFÂÃM TOG@BÓBEC@ OL  C[E@FÂ@S CM CML L FOCOSSEG@GOS  OG_C@WE^@S OSTOCE@ES  

L`fu`h g` _NCG 3;53  ?3 Tàbef`s 

 

ÌFGECO 0. Eftrmguâãm........................... .............. .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ........................ ........... 3 0.0. Lóguhm ............................................................................................................. 3 0.;. Mkjotevms .......................................................................................................... 3 0.3. Ostrutur` Trmbr`làtec` .................................................................................... 3 ;. Lotmgmhmbe`s ospocìnec`s go ofsefm / `profgez`bol ................................... ...................... .......................... ................. 7 ;.0. @fàheso go t`ron`s ............................................................................................ ? ;.;. Ofsefm gerotm .................................................................................................... 2 3. @pmem ä smce`hez`âãm .................................................................................................... 5 7. Trmlmâãm g` `utmfmle`............................................................................................ 0; ?. Trmlmâãm gm gosofvmhveloftm lmtmr ....................................................................... 0? ?.0. Eftorvofâãm f` T`r`hese` Corokr`h .............. ........................... ........................... .......................... ....................... ........... 01 >. Trmlmâãm gm gosofvmhveloftm g` hefbu`bol ............. ........................... ........................... .......................... ................... ...... ;; ..................................................................... ;? >.0. Sestol`s go Cmlufec`âãm @htorf`tev` ..................................................................... ................................................................................................ ................................;1 >.;. Låtmgm g`s ;1 T`h`vr`s ................................................................

>.3. Eftorvofâãm hefbuìstec` ol cre`fâ`s cml Sìfgrmlo go Gmwf ............. ...................... ......... 30 >.7. Eftorvofâãm hefbuìstec` ol cre`fâ`s cml Goneceêfce` Loft`h ....................... ................. ...... 3? 3?   >.?. Eftorvofâãm hefbuìstec` ol cre`fâ`s cml Gestúrkem go Gåneco go @tofâãm… 3> >.>. Torturk`âÿos gm Ospoctrm gm @uteslm o ostr`tåbe`s go eftorvofâãm f` hefbu`bol ........................................................................................................... 31 >.2. @ Geshoxe` o m Låtmgm Nmfmlìlecm g` Gr.ª T`uh` Wohos ............ .......................... .................. .... 7; 2. Mksorv`âãm o cmfaoceloftm efgevegu`hez`gm g`s cre`fâ`s – tåcfec`s o prmcogeloftms ....................................................................................................... 75 1. Kekhembr`ne` ................................................................................................................. ?; 5. Rokbr`ne` .................................................................................................................. ?3

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0. EFW[MG_ÂÃM 0.0.. LÓG 0.0 LÓG_H _HM M  Eftorvofâãm pog`bóbec` ol cre`fâ`s cml Focosseg`gos Oguc`tev`s Ospoce`es C`rb` amràre`: ?4 amr`s

0.;. 0.;. MKJO MKJOWE^ WE^MS MS

  Eftorver ol ol setu`âÿos setu`âÿos oguc`tev`s cml cre`fâ`s cml f focosseg`gos ocosseg`gos ospocìnec`s go

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oguc`âãm.

0.3. OSW[_W_[@ T[MB[@LÀWEC@ Cmftoúgms

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Lotmgmhmbe`s ospocìnec`s go ofsefm / `profgez`bol ∛ @fàheso go t`ron`s ∛ Ofsefm gerotm

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@pmem ä smce`hez`âãm

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Trmlmâãm g` `utmfmle`

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Trmlmâãm gm gosofvmhveloftm lmtmr

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Trmlmâãm gm gosofvmhveloftm g` hefbu`bol

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Mksorv`âãm o cmfaoceloftm efgevegu`hez`gm g`s cre`fâ`s - tåcfec`s o prmcogeloftms

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;. LOWMGMHMBE@S OSTOCÌNEC@S GO OFSEFM / @T[OFGEZ@BOL @ oguc`âãm efchusev` å ul prmcossm quo `lphe` ` p`rtecep`âãm go tmgms ms `hufms fms ost`kohoceloftms go ofsefm robuh`r. Wr`t`-so go ul` roostrutur`âãm g` cuhtur`, g` pràtec` o g`s pmhìtec`s vevofce`g`s f`s oscmh`s go lmgm ` quo ost`s rospmfg`l ä gevorseg`go gms `hufms.  @ oguc`âãm go o p`r` tmgms v`hmrez` ms `hufms cmlm soros efgevegu`es cml `s su`s p`rtecuh`reg`gos, tofgm cmlm mkjotevms m crosceloftm, ` s`tesn`âãm possm`h o ` efsorâãm smce`h go tmgms.  @tofgor `s focosseg`gos oguc`tev`s ospoce`es gms `hufms, ol s`h`s go `uh`s cmlufs gm sestol` go ofsefm robuh`r, go nmrl` ` prmlmvor ` `profgez`bol o m gosofvmhveloftm possm`h go tmgms, cmfstetue m mkjotevm prelmrge`h g` oguc`âãm efchusev`. Wr`t`-so go ul pràtec` pog`bóbec` cmhotev`, luhten`cot`g`, gefëlec` o nhoxìvoh, quo roquor lug`fâ`s sebfenec`tev`s f` ostrutur` o fm nufcemf`loftm g`s oscmh`s, f` nmrl`âãm gms prmnossmros o f`s roh`âÿos n`lìhe`-oscmh`. @ efchusãm oxebo quo ` Oscmh` roostruturo pràtec`s o `âÿos c`g` voz l`es efchusev`s o sol procmfcoetms.  @s lotmgmhmbe`s ospocìnec`s go ofsefm o `profgez`bol g`s cre`fâ`s cml Focosseg`gos Oguc`tev`s Ospoce`es (FOO) k`soe`l-so fms sobueftos prefcìpems: pr efcìpems:   @ `profgez`bol `profgez`bol gov govo o sor solpro go nmrl` prmbrossev` prmbrossev` o br`gu`h, mu soj`, gm

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l`es nàceh p`r` m l`es genìceh9   Govo sor sor solpro ropotetevm. G Govo-so ovo-so efses efsester, ter, ropotefgm `s losl losl`s `s `teveg`gos /

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t`ron`s, p`r` quo ` cre`fâ` cmfsmhego ` `profgez`bol. Fãm so govo osquocor quo luet`s gost`s cre`fâ`s têl rotrmcossms f` `profgez`bol, sofgm pmr essm focossàrem fost`s setu`âÿos vmht`r `tràs o ropoter `profgez`bofs jà `ftos `gquereg`s o quo nmr`l osquoceg`s.   @s cmfsoquêfce`s cmfsoquêfce`s gocmrrol gms cmlpmrt`loftms, cmlpmrt`loftms, mu ssoj`, oj`, solpro qu quo o ms

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cmlpmrt`loftms nmrol sobuegms go ul` rocmlpofs`, ostos `uloft`l ol

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gur`âãm, eftofseg`go o nroquêfce`. Å solpro solpro elp elpmrt`fto mrt`fto m ohmbem o m ro ronmrâm nmrâm pmsetevm qu`fgm ` cre`fâ` ro`hez` cml sucossm ul` `profgez`bol.   @ `profgez`bol `profgez`bol mcmrro pmr Lmgoh`bo Lmgoh`bol, l, mu soj`, pmr mksorv`âãm o elet`âãm go

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lmgohms. M prmnossmr o ms cmhob`s g` turl` govol ost`r ofvmhvegms f` `profgez`bol g` cre`fâ` cml FOO, oxolphenec`fgm `s t`ron`s o `jug`fgm-` f` ro`hez`âãm, sorvefgm `ssel cmlm lmgohms sebfenec`tevms p`r` ` cre`fâ`.

;.0. @FÀHESO GO W@[ON@S Oxestol três tepms go prmcogeloftms go ofsefm quo pmgol sor utehez`gms pohms prmnessemf`es go oguc`âãm qu`fgm gosofvmhvol m sou tr`k`ham juftm go cre`fâ`s cml Focosseg`gos Oguc`tev`s Ospoce`es: - Woft`tev` gescrot` (GWW)9 - Ofsefm efcegoft`h9 - @fàheso go t`ron`s (W`si `f`hyses).

Woft`tev` gescrot`  å m prmcogeloftm l`es utehez`gm, mfgo m tor`pout` mu gmcofto ospoce`hez`gm g`rà ul` efstruâãm o erà ospor`r quo ` cre`fâ` rospmfg` qu`fgm ost` jà `profgou mu gespmfekehez`rà ` `jug` focossàre` p`r` ` cre`fâ` ro`hez`r ` efstruâãm.  @pós ` cre`fâ` cmfchuer, m sou cmlpmrt`loftm cmlpmrt`loftm sorà ronmrâ`gm.  @ `jug` nmrfoceg` pohm ttor`pout` or`pout` govorà sobuer ul` aeor`rque` go gec`s, efece`fgm poh` l`es eftrusev` (`jug` nìsec`), p`ss`fgm poh` `jug` hovo, `tå caob`r ä lofms eftrusev` (`jug` bostu`h) p`r` quo ` cre`fâ` fãm focosseto l`es go `jug` o soj` c`p`z go ro`hez`r cml Efgopofgêfce` ` t`ron`.  @hbufs oxolphms go a`keheg`gos f` qu`h utehez`r m ofsefm pmr GWW sãm: egoftenec`âãm go ostìluhms, olp`roha`loftms, elet`âãm, otc. Fm Ofsefm efcegoft`h ` cre`fâ` å quol govorà efece`r ` eftor`âãm. T`r` estm, m `f`hest` mu rospmfsàvoh poh` `phec`âãm g` tor`pe` erà prop`r`r m `lkeofto p`r` `uloft`r ` prmk`keheg`go g` cre`fâ` cmloâ`r ` eftor`âãm, efgec`fgm m quo å gm sou eftorosso mu efgec`fgm `hbul `spotm mu setu`âãm rohov`fto gm hub`r, g`fgm `ssel mpmrtufeg`go p`r` ?

 

m tor`pout` mu prmnessemf`h ospoce`hez`gm ofsef`r fmv`s nmrl`s go rospmfgor mu cmrreber rospmst`s oleteg`s nmr` gm cmftoxtm. Fosto prmcogeloftm, qu`fgm ` cre`fâ` efece` ` eftor`âãm, m `guhtm rospmfgo nmrfocofgm ul` gec`, so ` cre`fâ` fãm rospmfgo mu rospmfgo go nmrl` efs`tesn`tóre` oho pmgo utehez`r ul prmcogeloftm go mrgol (vork`hez`r: m quo vmcê quor / vê / muvo / softo=) mu ul lmgohm quo pmgo sor l`es eftrusevm (gec` vork`h tmt`h) o mutrm lofms eftrusevm (gec` vork`h p`rce`h cml `tr`sm), `tå quo ` cre`fâ` `tefj` ` efgopofgêfce`. Osto prmcogeloftm pmgo sor utehez`gm `pós ` cre`fâ` tor p`ss`gm pohm troefm pmr toft`tev` gescrot`, p`r` b`r`fter ` bofor`hez`âãm, p`r` troefm g` a`keheg`go vork`h mu p`r` troefm go cmloftàrems mu pogegm. Mutrm prmcogeloftm å ` @fàheso go t`ron`s (W`si `f`hyses). Wol pmr mkjotevm nr`bloft`r ul` t`ron` hmfb` mu go genìceh ro`hez`âãm ol poquof`s t`ron`s, nmrl`fgm ul` c`goe` go t`ron`s.

Hest`r ms p`ssms

Geveger ol `âÿos efgevegu`es selphos

Ofsef`r ol soquêfce` (go nmrl` br`gu`h)

Bor`hlofto utehez`-so @fàheso go t`ron`s f`s @teveg`gos go ^eg` Geàre` (@^G) mu go `utm cueg`gm, cmlm h`v`r ms goftos, gosper o voster rmup`, c`hâ`r o gosc`hâ`r ms s`p`tms, otc. >

 

 @pós ` `v`he`âãm, m tor`pout` mu rospmfsàvoh pmr tr`k`ha`r cml ` cre`fâ` govorà g`r `jug` `pof`s f`s t`ron`s quo ` cre`fâ` fãm å c`p`z go ro`hez`r o p`r` c`g` `jug` oho utehez` ul` aeor`rque` go gec`s t`ftm fm prmcogeloftm go toft`tev` gescrot`, cmlm fm ofsefm efcegoft`h o f` @fàheso go t`ron`s.

;.;. OFSEFM GE[OWM _l gms prmkhol`s cml ms qu`es ms prmnessemf`es go oguc`âãm sãm cmfnrmft`gms fm tr`k`ham cml cre`fâ`s cml Focosseg`gos Oguc`tev`s Ospoce`es (FOO) f` s`h` go `uh` å s`kor quo tepm go `teveg`gos haos pmgorãm prmpmrcemf`r, pmr nmrl` ` gosofvmhvor m sou pmtofce`h go nmrl` efchusev` o eftobr`gmr`. Fosso softegm, å ossofce`h `goqu`r ostr`tåbe`s go ofsefm p`r` `s genoroftos àro`s go eftorvofâãm, p`r` prmlmvor m gosofvmhveloftm eftobr`h gm `hufm FOO, quo pmgorãm sor `g`pt`g`s go `cmrgm cml `s focosseg`gos efgevegu`es go c`g` `hufm cml FOO. T`r` t`h, m prmnessemf`h govorà eftoer`r-so g` prmkholàtec` ospocìnec` go c`g` c`sm, cmfaocor m porneh go nufcemf`heg`go gm `hufm o `v`he`r `s su`s àro`s nmrtos o nr`c`s. L`es elpmrt`fto gm quo cmfaocor ` focosseg`go oguc`tev` gm `hufm sorà cmfaocor m próprem `hufm, `s su`s c`r`torìstec`s, focosseg`gos o eftorossos. Ofsef`r cre`fâ`s cml FOO å ul prmcossm hoftm quo oxebo luet` porsestêfce`, p`ceêfce` o `cel` go tugm ul kml mteleslm o ro`heslm go quol ostà ` ofsef`r. Fmrl`hlofto, `s cre`fâ`s cml FOO `profgol l`es gov`b`r, pohm quo ms rosuht`gms luet`s vozos só sãm vesìvoes ` hmfbm pr`zm. Å ul prmcossm go ofsefm efgevegu`hez`gm e fgevegu`hez`gm quo cmfsesto f` ropoteâãm, pmr porìmgms curtms o quo so k`soe` ful` gotorlef`g` t`ron`. Ost`kohocor ul` roh`âãm `notums` cml ` cre`fâ` cml FOO å ul p`ssm elpmrt`fto p`r` m sucossm gm tr`k`ham cml m `hufm o g` su` `profgez`bol.

T`r` gosofvmhvor ul lmgohm go ofsefm coftr`gm f` cre`fâ` cml FOO, govolms tor ol cmft` ms sobueftos p`ssms:

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• Tr Trop op`r `r`r `r p` p`rr` ofse ofsef` f`rr

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• Go Gottorle orlef` f`rr ul ul` ` `te `teve veg` g`go go

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• Os Ost` t`ko koho hoco corr ms p p`s `ssm smss ol so sop` p`rr`g `gm m

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• Os Osccmh mha aor roc rocml mlp pof ofss`s • Tr Trop op`r `r`r `r m cof cofàr àrem em

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• Ofsef`r

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• Mkso Mksorv`r rv`r prm prmbro brossms ssms o ros rosmhv mhvor or prm prmkhol khol`s `s

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3. @TMEM Ä SMCE@HEZ@ÂÃM Oftro m f`sceloftm o ms 3 `fms go veg`, `s a`keheg`gos smce`es g` cre`fâ` br`gu`hlofto `l`gurocol. Gosgo quo f`sco, m kokå `profgo ` so `g`pt`r o ` rospmfgor äs possm`s ä su` vmht`. Gur`fto m preloerm `fm, ` cre`fâ` nmc`hez`-so prefcep`hlofto ol goscmkrer gm quo å c`p`z go n`zor (ox.: `fg`r, sobur`r mkjotms) o ol eftor`ber cml ms p`es. Tmr vmht` gms ; `fms, cmloâ` ` bmst`r go krefc`r cml mutr`s cre`fâ`s. L`s v`e proces`r go troefm p`r` oftofgor cmlm oss` smce`hez`âãm nufcemf`. Fm efìcem, ` cre`fâ` fãm erà p`rteha`r ms krefquogms cml fefbuål.  @ms 3 `fms ost`rà ` c`lefam go n`zor ms preloerms `lebms. Cml m tolpm, `profgol ` cmlp`rteha`r o ` ospor`r poh` su` voz. Cml m crosceloftm, ` cre`fâ` v`e `profgor c`g` voz lohamr cmlm rospmfgor äs eftor`âÿos smce`es, o m sou pr`zor go ost`r cml ms mutrms só `uloft`rà. @s `lez`gos nec`rãm l`es gur`gmur`s `ssel quo ` cre`fâ` cmlproofg` quo ms cmhob`s g`s krefc`goer`s pmgol nec`r trestos o l`bm`gms l `bm`gms cml cort`s `tetugos. Å fmrl`h o f`tur`h quo `s cre`fâ`s `gmrol ost`r portm go possm`s, prefcep`hlofto go mutr`s cre`fâ`s, cml quol `profgorãm luet`s cmes`s. F`s cre`fâ`s o jmvofs cml FOO å focossàrem gosofvmhv gosofvmhvor or `s cmlpotêfce`s smce`es:

Mkjotevm: Gosofvmhvor cmlpotêfce`s p`r` m ost`kohoceloftm o l`futofâãm go ul` rogo smce`h go supmrto: cmft`tm cml ` n`lìhe`, ost`kohocor o l`ftor `lez`gos, cmfaocor `s robr`s smce`es.

