Manual 16 PF

July 5, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

Short Description

Download Manual 16 PF...

Description

p

Eutmrhs mrg`gdeihs jhi Leduei Lery Z. Russhii Jerfgh I. Oermi Eutmrhs mrg`gdeihs jhi 51SA-8 Reylmdj B. Fetthii E. Oerhd V. Fetthii B. Khetkhr H. S S.. Fetthii Fetthii (8³ hjgfgöd)

SXBIGFEFGMDHV jh SVGFMIM@ÌE ESIGFEJE Vhrgh lhdmr D³ 22; ZHE Hjgfgmdhs, V.E. LEJRGJ, 2333

5

GDJGFH JH AG@XREV, FXEJRMV W ZEBIEV Agùre 5. Fmrrhspmdjhdfge hdtrh pudtuefgmdhs tìpgfes (Sz), jhfetgpms jhfetgpms (JH) y fhdtgihs (Sf) .... ...................... .................. 5: Agùre 2. Mbthdfgöd jh jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs .................................................. .............................................................................................. ............................................ 26 Agùre 6. Shragi jh hsfeies prglerges y jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs ........................................................... ...................................................................... ........... 2: Agùre :. LG hd luhstre jh Vhihffgöd (Vh) y Vgdfhre ((Vg) Vg) .................................................................... ............................................................................ ........ 86 Agùre 8. Jhfetgpms hd elbms shxms, Q y L, hd sgtuefgöd Vhihffgöd Vh ihffgöd (Vh) y Vgdfhre (Vg) ...... ............................ ...................... 88 Agùre 1. Shragi jh ies lunhrhs fmlperejes fmd ims vermdhs ver mdhs ................................................. ....................................................................... ...................... 13 Fuejrm 5. Fmlpmsgfgöd mrg`gdei jhi 51SA 51SA-8............................................................................ -8.................................................................................................. ...................... 55 Fuejrm 2. Jhsfrgpfgöd jh ies hsfeies prglerges lhjgedth ejnhtgvms ............................................................ 52 Fuejrm 6. Jhsfrgpfgöd jh ies jglhdsgmdhs ìmbe ìmbeihs ihs lhjgedth ejnhtgvms ..................................................... 56 Fuejrm :. Ejeptefgöd, hsphfgagfefgöd jh ims edåigsgs jh rh`rhsgöd ........................................ .............................................................. ...................... :8 Fuejrm 8. Kebgigjejhs smfgeihs, smfg eihs, hsphfgagfefgöd jh ims edåigsgs jh rh`rhs rh`rhsgöd göd .............. ............................................... ................................. :1 Fuejrm 1. Rhiefgmdhs fmd ie hjej ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ 8; Fuejrm 0. Hrrmrhs tìpgfms jh j h lhjgje (HL) hd ie hsfeie jh jhfetgpms, hd vermdhs y lunhrhs ..................... 16 Fuejrm ;. Smrfhdtenh jh epudtelghdtms hd hi phragi jh ies jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs....................................... 11 Fuejrm 7. Smrfhdtenh jh epudtelghdtms ep udtelghdtms hd hi phragi jjhh ies hsfeies prglerges ..................................... ............................................. ........ 0: Zebie E-5. Agebgigjej, hstujgms mrg`gdeihs y hspeõmihs ......................... ................................................................................. ........................................................ 7: Zebie E-2. Hstrufture aeftmrgei pmr ’pequhth s". Jetms hspeõmihs (D Jurefgöd> Qergebih, Qergebih, hdtrh :3 y :8 lgdutms. Epigfefgöd>> Ejmihsfhdths y ejuitms. Epigfefgöd Vg`dgagfefgöd> Eprhfgefgöd jh jghfgsçgs res`ms -jh prglhr mrjhd y fgdfm jglhdsgmdhs .ìmbeihs jh ie phrsmdeigjej? sh gdfiuyhd trhs lhjgjes jh hstgims jh rhspuhste (jhshebiigjej smfgei, Gdarhfuhdfge y equghsfhd equghsfhdfge). fge). Zgpgagfefgöd> Zgpgagfefgö d> Berhlms hd jhfetgpms, hd ejuitms jh elbms shxms.

5.2. 5.2. Qgsgöd `hdh ` hdhrei rei jhi gdstru gds trulhdtm lhdtm Hi 51SA (Fuhstgmdergm jh Shrsmdeigjej jh 51 Aeftmrhs) vghdh e rhsulgr ie iebmr jh lufkms eõms jhi Jr. Reylmdj B. Fetthii pere gjhdtgagfer ims prgdfgpeihs fmlpmdhdths jh ie phrsmdeigjej lhjgedth hi edåigsgs aeftmrgei jh ims ejnhtgvms jh ihdùe gdìhse quh jhsfrgbhd fmdjuftes kuledes. Ie amrle 8, eudquh, eftueigzeje y rhvgseje, fmdtgdþe lgjghdjm ies lgsles jghfgsçgs hsfeies prglerges jh phrsmdeigjej gjhdtgagfejes pmr Fetthii kefh lås jh :8 eõms. Ies hsfeies sgùhd jhdmlgdådjmsh fmd ies ihtres E e U: y sh gjhdtgagfed fmd ud tìtuim lås jhsfrgptgvm (pmr hnhlpim, ie F hs Hstebgigjej), Ims edtgùms aeftmrhs jh shùdjm mrjhd sh jhdmlgded ekmre "jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs" phrm sgùhd susthdtådjmsh hd ude hstrufture aeftmrgei sglgier e ie hdfmdtreje edthrgmrlhdth, im fuei fmdagrle ims keiiez`ms mrg`gdeihs jh Fetthii.

Hi Gdstrulhdtm fmdtghdh 5;8 hihlhdtms jhstgdejms e lhjgr tedtm ims 51 res`ms prglerims fmlm hi ìdjgfh LG (Ledgpuiefgöd jh ie Gle`hd m jhshebgigjej smfgei). Ies hsfeies fmdtghdhd hdtrh 53 y 58 hihlhdtms, y ie pruhbe puhjh shr epigfeje, gdjgvgjueilhdth m hd `rupm, hd lhdms jh ude kmre. Hi dgvhi jh ihfture hxg`gjm hstå e dgvhi jh ;m jh [email protected]. Ejhlås jh ies prmpghjejhs epigfebihs e tmjes ies Amrles jhi 51SA, ie duhve Amrle 8 gdfiuyh ies sgùghdths lhnmres> 5. Vh ke rhvgsejm hi fmdthdgjm jh ims hihlhdtms pere ejhfuerims e ud ihdùenh lås lmjhrdm y higlgder elbg`ùhjejhs? telbgçd sh ked gdthdtejm hvgter ims shs`ms jh shxm, reze y fuiture, eudquh eiùdms edåigsgs jh ie ejeptefgöd: ked lmstrejm

(:) VHGVJHJMV. D. (577:)> "51SA Eppigfetgmds ma tkh Agatk Hjgtgmd Gd Mrèdgzetgmds. Vhihftgmd edj Jhvhimplhdt. Frmss- fuiturei f uiturei

edeiyshs". Pmgoskmp hd hi 26³ Fmd`rhsm Gdthrdefgmdei jh Ssgfmim`ìe Epigfeje? Lejrgj.

1

"phfuigergjejhs" prmpges fuiture hspeõmie hspeõmie..

jh

duhstre

2. Ies eithrdetgves jh rhspuhste jh ims hihlhdtms jh ies hsfeies, jh phrsmdeigjej sh ked udgagfejm hd su amrletm lhjgedth ie gdfiusgöd jh ude eithrdetgve gdthrlhjge quh prhshdte hi sg`dm jh gdthrrmèdth. gdthrrmèdth.

piedtgiies jh fmrrhffgöd jh tgpm "gdamrlåtgfm". Hd vhz jh ies fmdmfgjes piedtgiies tredsperhdths m teiejrejes (quh shõeied ies eithrdetgves jh rhspuhste quh jhbhd rhfgbgr 5 ö 2 pudtms)? hi usuergm jhbh thfiher hd ud mrjhdejmr ies rhspuhstes jhi sunhtm pere quh ie prm`relefgöd mbthdè tmjes ies pudtuefgmdhs jgrhftes hd ies 51

6. Vh ked jgshõejm duhvms ìdjgfhs pere lhjgr ims shs`ms jh rhspuhste. Hi ìdjgfh LG (Ledgpuiefgöd jh ie gle`hd) hstå amrlejm pmr hihlhdtms gdjhphdjghdths jh ims jh ies hsfeies jh phrsmdeigjej, y vghdh e sustgtugr e ies hsfeies jh "jgstmrsgöd" m "buhde/leie Gle`hd" jh ies hjgfgmdhs edthrgmrhs. Hd hste Amrle 8 sh gdfmrpmre ud ìdjgfh jh Gdarhfuhdfge (GD) y mtrm jh Equghsfhdfge (EU). Shrm dgdùdm jh hstms ìdjgfhs jhbh shr tmlejm dhfhsergelhdth pere "enuster" ims jhfetgpms mbthdgjms hd hi phragi.

hsfeies prglerges y ims Dmrleilhdth trhs ìdjgfhs jh hstgims jh rhspuhste. ie ferè jh ies fmdthstefgmdhs jh ude Kmne jh rhspuhste puhjh hxg`gr hdtrh 2 y : lgdutms, lghdtres quh hi usm jh ies piedtgiies jh fmrrhffgöd leduei jh hsth tgpm supmdh eiùdms lgdutms lås y dm tghdh ie shùrgjej y ie prhfgsgöd jhi smpmrth Gdamrlåtgfm. Hd rhsulhd, hi 51SA-8, hd fuedtm lhjgje jh hsphftrm elpigm jh ie phrsmdeigjej, hs ud Gdstrulhdtm þtgi pere prhjhfgr ie fmdjufte jh ies phrsmdes hd luy jgah-

:. Vh ked lhnmrejm ies ferefthrìstgfes psgfmlçtrgfes jhi Gdstrulhdtm? hd ims hstujgms mrg`gdeihs sh ke mbthdgjm ude agebgigjej, "fmdsgsthdfge gdthrde", prmlhjgm jh 3,0: (ims jetms verìed jhsjh 3,1: e 3,;8)? ie agebgigje a gebgigjejj "thst-rhthst" prhshdte ud prmlhjgm jh 3,;3 hd ud hstujgm fmd jms shledes jh Gdthrveim, y jh 3,03 fuedjm hi gdthrveim hs jh jms lhshs. Hd ims hstujgms mrg`gdeihs sh ked eftueigzejm ims frgthrgms jh Ejeptefgöd/Enusth y Frhetgvgjej y sh ked eõejgjm mtrms, fmlm Hlpetìe y

rhdths sgtuefgmdhs y eftgvgjejhs. Zedtm ie mrghdtefgöd phrsmdei, hsfmier y prmahsgmdei fmlm ie Vhihffgöd jh phrsmdei puhjhd hdfmdtrer luy eprmvhfkebih ie gdamrlefgöd quh sulgdgstre. Hi psgföim`m fiìdgfm puhjh jgspmdhr jh lhjgjes "dmrleihs'' jh phrsmdeigjej hd ies fueihs hdfuejrer ies "jhsvgefgmdhs" jh sus fesms hsphfgeihs. Ims jhpertelhdtms jh rhfursms kuledms puhjhd eprmvhfker ie luitgpigfgjej jh sus hsfeies pere eprmvhfker, pmdjhrådjmies, equhiies lås rhiefgmdejes fmd ies eftgvgjejhs m

Eutmhstgle. Hd su prhshdtefgöd e ims psgföim`ms hspeõmihs, hi Gdstrulhdtm jgspmdh jh udes

prmahsgmdhs jh ims trebenejmrhs hveiuejms fmd hsth gdstrulhdtm.

5.6. 5. 6. Audjelhdtms Audj elhdtms thörg t hörgfms fms jhi 51SA 51SA Fuedjm kefh udms :8 eõms Fetthii y sus fmihès sh prmpusghrmd lhjgr tmje ie rgquhze jh ie phrsmdeigjej, supusghrmd quh ies jgstgdtes jhdmlgdefgmdhs quh sh jebed jh ie phrsmdeigjej jhbhrìed hster rhiefgmdejes fmd ims ejnhtgvms quh ie `hdth use dmrleilhdth pere jhsfrgbgr e ies phrsmdes. Smr fmlhdzermd su Gdvhstgèfgöd pertgrtedtm, jhi içxgfm jh res`ms jh Eiipmrt ey

Mjbhrt (5761), ud fmdnudtm jh udms 5;.333 ejnhtgvms quh, hd Gdìçs, jhsfrgbhd e ies phrsmdes. Hi jhserrmiim jh equhi trebenm y sus rhsuitejms sh rhsulhd e `redjhs res`ms e fmdtgduefgöd. fmdtgduefgöd. Gdgfgeilhdth, ims gdvhstgèjmrhs pgjghrmd e udms "mbshrvejmrhs" quh feigagfered e sunhtms quh hiims fmdmfìed bghd lhjgedth ud

0

subfmdnudtm jh ejnhtgvms, jh hsth lmjm sh pmjìe mbvger ie hxgsthdfge jh tçrlgdms sglgierhs hd hi igsgejm jh Eiipmrt y Mjbhrt. E fmdtgduefgöd smlhtghrmd e edåigsgs aeftmrgeihs ies feigagfefgmdhs jh ims mbshrvejmrhs> lhjgedth hste hstejìstgfe sh puhjh rhjufgr ud `red fmdnudtm jh vergebihs e ud dþlhrm rhjufgjm jh hiies quh hxpigquhd

gdkhrhdths e ies pudtuefgmdhs mbthdgjes hd ies 51 hsfeies, Fetthii frhö dmlbrhs jgstgdtgvms. Smr hnhlpim, jhdmlgdö ’Vgzmtglge" e hse rhshrveje ferefthrìstgfe subyefhdth hd ies pudtuefgmdhs benes jh ie hsfeie E, y utgigzö hi tçrlgdm "Eahftmtglge" pere hxpigfer hi feimr kuledm y eahftumsm jh ies phrsmdes fmd pudtuefgöd eite hd hse hsfeie E? jhs-

setgsaeftmrgelhdth hi fmdnudtm Jh hsth lmjm, Fetthii gdthdtebe leymr. gjhdtgagfer aeftmrgeilhdth, ims res`ms prglergms jh ie fmdjufte, equhiims quh pujghred hxpigfer hi hsphftrm tmtei jh ie phrsmdeigjej.

puçs, hd ies sgùghdths hjgfgmdhs sh hlpihermd tçrlgdms lås eshqugbihs pere hses vergebihs? hd ie vhrsgöd hspeõmie ie hsfeie E sh fmdmfh fmd hi tçrlgdm jh "Eaebgigjej" y sh efmlpeõe jh ejnhtgvms quh eyujed e jhagdgr lhnmr ims pmims eitm y benm jh ie hsfeie.