Ostr`tåbe`s: - Jmbms o `teveg`gos go brupm. - Gegàtec`, lmgoh`bol, `prmxel`âÿos sucossev`s sucossev`s.. - Lmgoh`bol go cmlpmrt`loftms `htorf`tevms. - [mho-ph`y gms cmlpmrt`loftms `goqu`gms (Å ul` nmrl` go jmbm ol quo ms  jmb`gmros luet`s vozos nefbol sor mutr` possm`, ol åpmc`s genoroftos mu fms ge`s `tu`es. @jug` ms `hufms ` cmlproofgor m cmlpmrt`loftm smce`h, m sou p`poh f`s eftor`âÿos smce`es o `s nmrl`s go rosmhvor prmkhol`s go ul` nmrl` l`es onec`z). 5

 

- Tmgol sor utehez`g`s setu`âÿos smce`es nectìce`s mu sor utehez`g`s setu`âÿos quo mcmrror`l, p`r` `f`hes`r ` `goqu`âãm gms cmlpmrt`loftms oxekegms. - Ca`là-hms ä `tofâãm p`r` `s robr`s ol cmftoxtm go tr`k`ham. t r`k`ham.  

Culpreloft`r ms cmhob`s

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Wor km`s l`foer`s o sor sor cmrge`h9

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N`zor cmfvors` go cercufstëfce`9

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Ovet`r quostÿos possm`es9

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Fãm n`zor cmloftàrems fob`tevms fob`tevms `corc` g` `p`rêfce` gms cmhob`s.

Å, `efg`, elpmrt`fto efcoftev`r  `m H`zor o ms Wolpms Hevros: `te v`, gefëlec`, gevorsenec`g` o Mkjotevm: Mcup`r ms Wolpms Hevros go nmrl` `tev`, s`ugàvoh, prmlmvofgm m cmft`tm smce`h.

Ostr`tåbe`s: - @jug` f` prmcur` go `teveg`gos go tolpms hevros mu vmhuft`re`gm fm c`sm gms jmvofs.

@hbul`s ostr`tåbe`s p`r` ohov`r ` smce`hez`âãm g`s cre`fâ`s cml FOO:  

 

N`cehet`r m cmft`tm cml genoroftos `hufms, prmlmvofgm m cmfvìvem oftro ms loslms: f` s`h` go `uh`, fm rocroem, fm k`r, fm befàsem, otc.

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^eset`r mutr`s oscmh`s, `ssel cmlm mutrms hmc`es mfgo so prmpeceo m cmft`ctm cml genoroftos p`ros.

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Goex`r m `hufm oxphmr`r mkjotms, `heloftms o possm`s.

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Mrb`fez`r `teveg`gos quo gosofvmhv`l m cmft`ctm o m cmfvìvem.

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Eftobr`r ms `hufms luhtegoneceoftos f`s s`ìg`s `m oxtoremr, fmlo`g`lofto: veset`s go ostugm, veset`s go c`ràctor rocro`tevm o cuhtur`h.

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Trmpmrcemf`r `teveg`gos quo n`cehetol m `h`rb`loftm go oxporeêfce`s, ol genoroftos `lkeoftos, t`es cmlm: veset`r hmc`es g` cmlufeg`go, er äs cmlpr`s, c`nå, lorc`gm, otc. Wor ul `guhtm goftrm g` s`h` go `uh`, ` nel go n`cehet`r ` p`rtecep`âãm/eftor`âãm

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gm `hufm luhtegoneceofto fm brupm.   Ofsef`r / osteluh`r ` cre`fâ` ` `prmxel`r-so o ` tmc`r fms mutrms. 04

 

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[o`hez`r `teveg`gos pràtec`s / nufcemf`es f` cmlufeg`go, t`es cmlm: er ä kekhemtoc`, hov`r ul` c`rt` `m cmrroem, p`b`r ` àbu`, otc.

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Mrb`fez`r `teveg`gos ol quo a`j` ` p`rtecep`âãm go genoroftos `guhtms mu cre`fâ`s f`s `teveg`gos gm brupm.

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Ofvmhvor ofc`rrob`gms go oguc`âãm o `s n`lìhe`s fosto prmcossm, cmfveg`fgmms ` mrb`fez`r `teveg`gos, ` cmh`kmr`r fm prmcossm ofsefm-`profgez`bol gm `hufm, cmmpor`r f`s goshmc`âÿos, `uxehe`r f` mrb`fez`âãm g`s `teveg`gos, otc.

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[oguzer ms tolpms o gur`âãm go `hbul`s `teveg`gos, go nmrl` ` `uloft`r m fìvoh go p`rtecep`âãm gms `hufms.

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Cmfstruer rmtef`s go `pmem go lmgm ` quo ms cmhob`s pmss`l cmh`kmr`r o p`rtecep`r f` `g`pt`âãm gm `hufm luhtegoneceofto äs `teveg`gos f` s`h` go `uh`.

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[o`hez`r eftorcëlkems cml mutr`s oscmh`s, efstetueâÿos o mutr`s ofteg`gos, ` nel go prmlmvor ` eftor`âãm cml genoroftos possm`s o genoroftos `lkeoftos.

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_tehez`r ms loems go cmlufec`âãm possm`h p`r` prmlmvor ` smce`hez`âãm, cmlm ` Eftorfot, tohonmfo, cmrroems, otc.

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7. T[MLMÂÃM G@ @_WMFMLE@  @ `utmfmle` å ul prmcossm quo porleto ä cre`fâ` gelefuer prmpmrcemf`hlofto ` gopofgêfce` gm `guhtm o, ol cmftr`p`rteg`, mktor ul` l`emr sobur`fâ` ol se losl`.  Ä logeg` quo ` cre`fâ` `gquero c`p`ceg`gos quo hao porletol ul cmftrmho lmtmr o vork`h l`es onec`z, vorenec`-so, g` su` p`rto, ul` croscofto gespmfekeheg`go p`r` oxphmr`r, goscmkrer o cmlufec`r-so cml m lufgm `m sou rogmr, lmloftm ol quo m torlm `utmfmle` b`fa` l`emr osp`âm f` su` veg`. M p`poh gms `guhtms, f` cmfstruâãm g` `utmfmle` gms sous nehams, å nufg`loft`h o efnhuofce`, go lmgm l`rc`fto, ` nmrl` cmlm ` cre`fâ` uhtr`p`ss` ms genoroftos gos`nems cml quo so gop`r` ä logeg` quo crosco. @ms p`es, c`ko ` nufâãm go prmlmvor ul fìvoh oquehekr`gm go `utmfmle`, ovet`fgm gmes póhms: 

 

@utmfmle` ol oxcossm: ms p`es goex`l ` cre`fâ` oxphmr`r pmr su` efece`tev`, sol heletos cmfcrotms o mreoft`gmros p`r` cml su` `âãm. @hål g`s genecuhg`gos g` cre`fâ` ol so smce`hez`r, ol cmlproofgor m quo pmgo mu fãm ro`hez`r, pmgo bor`r-hao softeloftms go `fseog`go, efsobur`fâ`, fãm so softefgm prmtobeg` o `cmlp`fa`g` pohms `guhtms go ronorêfce`.

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@utmfmle` ol gånecet: ms p`es o `guhtms go ronorêfce` `gmt`l cmlpmrt`loftms go suporprmtoâãm, ol quo ` cre`fâ` fãm å osteluh`g` ` oxporeloft`r o ` oxphmr`r. Ms p`es suporprmtotmros sãm efsoburms o `fsemsms. Wolol quo ms sous nehams goexol go `là-hms, osnmrâ`l-so p`r` fãm n`ha`r f` su` oguc`âãm o têl p`vmr go sor juhb`gms pmr p`roftos o `lebms. Wugm sml`gm oxcogol-so f` ëfse` go `cort`r solpro.

T`r` osteluh`r ` `utmfmle` g`s cre`fâ`s o jmvofs cml FOO, govol sor gosofvmhveg`s

`teveg`gos g` veg` geàre` - @^G  (`utm cueg`gm, lmkeheg`go, `heloft`âãm, aebeofo possm`h, voster, gosper, c`hâ`r, `fg`r fms tr`fspmrtos púkhecms, er äs cmlpr`s, s`kor utehez`r gefaoerm, utehez`r m tohonmfo, otc.). Å focossàrem gosofvmhvor m cmlpmrt`loftm `g`pt`tevm, m qu`h gez rospoetm `m gosolpofam gm efgevìgum f`s `teveg`gos gm ge`-`-ge`, quo sãm focossàre`s p`r` ` su` `utmfmle` possm`h o smce`h. Å nufg`loft`h prmlmvor ` @utmfmle` f`s oscmha`s:  0;

 

Mkjotevm:  Olpmworloft (g`r pmgor, gohob`fgm `utmreg`go o rospmfs`keheg`go ol tmgms ms fìvoes g` mrb`fez`âãm. Essm sebfenec` g`r elpmrtëfce` o cmfne`r, g`r-haos hekorg`go o `utmfmle` go `âãm).

Ostr`tåbe`s: -  Å elpmrt`fto quo m oguc`gmr p`rtehao m cmftrmhm gm ge` cml `s cre`fâ`s, prmpmrcemf`fgm-haos mpmrtufeg`gos go oscmha`.  - [ostrefber m hoquo go `htorf`tev`s f`s oscmh`s, p`r` n`cehet`r ` caob`g` ` ul` gocesãm. - @f`hes`r v`ft`bofs o gosv`ft`bofs go c`g` `htorf`tev`. - Cmlproofgor ` FOO o helet`âÿos quo m jmvol pmssue o s`kor oxphecà-h`s, p`r` lohamr so cmlproofgor ` se próprem. Å t`lkål focossàrem troef`r fms jmvofs ` utehez`âãm go rocursms cmlufetàrems:

Mkjotevm: _tehez`r tr`fspmrtos púkhecms ol hmc`es n`lehe`ros o fmvms cml `utmfmle`, utehez`r sorveâms cmlufetàrems v`re`gms cml `utmfmle` o onecàce`.

Ostr`tåbe`s: - @prmxel`âÿos sucossev`s p`r` troefm go `utmfmle` fms tr`fspmrtos púkhecms. - @ftocep`r porcursms, tr`fskmrgms, proâms o pmssìvoes elprovestms gur`fto m porcursm o nmrl`s go heg`r cml ohos. - Efcoftev`r m jmvol ` tr`t`r gms sous `ssuftms o ` n`zor ms sous pogegms fm cmlårcem o fãm n`zê-hm pmr oho. - Gr`l`tez`r geàhmbms smkro ` `queseâãm o utehez`âãm go ul sorveâm. Ox: Ca`l`g`s p`r` m 001, heb`r p`r` ul sorveâm ` poger efnmrl`âÿos, prmcur` f` Eftorfot go tr`fspmrtos o mutrms sorveâms, otc. Mutrm gmlìfem quo å focossàrem gosofvm gosofvmhvor hvor å ` Efgopofgêfce` Tossm`h:

Mkjotevm: @tefber `utmfmle` tmt`h fms cueg`gms possm`es. possm`es.  Ostr`tåbe`s: - Ost`kohocor rmtef`s go cueg`gms possm`es ‘n`zor ul l`p` go `teveg`gos go aebeofo“ (oscretm mu cml el`bofs), porg` go prevehåbems qu`fgm fãm culpro `s `teveg`gos. - @rrul`r ` rmup` o m qu`rtm. 03

 

@hbul`s ostr`tåbe`s p`r` gosofvmhvor ` `utmfmle`   

 

Trmlmvor ` p`rtecep`âãm gms `hufms go nmrl` p`rce`h, mu soj`, g`r ` pmssekeheg`go `m `hufm go ro`hez`r `hbufs p`ssms g` t`ron`, cml mu sol `jug`, f` `usêfce` g` c`p`ceg`go go ro`hez`âãm g` losl`.

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Cmlor smzefam (mu cml pmuc` `jug`).

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Gevorsenec`r ms `lkeoftos go ro`hez`âãm g`s t`ron`s.

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[o`hez`r `s `teveg`gos go aebeofo, cmlm h`v`r ` c`r`, `s lãms, tml`r k`fam, h`v`r ms goftos, n`zor ` k`rk`.

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Wor nmrl`s go cmlufec`âãm quo haos porlet`l ca`l`r ` `tofâãm, poger `jug`, rocus`r mu poger l`es.

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Goshmc`r-so cml pmuc` `jug` ol osp`âms g` su` rmtef` geàre`.

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Cmfaocor ms osp`âms mfgo so goshmc` o lmvo, `ssel cmlm `s possm`s quo ms cmlpÿol, cml ` oscmh`, c`s` o cmlufeg`go.

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Wr`k`ha`r ` efgopofgêfce` fm usm g` c`s` go k`fam (sor m l`es efgopofgofto pmssìvoh o poger `jug` qu`fgm fãm cmfsobuo sor `utófmlm).

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^eset`r osp`âms g` cmlufeg`go ofvmhvofto ` nel go ms cmfaocor o roh`cemf`r.

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Trmpmrcemf`r `teveg`gos quo n`cehetol m `h`rb`loftm go oxporeêfce`s, ol genoroftos `lkeoftos, cmlm: veset`r hmc`es g` cmlufeg`go, er äs cmlpr`s, c`nå, lorc`gm, er ä kekhemtoc`, hov`r ` c`rt` `m cmrroem, p`b`r ` àbu`.

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_tehez`r loems go cmlufec`âãm possm`h p`r` prmlmvor m gosofvmhveloftm g` `utmfmle`, cmlm Eftorfot, tohonmfo, cmrroems, otc.

07

 

?. T[MLMÂÃM GM GOSOF^MH^ELOFWM LMWM[ M gosofvmhveloftm lmtmr prossupÿo m cmftrmhm smkro ms lmveloftms cmrpmr`es. Ostos gosofvmhvol-so ` p`rter go ul` soquêfce`, estm å, oxestol gotorlef`gms ‘tolpms“ p`r` c`g` ot`p` gm gosofvmhveloftm g` cre`fâ`, cmlm pmr oxolphm, `ftos g` cre`fâ` `fg`r preloerm tol quo nec`r ol på, `ftos go nec`r ol på tol quo b`tefa`r, `ftos go b`tefa`r tol quo so soft`r o `ftos go so soft`r tol quo sobur`r ` c`koâ`. Ost` soquêfce` gopofgo ol br`fgo p`rto g` l`tur`âãm o g`s oxporeêfce`s prmpmrcemf`g`s ä cre`fâ`.  C`g` cre`fâ` tol m sou retlm go gosofvmhveloftm lmtmr, pmrål, ms l`rcms / ot`p`s fãm pmgorãm sor goscueg`gms.  @ `utmhmcmlmâãm å ul n`tmr elpmrt`ftìsselm p`r` m gosofvmhveloftm lmtmr, pmes, so osto prmcossm so nezor cmrrot`lofto ` cre`fâ` v`e tmrf`r-so l`es `utófml` (ox. v`e kusc`r ms krefquogms goh`, goshmc`-so p`r` mfgo quor…). Ful` cre`fâ` cml goneceêfce` lmtmr` ` su` `utmfmle` pmgo nec`r cmfgecemf`g` o oss` n`ht` go `utmfmle` pmgo eftornorer fmutr`s àro`s, (ox: f` su` `utmostel`, f` su` pmstur` smce`h o olmcemf`h). @ n`so l`es ràpeg` gm gosofvmhveloftm lmtmr f`s cre`fâ`s å gms 4 `ms 01 losos. Tmr osto lmtevm, sorà m porìmgm ol quo m kokå `efg` torà l`emros pmssekeheg`gos go fmrl`hez`r ost` prmkholàtec`. Oxestol focosseg`go oguc`tev`s ospoce`es quo sãm ospocìnec`s gm gmlìfem lmtmr , cmlm pmr oxolphm ` p`r`hese` corokr`h o gestrmne` luscuh`r, l`s oxestol t`lkål mutr`s quo `pos`r go sorol p`rtecuh`ros go mutrms gmlìfems t`lkål pmgol `not`r m gosofvmhveloftm lmtmr g` cre`fâ`.  @hbul`s cre`fâ`s cml FOO têl aepmtmfe` (nr`c` tmfeceg`go tmfeceg`go gms lúscuhms) o mutr`s têl aeportmfe` (rebegoz gms lúscuhms), focosset`fgm go ul` eftorvofâãm `goqu`g` ä su` prmkholàtec`. Oxestol t`lkål cre`fâ`s cml FOO cml genecuhg`gos `m fìvoh g` cmmrgof`âãm lmtmr` gms lmveloftms. Gopofgoftolofto g`s c`r`torìstec`s go c`g` cre`fâ` o g`s su`s focosseg`gos `m fìvoh gm gosofvmhveloftm lmtmr, `hbul`s cre`fâ`s cml FOO pmgorãm focosset`r go ul` eftorvofâãm l`es ospoce`hez`g` cmlm ` nesemtor`pe` o / mu mutr`s lmg`heg`gos cmlm ` aegrmtor`pe`, aepmtor`pe` o ` psecmlmtreceg`go. Nesemtor`pe` – @ nesemtor`pe` porleto ä cre`fâ` quo so lmv` go ul lmgm l`es onec`z. Gosto lmgm lohamr` m sou tófus pmstur`h g`fgm-hao oxporeofce`s quo gmutr` nmrl` 0?

 

fãm m cmfsobuere`l n`zor (ox.: prmvmc`r lmveloftms fmrl`es cmlm, ostec`r ul kr`âm, erãm n`zor cml quo oss` efnmrl`âãm caobuo `m cårokrm o goss` nmrl` erà sor prmvmc`g` ul` ro`âãm fm cårokrm quo erà n`zor cml quo osso lmveloftm so tmrfo fmrl`h). Aegrmtor`pe` – Osto tr`t`loftm å onotu`gm cmlm m fmlo efgec` goftrm go àbu`. @ aegrmtor`pe` `jug` ` gosofvmhvor ` l`rca` o m oquehìkrem f`s cre`fâ`s cml prmkhol`s lmtmros. @jug` t`lkål f` cmfcoftr`âãm g` cre`fâ`, f` `utmostel` o smce`hez`âãm. M t`tm, `s sofs`âÿos go lmveloftms gm cmrpm o ` `ugeâãm t`lkål sãm osteluh`gms poh` aegrmtor`pe`. Aepmtor`pe` – Gostef`-so ` cre`fâ`s cml `hbul tepm go goneceêfce` o osto tr`t`loftm å onotu`gm cml ` `jug` go c`v`hms. Ms lmveloftms onotu`gms pohm c`v`hm sãm soloha`ftos `ms lmveloftms aul`fms, mu soj`, sãm lmveloftms tregelofsemf`es, p`r` cel` p`r` k`exm, p`r` ` osquorg` p`r` ` geroet`, p`r` ` nrofto p`r` tràs ostos lmveloftms fãm sãm ofcmftr`gms ol cre`fâ`s cml goneceêfce` lmtmr`. Tsecmlmtreceg`go – Å ul prmcossm go eftorvofâãm oguc`tev`, rooguc`tev` o tor`pêutec`, quo cmlproofgo ul` loge`âãm cmrpmr`h o oxprossev`, mfgo m tor`pout` prmcur` cmlpofs`r `s cmfgut`s lmtmr`s ef`goqu`g`s o ef`g`pt`g`s g` cre`fâ`/ jmvol, prevehobe`fgm ` qu`heg`go g` roh`âãm `notev` cml ost`, cmfgut`s oss`s quo sãm prmvofeoftos go gevors`s setu`âÿos t`es cmlm prmkhol`s go cmlpmrt`loftm, go gosofvmhveloftm psecmlmtmr, go `profgez`bol o go mrebol psecm`notev`.