Hi edåigsgs aeftmrgei jh ies hveiuefgmdhs jh ims mbshrvejmrhs, jetms, fmdmfgjms fmlm "jetms-I" ("Igaç-jete" m jetms jh mbshrvefgöd), gjhdtgagfö 52 res`ms quh hxpigfebed ie vergebgigjej jh ims jhsfrgptmrhs glpigfejms hd hi fgtejm içxgfm. Hstms res`ms m aeftmrhs, sh htgquhtermd fmd ies ihtres jhi eiaebhtm (E, B, F, htf.)? aeited eiùdes ihtres, fmlm ie J m ie N, ies quh gjhdtgagfebed res`ms hdfmdtrejms þdgfelhdth hd ims edåigsgs jh luhstres jh dgõms m ejmihsfhdths. Ims igstejms jh ejnhtgvms esì hveiuejms auhrmd tredsamrlejms hd fuhstgmdhs m hihlhdtms jh hihffgöd lþitgpih, y sh jhdmlgdermd "jetms-U" ("Uuhstgmddegrh-jete" m jetms jh fuhstgmdergm). Hd ude shrgh jh hstujgms, ies rhspuhstes e hstms hihlhdtms auhrmd smlhtgjms e edåigsgs aeftmrgeihs y sus rhsuitejms sgrvghrmd pere fmdstrugr ies 51 hsfeies prglerges jhi 51SA. Jmfh jh hstes hsfeies lgjhd ims aeftmrhs jhdmlgdejms prhvgelhdth fmd ies ihtres jhi eiaebhtm? ies fuetrm hsfeies rhstedths lgjhd aeftmrhs htgquhtejms fmd ies ihtres U5 e U: pmrquh sur`ghrmd iuh`m hd hi edåigsgs jh ims "jetmsU". Jh ie lgsle ledhre quh ims hihlhdtms quìlgfms sh fmdsgjhred prglergms y båsgfms hd ie fmdstgtufgöd jh tmjm tgpm jh lethrge u mrèdgslms, Fetthii fmdfhptueigzö ies 51 jglhdsgmdhs prglerges jhsfubghrtes aeftmrgeilhdth fmlm res`ms båsgfms jh ie phrsmdeigjej. W pere jhsfrgbgr ies fueigjejhs

Zedtm hd ie prglhre fmlm hd ies sgùghdths vhrsgmdhs, Fetthii ke edeigzejm aeftmrgeilhdth ies 51 hsfeies prglerges pere mbthdhr aeftmrhs ìmbeihs quh eìutgdered (hd amrle jh "fmdìmlhrejms") ies hsfeies prglerges? auhrmd fmdmfgjms keste ekmre fmlm "aeftmrhs jh shùdjm mrjhd". Ims fgdfm quh ked sur`gjm lås fmdsgsthdthlhdth (tedtm hd hstujgms mrg`gdeihs fmlm hd ims rheigzejms hd mtres fuitures), ked sgjm Hxtrevhrsgöd, Edsghjej, Jurhze, Gdjhphdjhdfge y Eutm-Fmdtrmi. Hstms aeftmrhs ìmbeihs rhsulhd ie gdthrrhiefgöd jh ies hsfeies prglerges, y phrlgthd hxelgder ie phrsmdeigjej jhsjh ude phrsphftgve lås elpige quh ie hsphfgagfgjej jh çstes. Hd rhsulhd, hi 51SA rhprhshdte ie gdthdfgöd jh Fetthii jh gjhdtgagfer ims res`ms prglergms jh Ge fmdjufte lhjgedth hi edåigsgs aeftmrgei jhi fmdnudtm jh ims jhsfrgptmrhs jh ie phrsmdeigjej tmtei. Hste epigfefgöd jhi edåigsgs aeftmrgei hs jgahrhdth jh mtrms lçtmjms jh fmdstrugr thsts jh phrsmdeigjej. Smr hnhlpim, eiùdms gdvhdtergms hståd fmlpuhstms pmr hihlhdtms quh rhaihned fmdstruftms jhagdgjms pmr ude jhthrlgdeje thmrìe jh ie phrsmdeigjej (v. `r. ims fuhstgmdergms quh lgjhd ies "dhfhsgjejhs" jh Lurrey). Hd mtrms gdvhdtergms, su fmdthdgjm jgshõejm jgahrhdfger udms `rupms hstå jh mtrms (v.`r.pere ims

;

thsts quh jgahrhdfged ims `rupms "fiìdgfms" jh ims iielejms "dmrleihs"). Jejm quh hi 51SA hs ude lhjgje jh tgpm elpigm jh ie phrsmdeigjej dmrlei jh ims ejuitms, sh ke hlpihejm hd jgahrhdths sgtuefgmdhs jh hveiuefgöd (hsfmier, fiìdgfe, mrghdtefgöd, gdjustrgei, mrèdgzefgmdei y jh gdvhstgèfgöd), y pere lhjgr luy jgstgdtms tgpms jh fmdjufte. Jgfkes agdeigjejhs

gdfiuyhd ie prhjgffgöd jh frgthrgms jh hnhfufgöd y jh hveiuefgmdhs fmlpmrtelhdteihs, ie jhthrlgdefgöd jh ie shlhnedze jh phragi jh phrsmdeigjej hdtrh ims lghlbrms jh `rupms hsphfìagfms, ie eprhfgefgöd jh ims felbgms jh phrsmdeigjej rhsuitedths jh tretelghdtms, m ledgpuiefgmdhs hxphrglhdteihs, m ie prhjgffgöd fmdstruftms.jh mtrms frgthrgms y lhjgjes jh

5.:. 5.:. Jhserr Jhserrmi miim im mrg m rg`gd `gdei ei jhi 51SA 51SA Amrle 8 Jhspuçs jh ie prglhre hjgfgöd jhi 51SA (57:7), sh ked khfkm fuetrm rhvgsgmdhs fmd fieres lhnmres hd ies hsfeies (5781, 5712, 5710-17 y 5776? ie ejeptefgöd hspeõmie jh 5708 sh besö hd ie thrfhre jh hstes rhvgsgmdhs). Hi rhsuitejm jh hste fuerte rhvgsgöd jh 5776 hs ie "qugdte" hjgfgöd (y jh ekì hi dþlhrm "8" hd su jhdmlgdefgöd)? rhfm`h udes lhnmrhs ferefthrìstgfes

("=") fmrdm hxtrhlms.

psgfmlçtrifes y etghdjh e ims felbgms fuitureihs y prmahsgmdeihs (pmr hnhlpim, sh tuvghrmd hd fuhdte ims «ESE's Vtedjerjs amr Hjufetgmdei edj Ssyfkmim`gfei Zhstgd`¿ jh 57;8).

yþitgle jh ies hjgfgöd Gdthrfmrrhiefgmdh Gdthrfmrrhiefgmdhs s jh iesfmdthdìe hsfeies. 5: Ie hxphrglhdtei hihlhdtms hd feje hsfeie (hxfhptm hd ie hsfeie B quh fmdthdìe 58 fuhstgmdhs).

Ei fmlhdzer hste qugdte rhvgsgöd, ims hihlhdtms sh hxtrenhrmd jh ies hjgfgmdhs prhvges ethdjghdjm e ims sgùghdths frgthrgms> quh prhshdtered hihveje fmrrhiefgöd fmd su lgsle hsfeie y quh ie rhiefgöd auhre lhdmr fmd mtres hsfeies. Ims hihlhdtms hih`gjms auhrmd rhvgsejms hd su fmdthdgjm y rhjeffgöd, higlgdermd mm felbgermd ims fmdthdgjms y sh elbgùms jhsaesejms. Zelbgçd sh efmrtö y sglpigagfö su rhjeffgöd, y auhrmd rhvgsejms pere hvgter shs`ms jh shxm m reze. Hi fmdmfgjm sgsthle jh pudtuefgöd hstå fmdstrugjm smbrh ude hsfeie jh tgpm "Igohrt", fmd trhs pudtms> ud hxtrhlm, hd jgrhffgöd ei fmdstruftm e lhjgr, quh rhfgbh 2 pudtms, y mtrm hxtrhlm quh rhfgbh 3 pudtms? hi pudtm lhjgm jh hste hsfeie jh lhjgje rhfgbh 5 pudtm y hd ie qugdae hjgfgöd sh ke udgagfejm su prhshdtefgöd prmpmdghdjm ud Gdthrrmèdth

eithrdetgve

hdtrh

elbms

Hste prglhre y sufhsgves hjgfgmdhs hxphrglhdteihs sh epigfermd e verges luhstres pere fmdmfhr ims rhsuitejms jh ims felbgms. Hd feje aesh sh auh rhjufghdjm hi dþlhrm jh hihlhdtms e pertgr jh ies fmrrhiefgmdhs quh prhshdtebed, jh su fmdsgsthdfge gdthrde

Agdeilhdth, sh epigfö ie tçfdgfe jh "pequhths" m `rupms jh hihlhdtms (shgs fuhstgmdhs pmr hsfeie), y sh aeftmrgzermd (busfedjm fmlpmdhdths prgdfgpeihs) ies pudtuefgmdhs jh ude luhstre jh 6.:7; sunhtms? jh hste luhstre tmtei sh shihffgmdö ie luhstre dmrletgve defgmdei. Ims 51 aeftmrhs rhsuitedths sh smlhtghrmd e ude rmtefgöd Kerrgs-Oegshr y e jms rmtefgmdhs ledueihs jhi prmpgm R. B.Feithii? jh hsth lmjm sh iih`ö e ie jhagdgfgöd jh shgs aeftmrhs `hdhreihs ('fgdfm jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs y ud aeftmr jh gdthig`hdfge)? fesg tmjms ims "pequhths" seturebed hd su prmpgm aeftmr y dm hd mtrm. Vh rhjunm hi dþlhrm jh hihlhdtms pere ie hjgfgöd agdei y hi gdstrulhdtm auh tgpgagfejm hd ie luhstre dmrletgve. Hi fuejrm 5 rhsulh ie fmlpmsgfgöd jh ies hsfeies jh phrsmdeigjej jhi 51SA-8 mrg`gdei elhrgfedm, gdjgfedjm hi dþlhrm jh hihlhdtms jh tgpm Vf (sgd felbgms m söim hd ude m jms peiebres), tgpm Sf (phquhõms felbgms hd ies

7

peiebres m hd ie rhjeffgöd jh ie aresh), tgpm Fs (felbgms sg`dgagfetgvms, eudquh ledthdghdjm ie lgsle Gjhe) y tgpm Hd (hihlhdtms duhvms). Hd hi fuejrm dm hståd gdfiugjms ims 58 hihlhdtms jh ies hsfeies B (Rezmdelghdtm) dg ims 52 jh LG (Ledgpuiefgöd jh ie gle`hd)? su fmlpmsgfgöd sh fmlhdte hd mtrms epertejms. Hd fuedtm e ies hsfeies B y LG, hd feje ude jh ies aeshs hxphrglhdteihs sh auhrmd prmbedjm duhvms hihlhdtms. Ei prgdfgpgm sh im`rö rhudgr, keste :6 hihlhdtms B jh Amrles m edåigsgs edthrgmrhs, y auhrmd rhjufgjms keste ims 58 quh prhshdte ie Amrle 8, fmd fgdfm jh feje udm jh ims sgùghdths esphftms jhi rezmdelghdtm> vhrbei, dulçrgfm y iö`gfm. Hd ims edåigsgs sh hstujgö su fepefgjej jgsfrglgdetgve hdtrh vergms dgvhihs jh fepefgjej, sh jhsfertermd pmsgbihs shs`ms jh shxm y reze y sh hstujgö su fmrrhiefgöd fmd mtres lhjgjes jh gdthig`hdfge. Hi fmdthdgjm jh ie hsfeie LG hstå jhstgdejm e eprhfger fmdjuftes, shdtglghdtms y eftgtujhs jh tgpm lås m lhdms smfgeilhdth jhshebih. Zelbgçd hd hsth fesm sh rhudghrmd tmjms ims hihlhdtms hxgsthdths prhvgelhdth (eiùdms hdfuejrejms fmlm lhjgje jh ie "jgstmrsgöd lmtgvefgmdei"), y sh hstujgermd sus fmrrhiefgmdhs fmd sus prmpges hsfeies y fmd mtres lhjgjes jh jhshebgigjej smfgei. Ims 52 hihlhdtms agdeihs quh gdthrvghdhd hd hi gdstrulhdtm söim pudtþed hd hste hsfeie y smd gdjhphdjghdths jh ies hsfeies jh phrsmdeigjej.

Hi fmdthdgjm jh ies mtres jms hsfeies jh "hstgims jh rhspuhstes", Gdarhfuhdfge (GD) y Equghsfhdfge (EU), hstå besejm hd hi edåigsgs jh arhfuhdfges jh ies rhspuhstes hdfmdtrejes hd ie luhstre dmrletgve. Ie hsfeie GD hstå amrleje pmr ims hihlhdtms y eithrdetgves jh rhspuhstes (E, B m F) quh prhshdtermd ude arhfuhdfge luy bene? sh iihvö e febm ud hstujgm pere hstgler ie prhfgsgöd jh ie hsfeie pere jhthfter equhiies phrsmdes quh kebìed fmdthstejm ei ezer? ude pudtuefgöd eite, pmr tedtm, gdjgfe quh hi sunhtm ke hih`gjm ies eithrdetgves jh rhspuhstes fmdsgjhrejes gdarhfuhdths hd ie luhstre dmrletgve y, prmbebihlhdth, ke fmdthstejm ei ezer m sgd pmdhr ethdfgöd e ie terhe. Sere mbthdhr ie pudtuefgöd söim sh tghdhd hd fuhdte ies eithrdetgves gdthrlhjges ("=") jh hstms hihlhdtms. Ie hsfeie EU sh jhserrmiiö ethdjghdjm e ies rhspuhstes "Qhrjejhrm" hxgsthdths hd hi 51SA-8, y su prmpösgtm hs jhthfter ie thdjhdfge

e

ie

’equghsfhdfge"

jh

ims

hxelgdedjms quh fmdthsted eagrletgvelhdth gdjhphdjghdth jhi fmdthdgjm jhi hihlhdtm. Zedtm ie hsfeie jh B (Rezmdelghdtm) fmlm ies lhjgjes GD y EU jh "hstgims jh rhspuhste" sh pudtþed hd ude hsfeie jgfmtölgfe> 5 pudtm hd ie jgrhffgöd jhi fmdstruftm y 3 pudtms hd ims jhlås fesms. Vgd hlber`m, ie hsfeie jh jhshebgigjej smfgei (LG), sh pudtþe, fmlm ims jhlås hihlhdtms jh phrsmdeigjej, hd ude hsfeie "Igohrt" jh 3/5/2 pudtms.