Ostr`tåbe`s p`r` gosofvmhvor gosofvmhvor ` lmtreceg`go g` cre`fâ` cml FOO:  

 

 @phec`r l`tore`es / mkjotms surpros` gur`fto `s `teveg`gos p`r` `uxehe`r fm gosofvmhveloftm go siehhs.

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[o`hez`r `teveg`gos v`re`fgm ms osp`âms go ro`hez`âãm g`s losl`s.

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 @prmvoet`r l`tore`es / oquep`loftms quo porlet`l m tr`k`ham go a`keheg`gos lmtmr`s, cmlm: pux`r, h`rb`r mkjotms.

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_tehez`r l`tore`es osteluh`gmros o gevorsenec`gms.

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[o`hez`r `teveg`gos quo prmlmv`l o gosofvmhv`l ` cmfsceêfce` gm próprem cmrpm, ` h`tor`heg`go, cmmrgof`âãm bor`h, m oquehìkrem, mrb`fez`âãm gm osquol` cmrpmr`h o mrb`fez`âãm osp`ce`h. 0>

 

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Wr`k`ha`r siehhs  quo prmlmv`l m gosofvmhveloftm bhmk`h g` cre`fâ` cml luhtegoneceêfce` fm softegm go hao prmpmrcemf`r ul` lohamr qu`heg`go go veg`.

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[o`hez`r `teveg`gos quo `uxeheol m gosofvmhveloftm g` lmtreceg`go nef` o brmssoer`. Wor ol cmft` ms pmsecemf`loftms g` cre`fâ` (rocmrror ä `jug` go ul tor`pout`

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mcup`cemf`h mu nesemtor`pout`, so focossàrem).   [o`hez`r `teveg`gos go c`ràctor efgevegu`h o ol brupms.

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Th`fenec`r `teveg`gos tofgm ol cmft` `s c`p`ceg`gos o `s helet`âÿos gm `hufm, ro`hez`fgm `s goveg`s `g`pt`âÿos, `ssel cmlm `s prmbrossÿos pog`bóbec`s.

Oxolphms go `jug`s tåcfec`s p`r` m gosofvmhveloftm lmtmr g` cre`fâ` cml FOO: C`goer` go `pmem

St`fgefb nr`lo

 @fg`reham

C`goer` go rmg`s `g`pt`g`

02

 

?.0. EFWO[^OFÂÃM F@ T@[@HESE@ T @[@HESE@ CO[OK[@H M quo å ` T`r`hese` Corokr`h (mu ofcon`hmp`te` crófec` fãm prmbrossev`)=  @ T`r`hese` Corokr`h å ul` porturk`âãm gm cmftrmhm g` pmstur` o lmveloftm quo rosuht` go ul` `fml`he` mu hosãm fãm prmbrossev` go ul` mu l`es p`rtos gm cårokrm, prmvmc`g` luet`s vozos poh` n`ht` go mxebof`âãm g`s cåhuh`s corokr`es. @s hosÿos corokr`es v`re`l cmfnmrlo ` àro` `not`g`, m tolpm go hosãm o eftofseg`go g` losl`.

@ T`r`hese` Corokr`h (TC) pmgo sor ch`ssenec`g` go `cmrgm cml ` f`turoz` g` porturk`âãm gm lmveloftm quo progmlef`: Ospàstec`  – C`r`ctorez`g` pmr ul `uloftm gm tófus luscuh`r cml helet`âãm g` c`p`ceg`go go roh`x`loftm luscuh`r g` robeãm ofvmhveg`. Go `cmrgm cml `s p`rtos gm cmrpm ofvmhveg`s ` T`r`hese` Corokr`h ospàstec` å ch`ssenec`g` cmlm:

0) Aolep`rose` (å ` l`es cmlul go tmg`s) - `not`fgm m lolkrm suporemr o efnoremr gm loslm h`gm gm cmrpm (aolep`rose` osquorg` mu aolep`rose` geroet`)9 ;) Gephobe` -  @lkms ms lolkrms efnoremros ostãm progmlef`ftolofto ofvmhvegms9

3) Wotr`p`rose` - Ol quo sãm `tefbegms ms qu`trm lolkrms o m trmfcm. @totmso – C`r`ctorez`g` poh` prosofâ` go lmveloftms o pmstur`s efvmhuftàrems. Gestmfe` – Efcmmrgof`âãm gm tófus luscuh`r. @t`xe` – M qu`grm chìfecm å gmlef`gm poh` porturk`âãm g` cmmrgof`âãm lmtmr` o gm oquehìkrem (têl trolmros `m ro`hez`r ul lmveloftm).

Cmroecm – Lmveloftms efvmhuftàrems o goscmmrgof`gms gms lolkrms o gms lúscuhms g` n`co.

Lestms – Pu`fgm `prosoft`l pohm lofms gmes tepms `ssmce`gms go `htor`âãm gm lmveloftm (ox.: ospàstecm o `totóego).

 

Pu`es sãm `s c`us`s go T`r`hese` Corokr`h=

C`us`s prå-f`t`es: Ful` br`fgo p`rto gms c`sms `s c`us`s ost`rãm prosoftos `ftos gm f`sceloftm g` cre`fâ`. Gost`s, `hbul`s cre`fâ`s f`scol cml l`hnmrl`âÿos 01

 

corokr`es quo pmgol sor m rosuht`gm go oxpmseâãm ` tóxecms mu efnoâÿos gur`fto ` br`vegoz. 

Efnoâÿos: [ukåmh`, Sìnehes, Cetmlob`hmveruss, @EGS9 _sm go Grmb`s, W`k`beslm,  Àhcmmh9 Gosfutreâãm l`torf`9 @htor`âÿos c`rgemcercuh`tóre`s l`torf`s, Hestoremso (c`us`g` pmr `heloftms cmft`lef`gms cml ` k`ctåre` Hestore`  lmfmcytmbofos `heloftms crús t`ftm go mrebol `fel`h cmlm vobot`h, pmgofgm t`lkål ost`r prosofto ol `heloftms cmzefa`gms quo smnror`l cmft`lef`âãm `pós

prmcoss`loftm) o Wmxmph`slmso (c`us`g` pohm prmtmzmàrem Wmxmph`sl` bmfgee   quo pmgo ost`r prosofto f`s c`rfos cru`s o nozos gms b`tms).

C`us`s poref`t`es:  @s hosÿos corokr`es pmgol efst`h`r-so gur`fto mu pmucm tolpm `pós m f`sceloftm. Ol l`emr rescm gost`s hosÿos ofcmftr`l-so ms prol`turms (prefcep`hlofto br`fgos prol`turms), ms rocål-f`scegms go luetm k`exm posm go f`sceloftm, ms quo têl `snexe` br`vo `m f`scor o ms quo smnror`l aolmrr`be`s corokr`es.

 

C`us`s:  @fóxe` @fóxe` (hosãm gm sestol` forvmsm coftr`h)9 Aolmrr`be`s eftr`cr`fe`f`s9 (tr`ul` mkståtrecm).

C`us`s pós-f`t`es: @ TC mcmrro `pós m f`sceloftm. C`us`s:  @snexe`, tr`ul`teslms cr`fe`fms, soquoh`s go efnoâÿos `not`fgm m cårokrm (ox.: Lofefbetos9 cmfvuhsÿos)9 Gosfutreâãm9 N`ht` go ostìluhm9 Aegrmcon`he` (`culuh`âãm ol oxcossm go hìquegm con`hmrr`quìgom - HC[). M CÅ[OK[M å m órbãm quo cmftrmh` tmg`s `s nufâÿos gm mrb`feslm o p`r` essm focosset` gm MQEBÅFEM. @ n`ht` gosto futreofto å ul` g`s l`emros c`us`s go hosãm corokr`h, c`us`fgm prmkhol`s p`r` m gosofvmhveloftm.

M ge`bfóstecm g` T`r`hese` Corokr`h: - @ `v`he`âãm o m tr`t`loftm g` p`r`hese` corokr`h sãm noetms pmr fourmhmbest`s efn`ftes. - A`ketu`hlofto m ge`bfóstecm `cmftoco qu`fgm oxesto ul` `ssmce`âãm go `tr`sm f` `queseâãm g`s cmlpotêfce`s lmtmr`s o `htor`âÿos gm tófus luscuh`r, gms ronhoxms o gms p`grÿos go lmveloftm.  -  @s c`us`s g` T`r`hese` Corokr`h pmgol ost`r roh`cemf`g`s cml vàre`s aepótosos o

ful br`fgo fúlorm go c`sms fãm å pmssìvoh, `tu`hlofto, gotorlef`r ` c`us`, loslm 05

 

oxestefgm ox`los (Wmlmbr`ne` Cmlput`gmrez`g` o Ohotrmofcon`hmbr`l`) quo `uxehe`l ol luetm fm ge`bfóstecm. - Fms preloerms losos go veg` å pmr vozos genìceh ost`kohocor m ge`bfóstecm o m

prmbfóstecm (provesãm g`s helet`âÿos quo ` cre`fâ` torà fm nuturm), sofgm pmr vozos focossàrem `bu`rg`r `hbufs losos `tå quo pmss`l sor `ssulegms cml sobur`fâ`.  - @ T`r`hese` Corokr`h rosuht` go porturk`âÿos corokr`es go f`turoz` fãm prmbrossev`, pohm quo ` porg` go c`p`ceg`gos (robrossãm) fãm å c`r`torìstec` g` T`r`hese` Corokr`h. Aà ul ofmrlo ospotrm go br`veg`go. @hbul`s cre`fâ`s torãm porturk`âÿos heboer`s, qu`so elporcotìvoes. Mutr`s torãm br`vo efc`p`ceg`go, sofgm tmt`hlofto gopofgoftos f`s `teveg`gos g` veg` geàre`.

Trmkhol`s `ssmce`gms:  T`r` `hål g`s porturk`âÿos lmtmr`s, sãm nroquoftos f`s possm`s cml TC – `tr`sm cmbfetevm, porturk`âÿos vesu`es o `ugetev`s, opehopse`, genecuhg`gos go `profgez`bol o gåneco go `tofâãm. F`s nmrl`s totr`p`råtec`s sãm `efg` cmlufs genecuhg`gos `heloft`ros, porturk`âÿos futrecemf`es o efnoâÿos rosper`tóre`s. Å elpmrt`fto s`kor quo m pmrt`gmr pmssue eftohebêfce` fmrl`h (` fãm sor quo ` hosãm tofa` `not`gm àro`s gm cårokrm rospmfsàvoes pohm pofs`loftm o poh` lolóre`).

M tr`t`loftm: M tr`t`loftm cmfsesto fm cmftrmho g`s cresos cmfvuhsev`s o g` osp`steceg`go, g`s cmlphec`âÿos quo pmss`l surber soj`l oh`s mrtmpågec`s provofefgm cmftr`tur`s (ofcurt`loftm luscuh`r govegm ` osnmrâms) o gonmrleg`gos. T`r` quo essm pmss` `cmftocor å focossàrem ul tr`k`ham lågecm, psecmhóbecm o nesemtor`pêutecm go nmrl` eftorgescephef`r .  Ms prmnessemf`es quo `tofgol osto tepm go cre`fâ` govol gespmr go vàre`s tåcfec`s o rocursms cml m mkjotevm go lohamr`r ` osp`steceg`go (rebegoz luscuh`r), ohelef`r ms n`tmros `br`v`ftos, ro`kehet`r `tr`vås gm usm go órtosos  (gespmsetevms oxtorfms `phec`gms `m cmrpm), n`rl`cmtor`pe`, cerurbe`s mrtmpågec`s o fourmcerurbe`. M `cmlp`fa`loftm psecmhóbecm n`lehe`r  å  å elpmrt`fto fm tr`t`loftm, pmes `jug`rà ms p`es oftofgorol lohamr, `uxehe`r fm `tofgeloftm o provofer cmlphec`âÿos.  @ tor`pe` mcup`cemf`h å efgespofsàvoh p`r` m efgevìgum cml TC, vestm quo ostos `prosoft`l genecuhg`gos ol fìvoes v`re`gms f` ro`hez`âãm g`s `teveg`gos g` veg` geàre` (cmlm `heloft`âãm, k`fam, vostuàrem, aebeofo possm`h o lmkeheg`go). M tor`pout` mcup`cemf`h tr`k`ha` cml ` rmtef` gm efgevìgum o `jug` ` gosolpofa`r `s `teveg`gos go ;4

 

l`foer` `utófml` o efgopofgofto, prmcur`fgm m lohamr fìvoh go gosolpofam ol tmg`s `s `teveg`gos, efchuefgm `utmcueg`gm, h`zor, tr`k`ham, p`rtecep`âãm smce`h o oguc`âãm.  @ nesemtor`pe` tol pmr mkjotevm: Efeker ` `teveg`go ronhox` `fmrl`h fmrl`hez`fgm m t÷fus luscuh`r o n`cehet`r m lmveloftm fmrl`h, cmfsoquoftolofto lohamr`fgm ` nmrâ`, nhoxekeheg`go, `lphetugo go lmveloftm (@GL), o `s c`p`ceg`gos lmtmr`s kàsec`s p`r` ` lmkeheg`go nufcemf`h. @s lot`s go ul prmbr`l` go ro`kehet`âãm sãm roguzer ` efc`p`ceg`go, provofer cmftr`tur`s o gonmrleg`gos o mtelez`r ` nufâãm. Ms `hmfb`loftms lúscuhm-tofgefmsms govol sor hoftms o ro`hez`gms ge`re`lofto p`r` l`ftor ` `lphetugo go lmveloftm o roguzer m tófus luscuh`r. Oxorcìcems go br`fgo rosestêfce` pmgol `uxehe`r fm nmrt`hoceloftm luscuh`r, l`s cml `s goveg`s proc`uâÿos ol p`ceoftos cml hosÿos coftr`es, pmes ronmrâ`rãm `s ro`âÿos tófec`s `fmrl`es jà oxestoftos `uloft`fgm ` osp`steceg`go.

M prmbfóstecm: M prmbfóstecm g` p`r`hese` corokr`h gopofgo gm br`u g`s hosÿos gms sestol`s o g` gespmfekeheg`go o qu`heg`go g` ro`kehet`âãm. Tmrål, loslm fms c`sms go kml prmbfóstecm oxestol 3 n`tmros go br`fgo rohovëfce` fm gosofvmhveloftm g` cre`fâ`: m br`u go goneceêfce` loft`h, m fúlorm go cresos opehåtec`s o ` eftofseg`go gm gestúrkem go cmlpmrt`loftm. Cre`fâ`s cml goneceêfce` loft`h lmgor`g` mu br`vo, `ssmce`g`s ` cresos opehåtec`s go genìceh cmftrmhm mu cml `tetugos fob`tevest`s mu `brossev`s, fãm rospmfgol kol ` ro`kehet`âãm.

;0

 

>.