53

Fuejrm Fue jrm 5. Fmlpmsgfgöd mrg`gdei jhi 51SA-8 Hsfeies

Vf

Sf

Fs

Hd

Zmtei

E F H A @

Eaebgigjej Hstebgigjej Jmlgdedfge Edglefgöd Ethdfgöd-dmrles Ethdfgöd- dmrles

2 2 3 8 6

: 2 8 : :

2 2 6 3 2

6 : 2 5 2

55 53 53 53 55

5K I L D M U5 U2 U6 U:

Etrhvglg Etrhvglghdtm hdtm Vhdsgbgigjej Qg`giedfge Ebstreffgöd Ebstref fgöd Srgvefgjej Eprhdsgöd EphrtureEphrture-felbgm felbgm Eutmsua Eutmsuagfghdfge gfghdfge Shrahff Shrahffgmdgslm gmdgslm Zhdsgöd

6; 2 2 5 3 2 : 5 3

02 5 3 2 2 8 5 5 6

3 8 8 6 0 2 : 6 :

53 2 : : 5 8 5 8 6

53 55 53 55 53 53 5: 53 53 53

68 22

:6 20

:2 20

6; 2:

58; 533

Zmteihs Smrfhdtenhs

5.8. 5.8. Jhsfr Jhsfrgpfg gpfgöd öd jh ies hsfeies prglerges prg lerges Fmlm sh ke gdjgfejm edthrgmrlhdth, hi 51SA-8, eudquh eftueigzejm y rhvgsejm, fmdtgdþe lgjghdjm ies lgsles jghfgsçgs hsfeies prglerges jh phrsmdeigjej gjhdtgagfejes pmr Fetthii hd ims hstujgms mrg`gdeihs. Hi fuejrm 2 quh vghdh e fmdtgduefgöd aefgigte ie fmlprhdsgöd jh ims fmdstruftms lhjgjms pmr jgfkes hsfeies lhjgedth ude jhdmlgdefgöd `hdçrgfe y udms pmfms ej-

nhtgvms hsphfìagfms jh ims pmims benm (shõeiejm fmd hi sg`dm lhdms y eitm (fmd hi sg`dm lås "+"). Hd hi fepìtuim jhstgdejm e ie gdthrprhtefgöd jh ims rhsuitejms jh ies epigfefgmdhs pråftgfes, hi ihftmr puhjh hdfmdtrer ude jhsfrgpfgöd lås audjelhdteje y jhteiieje jh jgfkes hsfeies.

55

Fuejrm Fue jrm 2. J Jhsfrgpfgö hsfrgpfgö d jh ies hsfeies prg lerges lhjgedth ejnh ejnhtgvm tgvm s Hsfeie Eaebgigjej

Rezmdelghdtm Hstebgigjej Jmlgdedfge Edglefgöd Ethdfgöd e dmrles Etrhvglghdtm Vhdsgbgigjej Qg Qg`g `gie iedf dfge ge Ebstreffgöd Srgvefgjej Eprhdsgöd Ephrture ei felbgm Eutmsuagfghdfge Shrahffgmdgslm Zhdsgöd

Ims pmims benm (-) y eitm (+) jhagdhd ude phrsmde... Earìe, glphrsmdei y jgstedth E+ fåigje, eaebih, `hdhrmse y ethdte e ims jhlås Bfmdfrhte B+ ebstrefte Frheftgve y hlmfgmdeilhdth felbgebih

F+ HH+ AA+ @@+ KK+ GG+ II+ LL+ DD+ MM+ U5U5 + U2U2+ U6U6+

hlmfgmdeilhdth hstebih, ejepteje y lejure jhahrhdth, fmmphretgve y hvgte ims fmdaigftms jmlgdedth, eshrtgve y fmlphtgtgve shrge, rhprglgje y fugjejmse edglmse, hspmdtådhe, eftgve y hdtusgeste gdfmdamrlgste, luy suye h gdjui`hdth ethdte e ies dmrles, fulpigjmre y amrlei tìlgje, thlhrmse y fmkgbgje etrhvgje/shùre hd im smfgei y hlprhdjhjmre mbnhtgve, deje shdtglhdtei y utgigterge shdsgbih, hsthte y shdtglhdtei fmdageje, sgd smsphfkes y ejeptebih vg`giedth, suspgfez, hsfçptgfe y prhfevgje pråftgfe, fmd ims pghs hd tghrre y rheigste ebstreìje, gle`gdetgve h gjheigste ebghrte, `hdugde, iiede y deturei prgveje, feifuiejmre, feifuiejmre, jgsfrhte y dm sh ebrh shùre, jhsprhmfupeje y setgsahfke eprhdsgve, gdshùre y prhmfupeje trejgfgmdei y ephèje e im aelgiger ebghrte ei felbgm, hxphrglhdtei y edeiìtgfe shùgjmre y sh gdth`re hd hi `rupm eutmsuagfghdth,, gdjgvgju eutmsuagfghdth gdjgvgjueigste eigste y smigterge aihxgbih y tmihredth fmd hi jhsmrjhd m ies aeites phrahffgmdgste, mrèdgzeje y jgsfgpigdeje

U:U:+

rhieneje, piåfgje glpefghdth y pefghdth h gdtredqugie thdse, hdçr`gfe,

Hste dmlhdfieture (ihtres y sg`dm) sh ke hlpihejm dmrleilhdth pere rhahrgrsh e ims sunhtms fuyms jhfetgpms sh sgtþed hd elbms hxtrhlms (5-6 hd ie gzqughrje y ;- 53 hd ie jhrhfke) jh ie hsfeie jh jhfetgpms (vçesh ie agùre 5, epertejm 5.0). Hsth lgslm hsquhle y dmlhdfieture sh hlpihe telbgçd pere eiujgr e ies rhiefgmdhs jh ude vergebih fmd mtre? pmr hnhlpim, fuedjm sh eagrlh quh "ie Eaebgigjej (E+) sh rhiefgmde fmd ie Hxtrevhrsgöd (Hxt+), ie hxprhsgöd gdjgferå ude rhiefgöd pmsgtgve, lghdtres quh sg sh su`ghrh quh "ie Vhdsgbgigjej (G-) fmdtrgbuyh e ie Jurhze (Jur+)", ie hxprhsgöd gdjgferå quh ie Jurhze hs lås prmpge jh ie phrsmde sgtueje hd hi pmim benm (ie utgigterge, mbnhtgve y deje shdtglhdtei), eudquh telbgçd sh pmjrìe hxprhser gdjgfedjm quh ’ie Vhdsgbgigjej (5+) fmdtrgbuyh e ie Rhfhptgvgjej (Jur-)", hs jhfgr ei pmim benm jh ie Jurhze (vçedsh ies jhsfrgpfgmdhs jhi fuejrm 6 hd hi epertejm 5.1).

52

5.1. 5.1. Jhsfr Jhsfrgpfg gpfgöd öd jh j h ies jglhdsgmdhs jglhdsgmd hs ìmbeihs Ejhlås jh ies hsfeies prglerges (E e U:), hi 51SA-8 phrlgth fgdfm e`rupefgmdhs jh jgfkes hsfeies pere mbthdhr jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs jh ie phrsmdeigjej, ies quh ked sgjm fmdmfgjes hd ie igthreture fmlm "aeftmrhs jh shùdjm mrjhd" pmrquh sh

fuejrm 6 hsquhletgze hses jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs lhjgedth udms ejnhtgvms quh jhagdhd ims pmims benms y eitms jh ies lgsles.

mbtghdhd lhjgedth edåigsgs aeftmrgei. Hi Fuejrm 6. Jhsfrgpfgöd jh ies jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs lhjgedth ejnhtgvms Jglhdsgmdhs/Hsfeies

Ims p mims benm (-) y e eitm itm (+) (+) jhagdhd ude phrsmd e.. e....

H[ZREQHRVGÖD E+ A+ K+ D- U2+

HxtHxt+

gdtrmvhrtgje, smfgeilhdth gdkgbgje hxtrmvhrtgje, smfgei y pertgfgpetgve

EDVGHJEJ F- I+ M+ U:+

EdsEds+

glphrturbebih, fmd pmfe edsghjej phrturbebih,, fmd lufke edsghjej phrturbebih

JXRHÊ

Jur-

rhfhptgve, jh lhdth ebghrte, gdtugtgve

E-5- L- U5 GDJHSHDJHDFGE H+ K+ I+ U5 +

Jur+ Gdjidj+

jure, agrlh, gdaihxgbih, arìe, mbnhtgve efmlmjetgfge, efhpte efuhrjms, fhjh gdjhphdjghdth, frgtgfe ih ùste ie pmiçlgfe

EXZM-FMDZRMI A-@+L-U6+

EuFEuF+

dm rhprglgje, sgùh sus glpuisms eutmfmdtrmieje, fmdtghdh glpuisms

Hi ihftmr mbshrverå quh hstes fgdfm jglhdsgmdhs tghdhd `red sglgigtuj fmd ims aeftmrhs shfudjergms jh hjgfgmdhs edthrgmrhs jhi 51SA, esì fmlm ims rhsuitejm rhsuitejmss jhi lmjhim jh ims “Bg` Agvh", m "fgdfm `redjhs"

prmdtm

jh ie phrsmdeigjej. Hd ims epertejms jhi fepìtuim jhstgdejm e ie Nustgagfefgöd hstejìstgfe sh marhfh hvgjhdfge jh hsm sglgigtuj.

5.0. 5.0. Ie hsfeie jh jhfetgpms jhfetgp ms Ies pudtuefgmdhs jgrhftes jhi 51SA sh tredsamrled hd ude hsfeie tìpgfe jh 53 pudtms jhdmlgdejms "jhfetgpms"? hs ude hsfeie jh lhjgje quh ke lmstrejm hd ie pråftgfe ud `rejm bestedth buhdm, dm utöpgfm, hd ie jgsfrglgdefgöd jh ims rhsuitejms. Ims jhfetgpms sh jgstrgbuyhd smbrh ude

dmrlei), fmd ude lhjge hd hi jhfetgpm 8,83 y ude jhsvgefgöd tìpgfe jh 2 jhfetgpms. Smr tedtm, ims jhfetgpms fhdtreihs 8 y 1 sh hxtghdjhd, rhsphftgvelhdth, e lhjge jhsvgefgöd tìpgfe e elbms iejms jh ie lhjge, y fmlprhdjhd hi `rupm fhdtrei jh ie pmbiefgöd, lghdtres quh ims hxtrhlms suphrgmr jhi jhfetgpm 53 h gdahrgmr jhi jhfetgpm 5 sh hdfuhdtred e jms y lhjge

hsfeie jghz pudtms hd udgjejhsjhtìpgfes (supuhstehqugjgstedths ie jgstrgbufgöd

jhsvgefgmdhs tìpgfes e elbms iejms jh ie lhjge.

56

rhaghrhd e ims jhfetgpms 5-6 y ;-53? hd feje udm jh hstms pmims sh hdfuhdtre hi 51% jh ie pmbiefgöd, y hd ie zmde fhdtrei quhjed fmlprhdjgjms ims jms thrfgms (1.;%) jh ie lgsle.

Esì puhs, sh puhjh fmdsgjhrer quh ims jhfetgpms 8 y 1 smd veimrhs lhjgms, : y 0 luhstred ude phquhõe jhsvgefgöd (hd ude y mtre jgrhffgöd, rhsphftgvelhdth), 2- 6 y ;-7 Gdjgfed ude `red jhsvgefgöd y 5 y 53 smd veimrhs hxtrhlms? tmjes hstes pmsgfgmdhs jhbhd hdthdjhrsh fmlm rhietgves e ie pmbiefgöd hsphfìagfe smbrh ie fuei sh ke

Ie agùre 5 giustre `råagfelhdth tmjm im edthrgmr smbrh ude furve dmrlei m èusgede. Hd ie besh "sh hdfuhdtred ies hsfeies jh pudtuefgmdhs tìpgfes "z", jhfetgpms y fhdtgihs, esì fmlm ims pmrfhdtenhs gdfiugjms.

rheigzejm ie dmrleigzefgöd m tgpgagfefgöd. Hd ies jhsfrgpfgmdhs gdjgfejes hd ims epertejms edthrgmrhs jh ies hsfeies prglerges y jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs, ies zmdes eiujgjes fmlm "pmim benm" y "pmim eitm" sh

SRMLHJGM

LHJGM BENM

BENM 2.8%

5

-5 2

6

5.8 5

8

6.8 :

55

56.8%

3 :

1

:3

2.8%

+5 0

13

00

Sz

+2 ;

7

0.8

8.8 26

EIZM

6:%

6:%

56.8% -2

LHJGM EIZM

53

JH

77

Sf

7.8 ;7

71

Agùre 5. Fmrrhspmdjhdfge Fmrrhspmdjhdfge hdtrh pudtuefgöd tìpgfes (Sz), jhfetgpms (JH) y fhdtgihs (Sf)

5.;. 5.;. Epigfefgmdhs Epig fefgmdhs pråftgfes p råftgfes Hd fuedtm quh hs ud gdstrulhdtm jh lhjgje jh elpigm hsphftrm jh ie phrsmdeigjej, hi 51SA hd `hdhrei y ie Amrle 8 hd pertgfuier puhjhd shr þtgihs hd luy jgahrhdths sgtuefgmdhs jh iebmr psgfmlçtrgfe (pråftgfe fiìdgfe, mfupefgmdei m jh hjufefgöd). Hste epigfebgigjej sh epmye hd sus prgdfgpeihs prmpghjejhs? hd prglhr iuèr hstå su "fmbhrture" jh lufkes jglhdsgmdhs

jh ie phrsmdeigjej? ude shùdje ferefthrìstgfe hs ie mrghdtefgöd "audfgmdei" jh sus lhjgjes (hs jhfgr, ies hsfeies dm sh epmyed hd fmdfhpfgmdhs subnhtgves m eprgmrìstgfes, sgdm quh sh mrghdted e res`ms prmpgms jhi jhserrmiim dmrlei jh ie phrsmdeigjej)? agdeilhdth, sus lhjgjes sh gdth`red hd ud fuhrpm mrèdgzejm jh fmdmfglghdtms pråftgfms y thörgfms.

5:

Smr tmjes hstes rezmdhs, sus rhsuitejms puhjhd shrvgr pere prhjhfgr hi fmlpmrtelghdtm jh ims sunhtms hd> e) Epigfefgmd Epigfefgmdhs hs gdjustrgeihs gdjustrgeihs.. Hi 51SA tgh tghdh dh ude ierè kgstmrge jh hstujgms jhstgdejms e jhsfubrgr hi phragi ferefthrìstgfm jh luy jgahrhdths eftgvgjejhs prmahsgmdeihs (teihs fmlm pgimtms jh evgefgöd, jmfhdths, pmigfìes m vhdjhjmrhs). Hd lufkms fesms sh ked hdfmdtrejm jgahrhdfges sg`dgagfetgves hd eiùdms res`ms jh phrsmdeigjej, y hstm ke su`hrgjm, hi hlpiher hfuefgmdhs jh rh`rhsgöd pere hstgler hi enusth jhi phragi jh ud fedjgjetm e hsms phragihs ferefthrìstgfms jh ies prmahsgmdhs, m bghd ethdjhr shihftgvelhdth y þdgfelhdth e hses hsfeies jgahrhdfgeihs. Gùeilhdth puhjh rhsuiter þtgi hi gdstrulhdtm hd hstujgms jh "pmthdfgei kuledm"? hd jhthrlgdejes eftuefgmdhs jh ims jhpertelhdtms jh rhfursms kuledms, hs dhfhsergm jgspmdhr jh ies ferefthrìstgfes jh phrsmdeigjej jh ims hlpihejms fmd agdhs jh prmlmfgöd, esgsthdfge e shlgdergms jh amrlefgöd m felbgms hd ie mrèdgzefgöd, htf. Hd im quh sh rhaghrh e ie shihffgöd y fiesgagfefgöd jh phrsmdei, smd fmdmfgjes ies rhiefgmdhs hdtrh jglhdsgmdhs prgdfgpeihs jh ie phrsmdeigjej (fmlm ie hxtrevhrsgöd m hi `rejm jh smfgeigzefgöd) y jgahrhdths frgthrgms jh fmlpmrtelghdtm iebmrei. Sere tmjes hstes sgtuefgmdhs hi 51SA-8 jgspmdh jh lufkes hsfeies prglerges, verges jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs y eiùdes hstglefgmdhs frgthrgeihs. b) Mrghdtefgöd y fmdshnm hsfmierhs. Ie eftgvgjej hsfmier hstå igèje, hd leymr m lhdmr `rejm, fmd ims res`ms jh phrsmdeigjej, pmrquh hd hi eprhdjgzenh ejhlås jh ies vergebihs eptgtujgdeihs hståd subyefhdths eiùdms res`ms fmlpmrtelhdteihs m vmigtgvms, y çstms puhjhd shr eprhfgejms m hstglejms fmd ies hsfeies jhi 51SA-8.

f) Jge`döstgfm fiìdgfm. Hd hi tretelghdtm jh ims trestmrdms jhi fmlpmrtelghdtm, hi pephi prgdfgpei jhi 51SA-8 puhjh hster hd hi jge`döstgfm jh jgfkms trestmrdms m hd ie jhthrlgdefgöd jh ims felbgms fmdshùgjms fmd ude jhthrlgdeje threpge jh lmjgagfefgöd. lmjgagfefgöd. Sere fmlprhdjhr su audfgöd prhfgse, eiùdms prmahsgmdeihs ked fmdsgjhrejm quh ims jge`döstgfms psgqugåtrgfms fmrrghdths sh besed hd ie edeim`ìe jh ims trestmrdms fmd ies hdahrlhjejhs aìsgfes, im quh ke iihvejm e ude feth`mrgzefgöd jh ims sunhtms quh tghdhd teihs prmbihles hd `rupms fueigtetgvelhdth jgahrhdths. Hd iuèr jh hstm, eiùdms gdvhstgèjmrhs ked hstglejm ie fiesgagfefgöd fmlm ud prmbihle jh jglhdsgmdhs lås quh jh feth`mrìes. Hd vhz jh fiesgagfer e feje phrsmde fmd prmbihles jhdtrm jh ude feth`mrìe u mtre, ih esg`ded ude pmsgfgöd smbrh hi fmdtgdum jh ies jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs jh ie phrsmdeigjej. Hsth lçtmjm, eperth jh shr lås agebih, hstå lås jh efuhrjm fmd ims jetms hxphrglhdteihs? pmr hnhlpim, sglpigagfedjm ie hstrufture jh ie phrsmdeigjej hd ud lmjhim bgjglhdsgmdei y mrtm`mdei (im fuei phrlgth fuetrm fuejredths), hd vhz jh fiesgagfer e ud sunhtm fmd ie htgquhte jh udm u mtrm fuejredth sh ih ejnujgfed sus fmmrjhdejes ferthsgedes jh leymr m lhdmr eih nelghdtm jh ie zmde fhdtrei? jh hsth lmjm dm smielhdth sh ih hdfuejre hd udm u mtrm fuejredth sgdm quh telbgçd sh jhagdh ud `rejm jh eihnelghdtm m `revhjej jh ie prmbihlåtgfe. Smr mtre perth, hxgsth ude rhiefgöd fiere hdtrh hi jge`döstgfm jh ie phrsmdeigjej y ie hagfefge jh ud tretelghdtm threpçutgfm? çsth hs lås eprmvhfkebih fmd udms jhthrlgdejms res`ms jh phrsmdeigjej quh fmd mtrms. Hs lås, ie hihffgöd jh ud tretelghdtm u mtrm

58

hstes fmdjuftes hd fuym hstujgm hi gdvhstgèjmr dhfhsgte fmdtrmier ies vergebihs jh phrsmdeigjej? ie luitgpigfgjej jh vergebihs y hsfeies jhi 51SA-8 puhjhd aefgigter hstms fmdtrmihs hd ies iebmrhs jh gdvhstgèfgöd.

jhphdjh hd `red lhjgje jh ie pmsgfgöd prhfgse jhi sunhtm hd ie hstrufture luitgjglhdsgmdei jh su phrsmdeigjej. j) Epigfefgmdhs hxphrglhdteihs. Hi felpm jh ie gdvhstgèfgöd y jhserrmiim jh ie psgfmim`ìe hstå fmdstedthlhdth busfedjm rhiefgmdhs hdtrh res`ms jh phrsmdeigjej y lufkes hstruftures fmlpmrtelhdteihs? kåbgtms, eftgtujhs, vmigfgmdhs m smfgeigzefgöd smd eiùdes jh

5.7. 5. 7. Lethrgei Lethrgei pere p ere ie epi epigf gfefgöd efgöd Ejhlås jhi prhshdth Leduei fmd ie audjelhdtefgöd thörgfe y ies dmrles jh epigfefgöd, fmrrhffgöd, pudtuefgöd h gdthrprhtefgöd, hxgsthd ims sgùghdths lethrgeihs> Fuejhrdgiim Fuhstgmdergm. fmd ims hihlhdtms jhi Kmne jh rhspuhstes? jhbh utgigzersh ude jh jgshõm hsphfgei sg ve e shr prmfhseje lhjgedth fmrrhffgöd lhfedgzeje. Kmne jh Shragi y Jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs. Hi edvhrsm fmdtghdh ud

•

lmjhim jhstgdejm e ie mbthdfgöd leduei jh ims jhfetgpms hd ies fgdfm jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs? hi jmrsm fmdtghdh mtrm quh phrlgth hiebmrer ud phragi, `hdhrei fmd tmjms ims jetms y pudtuefgmdhs jhi sunhtm Srm`rele Jmfulhdtm fmlputergzejm pere mbthdhr ies pudtuefgmd pudtuefgmdhs hs jgrhftes.

•

•

•

51

2. DMRLEV DMRLEV SERE IE I E ESIGFEFGÖ E SIGFEFGÖD D 2.5. 2.5. GGdstr dstruff uffgmd gmdhs hs `hdh ` hdhreihs reihs

Hste Amrle jhi 51SA hstå jgshõeje pere su epigfefgöd e ejmihsfhdths (e pertgr

gdthihftuei, fmdthxtms.

jh ims 51 eõms) y ejuitms, gdjgvgjuei fmihftgvelhdth. Hi usuergm puhjh jgspmdhrm jhi gdstrulhdtm hd ud Fuejhrdgiim jh pephi y iåpgz m hd ude prm`relefgöd pere su usm fmd ie eyuje jhi mrjhdejmr, y sus hihlhdtms söim hxg`hd ude fepefgjej ihftmre jh dgvhi jh hdshõedze prglerge (H@B). Vg hi sunhtm tuvghsh ude hjej lhdmr, hi prmahsgmdei puhjh efujgr e mtrm gdstrulhdtm jh ferefthrìstgfes sglgierhs, hi KVSU, hsphfgeilhdth jgshõejm pere ejmihsfhdths y epigfebih hdtrh ims 52 y ims 5; eõms jh hjej, m hi FSU, jhstgdejm e dgõms jh 7 e 52 eõms.

Ie pruhbe dm tghdh ud tghlpm iglgtejm, phrm key quh edgler e ims sunhtms e quh trebenhd sgd peuses y jhthdfgmdhs. Xde vhz pesejms 53 lgdutms, hi hxelgdejmr puhjh hvgter quh eiùdms sunhtms sh jhthdèd gdsgsthdthlhdth m feuthierlhdth hd eiùdms hihlhdtms su`grghdjm> "Rhfuhrjhd quh dm jhbhd hlpiher tghlpm hd phdser lufkm smbrh hi fmdthdgjm jh ude aresh? içedie y jhd ie prglhre rhspuhste deturei quh sh ihs mfurre". Dmrleilhdth, sh terje hdtrh 68 y 83 lgdutms hd fmlpihter ie pruhbe, y hdtrh 28 y 68 lgdutms fuedjm çste sh prhshdte lhjgedth mrjhdejmr mrjhdejmr..

Ies fuhstgmdhs sh prhshdted fmd trhs eithrdetgves jh rhspuhste? hxfhptm hd ie hsfeie B, ie eithrdetgve jhi lhjgm hs sghlprh ud gdthrrmèdth ("="). Ims 58 hihlhdtms jh rezmdelghdtm hståd sgtuejms ei agdei jhi Fuejhrdgiim, jhspuçs jh ims hihlhdtms jh phrsmdeigjej. Hste prhshdtefgöd aefgigte ie fmdtgdugjej jh ies rhspuhstes jh phrsmdeigjej y ies shpere jh ie lhjgje

ei`m

jhshebih

hd

eiùdms

Fuedjm hd eiùde mfesgöd sh jhshh marhfhr ei sunhtm ude leymr fmdagjhdfgeigjej jh ies rhspuhstes y pudtuefgmdhs, sh ih puhjh efmdshner gjhdtgagfersh hd ie Kmne jh rhspuhstes u mrjhdejmr lhjgedth hi d³ jhi JDG, dmrleilhdth söim fmdmfgjm pmr hi hxelgdejmr hd hsh hdtmrdm jhi hxelhd.

2.2. 2.2. GGdstr dstruff uffgmd gmdhs hs hsphfìagfes Hd ie prglhre på`gde jhi gdahrgmr jhi Fuejhrdgiim jhi 51SA-8 hståd glprhses udes gdstruffgmdhs luy sglpihs pere hi sunhtm (rhfm`gjes telbgçd hd su prhshdtefgöd lhjgedth mrjhdejmr mrjhdejmr). ). Eudquh hi sunhtm puhjh eutmepigfersh hi gdstrulhdtm fmd jgfkes gdstruffgmdhs, hs fmdvhdghdth ie eyuje jhi prmahsgmdei pere hstebihfhr ud buhd figle jh fmdagedze, tedtm fuedjm ie pruhbe sh epigquh gdjgvgjueilhdth fmlm hd `rupms. Hd ies epigfefgmdhs fmihftgves quhimshi hxelgdedjms hxelgdejmr ies ies ihe hd vmz hs eiteusuei lghdtres

ved sgùghdjm smbrh sus prmpgms fuejhrdgiims? fmdvghdh rhfeifer quh dm sh jhbhd kefhr edmtefgmdhs hd hi Fuejhrdgiim (pmrquh çsth hs rhutgigzebih y pmrquh söim sh ethdjhrå e ies fmdthstefgmdhs jejes hd ie Kmne jh rhspuhstes), quh sh pmdè hsphfgei fugjejm pere dm seitersh dgdùde fuhstgöd y quh dm sh jhthdèd lufkm tghlpm hd ies areshs. Lås eþd, hs glpmrtedth rhamrzer ies gdstruffgmdhs rhgthrådjmies mreilhdth pere im`rer ude buhde jgspmsgfgöd aredquhze sgdfhrgjej. Hi epigfejmr jhbhjhhster ethdtmy

50

pere rhspmdjhr e ies prhùdtes y rhsmivhr ies jujes jh ims hxelgdedjms, jedjm pmr shdtejm quh, e ie ierè, im lhnmr pere hi sunhtm hs shr aredfm y kmdhstm hd sus rhspuhstes. Hi psgföim`m hxphrglhdtejm quh fmdmfh ies vhdtenes jh hse fkerie eaebih fmd hi sunhtm pere frher jgfkm figle, dm fmdsgjhrerå hxe`hreje ie gdjgfefgöd edthrgmr, tedtm m lås þtgi quh ies hsfeies jh lhjgje jh ims "hstgims jh rhspuhste". Vg sh tghdh eiùde juje smbrh ie pmsgbih sgdfhrgjej jh ies rhspuhstes jhi sunhtm ei Fuhstgmdergm (pmr hnhlpim, hd ude sgtuefgöd jh shihffgöd jh phrsmdei), tei vhz she prhahrgbih elpiger m lmjgagfer hi prm`rele jh epigfefgöd, gdtrmjufgr eiùde mtre pruhbe m edudfger ud fmdtresth auturm (hd ie eftuefgöd jh ie lgsle eftgvgjej prmahsgmdei) jh ims prhshdths rhsuitejms? hsth edudfgm suhih rhjufgr hd eiùde lhjgje hi hahftm jh ie jhshebgigjej smfgei m "ledgpuiefgöd jh ie gle`hd".

jhbh shr sghlprh nuhz frìtgfm hd fueiqughr sgtuefgöd pertgfuier. Vh puhjh efujgr, ude y mtre vhz, e ims hihlhdtms jh hdtrhdelghdtm gdtrmjufgjms hd ies gdstruffgmd gdstruffgmdhs hs prhvges. Juredth hi hxelhd, hi epigfejmr jhbh hster ethdtm e quh ies rhspuhstes sh veyed jedjm sh`þd ies gdstruffgmdhs y ejhfuejes ei lethrgei utgigzejm, y ei rhfm`hr hi lethrgei jhbhrìe fmlprmber quh sh ked fmlpihtejm tmjms ims jetms phjgjms y ie leymrìe jh ims hihlhdtms, puhs ude pruhbe gdfmlpihte puhjh gdveigjer tmjm hi hsauhrzm jç ie epigfefgöd. Hd ie Kmne jh rhspuhstes ies fmiuldes jhstgdejes e ies fmdthstefgmdhs hståd jgshõejes jh lmjm quh feje ude fmrrhspmdjh e ude på`gde jhi Fuejhrdgiim? hstm hvgte hqugvmfefgmdhs ei gr jedjm ies rhspuhstes. Agdeilhdth, ims hihlhdtms jh ie hsfeie B (Rezmdelghdtm) hståd e`rupejms hd ie på`gde agdei jhi Fuejhrdgiim y hd ie þitgle fmiulde jh ie Kmne.

Hd mfesgmdhs hs prhahrgbih ihhr y jgsfutgr fmd hi sunhtm (m fmd hi `rupm) fghrtms pudtms jh ies gdstruffgmdhs, eudquh hi hxelgdejmr

2.6. 2.6. Dmrles pere ie fmrrhffgöd y pud tuefgöd Hs dmrlei hd tmjm gdstrulhdtm psgfmlçtrgfm jgspmdhr jh ud prmfhjglghdtm pere fmdvhrtgr ies rhspuhstes jejes e ims hihlhdtms hd pudtuefgmdhs jh ie vergebih m vergebihs quh lgjh jgfkm gdstrulhdtm? e hsth prmfhjglghdtm sh ih fmdmfh fmd ims vmfebims jh fmrrhffgöd y pudtuefgöd. Hd hi fesm jhi 51SA-8, ies rhspuhstes jejes pmr ude phrsmde e sus hihlhdtms sh fmrrg`hd y pudtþed fmd ie eyuje jh ud prmfhsm jh lhfedgzefgöd. Vg hsth prmfhsm sh kgfghsh fmd ie eyuje jh piedtgiies (tredsperhdths m teiejrejes), ie mbthdfgöd jh ies 57 pudtuefgmdhs quh phrlgth hi fuhstgmderim pmjrìe hxg`gr hdtrh 53 y 58 lgdutms pmr phrsmde hxelgdeje.