T[MLMÂÃM

GM

GOSOF^MH^ELOFWM

G@

HEFB_@BOL Cmfstetuefgm ul` gàgev` bofåtec` ä ospåceo aul`f`, å elpofsàvoh el`bef`r ` veg` sol ` hefbu`bol. @tr`vås goh` rocokolms, tr`fspmrt`lms o `rl`zof`lms efnmrl`âãm. W`lkål us`lm-h` p`r` cmlufec`r, mrb`fez`r o romrb`fez`r m pofs`loftm.  @ hefbu`bol  tr`guz-so ful sestol` cmlphoxm o gefëlecm go sìlkmhms cmfvofcemf`gms, us`gm us`gm ol lmg`heg`gos gevors`s p`r` Ym amlol\ cmlufec`r o pofs`r. Gosgo luetm cogm govolms osteluh`r ` hefbu`bol g` cre`fâ` cml FOO, fãm só ` n`h` l`s t`lkål ` cmlproofsãm g` hefbu`bol vork`h o bostu`h.  @ prmguâãm  o ` cmlproofsãm  g` hefbu`bol sãm gu`s cmlpmfoftos quo ostãm prosoftos fm prmcoss`loftm g` efnmrl`âãm vork`h, quo olkmr` genoroftos so cmlpholoft`l. Go `cmrgm cml Sel-Sel (0551, p. ;7), ` preloer` gez rospoetm ä ostrutur`âãm g` lofs`bol, nmrl`t`g` go `cmrgm cml `s robr`s go ul gotorlef`gm sestol` o l`tore`hez`g` f` `rtecuh`âãm go c`goe`s nófec`s, f` hefbu`bol mr`h, f` soquêfce` go bostms f` hìfbu` bostu`h gms surgms mu f` soquofce`hez`âãm go sef`es brànecms, fm c`sm g` oscret`. Tmr su` voz, ` cmlproofsãm ofvmhvo ` rocoâãm o ` gocenr`âãm go ul` c`goe` go smfs o ` rospotev` eftorprot`âãm go `cmrgm cml `s robr`s go ul gotorlef`gm sestol` hefbuìstecm.  @ `queseâãm g` hefbu`bol å ul` c`p`ceg`go g` ospåceo aul`f`, efgopofgoftolofto g` r`â` o g` cuhtur` go c`g` brupm smce`h. Pu`hquor cre`fâ` get` ‘fmrl`h“ `gquero ` hìfbu` g` cmlufeg`go ` quo portofco, k`st`fgm p`r` t`h quo meâ` n`h`r ä su` vmht` o quo hao n`hol. @ssulo-so, pmr essm, quo efgopofgoftolofto g`s c`r`torìstec`s go c`g` hìfbu`, ` cmlufec`âãm vork`h å ufevors`h. Oxestol, pmrål, `hbul`s porspotev`s toórec`s quo `pmft`l n`tmros quo ostãm f` k`so g` `queseâãm g` hìfbu` l`torf`. @ ufevors`heg`go gm nofólofm o ` oxestêfce` go ul rohóbem kemhóbecm, quo p`roco gotorlef`r `s ot`p`s go `queseâãm g` hefbu`bol, cmfstetuol efgec`gmros go quo n`tmros l`tur`cemf`es gotorlef`l ` `ptegãm hefbuìstec` g` cre`fâ`. Tmr mutrm h`gm, ` cmfst`t`âãm go quo cre`fâ`s sujoet`s ` setu`âÿos go prev`âãm smce`h `prosoft`l ul` hefbu`bol cmlprmloteg`, hov` ` cror quo oxestol t`lkål n`tmros smce`es ol quo `ssoft` ` `ptegãm hefbuìstec` gm sor aul`fm. ;;

 

Tmr su` voz, ` `queseâãm g` hìfbu` l`torf` `cmftoco pmr ot`p`s mu ostàgems, ms qu`es cmlproofgol porìmgms ol quo mcmrrol gosolpofams ospocìnecms mu ol quo so robest`l gotorlef`gms cmlpmrt`loftms. Å focossàrem, oftãm, rospoet`r ` ot`p` gm gosofvmhveloftm g` hefbu`bol ol quo ` cre`fâ` cml FOO so setu` o tr`â`r ul prmjotm go tr`k`ham go cmlpotêfce`s quo sãm ossofce`es foss` ot`p`.  @ roh`âãm quo oxesto oftro ` l`tur`âãm g`s zmf`s gm cårokrm ofvmhveg`s fm prmcoss`loftm g` hefbu`bol o `s `queseâÿos hefbuìstec`s `pmft` fm softegm g` aepótoso go ul porìmgm cruce`h p`r` ` `queseâãm g` hefbu`bol, quo torlef` pmr

vmht` g` pukorg`go, gur`fto m qu`h ` `proofsãm gm cógebm hefbuìstecm g` n`lìhe` o g` cmlufeg`go å ràpeg`, `cmftocofgm pmr lor` oxpmseâãm g` cre`fâ` `m loslm. Tmrål, gosgo luetm cogm, ` qu`fteg`go o ` qu`heg`go gm efput   hefbuìstecm quo ms p`es o ms p`ros hao prmpmrcemf`l n`rãm ` genorofâ` fm sou gosofvmhveloftm. M preloerm `fm go veg` roprosoft` ul porìmgm cruce`h p`r` m gosofvmhveloftm g` hefbu`bol, `m qu`h å `trekuìgm ` gosebf`âãm go n`so prå-hefbuìstec`  ([ebmhot, ;4449 Sel-Sel, 0551). C`r`torez`-so pohm h`fâ`loftm g`s k`sos g` cmlufec`âãm oftro m kokå o ms quo m rmgoe`l, pohm efìcem g` vmc`hez`âãm o pohm gosofvmhveloftm g`s c`p`ceg`gos go gescrelef`âãm quo tmrf`l pmssìvoh ` genorofce`âãm gms smfs g` n`h` aul`f`.  @ utehez`âãm go hevrms go aestóre`s, c`rtÿos go el`bofs, nmtmbr`ne`s (efchuefgm go n`lehe`ros, possm`s o mkjotms `notevms p`r` ` cre`fâ`) sãm ostr`tåbe`s quo `jug`l ` gosofvmhvor ` hefbu`bol go cre`fâ`s cml FOO. Pu`fgm oxesto cmlprmloteloftm g` n`h` sorà focossàrem, t`lkål, prmlmvor `teveg`gos quo nmrt`hocol ms lúscuhms g` oxprossãm n`ce`h g` cre`fâ`, cmlm pmr oxolphm, smprm (go voh`s, n`zor kmh`s go s`kãm), sucâãm, koejms ropofec`gms, ost`hms cml ` hìfbu`, `ssmkem, otc.

@hbul`s ostr`tåbe`s p`r` gosofvmhvor ` cmlufec`âãm g`s cre`fâ`s cml FOO:  

 

Cre`r `teveg`gos gevorsenec`g`s quo prmpeceol ` efnmrl`âãm o mrebefol ` focosseg`go go cmlufec`r - v`re`fgm ms osp`âms, `s `teveg`gos, n`h`r go tol`s go `cmrgm cml ms sous eftorossos, otc.



 

Egoftenec`r ms p`rcoerms cml quol cmlufec` `tr`vås gm fmlo, gul bostm mu go ul mkjotm go ronorêfce` - `prosoft`r `s cre`fâ`s ul` äs mutr`s, cmhmc`r quostÿos `m brupm `corc` g`s prosofâ`s o `usêfce`s, ost`kohocor ul` rmtef`

;3

 

ch`r` o cml cmfsoquêfce`s g`s `âÿos, gezor m fmlo g`s cre`fâ`s p`r` mktor ` su` `tofâãm, otc. 

 

Ostrutur`r `s `âÿos fm tolpm go nmrl` sestolàtec` - h`v`r `s lãms `ftos go cmlor, voster m c`s`cm `ftos go er p`r` c`s`, otc.



 

Mrb`fez`r m c`hofgàrem gm tolpm mfgo so efgequol `s `âÿos geàre`s o ` su` soquêfce`, utehez`fgm gosofams, mkjotms o oscret`, go `cmrgm cml `s c`p`ceg`gos gm `hufm.



 

_tehez`r swetca smfmrms.



 

Wor nmrl`s go cmlufec`âãm v`re`g`s go `cmrgm cml `s c`p`ceg`gos gm `hufm o p`r` quo tmgms ms prosoftos oftofg`l - roprosoft`r ` losl` `teveg`go go gevors`s nmrl`s, cmhmc`r ` lãm g` cre`fâ` smkro ` su` p`r` quo ost` seft` m quo ostà ` ro`hez`r o so seft` lmtev`g` p`r` elet`r, otc. Cmfstruer t`kuhoerms cml genoroftos toxtur`s (p`r` us`r cmlm c`hofgàrems, pmr



 

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oxolphm).   Wml`r `tofâãm äs nmrl`s go rospmst` gm `hufm (cmlm: lmveloftms cmrpmr`es, oxprossÿos, pmstur`s, rosper`âÿos, otc.).

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G`r tolpm p`r` quo ` cre`fâ` rospmfg` äs efece`tev`s prmpmst`s.



 

[ospmfgor `m `hufm go `cmrgm cml ` setu`âãm, ul` voz quo gotorlef`gms bostms sãm ropotegms, l`s gopofgofgm g` amr`, g` setu`âãm o gm cmftoxtm fol solpro quorol gezor m loslm - `pmft`r p`r` ` ru` go l`faã pmgo sebfenec`r er p`sso`r, so nmr `m nef`h gm ge`, pmgo sebfenec`r quo ostà ` caob`r `hbuål p`r` m hov`r ` c`s`, pmr oxolphm.

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Gevorsenec`r ms cmftoxtms o p`rcoerms go cmlufec`âãm - hovà-hm ä s`h` go `uh`, `m rocroem, otc.

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Hov`r m `hufm ` poger l`tore`es ol nufâãm g`s `teveg`gos prmpmst`s, osteluh`fgm `ssel ` cmlufec`âãm - `m `hlmâm fãm hao g`r m cmpm cml àbu`, fãm cmhmc`r m t`haor, otc.



 

[ospmfgor go nmrl` pmsetev` ` tmg`s `s nmrl`s o toft`tev`s go cmlufec`âãm efcoftev`r, g`r pest`s.



 

G`r efnmrl`âãm vork`h `corc` g` `teveg`go quo ` cre`fâ` ro`hez`, utehez`fgm solpro ` n`h` ol cmfjub`âãm cml mutr`s nmrl`s go cmlufec`âãm. ;7

 



 

Loge`r ` qu`fteg`go go efnmrl`âãm o ` nmrl` cmlm å tr`fsleteg` ä cre`fâ`, ul` voz quo luet` efnmrl`âãm o l`h ostrutur`g` pmgol sor lmtevm go cmfnusãm o loslm go goslmtev`âãm p`r` ` cre`fâ`.

Cmftugm, `hbul`s cre`fâ`s cml FOO fãm caob`rãm soquor ` `gquerer ` n`h` o mutr`s focosset`rãm go Wor`pe` g` N`h` cmlpholoft`r `m tr`k`ham gosofvmhvegm ol c`s` o f` oscmh`. Wugm gopofgorà gm tepm o br`u go FOO go quo ` cre`fâ` å pmrt`gmr` o g` eftorvofâãm quo nmr gosofvmhveg` cml oh`. Fostos c`sms pmgorà rocmrror-so `  sestol`s go cmlufec`âãm `uloft`tev` (STC), ms qu`es pmssekehet`l quo `s possm`s cml genecuhg`gos go cmlufec`âãm eftor`j`l cml ms mutrms, l`fenost`fgm `s su`s mpefeÿos, softeloftms o tml`g`s go gocesãm. Ol sul`, porletol ` p`rtecep`âãm f` smceog`go ol ebu`hg`go e bu`hg`go go geroetms o mpmrtufeg`gos.

>.0. SESWOL@S GO CML_FEC@ÂÃM @_LOFW@WE^@ (STC)  @ cmlufec`âãm `uloft`tev` utehez`-so qu`fgm ` cmlufec`âãm go ul efgevìgum fãm å suneceofto p`r` so n`zor cmlproofgor. Cmfstetue ul kol procemsm p`r` luet`s cre`fâ`s o jmvofs g`s fmss`s oscmh`s, lohamr`fgm ` su` eftobr`âãm o p`rtecep`âãm, m quo pmr su` voz `uloft` ` su` qu`heg`go go veg`. W`lkål p`r` ms `guhtms lohamr` ` su` efsorâãm f` smceog`go, lohamr`fgm ` su` cmfgeâãm. Tmgolms cmlufec`r us`fgm mkjotms ro`es, nmtms, gosofams o pectmbr`l`s. _l sestol` pectmbrànecm å ` roprosoft`âãm g` lofs`bol pmr gosofams, nmtms o el`bofs. el `bofs. M usm go pectmbr`l`s fãm å oxchusevm gostos sestol`s. So mha`rlms ä fmss` vmht`, ofcmftr`lms v`re`gms tepms go gosofams quo fms tr`fsletol lofs`bofs (pmr oxolphm, ms cmfaocegms sef`es go trëfsetm). Ms Sestol`s @uloft`tevms go Cmlufec`âãm gevegol-so ol gmes br`fgos brupms:

Sestol`s sol @jug`:  Sãm cmfstetuìgms pmr sìlkmhms mu cmfjuftms go sìlkmhms quo fãm focosset`l go qu`esquor `jug`s mu gespmsetevms. ;?

 

Sestol`s cml @jug`: Sãm cmfstetuìgms pmr sìlkmhms quo focosset`l go ul qu`hquor gespmsetevm oxtoremr `m sestol`.

Oxestol v`re`gms Trmgutms go @pmem p`r` ` Cmlufec`âãm:  – W`koh`s mu Pu`grms go Cmlufec`âãm: Sãm rocursms utehez`gms p`r` tr`fsleter lofs`bofs. Tmgol sor noetms ol gevorsms l`tore`es o us`gms ol genoroftos supmrtos: `voft`h, hevrm, rohóbem…

Oxolphm go Pu`grm go W`ron`s L`tef`es:

;>

 

Oxolphm go Kmhs` go Ceftur`:

 – Cmlufec`gmros (Gebet`hez`gmros go N`h`): Ms cmlufec`gmros sãm oquep`loftms pmrtàtoes quo porletol ` br`v`âãm go lofs`bofs go vmz (mu mutrm tepm go smfs), pmssekehet`fgm ` ul` possm` sol cmlufec`âãm mr`h oscmhaor go oftro `s quo ostãm br`v`g`s.  – @phec`âÿos Efnmrlàtec`s p`r` ` Cmlufec`âãm: Oxesto smntw`ro (prmbr`l`s) ospocìnecm p`r` cmlufec`rlms `tr`vås go toch`gms fm ocrã. Gosto lmgm, å pmssìvoh sukstetuer tmg`s `s nufâÿos gm toch`gm o gm r`tm cmfvofcemf`h, kol cmlm ms cml`fgms gm Refgmws. Ost`s nufâÿos o ` sìftoso go vmz pmssekehet`l `m utehez`gmr oxpross`r-so o cmlufec`r go nmrl` `utófml`, utehez`r m cmlput`gmr o ms rospotevms prmbr`l`s, f`vob`r f` Eftorfot o t`lkål cmftrmh`r tmt`hlofto m sou `lkeofto nìsecm: `krer o noca`r pmrt`s o j`foh`s, `cogor, go nmrl` `utófml`, `m tohonmfo, tv, oquep`loftm go àugem o vìgom o mutr`s nufcemf`heg`gos. @ pmrt`keheg`go gostos oquep`loftms cmfnoro-haos ul` elpmrtëfce` oxtr`mrgefàre` f` cmlufec`âãm g`s possm`s cml efc`p`ceg`go, pmssekehet`fgm-haos ul` l`emr `utmfmle` f`s su`s `teveg`gos geàre`s. M rocursm ä norr`loft` go `utmr porleto ` cmfstruâãm go smhuâÿos porsmf`hez`g`s p`r` c`g` utehez`gmr. Oxestol, `efg`, ms Gespmsetevms go @cossm. @ su` utehez`âãm å, pmr vozos, ` úfec` nmrl` quo ul` possm` cml helet`âÿos lmtmr`s tol p`r` eftor`ber cml ms oquep`loftms tocfmhóbecms. Tmr oxolphm, aà possm`s quo fãm cmfsobuol utehez`r m r`tm gm cmlput`gmr (mu ul krefquogm, mu ul gebet`hez`gmr go vmz…), pohm quo focosset`l go gespmsetevms `uloft`tevms quo haos porlet`l ro`hez`r `s losl`s ;2

 

nufâÿos. Oxesto ul` br`fgo v`reog`go go gespmsetevms go `cossm. M l`es elpmrt`fto å `goqu`r m gespmsetevm go `cossm äs c`p`ceg`gos gm utehez`gmr.

 – L`fìpuhms (swetca):  Sãm gespmsetevms quo, heb`gms ` ul cmlput`gmr, porletol, loge`fto ` `âãm go qu`hquor p`rto gm cmrpm (pmr ox.: c`koâ`, quoexm, lãm, på, cmtmvohm), ul cmftrmhm vmhuftàrem gm cmlput`gmr. Oxestol l`fìpuhms go prossãm, go tmquo, go efchef`r, `tev`gms pohm smprm, go `port`r, cml prmbr`l`âãm, otc.  – Woch`gms vertu`es: Sãm prmbr`l`s efnmrlàtecms quo lmstr`l m toch`gm fm ocrã gm cmlput`gmr o pmssekehet`l `cogor ` qu`hquor `phec`âãm efnmrlàtec` sol utehez`r m toch`gm cmfvofcemf`h. Nufcemf`l pmr v`rreloftm `tr`vås go ul l`fìpuhm mu pmr sohoâãm gerot` (pmr ox.: hotr`s, cåhuh`s, p`h`vr`s, sìlkmhms, otc.).@hbufs gostos prmbr`l`s têl efcmrpmr`gm ul sestol` go progeâãm go p`h`vr`s quo porleto tmrf`r ` oscret` l`es ràpeg`. ‘T`r` `s possm`s sol goneceêfce`, ` tocfmhmbe` tmrf` `s cmes`s l`es nàcoes. T`r` `s  possm`s cml goneceêfce`, goneceêfce`, ` tocfmhmbe` tmrf` `s cmes`s pmssìvoes.“  pmssìvoes.“   [@G@K@_BA

>.;. M LÅWMGM G@S ;1 T@H@^[@S  M gosofvmhveloftm g` hefbu`bol mr`h ostà eftrefsoc`lofto heb`gm ä `profgez`bol g` hoetur` o g` oscret`, efnhuofce`fgm t`es prmcossms. Tmr su` voz, m cmfaoceloftm g` hìfbu` mr`h o oscret` å efgespofsàvoh p`r` m gmlìfem g` l`emre` gms cmftoúgms gescephef`ros quo eftobr`l m currìcuhm oscmh`r gms `hufms, ms qu`es sorãm nufg`loft`es f` ro`hez`âãm prmnessemf`h go ul efgevìgum. Fãm å pmr `c`sm quo ` hefbu`bol å, `tu`hlofto, vest` cmlm «` j`foh` gm cmfaoceloftm aul`fm¹. M `tm go hor o go oscrovor å ul` `teveg`go cmbfetev`, quo ves` ` goscmgenec`âãm o cmlproofsãm go roprosoft`âÿos brànec`s o `ugetev`s.  @ `profgez`bol g` hoetur` o g` oscret` oscret` k`soe`-so ol gmes prossu prossupmstms pmstms nufg`loft`es:   [oter`r efnmrl`âãm vesu`h (sef`es brànecms)



  Cmlproofsãm gm quo so ostà ` hor o ` oscrovor.



;1

 

  Ofsef`r ` cre`fâ` ` hor o ` oscrov oscrovor or roprosoft` g`r-hao ms loems go quo



focosset` p`r` cmlufec`r cml ms mutrms f` su` `usêfce`.   @ hoetur` tmrf`-so, g g`ì `ì ol ge`fto, m prefcep`h loem p`r` `gquerer cmf cmfaoceloftms, aoceloftms,



prmlmvor m gosofvmhveloftm gm pofs`loftm, ofrequocor ` porsmf`heg`go o prmpmrcemf` `hbul` `utmfmle` ä cre`fâ`. Oxestol vàrems låtmgms go ofsefm g` hoetur` o g` oscret`, l`s m quo progmlef` fm ofsefm g`s oscmh`s pmrtubuos`s å m låtmgm `f`hìtecm-seftåtecm, quo cmlm m próprem fmlo efgec` surbeu g` ufeãm gm låtmgm `f`hìtecm ` f`hìtecm cml m låtmgm seftåtecm. Fosto låtmgm `s p`h`vr`s sãm `prosoft`g`s efgevegu`hlofto o å oxphec`g` c`g` hotr` quo ` cmlpÿo `tr`vås gm sou br`nol` (el`bol) o nmfol` (sml), quo ` cre`fâ` cmpe` o lolmrez`. Tmstoremrlofto sãm cmfstruìg`s nr`sos cml ul` mu l`es p`h`vr`s jà ostug`g`s, go nmrl` ` oxphec`r äs cre`fâ`s m sou softegm. So qu`fgm `krelms ms mhams volms v`re`gms mkjotms quo `utml`tec`lofto `ssmce`lms ` p`h`vr`s, o so qu`fgm oscrovolms ul` p`h`vr` vesu`hez`lms loft`hlofto ` su` el`bol roprosoft`tev`, tmrf`-so efcmftostàvoh ` elpmrtëfce` g`s el`bofs fm prmcossm go `profgez`bol g` hoetur` o g` oscret`.