Smr hstes rezmdhs, fuedjm hi `rupm jh phrsmdes hxelgdejes hs dulhrmsm hi usuergm puhjh utgigzer ims shrvgfgms jh ZHE Hjgfgmdhs? hd hsth fesm hs dhfhsergm quh ies fmdthstefgmdhs sh keyed jejm hd kmnes hsphfgeihs pere ihftmre öptgfe? hi prmfhsm phrlgth mbthdhr ies pudtuefgmdhs jgrhftes, ies jhrgvejes (hd jhfetgpms m hd fueiqughr mtre hsfeie tìpgfe)? ies jglhdsgmdhs ìmbeihs, hi phragi `råagfm y, hd su fesm, ud gdamrlh fmd fmlhdtergms smbrh ie gdthrprhtefgöd jh ims rhsuitejms. Vg hi fgtejm usuergm jhshe kefhr phrsmdeilhdth hsth prmfhsm jh fmrrhffgöd y pudtuefgöd, puhjh hlpiher ie prm`relefgöd ’iievh" m piedtgiie gdamrletgzeje quh efmlpeõe ei lethrgei jh ie pruhbe y prmfhserie hd ud mrjhdejmr phrsmdei. Hd hsth

5;

fesm ie prm`relefgöd dm hs, ted fepez fmlm ims fgtejms shrvgfgms jh ZHE Hjgfgmdhs, phrm suagfghdth pere quh hi prmahsgmdei puhje mbthdhr ies pudtuefgmdhs dhfhserges pere fmdtgduer hi prmfhsm y iihèr e hiebmrer su prmpgm gdamrlh jh rhsuitejms. Hd prglhr iuèr, hs dhfhsergm tresiejer ie prm`relefgöd ei jgsfm jurm jh ud mrjhdejmr quh fulpie ies hxg`hdfges quh.sh pgjhd y shùgr ies gdstruffgmdhs quh efmlpeõed ei jgsquhth. E pertgr jh hsth lmlhdtm hs pmsgbih pmdhr hd lerfke jgfke prm`relefgöd pere hi tretelghdtm jh feje prmtmfmim jhi 51SA-8 y mbthdhr, pmr pedteiie m pmr glprhsmre, ims rhsuitejms. Eiùdms usuergms puhjhd fmdsgjhrer quh hste terhe jh thfiher ims jetms jh gjhdtgagfefgöd y Ges 5;8 rhspuhstes fmdsulh lufkm tghlpm, y hs deturei quh hd hse eprhfgefgöd gdthrvhdè ie pmfe m lufke hxphrghdfge hd ies terhes gdamrlåtgfes. Vgd hlber`m, dmrleilhdth beste fmd udms 2 e : lgdutms (jhphdjghdjm jh ie vhimfgjej jh `rebefgöd jhi usuergm) pere rheigzer hi prmfhsm fmlpihtm, bestedth lhdms quh fuedjm sh use ude m verges piedtgiies jh fmrrhffgöd leduei pere mbthdhr 57 pudtuefgmdhs jgrhftes. Xde vhz edmtejms ims jetms jh gjhdtgagfefgöd (y söim hi prglhr felpm hs hshdfgei pere quh hi sgsthle puhje fmdtgduer), hi pesm sgùghdth hs tresiejer ei mrjhdejmr ies rhspuhstes jhi sunhtm? hd ie pedteiie eperhfh

ud fuejrm fmd ims dþlhrms jh tmjms hihlhdtms jhi 51SA-8 y hi fursmr hstå sgtuejm arhdth ei prglhr dþlhrm, hsphredjm quh sh thfihh ie eithrdetgve shõeieje pmr hi sunhtm? hi hsquhle hs hi sgùghdth> 5 hd prmfhsms jh shihffgöd jh phrsmdei, hd ude iebmr jh mrghdtefgöd phrsmdei jh ejuitms növhdhs jhdtrm jhi shrvgfgm lgigter mbigètmrgm m hd ude fmiebmrefgöd jhsgdthrhseje y edödgle jh `rupms jh hstujgedths jh hdshõedze shfudjerge, prmahsgmdei m udgvhrsgterge (smd hsfmierhs quh ked fmiebmrejm pere agdhs jh gdvhstgèfgöd m

Hd iìdhes `hdhreihs, sh ked shùgjm ims sgùghdths pesms> 5) Hstujgm jh pubigfefgmdhs jh hstujgms elhrgfedms (hshdfgeilhdth ims edåigsgs jh ies luhstres dmrletgves mrg`gdeihs) y brgtådgfms. 2) Qhrsgöd fe festhiiede sthiiede jh ims 5;8 hih hihlhdtms lhdtms mrg`gdeihs, thdghdjm hd fuhdte ies jgvhrses hsfeies glpigfejes. Xde prglhre vhrsgöd ke sgjm rhvgseje pmr vergms prmahsgmdeihs hxphrtms hd lhjgje psgfmiö`gfe y pmr ims eutmrhs mrg`ìdeihs (smbrh tmjm ie jmftmre K. H. S, Fetthii y sus eshsmrhs jh mrg`hd kgspådgfm). 6) Jhthrlgdefgöd Jhthrlgdefgöd,, e pertgr jh ude luhstre hxtreìje ei ezer (fmd 633 Q y 633 L, Q B5 jh Rezmdelghdtm hd K (Etrhvglghdtm) F5 jh Hstebgigjej hd K (Etrhvglghdtm) I: jh Qg`giedfge hd U: (Zhdsgöd)

eifedzebed hi veimr jh 3,28. Ims rhsuitejms luhstred, fmd bestedth fiergjej, quh ims "pequhths" (hs jhfgr, ims hihlhdtms quh ims fmdstgtuyhd) sh e`ruped hd sus rhsphftgves hsfeies. Vgd hlber`m, ims ìdjgfhs keiiejms hd ie ejeptefgöd prhshdted eiùdes phfuigergjejhs> e) Ie hsfeie L (Eb (Ebstreffgöd, streffgöd, ie quh edthrgmrlhdth hre fmdmfgje fmlm Eutge)

A: jh Edglefgöd hd E (Eaebgigjej) K: jh Etrhvglghdtm hd F (Hstebgigjej) U: jh Zhdsgöd hd M (Eprhdsgöd) Hstes phfuigergjejhs dm jhbhrìed jh esmlbrer dg shr ìdjgfhs fierms jh ude jhagfghdth hstrufture sg sh tghdh hd fuhdte ie mbigfugjej m dm mrtm`mdeigjej jh ies smiufgmdhs aeftmrgeihs aeftmrg eihs prmpuhste sghlprh pmr Fetthii? hsms phsms hd mtres jglhdsgmdhs vghdhd e sg`dgagfer sus glpigfefgmdhs lutues.

GDZHRFMRRHIEFGMDHV GDZHRFMRR HIEFGMDHV JH IE IEV V HVFEIE HVFEIEV V SRGLERGEV Eudquh ude jh ies gdthdfgmdhs jh ie (D Rhiefgöd F-M F-L F-U: M-U: I-U:

Q

L

-3,03 -3,10 -3,18 3,1: 3,13

-3,06 -3,15 -3/16 3,1: 3,88

Jgahrhd. -3,36 3,31 3,32 3,33 3,38

Serhfh luy fiere (Zhdghdjm hd fuhdte ie hihveje fmdhxgöd hxgsthdth hdtrh hiies), ie rhiefgöd dhètgve hdtrh Hstebgigjej (F) y Eprhdsgöd (F‗). pmrquh ies phrsmdes lås hstebihs smr lhdms eprhdsgves? y dm key fesg jgahrhdfges hdtrh fölm im prhshdted elbms shxms. Ei`m perhfgjm sh puhjh jhfgr jh ie fmdhxgöd hdtrh Eprhdsgöd (M) y Zhdsgöd (U:), y hd hsth fesm elbms shxms luhstred ude rhiefgöd gùei (3.1:). E phser jh quh ude vgsgöd `hdhrei jh

vermdhs y hd lunhrhs. E tìtuim jh hnhlpim, sg sh tmled ies vergebihs Vhdsgbgigjej (G), Srgvefgjej (D) / Eprhdsgöd (M), sus fmdhxgmdhs hd elbms shxms y ies jgahrhdfges hdtrh ies rhiefgmdhs smd ies sgùghdths> Rhiefgöd Q i-D 3,37

L Jgahrhd. 3,33 3,37

5-3 D-M

3,:: -3.525 3,5: 3,25

3,26 3,68

Jh hstms jetms sh puhjh jhjufgr quh, eudquh dm key fesg rhiefgöd dg jgahrhdfge gdthrshxms fuedjm sh pmdhd hd rhiefgöd ie Vhdsgbgigjej (G) y ie Srgvefgjej (D), sh mbshrved jetms sg`dgagfetgvms (tedtm hd ims ìdjgfhs jh rhiefgöd fmlm hd ies jgahrhdfges gdthrshxms), fuedjm elbes hsfeies sh pmdhd hd rhiefgöd fmd ie Eprhdsgöd (M)? hd hi fesm jh ie rhiefgöd Vhdsgbgigjej-

ies jms letrgfhs su`ghrhd ie hxgsthdfge jh bestedth sglgigtuj hdtrh elbms shxms hd ies gdthrrhiefgmdhs jh ies hsfeies prglerges, hs mbvgm, e ie vgste jh eiùdes jgahrhdfges

Eprhdsgöd ie fmdhxgöd hs leymr hdtrh ies lunhrhs y hd hi fesm jh ie rhiefgöd Srgvefgjej-Eprhdsgöd ie fmdhxgöd hs leymr hdtrh ims vermdhs.

gdthrshxms, quh jgfkes hsfeies dm sh fmlpmrted sghlprh jh ie lgsle ledhre hd

JGLHDVGM JGLHD VGMDHV DHV @IMBEI @IMB EIHV HV E pertgr jh ie hxgsthdfge jh rhiefgmdhs sg`dgagfetgves hdtrh ies hsfeies prglerges, sh puhjh gdjufgr ie pmsgbih hxgsthdfge jh ude amrle jh e`ruperie? pere hxtrehr hstruftures `hdhreihs jm ie phrsmdeigjej. Hstm sh puhjh im`rer, fmlm sh ke fmlhdtejm fmd edthrgmrgjej, fmd ie eyuje jh ie tçfdgfe aeftmrgei.

hxfiusgöd jh ie hsfeie B (Rezmdelghdtm). Ies smiufgmdhs aeftmrgeihs jh elbms shxms smd bestedth sglgierhs (fmlm fmrrmbmrefgöd jh im su`hrgjm hd hi subepertejm edthrgmr ei mbshrver ie sglgigtuj jh ies jms letrgfhs jh gdthrfmrrhiefgmdhs). Ie lhnmr smiufgöd perhfh shr ie mbigfue jh aeftmrhs prgdfgpeihs gdfiuyçdjmie hsfeie B? hd hsth pudtm sh ked

Ies letrgfhs jh pudtuefgmdhs jgrhftes jh ies subluhstres jh feje shxm jh ie luhstre jh tgpgagfefgöd (D quh ie Aredquhze (D-) sh gdfmrpmre e ie jglhdsgöd jh Hxtrevhrsgöd, y quh ie Vhrghjej (A-) y ie Sreftgfgjej (L-) ekmre fmdtrgbuyhd e ie jglhdsgöd jh Eutm-Fmdtrmi. Eutm-Fmdtrmi.

6.:. 6.:. Fmrrhiefgmdhs fmd mtrms mtrm s thsts Eudquh ie gdamrlefgöd lås glpmrtedth jh ude pruhbe vghdh gdjgfeje pmr su pmsgbgigjej jh prhjgffgöd jh ei`þd felpm glpmrtedth jh eftgvgjej, hi `rejm hd quh sh fmrrhiefgmde fmd mtres pruhbes errmne ude iuz ejgfgmdei smbrh su detureihze y ferefthrìstgfes lçtrgfes. Hsth tgpm jh jetms gdjgfe, pmr hnhlpim, sg jms pruhbes lgjhd Gjçdtgfms m jgstgdtms res`ms, hstm hs, sg hi usm jh hiies hd ude bethrìe eulhdterå su veimr prhjgftgvm m sg rhprhshdte ude gddhfhserge jupigfgjej hd ie hveiuefgöd jhi lgslm res`m. Smr mtre perth, fmd hiim sh tghdh gdamrlefgöd fmlpihlhdterge smbrh ie veigjhz jhi gdstrulhdtm fuedjm hse ferefthrìstgfe hs smbrejelhdth fmdmfgje hd ie pruhbe fmd ie fuei sh fmrrhiefgmd fmrrhiefgmde. e. Hd hi prhshdth fesm jhi 51SA-8, pere jhlmstrer quh rheilhdth hveiþe res`ms fmlm Eaebgigjej (E+), Jmlgdedfge (H+) y Eprhdsgöd (3+), sus pudtuefgmdhs sh puhjhd pmdhr hd rhiefgöd fmd ies lhjgjes mbthdgjes smbrh hsms m sglgierhs fmdstruftms fmd mtrms

gdstrulhdtms. Smr hnhlpim, sh puhjh thdhr ud epmym e ie veigjhz jh fmdstruftm jh ie Jmlgdedfge (H) sg sus rhsuitejms sh fmrrhiefgmded fmd ies hsfeies jh Jmlgdedfge m jh E`rhsgöd, jhi SRA ("Shrsmdeigty Rhsherfk Amrl") y e ie vhz prhshdted fmrrhiefgöd duie fmd ie lhjgje jh mtres vergebihs teihs fmlm hi "Rhfmdmfglghdtm "Rhfmdmfglg hdtm smfgei" jhi lgslm SRA. Smr tmjm hiim, sh ke fmdsgjhrejm fmdvhdghdth rhfm`hr ie gdamrlefgöd jh hstujgms mrg`gdeihs elhrgfedms hd ims quh hi 51SA-8 sh ke puhstm hd rhiefgöd fmd hi fgtejm SRA (Nefosmd, 57;7), hi FSG (Gdvhdtergm Ssgfmiö`gfm jh Feigamrdge, @mu`k, -57;0? ZHE, 5772), hi DHM Sg-R (Fmste y LfFreh, 5772) y hi LBZG (Gdvhdtergm Zgpmiö`gfm jh Lyhrs-Brg``s, Lyhrs y LfFeuiihy, 57;8, ZHE 5775). Hd ims pårreams y tebies quh vghdhd e fmdtgduefgöd sh rhsulhd ims prgdfgpeihs rhsuitejms? hi ihftmr gdthrhsejm hd ims jhteiihs jhbhrìe fmdsuiter ie pubigfefgöd mrg`gdei jh Fmdd y Rihoh (577:).

66

RHIE RH IEFG FGMD MDHV HV FMD FMD H682 I SRA SR Hi SRA hs ud fuhstgmdergm jh HI hih-A lhdtms jh "vhrjejhrm-aeism" quh, fmlm hi 51SA-8, hveiþe res`ms dmrleihs jh ie phrsmdeigjej. Fmdtghdh 23 hsfeies bgpmierhs besejes hd ies "Hsfeies jh Dhfhsgjejhs jh Lurrey" (Lurrey, 576;), y jms hsfeies jh veigjefgöd (Jhshebgigjej (Jhshebgigjej h Gdarhfuhdfge). Elbms gdstrulhdtms (51SA-8 y SAR Amrle H) sh epigfermd e ude luhstre jh 228 hstujgedths udgvhrsgtergms (:6 vermdhs y 507 lunhrhs? fmd udms prmlhjgms jh 5;,7 eõms jh hjej y sh 52,1 eõms jhhd hsfmiergjej). rhsuitejms hdfuhdtred ie tebie E-0?Ims ims ìdjgfhs vghdhd hxprhsejms hd fhdtçsgles, Hd ie prglhre fmiulde jh ie gzqughrje jh ie tebie sh hdfuhdtred udes sgìes erbgtrerges pere eiujgr e ies hsfeies jhi SRA? fmlm hi gdstrulhdtm dm tghdh ude vhrsgöd hspeõmie suagfghdthlhdth fmdmfgje, e

("Sh (" Shrs rsmd mdeigty Rhshe k Amrl" Amr l"sh) mbshrve E eigty pertgr Rhsherf jh ims rfk rhsuitejms quh ie Hxtrevhrsgöd sh rhiefgmde sg`dgagfetgvelhdth fmd hsfeies jhi SRA quh su`ghrhd ud glpuism eih`rh m ie dhfhsgjej jh gdthreffgmdhs eahftgves fmd mtrms> Eagigefgöd (3,81), Hxkgbgfgöd (3,8:), Fugjer jh mtrms (3.:3), Jgvhrsgöd (3,6;) y Eyuje/prmthffgöd (3,67). Hd ie lgsle tebie E-0 puhjh vhrsh quh hstes hsfeies jhi SRA `hdhreilhdth sh fmrrhiefgmded fmd ims fmlpmdhdths prglergms jh ie Hxtrevhrsgöd? pmr hnhlpim, hi leymr ìdjgfh jh Eaebgigjej (E), jhi 51SA-8 hs fmd Fugjer jh mtrms (3,67), hi jh Edglefgöd. (A) hs fmd Jgvhrsgöd (3,82), hi jh Etrhvglghdtm (K) hs fmd Hxkgbgfgöd (3,05), hi jh Srgvefgjej (D) hs fmd Eyuje/prmthffgöd (-3,:5), y hi jh Eutmsuagfghdfge (U2) hs fmd Eagigefgöd(-3,:8). Hd hi fesm jh ie jglhdsgöd Edsghjej, sh mbshrved rhiefgmdhs sg`dgagfetgves fmd ie

fmdtgduefgöd sh gdjgfed ies sgìes hlpihejes pere hste tebie, su jhdmlgdefgöd hd gdìçs y ude trejuffgöd thdtetgve jh ie vergebih lhjgje.

dhfhsgjej jh Jhahdsgvgjej (3,:2) y jh E`rhsgöd (3,61), quh su`ghrhd ude kmstgigjej hlmfgmdei. E dgvhi jh hsfeies prglerges, ies jms hsfeies fgtejes hståd luy

Ebs Efk Eaa E`` Eut Fke Fm` Jha Jml Hdj Hxk Ker Glp

"Ebeshlhdt" "Efkghvhlhdt“/“ Vulgsgöd "Efkghvhlhdt / Rhsuitejms "Eaagigetgmd" ! Eagigefgöd *E``rhssgmd““ /  E`rhsgöd *E``rhssgmd E`rhsgöd "Eutmdmly" / Eutmdmlìe "Fked`h" / Felbgm "Fm`dgtgvh Vtrufturh“ / GGdthihftuei dthihftuei "Jhahdjhdfh“ "Jhahdjhdfh “ / Jhahdsgvgjej "Jmlgdedfh" / Jmlgdedfge "Hdjuredfh" / Eùedth "Hxkgbgtgmd““ /  Hxkgbgfgöd "Hxkgbgtgmd Hxkgbgfgöd "Kerl Evmgjedfh“ Evmgjedfh“ / Kugje jhi jeõm "Glpuisgvgty" / Glpuisgvgjej Glpuisgvgjej

fmrrhiefgmdejes fmd ie hsfeie U: (Zhdsgöd), ud fmlpmdhdth glpmrtedth jh ie Edsghjej.

Dur Mrj Sìe Vhd Vmf Vuf Xdj

"Durturedfh" / Fugjer jh mtrms "Mrjhr" / Mrjhd "Siey" / Jgvhrsgöd "Vhdtghdfh" / Vhdtglghdtm "Vmfgei Rhfm`dgtgmd“ Rhfm`dgtgmd“ /  Rhfmdmfglghdtm Rhfmdmfglghdtm "Vuffmredfh" / Eyuje-prmth Eyuje-prmthffgöd ffgöd "Xdjhrstedjgd` " / Fmlprhdsg Fmlprhdsgöd öd

Ie Gdjhphdjhdfge, fmlm jglhdsgöd ìmbei, fmlperth sus leymrhs ìdjgfhs hd hi SRA fmd Jmlgdedfge (3,8:) y Hxkgbgfgöd (3,:0), hsfeies quh glpigfed hi jhshm jh gdaiugr y fmdtrmier e mtres phrsmdes y shr hi fhdtrm jh ie ethdfgöd, rhsphftgvelhdth. E dgvhi jh ies hsfeies prglerges fmlpmdhdths jh ie jglhdsgöd, H (Jmlgdedfge) y K

Ie jglhdsgöd ìmbei Jurhze sh rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd Ge dhfhsgjej jh Felbgm (-3,6:) y jh Fmlprhdsgöd (-3,62)? pmr tedtm, ie Jurhze glpigfe ude prhahrhdfge pmr ie dhfhsgjej jh hstebgigjej y jhsgdthrçs pmr im gdthihftuei. E dgvhi jh hsfeies prgleries, ie hsfeie UZ (Ephrture ei felbgm), fmlpmdhdth dhètgvm jh Jurhze, prhshdte sus leymrhs ìdjgfhs fmd Felbgm (3,:2) y Fmlprhdsgöd (3,63),

6:

(Etrhvglghdtm) sh rhiefgmded hd hi SRA fmd Jmlgdedfge (3,:; y 3,:1, rhsphftgvelhdth)? hi Etrhvglghdtm jhi 51SA-8 hstå luy fmrrhiefgmdejm fmd ie. Hxkgbgfgöd (3,05). Ie jglhdsgöd Gdjhphdjhdfge telbgçd luhstre rhiefgmdhs fmd E`rhsgöd (3.27) y Felbgm (3,27), im fuei su`ghrh quh ie jglhdsgöd glpigfe esphftms jh fmdarmdtelghdtm y evhdture. Ie Ephrture ei felbgm (U5), mtrm fmlpmdhdth jh ie Gdjhphdjhdfge, luhstre ude rhiefgöd sustedfgei fmd Felbgm (3,:2) hd hi SRA. Agdeilhdth, ie jglhdsgöd Eutm-Fmdtrmi jhi 51SA-8 sh rhiefgmde fmd ie dhfhsgjej jh

im Gdthihftuei (3,8:), hi Mrjhd (3,8:), hi Eùedth (3,66), ie Kugje jhi jeõm (3,62) y ims Rhsuitejms (3,65), hsfeies quh glpigfed hi jhshm jh ud hihvejm dgvhi, jh im mrjhdejm y jh hvgtefgöd, jh im gdshùrm. Ejhlås, sh rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd Glpuisgvgjej (3,13), Jgvhrsgöd (-3,67), Eutmdmlìe (-3,6:) y Felbgm (-3,6:), quh su`ghrhd eutmgdkgbgfgöd, rg`gjhz y shrghjej. E dgvhi jh hsfeies prglerges, ies leymrìes jh ies fgtejes jhi SRA tghdhd sus ìdjgfhs lås hihvejms hd hi 51SA-8 fmd @6 (Shrahffgmdgslm).

RHIEFGMDHV FMD HI FS RHIEFGMDHV FSGG (Gdvhdtergm Ssg fmiö`g fmi ö`gfm fm j h F Feigam eigam rdg rdge) e) AL Ahlgdgjej/Lesfuigdgjej Hi FSG hveiþe hsms res`ms psgfmiö`gfms Q5 Mrghdtefgö Mrghdtefgödd hxthrde quh ies phrsmdes hlpihed pere jhsfrgbgr m Q2 Hdamquh pmsgtgvm e ies dmrles fmlprhdjhr fmdjuftes jh tgpm fmlþd? hd Q6 Rheigzefgöd hd im phrsmdei hste iìdhe, hi eutmr (@mu`k, 57;0) ke jhdmlgdejm ies hsfeies fmd hi tçrlgdm "amio" Elbms gdstrulhdtms (51SA-8 y FSG) sh (pmpuierhs), hs jhfgr usejes pmr phrsmdes epigfermd e ude luhstre jh 252 hstujgedths

fmrrghdths. Hi Gdvhdtergm fmdtghdh :12 hihlhdtms jh "vhrjejhrm/aeism" quh phrlgthd 23 pudtuefgmdhs "pmpuierhs"? ejhlås, key trhs hsfeies hstruftureihs (QG e Q6) quh eiujhd e trhs `redjhs vhftmrhs subyefhdths hd ies 23 hsfeies "pmpuierhs". E fmdtgduefgöd sh rhshõed hstes hsfeies fmd sus sgìes. Jmlgdedfge Fepefgjej jh dgvhi eitm Vmfgebgigjej Srhshdfge smfgei Eutmefhptefgöd Gdjhphdjhdfge Hlpetìe Rhspmdsebgigjej Vmfgeigzefgöd Eutm-fmdtrmi @g Buhde glprhsgöd Fl Fmludgjej hd im phrsmdei Pb Vhdsefgöd jh bghdhster Zm Zmihredfge Ef Rhsuitejms vìe dmrles Eg Rhsuitejms vìe gdjhphdjhdfge ih Hagfefge hd im gdthihftuei Sy Shrspgfefge Ax Aihxgbgigjej Jm Fs sy Vp Ve Gd Hl Rh Vm Vf

udgvhrsgtergms (;5 vermdhs y 565 lunhrhs? fmd udms prmlhjgms jh 23,8 eõms jh hjej y 56,0 eõms jh hsfmiergjej). Hd ie tebie E-; sh hdfuhdtred hd fhdtçsgles ims ìdjgfhs jh fmrrhiefgöd hdtrh ies 23 hsfeies "pmpuierhs" y ies 6 hstruftureihs jhi FSG fmd ies jhi 51SA-8. Key lufkms ìdjgfhs jh fmrrhiefgöd quh rhsuited luy sg`dgagfetgvms, pmrquh elbms gdstrulhdtms lgjhd ie hstrufture "dmrlei" (dm fiìdgfe) jh ie phrsmdeigjej y sus vergebihs sh smieped. Hi FSG ke sgjm edeigzejm aeftmrgeilhdth (@mu`k, 57;0) y sh ked jhagdgjm fuetrm aeftmrhs> Hxtrevhrsgöd, Fmdtrmi, Aihxgbgigjej y Fmdshdsm (mbthdgjms telbgçd hd ie ejeptefgöd hspeõmie jh 5772), quh telbgçd sh eshlhned e ims hdfmdtrejms hd hi 51SA8. Sere sglpigagfer ie fmlperefgöd hdtrh elbms gdstrulhdtms, hd ims pårreams quh vghdhd e fmdtgduefgöd sh jhsfrgbhd ies vergebihs jhi FSG hd tçrlgdms jh ims aeftmrhs, y ies fmrrhiefgmdhs quh sh gdjgquhd smd

68

sg`dgagfetgves ei dgvhi jh fmdagedze (D.f.) jhi 5%. Ie Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi 51SA-8 sh rhiefgmde (fmd r 4 3,28) fmd sghth hsfeies jhi FSG quh lgjhd res`ms gdthrphrsmdeihs jh tgpm hxtrmvhrtgjm> Jmlgdedfge, Fepefgjej jh dgvhi eitm. Vmfgebgigjej, Srhshdfge smfgei, Eutmefhptefgöd, Gdjhphdjhdfge y Hlpetìe? smd hsfeies quh hd hi FSG jhagdhd su aeftmr jh Hxtrevhrsgöd. Hd pertgfuier, hi Etrhvglghdtm (K+ hd 51SA-8) hstå luy rhiefgmdejm fmd ies hsfeies jh Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi FSG, fmd ìdjgfhs quh verìed jhsjh 3,:6 e 3,16. Ims fmlpmdhdths prglergms jh ie jglhdsgöd Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi 51SA-8 (E+ Eaebgigjej, A+ Edglefgöd, K+ Etrhvglghdtm, D- Aredquhze y U2- Mrghdtefgöd ei `rupm) sh rhiefgmded fmd hi pmim benm jh Q5 (Mrghdtefgöd hxthrde) quh epudte e ude eftgtuj eaebih jh ephrture. Ie jglhdsgöd jh Edsghjej jhi 51SA-8 sh rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd tmjes ies

e dgvhi jh pudtuefgmdhs eites hd ie hsfeies jh Hstebgigjej (F+) y benes hd Qg`giedfge (I), Eprhdsgöd (M-) y Zhdsgöd (U:-). Ie jglhdsgöd Jurhze sh rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd Aihxgbgigjej (-3,62) y hd eiùde lhjgje fmd ie leymrìe jh ies hsfeies jh ie Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi FSG> Fepefgjej jh dgvhi eitm (-3,20), Vmfgebgigjej (-3,5;), Srhshdfge smfgei (-3,57) y Hlpetìe (-3,21), eiujghdjm fmd hiim e ie jmbih phrsphftgve jh ie Jurhze jhi 51SA-8. Hs jhfgr, ie rhiefgöd dhètgve fmd Aihxgbgigjej su`ghrh rhsmiufgöd y thdjhdfge e ejkhrgrsh e im aelgiger, y ies rhiefgmdhs dhètgves fmd ie hxtrevhrsgöd epudted e ud eihnelghdtm y rhshrve gdthrphrsmdeihs. Hstm telbgçd sh ledgaghste hd ies rhiefgmdhs fmd ims fmlpmdhdths prglergms jh Jurhze? Eaebgigjej (E) y Ephrture ei felbgm (U5), quh fmdtrgbuyhd ei pmim benm jh Jurhze (hs jhfgr ie Rhfhptgvgjej), sh rhiefgmde pmsgtgvelhdth fmd ies hsfeies jh Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi FSG? ie

hsfeies jhi FSG, hxfhptm fmd Ahlgdgjej/ Lesfuigdgjej (r F jh lmjm pmsgtgvm y I jh lmjm dhètgvm? hstms y mtrms fmlpmdhdths jh jgfke Edsghjej telbgçd sh rhiefgmded fmd hi vhftmr Rheigzefgöd phrsmdei (Q6), jh lmjm quh ude Edsghjej bene sh udh e ude buhde eutmrrheigzefgöd phrsmdei? hstm puhjh vhrsh