Cmlm so ofsef` `efg` ` hor o ` oscrovor us`fgm hotr`s smht`s quo so ropotol= Cmlm pmgorãm `s cre`fâ`s cml Genecuhg`gos go @profgez`bol mu Focosseg`gos Oguc`tev`s Ospoce`es porcokor ul loc`feslm go hoetur` sol fofaul sebfenec`gm eloge`tm= M låtmgm g`s ;1 p`h`vr`s surbeu ful` toft`tev` kol-sucogeg` go g`r rospmst` ` ostos prmkhol`s. @m `ssmce`r ` el`bol ` ul` p`h`vr` tmrf`-so l`es nàceh p`r` ` cre`fâ` cmlproofgor m sou sebfenec`gm o lolmrez`r `s hotr`s quo cmlpÿol oss` losl` p`h`vr`, ospoce`hlofto so oh` nezor p`rto gm sou qumtege`fm. Osto låtmgm cmfsesto ol ofsef`r ` hor o ` oscrovor ` p`rter go setu`âÿos cmfcrot`s g` veg` gm `hufm, roh`cemf`fgm `s p`h`vr`s äs rospotev`s el`bofs .  @ su` ostrutur` prefcep`h tol cmlm k`so ` `prosoft`âãm go ;1 p`h`vr`s-ca`vo, eftrmguzeg`s prmbrossev`lofto `tr`vås go aestóre`s, quo sãm heg`s `m hmfbm gm `fm o lolmrez`g`s poh`s cre`fâ`s, cmloâ`fgm luetm cogm ` `f`hes`r c`g` p`h`vr`, l`s só `tå ä sìh`k`. @s cefcm preloer`s p`h`vr`s sãm `prosoft`g`s cmlm ul tmgm o gopmes gocmlpmst`s `tå caob`r äs vmb`es, quo ms `hufms `profgol ` cmpe`r. ;5

 

T`h`vr`s-Ca`voo utehez`g`s fm Låtmgm g`s ;1 T`h`vr`s T`h`vr`s-Ca`v Lofef`

C`s`

[`tm

C`r`cmh

Lofefm

J`foh`

Cofmur`

Àrvmro

S`p`tm

Woha`gm

Ber`n`

Pu`grm

Kmt`

Osc`g`

T`ha`âm

T`ss`refam

_v`

Ca`vo

Zokr`

Ceb`rr`

L`lã

B`hefa`

Toexo

Nmbuoer`

Hoquo

Bol`

K`fgoer`

Nhmr

 @tr`vås go ul` hoetur` hoft` o sefcmp`g`, m prmnossmr gotorlef` mfgo `c`k` c`g` sìh`k`, prmcogofgm ä gocmlpmseâãm g` p`h`vr`, oscrovofgm-` ful` ter` go p`poh o cmrt`fgm-` sìh`k` ` sìh`k`, p`r` quo `s cre`fâ`s `profg`l ` cmlpmr ` p`h`vr` mrebef`h, juft`fgm ms pog`âms go p`poh. Nef`hez`gm m tr`k`ham cml oss`s p`h`vr`s, tmg`s oss`s sìh`k`s sãm bu`rg`g`s ful oxpmsetmr g` s`h`, cmfstruefgm ul seh`kàrem, quo porleterà äs cre`fâ`s cmfstruer fmv`s p`h`vr`s. Gopmes gost` `profgez`bol tugm so tmrf` l`es nàceh o, ol pmucm tolpm, `s cre`fâ`s cmloâ`l ` hor: preloerm p`h`vr`s o gopmes poquof`s nr`sos.  @ eftrmguâãm gm `hn`kotm surbo `pof`s f` `htur` ol quo `s cre`fâ`s cmloâ`l ` softer bmstm poh` hoetur` o poh` goscmkort`, efece`fgm-so ` `profgez`bol g` oscret` cml ` losl` lotmgmhmbe` g` hoetur`.

@spotms elpmrt`ftos gosto låtmgm  låtmgm    _tehez` gosgo m efìcem l`tore`h go cmftoúgm sebfenec`tevm9



  Torleto ä cre`fâ` l`fuso`r gosgo co cogm gm sìh`k`s o goscmk goscmkrer rer fmv`s p`h`vr`s m



quo so tr`guz ful` nmfto go s`tesn`âãm9   Hov` ` cre`fâ` ä prmcur` go fmv`s p`h`vr`s9



  Tmssekehet` ul ul chel` gefëlecm, `hobro, eftoro eftoross`fto ss`fto p poh` oh` gos goscmkort` cmkort` o `spotms



húgecms. 34

 

M Låtmgm g`s ;1 T`h`vr`s o `s cre`fâ`s cml FOO: FOO:   Fms c`sms go cre`fâ`s cml FOO, ospoce`hlofto ol àro`s `c`gålec`s cmlm ` hoetur`, ` oscret` mu m càhcuhm, (geshoxe`s, gesbr`ne`s, gesc`hcuhe`s, otc.), ` `profgez`bol g` hoetur` o g` oscret` pohm låtmgm `f`hìtecm-seftåtecm tmrf`-so l`es cmlphec`g`, pmes oxebo ul ohov`gm br`u go `kstr`âãm, ofqu`ftm quo fm låtmgm g`s ;1 p`h`vr`s ` t`ron` å n`cehet`g` cml ` `ssmce`âãm g` p`h`vr` ` el`bofs o ` setu`âÿos cmfcrot`s gm qumtege`fm g` cre`fâ`.  @s cre`fâ`s cml Focosseg`go Focosseg`goss Oguc`tev`s Ospoce`es (F.O.O.) l`fenost`l prmkhol`s sofsmre`es, nìsecms, eftohoctu`es o olmcemf`es o, t`lkål, luet`s vozos, ovegofce`l genecuhg`gos go `profgez`bol gorev`g`s go n`tmros loft`es, mrbëfecms mu `lkeoft`es. W`lkål fostos c`sms m låtmgm g`s ;1 p`h`vr`s so tmrf` l`es onec`z, fãm só poh` `ssmce`âãm g`s p`h`vr`s äs el`bofs, l`s t`lkål poh` nmrl` cmlm osto låtmgm `kmrg` ` l`tåre` go ul` nmrl` húgec`, gefëlec` o `hobro, nmloft`fgm m eftorosso poh` goscmkort`.

Ol quo FOO m låtmgm pmgo sor utehez`gm=  @uteslm, Wressmle` ;0, T`r`hese` Corokr`h, Geshoxe`, Goneceêfce` Loft`h, Surgoz, otc.

L`tore`es pog`bóbecms go `pmem `m Låtmgm:   ‘C`exefa` g`s T`h`vr`s“: @ L`h` cml l`tore`es go `pmem cmftål: 0 bue` gm

•

prmnossmr, ;1 c`rt`zos, 0 qu`grm l`bfåtecm o 0>4 poâ`s l`bfåtec`s.   L`fu`h o hevrm go neca`s.

•

>.3. EFWO[^OFÂÃM HEFB_ÌSWEC@ OL C[E@FÂ@S CML SÌFG[MLO GO GMRF  @ Sìfgrmlo go Gmwf mu Wressmle` gm crmlmssml` crmlmssml` ;0 å ul gestúrkem bofåtecm bofåtecm c`us`gm poh` prosofâ` go ul crmlmssmlm ;0 oxtr` tmt`h mu p`rce`hlofto, quo `not` tmgms ms brupms smce`es o otfe`s.

30

 

Ca`l`-so Sìfgrmlo go Gmwf ol amlof`bol ` Jmaf H`fbgmf Gmwf, lågecm kretëfecm quo goscrovou ` sìfgrmlo ol 01>;. Tmrål su` c`us` bofåtec` nme goscmkort` ol 05?1 pohm prmnossmr Jår÷lo Hojoufo, quo goscmkreu ul` cópe` oxtr` gm crmlmssml` ;0. W[ESSMLE@ ;0 (tol 3 crmlmssml`s ;0) å ul` gosebf`âãm `lorec`f`. 

@ SG å cmfbåfet` o egoftenec`-so fm f`sceloftm. Bor`hlofto sobuo-so ul` `fàheso bofåtec` quo, pmr robr`, cmfnerl` ` gmofâ`.

C`r`torìstec`s kemhóbec`s g`s cre`fâ`s cml Sìfgrmlo go Gmwf: - Wêl lolkrms curtms (` lãm g` cre`fâ` cml SG å l`es poquof` quo ` g`s mutr`s cre`fâ`s)9 - Torf`s curv`g`s (`rquo`g`s) o bor`hlofto fãm `s cmfsobuol cmhmc`r f` pmseâãm vortec`h9 - C`veg`go kmc`h curt`, m quo mrebef` ` s`ìg` g` hìfbu`. @ hìfbu` ostà nmr` pmrquo fãm tol osp`âm p`r` so l`ftor f` kmc`. L`s ` hìfbu` å t`lkål l`es brmss` o fãm tol nhoxekeheg`go, cmlm ` fmss`. - Fãm têl prob` fm mham (eftoremr gm mham)9 - Fãm têl pmfto fm f`rez (cmv` fm f`rez, mfgo `pme`l ms ócuhms)9 - @ ìres gm mham tol pmftms cml gospebloft`â gospebloft`âãm9 ãm9 - Pu`so tmgms têl prmkhol`s c`rgì`cms br`vos (`fteb`lofto lmrre`l pmr vmht` gms 2 / 1 `fms go eg`go o r`r`lofto ` OL^ or` suporemr ` 0? `fms, tofgêfce` quo jà lugmu `tu`hlofto)9 - N`zol ronhuxm bàstrecm-osmnàbecm9 - Wêl prmkhol`s rosper`tórems br`vos9 - N`zol `pfoe` gm smfm (pohm quo govol gmrler go h`gm)9 - Pu`so tmgms têl goneceêfce` loft`h (f`hbufs c`sms heboer`, l`s fmrl`hlofto lmgor`g` o r`r`lofto prmnufg`).

C`r`torìstec`s Oscmh`ros: - @hbufs pmrt`gmros go Sìfgrmlo go Gmwf cmfchuol m Socufgàrem, l`s ` br`fgo l`emre` tol genecuhg`go ol cmfchuer m Ofsefm Kàsecm. 3;

 

C`r`torìstec`s g` Soxu`heg`go:  - Bor`hlofto sãm procmcos soxu`hlofto9 - Soxu`hlofto sãm `tevms o ‘`buoft`l luetm tolpm f` `teveg`go“ .

@noteveg`go:  - Sãm cre`fâ`s luetm selpàtec`s9 - Sãm luetm c`roftos olmcemf`hlofto9 - Sãm boformsms9 - Wmc`l cml nroquêfce` fms Oguc`gmros / Trmnossmros9 - Wêl efst`keheg`go olmcemf`h (qu`fgm cmloâ`l ` camr`r å genìceh p`rà-hms).

EFWO[^OFÂÃM F@ OSCMH@:  

Oguc`âãm Trå-Oscmh`r

 @ br`fgo premreg`go å p`r` ` mr`heg`go (pmrquo têl ul` hìfbu` l`es osposs`, ul` kmc` lofmr…). @hål gestm, qu`so tmg`s têl focosseg`go go tor`pe` g` n`h`.

@ eftorvofâãm premretàre` å f` M[@HEG@GO: 0. Gotot`r ms smfs g` n`h` ol quo ` cre`fâ` n`ha` l`es (tmgms `quohos ol quo ` hìfbu` tol go k`tor fms goftos - t, g - mu fms `hvåmhms, mu fms gmes hàkems - k -)9

;. Wmc`r cml ` lãm f` pmft` g` hìfbu` quo ostà nmr` g` kmc`, p`r` ` cre`fâ` ` rocmhaor9

3. Å genìceh cmhmc`r ost`s cre`fâ`s ` c`ft`r, l`s å ul osnmrâm quo govo sor noetm9 7. _s`r poquof`s hofb`hofb`s mu tr`v`-hìfbu`s9 ?. Elpoger quo ` cre`fâ` n`ho oxcossev`lofto `htm (ost`s cre`fâ`s, cmlm bor`hlofto muvol l`h, tofgol ` n`h`r luetm `htm).

Eftorvofâãm fm ^MC@K_HÀ[EM:  0. Oxestol c`sms luetm gesteftms fm gosofvmhveloftm gm vmc`kuhàrem ol cre`fâ`s cml SG9

33

 

;. Efsester fm vmc`kuhàrem kàsecm (p`rtos gm cmrpm, `heloftms, roh`âÿos n`lehe`ros, p`rtos g` c`s`, otc.)9

3.  @hbul`s n`h`l pmr lmfmssìh`kms (` eftorvofâãm ` sor noet` govo sor fm softegm go  prmguzerol nr`sos l`es mu lofms cmlphot`s, olkmr` so s`ek` quo luet`s fãm m vãm cmfsobuer)9

7. Woft`r quo ` cre`fâ` oscrov` m fmlo próprem.  

Treloerm Cechm

0. Cmftefu`r ` `prmnufg`r tugm m quo so noz f` Oguc`âãm Trå-Oscmh`r9 ;.  @profgor `s preloer`s p`h`vr`s bhmk`hlofto (ronorêfce`: `profgor ? p`h`vr`s fm 0º `fm)9

3. M låtmgm g`s ;1 p`h`vr`s nufcemf` kol cml ost`s cre`fâ`s9 7. M låtmgm g` hobofg`bol pmgo nufcemf`r kol cml ost`s cre`fâ`s (gà-so ul` el`bol o ul` hefa` ol kr`fcm kr `fcm p`r` ` cre`fâ` oscrovor m sebfenec`gm g` el`bol)9

?. M låtmgm go h`cuf`s t`lkål å `goqu`gm (gà-so ul` el`bol o ` p`h`vr` oscret`  pmr k`exm, l`s f` qu`h n`ht` ul` sìh`k`. Ox. Ox. l`]]]cm)9

>. Ost`s cre`fâ`s têl genecuhg`go ol heg`r cml toch`gms9 l`s so tevorol lofmr genecuhg`go, pmgol oscrovor ful prmcoss`gmr go toxtm9

2. Trmguâãm mr`h go toxtms (têl genecuhg`go ol n`zor roh`tms - bor`hlofto n`zol lmfóhmbms -, l`s têl `hbul` n`ceheg`go ol l`ftor geàhmbms9 m prmnossmr pmgo nufcemf`r cmlm bue` go prmguâãm toxtu`h, estm å, n`zofgm `s porbuft`s quo cmfguzol `m toxtm gm roh`tm)9 fm nef`h gm 0º Cechm ms `v`fâms sãm luetm pmucms fost` l`tåre`9

1. M nufcemf`loftm g` hìfbu` fms 3º o 7º `fms p`ss`l-haos `m h`gm. @tofâãm quo aà `hufms cml SG quo fufc` erãm `profgor ` hor mu ` oscrovor.  

Sobufgm Cechm

0. Å focossàrem cmftefu`r m `pmem, aà ul` br`fgo n`ht` go vmc`kuhàrem. Tmr essm m prmnossmr govo hov`ft`r `s c`rêfce`s o eftorver, g`fgm vmc`kuhàrem quo porlet` ä cre`fâ` `hbul` `utmfmle` (ox. quorm àbu`9 quorm er p`r`…)9

37

 

;. Torleter o oxphmr`r ` prmguâãm go toxtms go l`fenost`âãm go focosseg`gos, softeloftms o `lkeâÿos.

>.7. EFWO[^OFÂÃM HEFB_ÌSWEC@ OL C[E@FÂ@S CML GONECEÊFCE@ LOFW@H  @efg` fãm aà cmfsofsm eftorf`cemf`h p`r` ` ch`ssenec`âãm g` goneceêfce` loft`h `tr`vås gm PE. Bor`hlofto cmfsegor`l-so `s sobueftos c`tobmre`s, p`r` `s qu`es å pmssìvoh gosofvmhvor cmlpotêfce`s hefbuìstec`s:

Kmrgor hefo: Só têl ul` genorofâ` ol roh`âãm `ms `hufms cmlufs - sãm l`es hoftms. F` curv` go B`uss, hmc`hez`l-so f` nrmftoer` n rmftoer` g` ‘fmrl`heg`go“.

Goneceêfce` Loft`h Heboer`: `) L`emr hoftegãm quo ms ‘fmrl`es“ f` `profgez`bol g` hìfbu`9 hetoràr ems. k) Genecuhg`go cml `hbul`s cmlphoxeg`gos g` br`làtec` o gms toxtms hetoràrems.

Goneceêfce` Loft`h Lmgor`g`:   

Oguc`âãm Trå - Oscmh`r

`) ^mc`kuhàrem curtm mu luetm l`es curtm gm quo `s mutr`s cre`fâ`s9 k)  @hbul`s cre`fâ`s pmgol tor prmkhol`s go gecâãm (pmgol tor go sor ofc`lefa`g`s p`r` ` tor`pe` g` n`h`)9

c) Tmgol fãm `profgor ` oscrovor m fmlo o ` rocmfaocê-hm `tå `ms > `fms go eg`go (`tofâãm quo osto fmlo pmgo sor ul cìrcuhm mu ul` cruz, l`s tol go sor ul` selkmhmbe` quo ` cre`fâ` oftofgo cmlm sofgm m sou fmlo)9

g) Tmgol tor genecuhg`go ol cmlproofgor `s mrgofs mu efgec`âÿos quo hao sãm g`g`s (pmr goscmfaocorol m vmc`kuhàrem9 pmr ` mrgol sor g`g` ful` nr`so luetm hmfb`).  