Aihxgbgigjej jhi FSG sh rhiefgmde fmd ie Ephrture ei Felbgm (3,21) y fmd Ebstreffgöd (3,27), mtrm fmlpmdhdth jhi pmim benm jh Jurhze. Ie jglhdsgöd Gdjhphdjhdfge hstå luy rhiefgmdeje fmd ies hsfeies "pmpuierhs" jh ie Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi FSG, su`grghdjm ie glpmrtedfge jh ie gdthreffgöd smfgei. Shrm ejhlås jh hste fmdhxgöd fmd ie smfgebgigjej key mtres rhiefgmdhs? hste jglhdsgöd jhi 51SA-8 luhstre ud ìdjgfh (3,85) fmd ie hsfeie Gdjhphdjhdfge jhi FSG, leymr quh ie hxgsthdth hdtrh hste hsfeie y ie jglhdsgöd Hxtrevhrsgöd (r Ephrture e ie hxphrghdfge (M), Elebgigjej (E) y. Vhdtgjm jh Rhspmdsebgigjej (F)? feje ude hstå fmlpuhste jh shgs "aefhtes" m hsfeies, quh lgjhd etrgbutms lås hsphfìagfms jh ie phrsmdeigjej. Hd rheigjej, ie hstrufture jh elbms gdstrulhdtms (51SA y DHM) hs bestedth sglgier? hi prglhrm tghdh 51 hsfeies

D: Vhia-Fmdsfgmusdhss D8 Glpuisgvhdhss D1 Quidhrebgigty

Gdshùrgjej Glpuisgvgjej Quidhrebgigjej

H5 Perltk H2 @rhèrgmusdhss H6 Esshrtgvhdhs Esshrtgvhdhss s H: Eftgvgty H8 Hxfgthlhdt Vhhogd` H1 Smsgtgvh Hlmtgmd

Eaebgigjej Vmfgebgigjej Eshrtgvgjej Eftgvgjej Bþsquhje jh hxfgtefgöd Hlmfgöd pmsgtgve

M5 Aedtesy M2 Ehstkhtgfs Ehstkhtgfs

Aedtesìe Hstçtgfe

prglerges quh fmdamrled fgdfm fmdìmlhrejms y hi DHM fmdtghdh fgdfm århes ìmbeihs quh puhjhd jgvgjgrsh hd 63 "aefhtes". Elbms gdstrulhdtms auhrmd epigfejms e ude luhstre jh 280 hstujgedths udgvhrsgtergms (1; vermdhs y 5;; lunhrhs, jh hjej lhjge jh 5;,7 eõms y hsfmiergjej lhjge jh 52,1-edms). Ie tebie E-7 rhfm`h ims ìdjgfhs jh fmrrhiefgöd hd fhdtçsgles. Hd ie prglhre fmiulde jh ie gzqughrje jh ie tebie sh hdfuhdtred udes sgìes pere eiujgr e feje aefhte jhi DHM> ie ihtre gdgfgei jh ie jglhdsgöd y ud dþlhrm jh mrjhd (5 e 1)? fmlm hi gdstrulhdtm dm tghdh ude vhrsgöd hspeõmie magfgei, e fmdtgduefgöd sh gdjgfed ies sgìes hlpihejes pere hste tebie E-7, ie jhdmlgdefgöd hd gdìçs jh ie aefhte y ude trejuffgöd thdtetgve jh ie vergebih lhjgje. Vgìes Zìtuim gdìçs

Zrejuffgöd thdtetgve

DG Edxghty D2 Ed`ry Kmstgigty D6 Jhprhssgmd

Edsghjej Kmstgigjej/hdaejm Jhprhsgöd

M6 Ahhigd`s M: Eftgmds Eftgmds M8 Gjhes M1 Qeiuhs

Vhdtglghdtms Effgmdhs Gjhes Qeimrhs

Ei Zrust E2 Vtreg`ktamrwerjdhss E6 Eitrugsl E: Fmlpigedfh E8 Lmjhsty E1 Zhdjhr-Lgdjhjdhss

Fmdagedze hd ims jhlås Jhfgsgöd Eitrugslm Mbhjghdfge Lmjhstge @hdtgigjej

F5 Fmlphthdfh F2 Mrjhr F6 Jutgauidhss F: Efkghvhlhdt Vtrgvgd` F8 Vhia-Jgsfgpigdh F1 Jhigbhretgmd

Fmlphthdfge Mrjhd Jhbhr Im`rm Eutmjgsfgpigde Jhigbhrefgöd

Jhsjh Hxtrevhrsgöd ud pudtm jhjhivgste prhjgftgvm Ge jglhdsgöd 51SA-8 y ies hsfeies prglerges quh ie fmlpmdhd (E, A, K, D y U2) prhshdted udes hihvejes rhiefgmdhs fmd ies aefhtes Hi e H1 jhi DHM. Zedtm H5 (fmd ude rhiefgöd prmlhjgm jh U.:2) fmlm H2 (fmd ude rhiefgöd prmlhjgm jh 3,83) tghdhd fmlpmdhdths fierelhdth hxtrmvhrtgjms. Hd pertgfuier, ie Edgjefgöd (A)

60

hstå luy rhiefgmdeje (3,80) fmd ie Bþsquhje jh hxfgtefgöd (H8), hi Etrhvglghdtm (K) prhshdte ud 3,12 fmd ie Eshrtgvgjej (H6) y ie Eutmsuagfghdfge (U2) tghdh ude rhiefgöd dhètgve (-3,12) fmd ie Vmfgebgi Vmfgebgigjej gjej (H2).

ims Vhdtglghdtms (36) fmd Eaebgigjej (E, 3,27), ies Effgmdhs (3:) fmd ie Ephrture ei felbgm (U5, 3,:6) y ims Qeimrhs (M1) telbgçd fmd ie Ephrture ei felbgm (U5, 3,2;),

Ie jglhdsgöd Edsghjej jhi 51SA-8 luhstre rhiefgmdhs hihvejes fmd aes aefhtes jhi aeftmr Dhurmtgfgslm jhi DHM. Hd pertgfuier, hi ìdjgfh leymr hs hdtrh ie aefhte Edsghjej (DG) y ie Hstebgigjej (F, -3,80) y ie Eprhdsgöd (3,15). Ie hsfeie jh Zhdsgöd (U:) luhstre su leymr rhiefgöd fmd ie aefhte D2, Kmstgigjej/hdaejm (3,8:). Hste Edsghjej jhi 51SA-8 telbgçd sh rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd ie Fmdagedze hd ims jhlås (-3,:0), im fuei su`ghrh quh ude hihveje edsghjej sh rhiefgmde fmd hsfhptgfgslm y jhsfmdagedze, fmlm puhjh vhrsh hd ie rhiefgöd (-3,12) hdtrh Qg`giedfge (I) y hse Fmdagedze hd ims jhlås.

Ie jglhdsgöd Gdjhphdjhdfge jhi iöSA-8 rhperth sus rhiefgmdhs fmd aefhtes jh ie Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi DHM (hsphfgeilhdth fmd Eshrtgvgjej, H6, 3,13), y dhètgvelhdth fmd eiùde jh Dhurmtgfgslm (Gdshùrgjej, D:, 3,::) y jh Elebgigjej (Mbhjghdfge, E:, 3,::, y Lmjhstge, E8, -3,6:), im fuei su`ghrh hd Gdjhphdjhdfge aeite jh shdtglghdtms jh vhr`ùhdze m hreberezm (D:), esì fmlm shr gd`mbhrdebih gd`mbhrdeb ih (E:-) y eshrtgvm (E8-)

Ie jglhdsgöd Jurhze jhi 51SA-8 sh rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd ies aefhtes jhi

Agdeilhdth, hi Eutm-Fmdtrmi jhi 51SA-8 sh rhiefgmde fmd hi aeftmr Fmdsfghdfge jhi DHM, tei fmlm puhjh vhrsh pmr ims ìdjgfhs jh sus trhs prgdfgpeihs fmlpmdhdths hd hi 51SA-8, Ethdfgöd e ies dmrles (@), Ebstreffgöd (L) y Shrahffgmdgslm (U6, 3,1; fmd ie aefhte F2, Mrjhd). Zelbgçd sh

aeftmr Ephrture (hxfhptm fmd M8, Gjhes? eudquh dhètgve, dm hs sg`dgagfetgve). Hste hstrufture jh rhiefgmdhs su`ghrh quh ie Jurhze rhfm`h ferefthrìstgfes jh ud

rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd eiùdes aefhtes jh Ephrture, hd pertgfuier fmd Aedtesìe (35, -3,68) y Effgmdhs (3:, -3,62), quh gdfiuyhd esphftms jh fmdvhdfgmdeigslm

fmdshrvejurgslm fmdvhdfgmdei y jh ie fhrrezöd e ies hxphrghdfges duhves. Feje ude jh hstes aefhtes jh Ephrture tghdh su leymr fmrrhiefgöd ude hsfeie jgahrhdth hd hi 51SA-8, y fmlm ims ìdjgfhs smd dhètgvms epudted ei pmim benm jh Jurhze. Ie Aedtesìe (MG) sh rhiefgmde fmd Ebstreffgöd (L, 3,::), ie Hstçtgfe (32) fmd Vhdsgbgigjej (5, 3,:6),

y aestgjgm. E dgvhi jh hsfeies prglerges jhi 51SA-8, ie Ebstreffgöd (L), quh fmdtrgbuyh hd hi pmim benm jh Eutm- Fmdtrmi, sh rhiefgmde lufkm fmd Aedtesìe (M5, 3,::) y Effgmdhs (3:, 3,21), lghdtres quh Shrahffgmdgslm (U6), quh fmdtrgbuyh hd hi pmim eitm, fmrrhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd elbes aefhtes.

RHIEFGM RH IEFGMDH DHV V FMD FMD HI LBZG (Gdvhdtergm (Gdvhdtergm Zgpmi ö`g fm jh Lyhrs Brg``s) Hi LBZG Amrle @ jh Lyhrs-Brg``s (Lyhrs y LfFeuiihy, 57;8, ejeptefgöd hspeõmie jh 5775), fmdtghdh 521 hihlhdtms besejms hd ie thmrìe jh Ferg Nud` smbrh ims tgpms psgfmiö`gfms (Nud`, 5705). Hste thmrìe eagrle quh ies jgahrhdfges gdjgvgjueihs rhsuited jhi `rejm hd quh ies phrsmdes

prhaghrhd hstgims pertgfuierhs jh phrfhpfgöd y nugfgm. Hi LBZG gjhdtgagfe fuetrm ìdjgfhs psgfmiö`gfms bgpmierhs> HxtrevhrsgödGdtrmvhrsgöd, Vhdsefgöd-Gdtugfgöd, Shdselghdtm-Vhdtglghdtm y Nugfgm-Shrfhpfgöd, y ie fmlbgdefgöd jh ies fuetrm prhahrhdfges fmdamrled 51 "tgpms" jh phrsmdeigjej. phrsmdeigjej.

6;

HI 51SA-8 y hi LBZG sh epigfermd e ude luhstre jh 557 hstujgedths udgvhrsgtergms (:2 Qermdhs y 00 Lunhrhs, fmd udms prmlhjgms jh 28,6 eõms jh hjej y 5:,: eõms jh hsfmiergjej). Ie tebie E-53 rhfm`h ims ìdjgfhs jh fmrrhiefgöd hdtrh elbms gdstrulhdtms. Hd ies febhfhres jh ies agies sh hlpihed ies sgìes dmrleihs hd hi LBZG> H Hxtrevhrsgöd G Gdtrmvhrsgöd V Vhdsefgöd D Gdtugfgöd Z Shdselghdtm A Vhdtglghdtm N Nugfgm S Shrfhpfgöd

Fmlm hre jh hsphrer, ie jglhdsgöd Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi 51SA-8 sh rhiefgmde pmsgtgvelhdth fmd hi pmim H jhi LBZG (3,1;) y dhètgvelhdth fmd hi pmim G (-3,15)? tmjes

Hxtrevhrsgöd). E dgvhi jh hsfeies prglerges, söim ie Hstebgigjej (F) y ie Eprhdsgöd (M), sh rhiefgmded sg`dgagfetgvelhdth fmd eiùdm jh ims tgpms m prhahrhdfges jhi LBZG? ie rhiefgöd jh ie Hstebgigjej hs pmsgtgve (3,61) fmd ie H jhi LBZG y dhètgve (-3,26) fmd ie G? ie rhiefgöd jh Eprhdsgöd hs dhètgve (-3,62) fmd ie H, phrm dm sg`dgagfetgve fmd ie G. Ie Jurhze jhi 51SA-8 sh rhiefgmde jh lmjm pmsgtgvm fmd ie Vhdsefgöd (3,81) y dhètgve fmd ie Gdtugfgöd (-3,81)? hstm su`ghrh quh qughdhs pmshhd ie Jurhze hd `rejm eitm sh epmyed lås hd ie mbshrvefgöd y ie hxphrghdfge gdlhjgete quh hd ies rhiefgmdhs ebstreftes. Ejhlås, ie Jurhze sh rhiefgmde pmsgtgvelhdth (3,2:) fmd hi Shdselghdtm y dhètgvelhdth (-3,21) fmd hi Vhdtglghdtm y eõejh e im edthrgmr ies dmtes jh ud prmfhsm mbnhtgvm jh mbshrvefgöd. Hdtrh ies hsfeies prglerges, ie Vhdsgbgigjej (G), sgtueje hd hi pmim benm jh Jurhze, sh rhiefgmde fmd ie Gdtugfgöd (3,2;) y hi Vhdtglghdtm (3,2;).

ies hsfeies prglerges jh hste jglhdsgöd hd hi 51SA-8 rhaihned hste hstrufture jh rhiefgmdhs. Eudquh hd ud `rejm lhdmr, telbgçd fmrrhiefgmde pmsgtgvelhdth fmd ie prhahrhdfge A-Vhdtglghdtm A-Vhdtglghdtm (3,57), pmrquh sus eprhfgefgmdhs eprhfgefgmd hs smd subnhtgves y phrsmdeihs, y dhètgvelhdth fmd ie prhahrhdfge ZShdselghdtm (-3,5;) y fmd N-Nugfgm (-3,21). E dgvhi jh hsfeies prglerges, ie Edglefgöd (A), hi Etrhvglghdtm (K) y ie Eutmsuagfghdfge (U2) söim sh rhiefgmded fmd H h G jhi LBZG. Ie Eaebgigjej (E) sh rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd hi Shdselghdtm (-3,62) y pmsgtgvelhdth fmd hi Vhdtglghdtm (3,2:), lghdtres quh ie Srgvefgjej (D) je ude vgsgöd fmdtrerge, y su rhiefgöd hs pmsgtgve fmd hi Shdselghdtm (3,20) y dhètgve fmd hi Vhdtglghdtm (-3,26)? hs jhstefebih quh ies rhiefgmdhs jh Eaebgigjej y Srgvefgjej smd lås auhrths fmd ie H quh fmd ie G jhi LBZG. Ie jglhdsgöd Edsghjej jhi 51SA-8 tghdh rhiefgöd dhètgve (-3,6;) fmd H y pmsgtgve (3,26) fmd G, pmsgbihlhdth pmrquh ked gdthrvhdgjm ims esphftms jh jhshebgigjej smfgei (quh fmdhxgmded bene Edsghjej fmd

Hd fuedtm e ie jglhdsgöd Gdjhphdjhdfge, sh mbshrve, ude rhiefgöd pmsgtgve (3,67) fmd ie prhahrhdfge H y dhètgve (-3,68) fmd hi tgpm G, gdjgfedjm ude mrghdtefgöd kefge im smfgei m ies phrsmdes. Jms fmlpmdhdths jh ie Gdjhphdjhdfge, Jmlgdedfge (H) y Etrhvglghdtm (K), sh rhiefgmded pmsgtgvelhdth fmd hi tgpm H y dhètgvelhdth fmd hi tgpm G. Ie jglhdsgöd telbgçd sh rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth (-3,61) fmd ie Vhdsefgöd y pmsgtgvelhdth (3,62) fmd ie Gdtugfgöd, su`grghdjm ud Gdthrçs pmr im pmsgbih y ies rhiefgmdhs ebstreftes. Hd lhdmr lhjgje, tghdh rhiefgöd pmsgtgve (3,22) fmd hi Shdselghdtm y dhètgve (3,57) fmd hi Vhdtglghdtm, ud lmjm jh fmdjufte mpuhstm e im quh luhstre ie jglhdsgöd Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi 51SA-8. Agdeilhdth, hi Eutm-Fmdtrmi jhi 51SA-8 tghdh rhiefgöd pmsgtgve (3,8:) fmd hi Nugfgm, im quh glpigfe ude mrghdtefgöd kefge ie piedgagfefgöd e ie hnhfufgöd jh ies jhfgsgmdhs, y dhètgve (-3,80) fmd ie Shrfhpfgöd, pmrquh hs glpmrtedth hi prmfhselghdtm jh ie gdamrlefgöd quh iihè. Ie jglhdsgöd sh

67

rhiefgmde jh ledhre pmsgtgve (3,6;) fmd ie Vhdsefgöd, pmrquh etghdjh e ie hxphrghdfge gdlhjgete, y dhètgve (-3,68) fmd ie Gdtugfgöd, pmrquh etghdjh e ies rhiefgmdhs ebstreftes. Dm key rhiefgöd fmd ies mtres perhnes jh

prhahrhdfges jhi LBZG. Ejhlås, hi Shrahffgmdgslm (U6) jhi 51SA-8 prhshdte sus leymrhs ìdjgfhs fmd ie perhne NugfgmShrfhpfgöd.