0º Cechm

`) Tmr vozos, fm nef`h gm 0º `fm `efg` fãm cmfsobuol oscrovor ul` selphos p`h`vr`9 3?

 

k) Fãm cmfsobuol n`zor roh`tms, mu, so cmfsobuerol, n`zol-fm cml br`fgos h`cuf`s, go `spotms elpmrt`ftos, quo fms elpogol go cmlproofgor ms sous roh`tms9

c) Genecuhg`go ol egoftenec`r pmrlofmros g`s aestóre`s9 g) @ br`làtec` å pr`tec`lofto ef`cossìvoh ef`cossìvoh p`r` ost`s cre`fâ`s9 cmfsobuol ol o)  @kufg`fto fúlorm go orrms go mrtmbr`ne`, quo fmrl`hlofto fãm so cmfsobu supreler9

n) Woxtms hetoràrems pr`tec`lofto efcmlproofsìvoes p`r` ost`s cre`fâ`s.  @ osteluh`âãm g` hefbu`bol govo-so n`zor m l`es procmcolofto o n`zor rocursm ` el`bofs p`r` `profgor `s p`h`vr`s. M currìcuhm oscmh`r o m prmcossm go `v`he`âãm govol sor `g`pt`gms `m fìvoh go genecuhg`gos quo `s cre`fâ`s / jmvofs ovegofceol fm sou porcursm oscmh`r. Bor`hlofto ost`s cre`fâ`s sãm ‘TO[EBMS@S“, pmrquo têl genecuhg`gos ol cmlproofgor ms heletos o ms porebms. Luet`s gost`s cre`fâ`s têl Gestúrkem go Gåneco go @tofâãm.

>.?. EFWO[^OFÂÃM HEFB_ÌSWEC@ OL C[E@FÂ@S CML GESWÚ[KEM GO GÅNECO GO @WOFÂÃM – GG@  @  GG@ å ul` porturk`âãm g` c`p`ceg`go go ost`r `toftm o go ro`hez`r `teveg`gos prmhmfb`g`s.

Trefcep`es c`r`torìstec`s: `) Lmgm go soft`r (ost`s cre`fâ`s ostãm loem soft`g`s, loem ol på)9 k) Genecuhg`go mu efc`p`ceg`go ol jmb`r ul jmbm `tå `m nel9 c) Genecuhg`go mu efc`p`ceg`go p`r` oxocut`r mrgofs mu efgec`âÿos9 g) Br`fgo gosojm go ro`hez`r cort`s `teveg`gos, go quo gosestol gopmes go `s efece`r9 o) Aulmr v`reàvoh (br`fgos o nroquoftos `htor`âÿos go aulmr)… 3>

 

Trefcep`es C`us`s:  

C`us`s @LKEOFW@ES (juhb`-so quo sãm ul` g`s prefcep`es):

0. Tmhueâãm (smkrotugm smfmr`)9 ;. Fìvoes go stross luetm ohov`gms f` n`lìhe`9 3. @heloft`âãm oxcossev`lofto `cegenec`fto (qu`fgm ost`s cre`fâ`s cmlol luet` c`rfo, luetms gmcos… tofgol ` gosofvmhvor l`es ost` c`r`torìstec`).  

C`us`s M[BËFEC@S:

0. L`u nufcemf`loftm gms muvegms9 ;. Aoroget`reog`go9 3. Trmkhol`s gebostevms (gebostÿos gol`se`gm ràpeg`s mu efcmlphot`s9 7. Wofsãm `rtore`h lìfel` (smkrotugm ` lìfel`, olkmr` ` làxel` t`lkål pmss` sor) ohov`g`.

P_OL GE@BFMSWEC@ bor`hlofto å ` TSECMHMBE@ 

C`r`torìstec`s f` `profgez`bol g` Hìfbu`: 0. @profgez`bofs efcmlphot`s efcmlphot`s ol tmgms ms gmlìfems g g` ` Hìfbu` Tmrtubuos`9 ;. @profgez`bofs go `spotms `spotms c`rec`tms mu sup supårnhums, årnhums, l`s fãm gms nufg`loft` nufg`loft`es9 es9 3. Osquoceloftm ràpegm g`quehm quo ` cre`fâ` `profgou9 7. N`h`r tr`p`haãm (mleto p`rtos go `hbul`s p`h`vr`s, mleto p`rtos g` nr`so, prmguz nr`sos `lkìbu`s)9

?. Gosestêfce` go tugm m quo elphequo tr`k`ham prmhmfb`gm - tugm m quo oxeber osnmrâm (muver ul` aestóre` hmfb`, hor ul poquofm cmftm, cmlproofgor ul pmftm go br`làtec`, otc.)9

>. Br`fgos genecuhg`gos cml ` mrtmbr`ne`. Ostr`tåbe`s p`r` tr`k`ha`r cml ost`s cre`fâ`s: `) [opoteâãm9 32

 

k) Olpofa`loftm olmcemf`h f`s t`ron`s ` ro`hez`r (fol luetm `htm, fol luetm k`exm qu`fgm å gol`se`gm, pmgo t`lkål projugec`r ` cre`fâ`)9

c) ^`reog`go o gevorseg`go go `teveg`gos (ost`s sãm `s cre`fâ`s quo proces`l l`es go ‘permtocfe`“ g` p`rto gm prmnossmr)9

g)  @profgez`bofs ossofce`hlofto nufcemf`es (`profgez`bofs quo so n`zol pohm prmcossm go ro`hez`âãm go `teveg`gos, go prmjotms, go t`ron`s, otc.)9 o) Nosteveg`gos / Ovoftms / @teveg`gos gospmrtev`s pmgol sor oxcohoftos lmloftms p`r` n`zor `profgez`bofs go Hìfbu` Tmrtubuos` (c`rt`zos, roh`tórems, cmfvetos, pukheceg`go, otc.).

Fmrl`hlofto, ostos gestúrkems sãm p`r` tmg` ` veg` . M AM[EZMFWO GO OQTOW@WE^@S å K@EQM. Pu`fgm `s c`us`s sãm tolpmràre`s, ` rocupor`âãm pmgo t`lkål sor tolpmràre` (qu`fgm ` c`us` å ` lug`fâ` go Oscmh`, m gevórcem gms p`es, otc.).

Ost`s possm`s `c`k`l pmr sor pof`hez`g`s p`r` tmg` ` veg` (têl genecuhg`go ol l`ftor roh`âÿos, olprobms, rosegêfce`, otc.).

Fãm govolms cmfnufger ` GG@ cml ` Aepor`teveg`go, olkmr` pmss`l ost`r `ssmce`g`s. Oxesto, oftãm, gmes tepms go GG@: - GG@ cml Aepor`teveg`go: So ` cre`fâ` quo tol GG@, tevor t`lkål Aepor`teveg`go, ` setu`âãm nec` k`st`fto l`es cmlphec`g`. - GG@ sol Aepor`teveg`go:  Pu`fgm aà GG@ sol Aepor`teveg`go, fmrl`hlofto aà Goneceêfce` Loft`h.

>.>. TO[W_[K@ÂßOS GM OSTOCW[M GM @_WESLM O OSW[@WÅBE@S GO EFWO[^OFÂÃM F@ HEFB_@BOL M torlm `uteslm  nme cre`gm ol 0500, p`r` gosebf`r m noca`loftm go `hbufs osquezmnråfecms `m lufgm oxtoremr.

31

 

Ol lo`gms gm såc. QQ, 0573, cmloâ`-so ` utehez`r osto torlm p`r` gosebf`r `quehm ` quo amjo ca`l`lms go `uteslm. Ol 0573 egoftenec`-so ; tepms go `uteslm, ul heboerm o ul sovorm. @sporbor cmloâmu ` sor utehez`gm uteh ez`gm qu`fgm nme tr`guzegm p`r` efbhês.  @ prov`hêfce` gm @uteslm å p`r` m soxm l`scuhefm, ;4 % sãm r`p`reb`s o 14% sãm r`p`zos.

M quo cmfsegor`lms amjo Torturk`âÿos gm Ospoctrm gm @uteslm= Å ul` porturk`âãm g` cmlufec`âãm gm efgevìgum cmfsebm próprem o cml ms mutrms, g` smce`hez`âãm o g` eftor`âãm cml m loem l oem `lkeofto.

Amjo gestefbuol-so vàrems fìvoes go Torturk`âÿos gm Ospoctrm gm @uteslm: `) _l fìvoh sovorm, fmrl`hlofto gosebf`gm pmr `uteslm. Ostos `utest`s pmgol mu fãm `profgor ` n`h`r, pmgol mu fãm `profgor ` oscrovor, tofgol ` esmh`r-so cmlphot`lofto, pmgol bret`r cmfst`ftolofto gur`fto porìmgms hmfbms, ro`bol ä `prmxel`âãm nìsec` go lmgm luetm fob`tevm (`hbufs ro`bol ä `prmxel`âãm lmrgofgm), pmr vozos fãm cmlol fol kokol so fãm haos gorol, fãm cmftrmh`l ms osnìfctoros pmrquo fãm pogol p`r` er ä c`s` go k`fam fol goex`l quo ms nmrâ`lms ` er. Tmgol tor tofgêfce` p`r` ost`r luetm tolpm ol pmseâÿos elóvoes, pmr vozos kol efcólmg`s.  @hbufs tofgol ` oscmfgor-so oscmfgor-so gok`exm go los`s mu ` `tràs tràs go mkjotms. 

k) Sìfgrmlo go @sporbor å m mutrm oxtrolm gm `uteslm, c`r`torez`-so pmr `queseâãm fmrl`h mu ohov`g` g` n`h`, g` hoetur` o g` oscret`, smce`hez`âãm r`zmàvoh l`s rosorv`g`, genecuhg`go lmgor`g` ol tr`k`ha`r ol brupm, ol n`zor `lebms, ol l`fenost`r softeloftms, ol l`fenost`r m `lmr, ol cre`r cmfnhetms lmgor`gms cml `s possm`s l`es próxel`s (fãm sãm c`p`zos go gezor nezosto l`h). M cmfnhetm å ul` nmrl` go lmstr`r quo aà ul prmkhol` quo proces` go ul` smhuâãm. 

c) Ospoctrm gm @uteslm: aà luetms br`us eftorlågems oftro m `uteslm sovorm o ` Sìfgrmlo go @sporbor, cmlm fol solpro sãm nàcoes go egoftenec`r, us`-so amjo ` gosebf`âãm p`r` qu`hquor tepm go `uteslm «Torturk`âãm gm Ospoctrm gm @uteslm¹. Wmgms ms `utest`s têl tofgêfce` p`r` m   retu`heslm, oftofgegm cmlm ul cmlpmrt`loftm l`es mu lofms locëfecm quo sucogo mu `ftocogo ` mutrm. @s ost`tìstec`s smkro ` prov`hêfce` gm `uteslm sãm ul kmc`gm cmftr`getóre`s. Aà ostugms quo `pmft`l p`r` ul `utest` ol c`g` 03? p`rtms, l`s aà mutrms quo `pmft`l p`r` 0 ol c`g` ;444 p`rtms o mutrms go 0 p`r` 7444. @not` tmg`s `s otfe`s, `not` tmg`s `s h`tetugos (fm nrem mu fm c`hmr) o `not` tmgms ms brupms smce`es. 35

 

C`us`s:  Tofsmu-so preloerm quo m `uteslm tore` ul` c`us` psecmhóbec`, l`s fãm so ofcmftrmu ul` c`us` psecmhóbec`. Gopmes pofsmu-so quo tefa` ul` c`us` mrbëfec`, l`s só so ofcmftrmu ` Sìfgrmlo go [ott cml c`us` mrbëfec` (têl `hbufs fourófems l`es hmfbms). Oxestol `hbul`s aepótosos quo ostãm ` sor ostug`g`s o `hbufs ostugms jà ro`hez`gms, l`s `efg` fãm oxesto ul cmfsofsm roh`tev`lofto ä c`us` quo ostà f` mrebol gm `uteslm.

Ge`bfóstecm gm `uteslm: Ol prefcìpem fãm so fmt` ä f`scofâ` o só pmr vmht` gms 3 `fms so cmfsobuo n`zor ul ge`bfóstecm soburm, pmrquo `tå oftãm ` cre`fâ` fãm cmh`kmr` cmffmscm, tol go a`vor `hbul` cmh`kmr`âãm. T`r` essm å procesm n`zor ox`los fourmhóbecms (só lmstr`l so aà zmf`s `not`g`s gm cårokrm, fãm ge`bfmstec`l m prmkhol`) o lågecms p`r` b`r`fter ` eftobreg`go nìsec`. 0. Å focossàrem b`r`fter ` eftobreg`go nìsec` (ä p`rteg` ms `utest`s fãm têl prmkhol`s go s`úgo nìsec`)9 ;. Å focossàrem ul ox`lo psecmhóbecm9 3. Å focossàrem ul ‘ox`lo“ ä n`lìhe` (ox.: oftrovest`: s`kor so aà fobhebêfce`, so aà `k`fgmfm o so oxestol ms cueg`gms o m roh`cemf`loftm fmrl`h goftrm g` n`lìhe`). Fãm a`vofgm prmkhol`s go l`emr cml ost`s àro`s o tofgm ` cre`fâ` `s porturk`âÿos ronoreg`s `cel` ` cre`fâ` å cmfsegor`g` cml Torturk`âãm gm Ospoctrm gm @uteslm. (ox.: @utesl Ge`bfmstec Eftorveow) Eftorvofâãm gm Oguc`gmr: S`kofgm fós quo m `utest` å lmgor`g`lofto mu nmrtolofto retu`hest` tolms go `prmvoet`r ost` tofgêfce` p`r` smce`hez`r ` cre`fâ`. Pu`ftm l`es cogm ` cre`fâ` eftoremrez`r retu`es go smce`hez`âãm, l`es sucossm torà. Å focossàrem efsester ol:

`) Cmft`tm mcuh`r (efsester p`r` quo ` cre`fâ` mhao p`r` fós qu`fgm n`h`lms cml oh` mu qu`fgm oh` n`h` cmffmscm - mha`r p`r` ms mhams)9

k) S`ug`âÿos o km`s l`foer`s (kml ge`, mkreb`gm, pmr n`vmr)9 c)  @profgor ` oscrovor m fmlo mu mu ul sef`h quo egoftenequo ms sou souss mkjotms9 74

 

g) Krefc`r cml ms mutrms9 o) Woft`r quo ` cre`fâ` n`ho cml ms mutrms9 n) T`rtecep`r ol gospmrtms cmhotevms9 b) C`ft`r ol cmrm9 a) Cmrombr`n`r (oftr`r ol cmrombr`ne`s `ms sml g` lúsec`, ox.: elet`r m p`ss`refam)9

e) Otc. Eftorvofâãm gm Trmnossmr: 0. Luetms `utest`s `profgol ` hor hor o ` oscrovor cmlm `s `s mutr`s cre`fâ`s, pmrt`ftm pmrt`ftm fãm aà lotmgmhmbe` ospoce`h.  ospoce`h.  So ` cre`fâ` tevor `uteslm sovorm torlms go tor ul prmbr`l` ospoce`h go eftorvofâãm cml oss` cre`fâ` (ox.: so m `utest` ostevor solpro ` bret`r): `) Ofsef`r pmr mr`h o pmr oscretm vmc`kuhàrem kàsecm (p`rtos gm cmrpm, roh`âÿos n`lehe`ros, `heloftms, p`rtos g` c`s`, …) mu oftãm vmc`kuhàrem eftorlogeàrem (fmrl`s go oguc`âãm, h`zor, lúsec`, gospmrtms, …). _tehez`r el`bofs cml hobofg`, p`r` ofsef`r ` n`h`r o ` oscrovor. ;. Tmgolms `ssmce`r `ssmce`r ul nehlo, ul prmbr`l` efnmrlàtecm efnmrlàtecm,, ul` lúsec`, lúsec`, ul` g`fâ` mu ul` c`fâãm ` ul brupm go mkjotms quo nmr`l `profgegms. `profgegms.   3. Cre`r poquof`s setu`âÿos go geàhmbm cml ul cmhob`. cmhob`.   7. Lolmrez`âãm go c`fâÿos c`fâÿos o rospotevm c`ftm c`ftm (å luetm genìceh p÷-h`s ` c`ft`r c`ft`r mu loslm elpmssìvoh).  elpmssìvoh). 

[osuht`gms ospor`gms: Cml ` l`emre` g`s cre`fâ`s cml Torturk`âãm gm Ospoctrm gm @uteslm ms rosuht`gms ospor`gms pmgol sor luetm ohov`gms mu ohov`gms. Cml ul` lefmre`, smkrotugm ms quo têl nmrl`s sovor`s go `uteslm, ms rosuht`gms ospor`gms pmgol sor qu`so zorm. Ol cortms c`sms so ` cre`fâ` `profgor 3 ` ? p`h`vr`s mr`hlofto mu pmr oscretm pmgo sor cmfsegor`gm ul rosuht`gm luetm s`tesn`tórem.

70

 

 

[ocoftolofto vorenecmu-so q quo uo so aà ul` ef eftorvofâãm torvofâãm go smce`hez`âãm smce`hez`âãm oftro ms ; o ms 3 `fms aà prmbrossms, pmrquo sãm retu`hest`s (ox.: so `profgor quo p`r` cmlor å procesm h`v`r `s lãms oho fãm v`e quoror cmlor sol h`v`r `s lãms).

@ssmce`âãm gm `uteslm cml mutr`s porturk`âÿos:  @p`rocol `utest`s cml goneceêfce` loft`h  o qu`fgm essm sucogo `s oxpot`tev`s go sucossm tmrf`l-so l`es k`ex`s (fãm aà qu`so f`g` ` n`zor fostos c`sms).

>.2. @ GESHOQE@ O LÅWMGM NMFMLÌLECM G@ Gr.ª T@_H@ WOHOS  @ Geshoxe` å ul gestúrkem g` `queseâãm g` Hoetur` o g` Oscret`, ol cre`fâ`s quo sãm ‘eftoheboftos“. Tossm`s geshåxec`s `prosoft`l genecuhg`gos f` `ssmce`âãm gm sml g` hefbu`bol mr`h (ox.: nmfol` nê) ä hotr` (ån) gm `hn`kotm.

Ges (genecuhg`go9 sop`r`âãm) + hoxe` (hoxecm9 p`h`vr`) < Genecuhg`go cml `s p`h`vr`s. Nme ` preloer` FOO egoftenec`g`, `efg` fm nef`h gm såc. QEQ (egoftenec`g` poh` preloer` voz pmr KO[IH@F ol 0110, m torlm 'geshoxe`' nme cre`gm ol 0112 pmr [ugmhn Korhef). Corc` go ;4% g`s cre`fâ`s cml 1 `fms têl geshoxe`, pohm quo so govol gotot`r hmbm ms sef`es procmcos go geshoxe`. Gmes ostugms rocoftos lmstr`l quo fmrl`hlofto ` eftorvofâãm f` geshoxe` `cmftoco pmr vmht` gms 1 `fms.

Ch`ssenec`âãm g` Geshoxe`: Aà `utmros quo cmfsegor`l quo ` geshoxe` å ul` FOO o mutrms quo å ul` Genecuhg`go

go @profgez`bol. @p`roftolofto aà c`sms quo p`rocol sor ul` FOO o mutrms quo p`rocol sor ul` Genecuhg`go go @profgez`bol. Ol Tmrtub`h, pmr cercufstëfce` quo tol ` vor sukst`fce`hlofto cml ` hoe, fmrl`hlofto cmfsegor`-so ` geshoxe` ul` FOO, l`s ol luetms c`sms oh` pmgo sor tr`t`g` cmlm ul` genecuhg`go go `profgez`bol. 7;

 

Wepms go Geshoxe`: Geshàhe`s – Mcmrro f` mr`heg`go. Å ul` genecuhg`go porl`fofto go `rtecuh`âãm go ul mu l`es nmfol`s (smfs g` n`h`) mu cmfjuftms go nmfol`s, quo pmgol mu fãm tor elphec`âÿos f` oscret`. Wêl tofgêfce` ` mcmrror cml m ‘ho“ o m ‘ro“. M ‘h“ quo torlef` sìh`k` Ys`h\ å l`es genìceh gm quo ‘h“ fm efìcem g` p`h`vr` Yh`\. M prmkhol` å qu`fgm m ‘h“ ostà fm nef`h g` p`h`vr`. Y`r\ o Yrã\ p`r` m ‘r“ `cmftoco m loslm. @ genecuhg`go å fm Y`r\.

Gesbr`ne`s – Å fm gosofam. Sãm genecuhg`gos go ro`hez`r hefa`s fm osp`âm gm p`poh quo fms å g`gm. Ox.: gosofa`r `pof`s ul kmfoquefam f` p`rto go k`exm go ul` nmha` o goex`r tmgm m rostm gm osp`âm hevro mu fãm cmfsobuer sobuer ul` hefa` ful` nmha` go p`poh.), otc. Aà ?4 tepms go gesbr`ne`.

Gesmrtmbr`ne` – Genecuhg`go porl`fofto ol ro`hez`r m p`grãm mrtmbrànecm (å ` fmrl` mrtmbrànec`). C`us`s: `) @ geshàhe` pmgo c`us`r gesmrtmbr`ne`, pmes quol gez l`h pmgo oscrovor l`h. k) @ gesbr`ne`, ` cre`fâ` fãm gestefbuo ` geroet` g` osquorg` o pmgo cmfnufger `hbul`s hotr`s. Wol genecuhg`go smkrotugm cml `s `stos (gm ‘g“, ‘k“, ‘p“, ‘q“), so sãm ä geroet` mu ä osquorg`.

M quo prmvmc` ` geshoxe`= Å ul prmkhol` go l`tur`âãm corokr`h. Wmgms f`scolms geshåxecms, å kemhóbecm. Cml qu`so tmg`s `s possm`s, m aolesnårem geroetm gà mrgol p`r` `âãm lmtmr` gm h`gm osquorg` o veco-vors`. Pu`fgm m kokå f`sco essm fãm `cmftoco, qu`hquor p`rto gm cårokrm gà mrgol ` qu`hquor p`rto gm cmrpm, pmrquo m cårokrm `efg` fãm so ospoce`hezmu. Cml m tolpm m cårokrm ospoce`hez`-so. Osso prmcossm nec` cmfchuìgm ol >4 % g`s cre`fâ`s pmr vmht` gms 7 `fms o l`fenost`-so poh` oscmha` go ul` lãm gmlef`fto – h`tor`heg`go.

H`tor`heg`go  – Å m prmcossm go ospoce`hez`âãm gm cårokrm quo cmfguz ` ul` ch`r` genorofâ` go `ptegãm g` lãm osquorg` p`r` ` lãm geroet`. Osto prmcossm å l`es ràpegm o onec`z gm quo fms r`p`zos. 

Cårokrm:  Ä nrofto nec`l `s br`fgos gocesÿos. À osquorg` nec` ` hefbu`bol   o ` `noteveg`go. 73

 

Àro` go Krmc` (T`uh K[MC@) - Å ` p`rto gm cårokrm aul`fm rospmfsàvoh pohm prmcoss`loftm g` hefbu`bol, prmguâãm g` n`h` o cmlproofsãm. Å fost` zmf` quo oftofgm m quo lo gezol, quo q uo cmfstrum nr`sos o quo `ssmcem p`h`vr`s. Àro` go Rorfecio  (I`rh Rorfecio, `holãm) - Å ` robeãm gm cårokrm aul`fm rospmfsàvoh pohm cmfaoceloftm, eftorprot`âãm o `ssmce`âãm g`s efnmrl`âÿos. Br`vos g`fms f` àro` go Rorfecio pmgol n`zor cml quo ul` possm` quo oscut` pornoet`lofto o rocmfaoco kol `s p`h`vr`s, soj` efc`p`z go `brup`r ost`s p`h`vr`s p`r` nmrl`r ul pofs`loftm cmorofto.

M quo å ` geshoxe`=  @ geshoxe` l`fenost`-so f` hmc`hez`âãm orr`g` g` efnmrl`âãm. Cmlm m cårokrm `efg` fãm so ospoce`hezmu, ` efnmrl`âãm fãm å cmhmc`g` `efg` fm sìtem mfgo gove` ost`r o qu`fgm ` cre`fâ` v`e ä prmcur` goh`, oh` fãm ostà hà. T`r` torlms ` cortoz` go quo oxesto geshoxe`, å focossàrem tor ` cortoz` go quo: 0. Fãm aà prmkhol`s fms softegms, smkrotugm f` vesãm o f` `ugeâãm. ;. @ cre`fâ` so tevor ul qumceofto go eftohebêfce` lofmr quo 044 å cmfsegor`gm goneceêfce` loft`h o fãm geshoxe`. 3. Fãm oxesteu prev`âãm cuhtur`h (å ` n`ht` go `cossm ä cuhtur` kàsec`, ful g`gm lmloftm). Ol torlms go hefbu`bol, p`r` ` cre`fâ` fãm tor prev`âãm cuhtur`h govorà tor: `) `hbuål quo n`ho cmftefu`g`lofto cmftefu`g`lofto cml oh`9 77

 

k) govorà muver nroquo nroquoftolofto ftolofto aestó aestóre`s re`s f` n`lìhe`9 c) govol vor ms p`es ` hor, vor m `tm go hor9 g) govol vor ms p`es ` oscrov oscrovor or (vor ` nufâãm go oscrovor)9 o) govol tor `cossm ` l l`tore`h `tore`h go hoetur` (ox.: nmhao`r rovest`s, tor `cossm `cossm ` hevrms go cre`fâ`, otc.) n) tor `cos `cossm sm ` l l`tore`es `tore`es go gosofam gosofam o go oscret`9 b) tor ms sou souss lmloftms go eftorvofâãm mr`h f` n`lìhe`. a) fãm tor tr`ul`teslms `notevms s`heoftos.

Puol n`z m ge`bfóstecm g` geshoxe`= Å ul` oquep` luhtegescephef`r, g` qu`h n`zol p`rto m lågecm (prmkhol`s nìsecms), m psecóhmbm (vor quo fãm aà prmkhol`s go lolóre`, quo fãm aà tr`ul`teslms `notevms s`heoftos, quo fãm aà prev`âãm cuhtur`h), ` `ssestofto smce`h mu smceóhmbm mu `ftrmpóhmbm (b`r`fter quo fãm aà prev`âãm cuhtur`h), m prmnossmr o/mu oguc`gmr (vorenec`r quo `s goneceêfce`s ofcmftr`g`s f` mr`heg`go, f` hoetur` o f` oscret` fãm so govol ` quostÿos lotmgmhóbec`s – låtmgm gm prmnossmr, quostÿos quo tol ` vor cml m roh`cemf`loftm cml m prmnossmr, cml `s mutr`s cre`fâ`s o cml ` oscmh`) o ` tor`pout` g` n`h` (`p`roco l`es fm c`sm g`s geshàhe`s).

Geshoxe` o Sìfgrmlo Geshåxec` –  @ geshoxe` å ul` quostãm go mrebol kemhóbec`, roh`cemf`g` cml ` l`tur`âãm gm cårokrm. Å oxtrol`lofto r`r` gopmes gms 0; `fms go eg`go, pmrål ` l`emre` gms geshåxecms nec` loft`hlofto `not`gm, estm å, nec` cml t`h ógem ä hoetur` o ä oscret` quo fãm quor heg`r l`es cml ` hoetur` o ` oscret`. Osto cmlpmrt`loftm å `cmlp`fa`gm fmrl`hlofto go k`ex` mu k`exìssel` `utmostel`, fm quo rospoet` ` quostÿos roh`cemf`g`s cml hoetur` o oscret` o, luet`s vozos, cml ` tmt`heg`go g` porsmf`heg`go. @ geshoxe` å kemhóbec` o gos`p`roco ofqu`ftm ` Sìfgrmlo geshåxec` å ul` quostãm psecmhóbec`.

Geshoxe` go gosofvmhveloftm – Oxesto ul` nmrl` go geshoxe` quo fãm tol mrebol f` gesnufâãm g` l`tur`âãm corokr`h, å ` geshoxe` go gosofvmhveloftm. Cmfsesto ful` `htor`âãm mu gestúrkem g` roh`âãm gm efgevìgum cml ` hoetur` o ` oscret`, rosuht`fto go

porturk`âÿos mu tr`ul`teslms go f`turoz` `notev` , quo pmgol er gosgo ` lmrto go ul` possm` mu `fel`h, gevórcem gms p`es, elebr`âãm, lug`fâ` go rosegêfce`, lug`fâ` go ost`kohoceloftm go ofsefm, l`u roh`cemf`loftm cml ul mu vàrems cmhob`s, l`u 7?

 

roh`cemf`loftm gm `hufm cml m prmnossmr mu cml ` oscmh`, otc. (tugm m quo pmss` porturk`r ` `noteveg`go gm `hufm).

Cmfcoetm go roseheêfce` – Aà possm`s quo sãm l`es roseheoftos ful` àro` o lofms fmutr`, fós fãm smlms ufms. @s cre`fâ`s fãm sãm mkreb`g`s ` gosofvmhvor geshoxe` go gosofvmhveloftm, pmgol mu fãm n`zê-hm, tugm gopofgo g` su` roseheêfce` n`co `m tr`ul`teslm. Oftofgolms pmr roseheêfce` ` c`p`ceg`go quo m efgevìgum tol mu fãm tol go rosester ` prossÿos olmcemf`es.

Eftorvofâãm gm Oguc`gmr f` Geshoxe`: 0) @ eftorvofâãm gm oguc`gmr pmgo provofer ` l`fenost`âãm go `hbul`s c`r`torìstec`s g` geshoxe`. Oh` n`z-so `m fìvoh go: go:   `. Mr`heg`go: M oguc`gmr govo `rtecuh`r kol ms smfs g` n`h`. k. N`vmrocor ` mr`heg`go efgevegu`h go c`g` cre`fâ` . c. T÷r ä gespmseâãm g` cre`fâ` l`tore`es go hoetur` o go oscret`.  g. Cmft`r vàre`s vozos pmr ge` aestóre`s  äs cre`fâ`s o tor lmloftms ospocìnecms. Ms nehlos fãm sukstetuol `s aestóre`s o ms àugem-hevrms. _l ostugm g` [WT gez quo 15% gms p`es fãm cmft`l aestóre`s `ms nehams (estm oftr` fm gmlìfem g` prev`âãm cuhtur`h). o. Br`neslms (efchuefgm gosofams, peftur`s, pecmt`bol).  pecmt`bol). 

Eftorvofâãm gm prmnossmr gm 0ª o ;ª Cechms f` Geshoxe`: 0) Eftorver juftm g` cre`fâ` o g` n`lìhe`, fm softegm go gelefuer ` prossãm mu `fbúste` quo so `k`tou smkro ` n`lìhe`. M p`e å l`es `fsemsm, cuhp` m prmnossmr quo fãm ofsef` m neham, otc. Fãm porcoko quo fãm å ul prmkhol` go eftohebêfce`, l`s sel go lolóre`, go `rl`zof`loftm g` efnmrl`âãm. F` smceog`go pmrtubuos` `s oxpot`tev`s sãm k`ex`s n`co ` ostos `hufms.  `hufms. 

;) Gotot`r pmrlofmrez`g`lofto `s genecuhg`gos gm `hufm, mfgo å quo ostà m prmkhol`.  prmkhol`. 

3) G`r l`es tolpm ä cre`fâ` p`r` `s su`s `profgez`bofs `profgez`bofs o elpoger quo so cmlp`ro cml ms mutrms.

7>

 

7) M oxorcìcem chàssecm p`r` ms geshåxecms å ` ropoteâãm (goc`hc`r o cmpe`r hotr`s br`fgos, fúlorms, hefa`s amrezmft`es, vortec`es, c÷fc`v`s o cmfvox`s, gosofams), cmpe`r , otc.

?) @profgor lúsec`s go cmr o rospotev`s rospotev`s hotr`s.  >) Cópe` ol ospoham (ou cmhmcm-lo mu softm-lo `m h`gm o fãm ol nrofto ` ul `hufm, efchefm-lo p`r` ` geroet` o ` cre`fâ` p`r` ` geroet` t`lkål). t`lkål).  

2) S`kor poquof`s aestóre`s, rel`s, hofb`hofb`s, qu`gr`s, otc.  otc.  1) Oxorcìcems go cmlphot`loftm (ox.: Mftol…, o m `hufm v`e cmlphot`r ` nr`so). Tmgo sor mr`h o oscretm. 

5) Oxorcìcems go roh`x`loftm: Ox.: sobuer ul` hefa` cml ms pås. M lohamr oxorcìcem å ` f`t`âãm. @s `rtos `rt os l`rce`es o ` lúsec` t`lkål sãm kofånec`s.

@rtos L`rce`es – Gmlìfem gm cmrpm. Lúsec` –  Nufcemf` t`lkål luetm kol, ul` voz quo å ul vorg`goerm roh`x`loftm corokr`h. Loxo cml m cårokrm qu`so tmgm t mgm o ` g`fâ` `m sml g` lúsec` t`lkål. Govo-so g`r tmgm m ostìluhm p`r` gosofa`r (ox.: oscrovor f` `roe` lmha`g`) o n`h`r cmrrot`lofto gosgo poquofefms, tugm estm tol ul p`poh elpmrt`fto f` geshoxe` o pmgo nufcemf`r cmlm lefelez`âãm procmco g` geshoxe`. Fm Ofsefm Kàsecm o Socufgàrem govo-so osteluh`r ` oscret` cmrrot` g`s p`h`vr`s o nr`sos, ` cmfstruâãm o cmlproofsãm go toxtms, ` oh`kmr`âãm go osquol`s o go rosulms o troef`r ` vohmceg`go g` hoetur`.

[osuht`gms ospor`gms pohm Trmnossmr: [osuht`gms k`exms mu fuhms cml ` bofor`heg`go g`s cre`fâ`s, olkmr` a`j` oxcoâãm.

Fmt`: M sucossm gm `hufm gopofgo luetm l`es g` l`tur`âãm gm sou cårokrm gm quo g` eftorvofâãm gm prmnossmr.  @ eftorvofâãm `notev` ol cortms c`sms n`z leh`bros.

[osuht`gms ospor`gms pohm Oguc`gmr go Efnëfce`: Sãm l`es ohov`gms gm quo ` eftorvofâãm gm prmnossmr.

Torspotev`s go nuturm: 72

 

[ocoftolofto vorenecmu-so quo ` eftorvofâãm ospoce`hez`g` so gà fm geshåxecm ` p`rter gms 1 `fms go eg`go o quo so ` eftorvofâãm nmr `ms 7 `fms go eg`go, m sucossm pmgo sor qu`so tmt`h (p`roco quo ms rosuht`gms sãm ohov`gms).

Efgec`gmros procmcos go Geshoxe`: 0) N`ht` go nerloz` f`s lãms. ;) Genecuhg`gos f` `rtecuh`âãm go gotorlef`gms nmfol`s g` n`h`, quo pmgol mu fãm sor tìpecms g` eg`go.

3)  @ cre`fâ` golmr` luetm tolpm ` roh`t`r `cmftoceloftms quo so p`ss`r`l cml oh`.

7) Genecuhg`go ol ofcmftr`r ` p`h`vr` cort` p`r` oxpreler m sou pofs`loftm. ?) B`buoj`r mu aoset`r f` n`h`, l`es gm quo m cmlul. (Oftro ms 7 o ms ? `fms å fmrl`h b`buoj`r o gopmes gà-so oftro ms 0; o ms 03. Fms r`p`zos å l`es `coftu`gm o, pmr vozos, gur` l`es tolpm.)

>) Sukstetueâãm go p`h`vr`s pmr bostms (oxphec` pmr bostms). M quo å m Låtmgm Gestol` mu Låtmgm Nmfmlìlecm g` Gr.ª T`uh` Wohos=  Å ul låtmgm ossofce`hlofto nmfmhóbecm o luhtessofsmre`h, gosofvmhvegm poh` Gr.ª T`uh` Wohos. M Låtmgm Gestol` porleto rooguc`r ol torlms go hoetur` o oscret`, ospoce`hlofto efgec`gm p`r` cre`fâ`s cml geshoxe` mu mutr`s genecuhg`gos go `profgez`bol. Cmftugm, fãm so gostef` `pof`s ` cre`fâ`s o jmv jmvofs ofs cml porturk`âÿos nmfmhóbec`s nmfmhóbec`s g` hefbu`bol mu cml genecuhg`gos f` `profgez`bol g` hoetur` o g` oscret`, l`s t`lkål ` tmg`s `s cre`fâ`s, sol qu`esquor prmkhol`s go `profgez`bol, quo ostãm ` efece`r ` `profgez`bol g` hoetur` o oscret`. Fm nufgm å ul låtmgm n`cehet`gmr go `profgez`bol.  @tr`vås gost` lotmgmhmbe` nmfmlìlec`, luhtessofsmre`h, `s cre`fâ`s goscmkrol ` roh`âãm oftro ms smfs g` hefbu`bol mr`h o `s hotr`s gm `hn`kotm. Osto låtmgm å cmfstetuìgm pmr c`rtÿos nmfmlìlecms, CG cml c`fâÿos gm `hn`kotm, `kocogàrem o seh`kàrem, c`gorfm go c`hemrtmbr`ne` o vmc`kuhàrem c`cmbrànecm o 3 c`gorfms go hoetur` o c`hemrtmbr`ne`.

71

 

2.

MKSO[^@ÂÃM

O

CMFAOCELOFWM

EFGE^EG_@HEZ@GM G@S C[E@FÂ@S – WÅCFEC@S O T[MCOGELOFWMS Pu`fgm ul oguc`gmr so ofcmftr`, poh` preloer` voz f` prosofâ` go ul brupm go cre`fâ`s, protofgo cmfaocê-h`s lohamr o m l`es prmnufg`lofto pmssìvoh. S`ko pornoet`lofto quo m cmlprmlessm quo so ost`kohocorà oftro ohos gopofgorà g`s roh`âÿos quo so ost`kohocor`l oftro ufs o mutrms. W`lkål s`ko quo `s `teveg`gos prmpmst`s o ro`hez`g`s n`cehet`rãm mu fãm t`es t `es roh`âÿos.  @ nmrl`âãm quo rocokou o ms cmfsohams quo quo b`famu, porletol-hao cmfaocor ul pmucm pmucm g` psecmhmbe` g` cre`fâ`. L`s gopross` cmlproofgo quo ` cre`fâ` goscret` fms hevrms å `pof`s ul` ‘cre`fâ` / tepm“. @quoh`s quo têl ä su` nrofto, so ol `hbufs pmftms so `prmxel`l gosso prmtótepm, `prosoft`l, luet`s vozos, br`fgos genorofâ`s. So å efgespofsàvoh cmfaocor m quo ` psecmhmbe` g` cre`fâ` fms pmgo gezor, å `efg` focossàrem `g`pt`r ossos cmfaoceloftms ` c`g` cre`fâ` gm brupm. M roceftm oguc`tevm `prosoft`-so cmlm ul` rospmst` ä focosseg`go quo ` cre`fâ` cort`lofto fãm pmgo oxpreler o quo fms cmlpoto goscmkrer.  @m hmfbm gm ge` å elpmrt`fto quo ms oguc`gmros rocmha`l m làxelm go efnmrl`âãm smkro `s cre`fâ`s cml FOO. Ost` efnmrl`âãm sorvo go k`so p`r` ` ph`fenec`âãm ` curtm o ` hmfbm pr`zm o gà `m oguc`gmr / prmnossmr ul `prmnufg`gm cmfaoceloftm smkro c`g` cre`fâ`. Å focossàrem mksorv`r `s `âÿos o `s cmlufec`âÿos g`s cre`fâ`s o robest`r `quoh`s quo ovegofce`l `queseâÿos elpmrt`ftos gm gosofvmhveloftm g` cre`fâ`, l`s t`lkål `s su`s genecuhg`gos o àro`s nr`c`s, mfgo sorà premretàrem eftorver. Å, `efg`, nufg`loft`h ost`r `toftm `ms eftorossos g`s cre`fâ`s cml FOO, pmes ost`s `profgol luetm l`es n`cehlofto ` p`rter go setu`âÿos go `profgez`bol quo ofvmhv`l mkjotms gm sou eftorosso (ox.: eftorosso pmr `fel`es). Å elpmrt`fto, t`lkål, ost`r `toftm `m `utmcmfcoetm o `utmostel` g`s cre`fâ`s o jmvofs cml FOO, quo tofgol ` sor k`exms, ronmrâ`fgm cml `teveg`gos quo v`hmrezol ` su` el`bol o v`hmrez`âãm go se próprems o us`fgm m ronmrâm pmsetevm. 75

 

So ` cre`fâ` tol ul gosofvmhveloftm `prmxel`gm `m gms cmhob`s g` s`h`, pmgorãm sor utehez`gms ms loslms efstruloftms go mksorv`âãm o robestm, l`s so nmr luetm gosebu`h, oftãm å focossàrem utehez`r mutrms l`es `goqu`gms ä ‘eg`go cmrrebeg`“ g` cre`fâ` (quo å genorofto g` su` ‘eg`go crmfmhóbec`“), quo pmgorãm sor cmfstruìgms cml k`so fm quo so quor mksorv`r.   å ` ‘`âãm go cmfsegor`r o robest`r m cmlpmrt`loftm gm efgevìgum mu go ul Mksorv`r  å brupm, sol `htor`r ` su` ospmft`foeg`go, ` su` vorg`go go oxprossãm“. T`r` quo ` mksorv`âãm soj` oquehekr`g` å procesm coftrà-h` f`s t`ron`s (`teveg`gos o setu`âÿos) o fms cmlpmrt`loftms roh`cemf`es oftro m brupm. M mksorv`gmr govo prmcur`r sor ul ospoct`gmr mkjotevm o elp`rce`h, robest`fgm o ronorefgm ` setu`âãm mksorv`g`, go nmrl` rebmrms` o sestolàtec`, pmr robestm eloge`tm o/mu lolmrez`gm. Govo ovet`r n`zor qu`hquor tepm go `proce`âãm mu juìzm. @ mksorv`âãm govo sor setu`g` fm tolpm, osp`âm o cmftoxtm. Govo p÷r ol ovegêfce`, smkrotugm, m quo ` cre`fâ` bmst` go n`zor, s`ko n`zor9 `s setu`âÿos ol quo so lmstr` `tev`, `s possm`s cml quol bmst` go `ber, otc.  @ fmss` mksorv`âãm só pmgorà sor onec`z so so `pme`r fm quo ` cre`fâ` bmst` go n`zor, go gezor. @ mksorv`âãm sestolàtec` porleto goscmkrer ms eftorossos o `s focosseg`gos go c`g` cre`fâ` o, pmr essm, n`vmroco ul` mrb`fez`âãm pog`bóbec` `pme`g` f` veg` g`s cre`fâ`s o ` oh`kmr`âãm go prmjotms quo, luetm prmv`vohlofto `s c`tev`rãm. Torleto cmlproofgor m cmlpmrt`loftm g` cre`fâ` o `just`r `s su`s eftorvofâÿos, ol nufâãm g`s su`s focosseg`gos `tu`es. Ovet` quo ul` cre`fâ` p`sso gosporcokeg`. Trmpmrcemf` ` `fàheso gms cmlpmfoftos, `ftos go so h`fâ`r ` `âãm. Goex` ul tr`â`gm gm cmlpmrt`loftm mksorv`gm, m quo porleto cmfst`t`r ` ovmhuâãm g`s `queseâÿos o `ssel gotorlef`r ` eftorvofâãm gm `guhtm. Tmgo sor ro`hez`g` ` vàrems fìvoes pohms `guhtms quo eftobr`l ` oquep` pog`bóbec`.

M quo pmgolms mksorv`r=  @ smce`hez`âãm o ` `utmfmle` g` cre`fâ` cml FOO, `s su`s ro`âÿos cml ms mutrms. Å elpmrt`fto `fmt`r `s nmrl`s go cmlufec`âãm quo utehez`, ms `just`loftms quo mpor` ol nufâãm g`s ro`âÿos gms mutrms, otc. @ lmtreceg`go – ` fìvoh g` veg` cmrrofto, ` fìvoh g` lmtreceg`go nef`, ` fìvoh g` lmtreceg`go brmss`9 ` cmmrgof`âãm lmtmr`, ` hefbu`bol (prmguâãm o cmlproofsãm) o, mutr`s cmlpotêfce`s, go `cmrgm cml ` n`ex` otàre` g` cre`fâ` o m fìvoh go oscmh`reg`go ol quo ostà efsoreg`. ?4

 

F` cre`fâ` cml FOO, `cel` go tugm, aà ` cmfsegor`r m sou cmlpmrt`loftm `g`pt`tevm. Osto gez rospoetm `m cmfjuftm go a`keheg`gos smce`es, pràtec`s o cmfcoptu`es `gquereg`s poh` cre`fâ` / jmvol p`r` rospmfgor äs oxebêfce`s gm ge`-`-ge`. @s preloer`s roh`cemf`l-so cml ` cmlpotêfce` smce`h (p. ox., rospmfs`keheg`go, a`keheg`gos eftorpossm`es, mksorvëfce` go robr`s o fmrl`s, otc.). @s a`keheg`gos pràtec`s rolotol p`r` m oxorcìcem g` `utmfmle` (p. ox., `teveg`gos go veg` geàre`, utehez`âãm go rocursms g` cmlufeg`go, utehez`âãm gm gefaoerm, `teveg`gos mcup`cemf`es mu h`kmr`es, otc.). Nef`hlofto, `s a`keheg`gos cmfcoptu`es ostãm roh`cemf`g`s cml `spotms `c`gålecms, cmbfetevms o g` cmlufec`âãm (å m c`sm g` hefbu`bol - rocotev` o oxprossev`, hoetur`, oscret`, otc.). Oxestol efstruloftms go `v`he`âãm quo porletol ul` `fàheso l`es mkjotev` gm cmlpmrt`loftm `g`pt`tevm.

Oes `hbul`s pest`s p`r` `pornoeâm`r ` mksorv`âãm: 0. Fãm cmfneo f` su` lolóre`. N`â` ul robestm ofqu`ftm mksorv`. ;.  [obesto got`haos, mkjotev` o rebmrms`lofto, o go ul lmgm tãm cmlphotm qu`ftm pmssìvoh, sol `v`he`r. @profg` ` sop`r`r ms sous softeloftms gms n`ctms. n oet`s pmr mksorv`gmros genoroftos. 3. _tehezo vàre`s mksorv`âÿos, solpro quo pmssìvoh, noet`s

7.  Wofa` cmfsceêfce` gm ‘onoetm go `uloftm“ o gm ‘orrm hóbecm“, vorenequo cueg`gms`lofto m cmlpmrt`loftm ol mksorv`âãm cml m nel go ohelef`r ostos procmfcoetms.

?.  Gonef` mpor`cemf`hlofto ms cmlpmrt`loftms, p`r` quo a`j` ul `cmrgm oftro ms mksorv`gmros qu`ftm `m quo cmfstetue ul oxolphm go ‘Q“ cmlpmrt`loftm.

>. [ocmha` efnmrl`âãm gur`fto ul porìmgm go tolpm `goqu`gm o ful` v`reog`go go setu`âÿos p`r` `ssobur`r ` `lmstr`bol gm cmlpmrt`loftm (neoh, vàheg`) cml vest` ä oxtr`âãm go cmfchusÿos.

2.  Wofa` mutrms mksorv`gmros ` mksorv`rol m loslm cmlpmrt`loftm, solpro quo pmssìvoh o cmlp`ro `s goscmkort`s.

1.  Soj` tãm gescrotm qu`ftm pmssìvoh gur`fto m porìmgm go mksorv`âãm, cml vest` ` lefelez`r ` efnhuêfce` gm mksorv`gmr smkro m mksorv`gm.

5.  ^oj` ms g`gms go mksorv`âãm cmlm aepótosos ` sorol tost`g`s o fãm cmlm ovegêfce` cmfchusev` `corc` g` cre`fâ`. ?0

 

1. KEKHEMB[@NE@ KM[BOS, Hucev`fg` C. o S@HMLÃM, Fàge` L`re` [. (;443). @queseâãm g` Hefbu`bol: Cmfsegor`âÿos g` Torspotev` g` Eftor`âãm Smce`h. Tsecmhmbe`: [onhoxãm o Crìtec`, 0> (;), pp. 3;2-33> CM[[OE@, Huìs Ler`fg` (;404). Oguc`âãm Ospoce`h o Efchusãm. Tmrtm: Tmrtm Ogetmr` CM[[OE@, H. (0555) –  @hufms cml Focosseg`gos Oguc`tev`s Ospoce`es f`s Ch`ssos [obuh`ros. Cmhoâãm Oguc`âãm Ospoce`h. Tmrtm: Tmrtm Ogetmr`.

GOC[OWM-HOE F.º 3/;441, GO 2 GO J@FOE[M -   Gonefo ms `pmems ospoce`hez`gms `  prost`r f` oguc`âãm prå-oscmh`r o fms ofsefms kàsecm o socufgàrem gms soctmros  púkhecm, p`rtecuh`r o cmmpor`tevm. 

NM[LMSEFAM, Júhe`9 IESAELMWM, Wezuim9 TEF@ZZ@, L÷fec` (Mrbs.) (;442). Tog`bmbe`(s) g` efnëfce`: Ge`hmb`fgm cml m p`ss`gm, cmfstruefgm m nuturm . Tmrtm

 @hobro: @rtlog Ogetmr`. L@G_[OE[@, E. (;443) – Focosseg`gos Oguc`tev`s Ospoce`es. _fevorseg`go @kort`. [EBMHOW, Syhve`fo @. (;444). Ms três T – procmco, prmbrossevm, pmsetevm . Tmrtm: Tmrtm Ogetmr`. [MG[EB_OS, G`veg (;442). Ä cmfvors` cml G`veg [mgrebuos. C`gorfms go Oguc`âãm go Efnëfce`, 10 (L`em – @bmstm), pp. 7-5.

S@FW·@F@,  Ez`kohh` L., Oguc`âãm Efchusev`: Cmfcopâÿos go prmnossmros o Geroctmros , ef [ovest` Tsecmhmbe` ol Ostugm, vmhulo 04, fº ;, go L`em / @bmstm go ;44?, pp. ;;2-

;37. Gespmfìvoh ol attp://www.sceohm.kr (@cossm ol 0 go Novoroerm go ;400). SEH^@, F`r` H. T.9 GOSSOF, L`re` @., Goneceêfce` Loft`h o N`lìhe`: Elphec`âÿos p`r` m Gosofvmhveloftm g` Cre`fâ`. Gespmfìvoh ol attp://www.sceohm.kr/sceohm (@cossm ol 7 go Novoroerm go ;400).

SEL-SEL, Efês (0551). Gosofvmhveloftm g` hefbu`bol. Heskm`: _fevorseg`go @kort`. _FOSCM (0557 ). Goch`r`âãm go S`h`l`fc` o Ofqu`gr`loftm g` @câãm f` àro` g`s Focosseg`gos Oguc`tev`s Ospoce`es. Heskm`: Efstetutm go Efmv`âãm Oguc`cemf`h.

?;

   

5. ROKB[@NE@ C@[^@HAM, Ohes`. Goneceêfce` Loft`h. Gespmfìvoh ol: attp://cursmson`.gm.s`pm.pt/pgn/gon]loft`h.pgn  (`cogegm  (`cogegm ` > go l`râm go ;40;) CM[[OE@, @f` (;441/;445). @ Oscret` o ` Hoetur` f` Wressmle` ;0 – _l ostugm go c`sm. Gespmfìvoh ol: attp://ropmsetmrem.osopn.pt/ketstro`l/a`fgho/04444/37?/TB-OO;445]@f`Cmrroe`.pgn=soquofcoch`reco.pgn  (`cogegm  (`cogegm ` ;5 go novoroerm go ;40;)

Ostr`tåbe`s go eftorvofâãm pog`bóbec` p`r` cre`fâ`s cml FOO. Gespmfìvoh ol:  (`cogegm ` 0? attp://ospoce`heg.khmbspmt.pt/;445/41/ostr`tobe`s-go-eftorvofc`m-p`r`.atlh (`cogegm go mutukrm go ;407) BMGEFAM, W`e`f` H. Gespmfìvoh ol: attp://www.prmjotm`lphetugo.mrb/cml-`-p`h`vr``lphetugo/prmcogeloftms-go-ofsefm-toft`tev`-gescrot`-ofsefm-efcegoft`h-o-`f`heso-got`ron`s/ (`cogegm t`ron`s/  (`cogegm ` 02 go mutukrm go ;407) BMLOS, Nàtel` T. Gespmfìvoh ol: attp://mk`ugmoguc`gmr.khmbs.s`pm.pt/m-quo-o-mlotmgm-gestol`-mu-lotmgm-02125 (`cogegm lotmgm-gestol`-mu-lotmgm-02125  (`cogegm ` 0? go `bmstm go ;40;) HEL@, Sehv`f` (02/0;/;400). Låtmgm g`s ;1 p`h`vr`s: Wr`t`-so go ul låtmgm luetm gevuhb`gm f` `profgez`bol go cre`fâ`s cml genecuhg`gos go `profgez`bol. Gespmfìvoh ol: attp://sehv`f`psecmpog` attp://sehv`f`psecmpog`bmb`.khmbspmt.cml/;400 bmb`.khmbspmt.cml/;400/0;/lotmgm-g`s-;1-p`h`v /0;/lotmgm-g`s-;1-p`h`vr`s-tr`t`r`s-tr`t`so-go-ul.atlh (`cogegm so-go-ul.atlh  (`cogegm ` ;5 go novoroerm go ;40;) WOHOS, T`uh` o L@CA@GM, Homfmr. Låtmgm Gestol`, ^ SOLEFÀ[EM G@ SOCÂÃM GO TOGE@W[E@ GM GOSOF^MH^ELOFWM: Geshoxe` - G` Womre` ä Eftorvofâãm. (`cogegm ` 0? go `bmstm go ;40;) attp://mk`ugmoguc`gmr.khmbs.s`pm.pt/lotmgm-gestol`-vsolef`rem-g`-socc`m-go-025?7 solef`rem-g`-socc`m-go-025?7 (`cogegm  (`cogegm ` 0? go `bmstm go ;40;) ?3