RHIEFGMDHV FMD HI FXHVZGMDERGM S523

Hd ies aeshs jh ie ejeptefgöd hspeõmie, sh ked pmjgjm mbthdhr duhvms ìdjgfhs jh veigjhz fmdfurrhdth pmdghdjm hd rhiefgöd hi 51SA-8 fmd ude pruhbe jh phrsmdeigjej dm pubigfeje dg fmlhrfgeigzeje? hs hi fuhstgmdergm S523, quh tghdh 523 hihlhdtms y marhfh 5: pudtuefgmdhs hd vergebihs luy jgsfrglgdetgves hdtrh ims fedjgjetms hd prmfhsms jh shihffgöd jh phrsmdei jh shùrgjej? hstes vergebihs, fmd sus sgìes jhiedth, smd ies sgùghdths> EE J Ejeptefgöd ei ålbgtm jgsfgpigdergm EEJ EDV Edsghjej

Ie "Ejeptefgöd ei ålbgtm jgsfgpigdergm", tei vhz ud res`m glpmrtedth hd ims prmahsgmdeihs jh shùrgjej, vghdh jhagdgjm hd hi 51SA-8 fmlm hi jh ude phrsmde hstebih y deje edsgmse (F+, U:- y I-), ei`m hxtrmvhrtgje (K+, U2-, D- y E+) y ethdte e ims fmdtrmihs smfgeihs (@+, U6+ y L-). Ies vergebihs jh phrsmdeigjej gdhstebih hd hi S523 (Edsghjej, Jhprhsgöd, Ambges h Kgpmfmdjrìe) sh rhiefgmded luy sg`dgagfetgvelhdth fmd ies hsfeies prglerges jh ie jglhdsgöd ìmbei jh Edsghjej hd hi 51SA-8 (F-, I+, M+ y U:+). Equhiies mtres quh epudted e res`ms jh

ESD Edthfhjhdths psgqugåtrgfms/ dhurmiö`gfms EXZ Eutm-fmdtrmi FGD Fmdtrmi Gdthrdm JHS Jhprhsgöd

Equhiies mtres quh epudted e res`ms jh tgpm psgqugåtrgfm (jhsefmdshnebihs hd prmahsgmdeihs jh shùrgjej), teihs fmlm Edthfhjhdths psgqugåtrgfm/dhur miö`gfms. miö`gfms. Vmfgmpetìe, Zhdjhdfges hsqugzmgjhs y

AMB Ambges KGS Kgpmfmdjrìe SRV Srhshdfge smfgei VMF Vmfgeigzefgöd VMS Vmfgmpetìe ZHV Zhdjhdfges hsqugzmgjhs ZSE Zhdjhdfges peredmgjhs. ZMI Zmihredfge

Zhdjhdfges peredmgjhs, sh ked e`rupejm ei iejm jh ies hsfeies prgleries jh ie jglhdsgöd ìmbei Edsghjej (ies fgtejes F-, I+, Mk- y U:+)? phrm telbgçd nudtm e eiùdes jh tgpm gdtrmvhrtgjm (E- y U2+).

Elbms gdstrulhdtms, hi 51SA-8 y ie pruhbe S523, auhrmd epigfejes e ude luhstre jh 615 fedjgjetms (663 Q + 65 L) hd ud prmfhsm jh shihffgöd jh phrsmdei jh

Hi rhstm jh ies vergebihs jhi S523, esphftms pmsgtgvms hd hsms prmahsgmdeihs jh shùrgjej, teihs fmlm Eutm-fmdtrmi, Fmdtrmi gdthrdm, Srhshdfgei smfgei y Vmfgeigzefgöd, jhagdhd hd hi 51SA-8 e phrsmdes hstebihs (F+, M- y U:-), fmdagejes (I-), pråftgfes (L-) y ethdtes e ies dmrles (@+).

shùrgjej. Ie letrgz jh hdtrh elbms fuhstgmdergms shfmrrhiefgmdhs hdfuhdtre hd ie tebie E-55.

IE HVFEI HVFEIE E B (RE^MDELGH (RE^MDELGHDZM DZM)) Hd fuedtm quh lhjgje sglpih jh eptgtuj, ie hsfeie hs þdgfe hdtrh ies jh phrsmdeigjej? sh ke gdfiugjm fmlm ude

lhjgje supihlhdterge pmrquh hi rezmdelghdtm hs ud esphftm glpmrtedth jh ies jgahrhdfges gdjgvgjueihs. Hi eutmr jh ie mbre,

:3

Fetthii, nustgagfö su gdfiusgöd pmrquh, sh`þd sus peiebres, "ie gdjujebih gdaiuhdfge jh ie Gdthig`hdfge hd eiùdes vergebihs jh phrsmdeigjej aefgigte ie gdthrprhtefgöd jh eiùdes kgpöthsgs"? pmr hnhlpim, hi eutmr kebìe mbshrvejm quh jgfke vergebih eyuje sustedfgeilhdth ei jhserrmiim phrsmdei jh ie "smfgeigzefgöd". Fmd ie hsfeie B sh lgjhd trhs esphftms jh ie fepefgjej jh rezmdelghdtm> vhrbei, dulçrgfm y iö`gfm? sh eprhfge tedtm ie Gdthig`hdfge aiugje (jh tgpm Gddetm) fmlm ie frgsteigzeje (gdaiugje pmr ie fuiture). Ie pudtuefgöd B, pmr hnhlpim, pmjrìe eyujer e prhjhfgr sg ud sunhtm sh bhdhagfgerå jh ude amrle u mtre jh threpge m tretelghdtm. Hd su hiebmrefgöd sh rhvgsermd ims 6; hihlhdtms edthrgmrhs (hsfeies B jh ies Amrles E, B, F y J), y sh busfermd equhiims quh prhshdtered lhnmr fmrrhiefgöd fmd ie pudtuefgöd hd ie hsfeie e ie vhz quh

prmfhselghdtm vhrbei? ies pudtuefgmdhs jh sus fuetrm subthsts (Vhrghs, Fiesgagfefgöd, Letrgfhs y Fmdjgfgmdhs) sh fmlbgded pere hstgler hi Fi (Fmfghdth gdthihftuei)? hsth Fi ke lmstrejm ude fmrrhiefgöd jh 3,05 fmd ie pudtuefgöd tmtei jhi PiVF? hste Hsfeie 2 jhi Aeftmr "`" hs eprmpgeje pere hi dgvhi lhjgm jh ie pmbiefgöd `hdhrei. Vh epigfö nudtm fmd ie hsfeie B jhi 51SA-8 e ud `rupm jh 02 hstujgedths y ie fmrrhiefgöd hdtrh elbms gdstrulhdtms auh jh 3,85. Hd hi hstujgm jh ie luhstre dmrletgve mrg`gdei (D

Hi Gdvhdtergm jh kebgigjejhs smfgeihs VVG ("Vmfgei Vogiis Gdvhdtmry", Rg``gm, 57;7) hs ud eutmgdamrlh fmd 73 fuhstgmdhs pere lhjgr ies kebgigjejhs båsgfes jh fmludgfefgöd smfgei. Eudquh usejm prgdfgpeilhdth hd gdvhstgèfgöd jh ims prmfhsms smfgeihs, hi VVG telbgçd puhjh eyujer ei sunhtm e jhserrmiier sus kebgigjejhs m usersh hd

HH HV RH RV FH FV

Hxprhsgvgjej hlmfgmdei Hxprhsgvgjej smfgei Rhfhptgvgjej hlmfgmdei Rhfhptgvgjej smfgei Fmdtrmi hlmfgmdei Fmdtrmi-smfgei

:8

y su sule (VVG) phrlgth ud veimr rhsulhd jh ies kebgigjejhs smfgeihs. Zhörgfelhdth, ude phrsmde fmd udes buhdes kebgigjejhs jhbhrìe lmstrer ud phragi hqugigbrejm jh ies shgs hsfeies, sgd hxe`hrejms veiihs y frhstes hd hi phragi (Rg``ìm, 57;7).

jgedths udgvhrsgtergms y ims rhstedths hred phrsmdes nubgiejes? hd hi `rupm kebìe 553 Q + 5:1 L, jh 5; e 72 eõms jh hjej (lhjge jh 21,; eõms). Ims ìdjgfhs jh fmrrhiefgöd hd fhdtçsgles hståd hd ie tebie E-5:. Hd hi fuejrm 8 sh prhshdte ims edåigsgs jh rh`rhsgöd, fmd ie fmrrhiefgöd lþitgpih ("R"),

Sere jhthrlgder ie rhiefgöd hdtrh ims res`ms jh phrsmdeigjej y ies kebgigjejhs smfgeihs, hi 51SA-8 y hi VVi sh epigfermd e 28: sunhtms, jh ims fueihs 222 hred hstu-

hi ìdjgfh ’A" jh sg`dgagfefgöd, hi fmhagfghdth

Brmwdh jh veigjefgöd, y ims prhjgftmrhs sg`dgagfetgvms jh feje ude jh ies hsfeies y tmtei jhi VVi. Fuejrm 8. Kebgigjejhs smfgeihs, hsphfgagfefgöd jh ims edåigsgs jh rh`rhsgöd

Hsfeie

"R“ "R “

’A“

Brmwdh

HH RH

3.15 3,:: 3.:5 3 ;3 3,18 3,0; 3,05

2;.0 63,3 51,7 553.; 63,8 12,; 13,2

3,87 3,:2 3,67 3,07 3,16 3,01 3,17

FH HV RV FV VVii VV

Re Res`ms s`ms 51 51SA SA-8 -8 sg`dga gfetgvms

D- K+ H+ @-U:+ E+ U5 + M- D+ B+ K+ A+ D-U5 + U+ E+ F-U5- K-U:+ K+ I-U5+ H+ U6+ B+ K+ A+ E+ B+

3,05

13,2

3,17

K A E B

Hi tmtei VVi hstå luy rhiefgmdejm fmd ie jglhdsgöd ìmbei Hxtrevhrsgöd (3,18), esì

(D-)? hd mfesgmdhs, puhjhd eftuer "e su egrh" y shr gdjui`hdth (@-).

fmlm fmd ies hsfeies prglerges quh ie fmlpmdhd> Eaebgigjej (E+), Edglefgöd (A+) y Etrhvglghdtm (K+). Hd `hdhrei, thdhr ude buhde kebgigjej smfgei perhfh glpigfer mrghdtefgöd kefge ims jhlås y jhshms jh gdgfger ims fmdteftms.

Ie hxprhsgvgjej smfgei (HV) glpigfe fepefgjej pere ie hxprhsgöd vhrbei y kebgigjej pere kefhr pertgfgper e ims jhlås hd ie gdthreffgöd smfgei. Xde pudtuefgöd hihveje su`ghrh ude phrsmde quh aåfgilhdth gdgfge m fmdjufh ude fmdvhrsefgöd. Fmlm hd HH, ie Hxtrevhrsgöd hs glpmrtedth, phrm sh mbshrve ude hihveje fmrrhiefgöd fmd ie Vhdsgbgigjej (i+), im fuei su`ghrh ud hihlhdtm jgahrhdfgei jh ie hxprhsgvgjej hlmfgmdei (quh dm tghdh hsh veimr 5+)? ie phrsmde smfgeilhdth hxprhsgve telbgçd luhstre Ephrture ei

Ies hsfeies jh ’hxprhsgvgjej" (tedtm

hlmfgmdei fmlm smfgei) su`ghrhd gdthreftuer fmd ims jhlås h gdgfger ies fmludgfefgmdhs? telbgçd hd hstms esphftms ie Hxtrevhrsgöd sh rhiefgmde fmd hiies. Ie hxprhsgvgjej hlmfgmdei (HH) fmlprhdjh ie fepefgjej pere fmludgfersh dm vhrbeilhdth? ie phrsmde quh pudtþe eitm hd HH hs hlmfgmdeilhdth hxprhsgve y fepez jh edgler h gdspgrer e ims jhlås fmd su kebgigjej pere tredslgtgr shdtglghdtms? hste phrsmde suhih shr jmlgdedth (H+), smfgeilhdth etrhvgje (K+), y deturei y iiede

felbgm (U5+)y yeftgvgjejhs. epudte e ude ephrture e duhves gjhes Ie "rhfhptgvgjej" glpigfe ie kebgigjej pere rhfgbgr h gdthrprhter ie gdamrlefgöd, phrm ies jms hsfeies (hlmfgmdei y smfgei) jgaghrhd hd sus fmrrhietms jh phrsmdeigjej? hd rheigjej ies jms hsfeies dm hståd rhiefgmdejes rhiefgmdej es (Rg``gm, 57;7).

:1

Ie rhfhptgvgjej hlmfgmdei (RH) eiujh e ie kebgigjej pere fmlprhdjhr h gdthrprhter ims lhdsenhs dm vhrbeihs, e vhfhs luy sutgihs jhi hdtmrdm. Ie phrsmde fmd buhde pudtuefgöd puhjh hster ted fmdjgfgmdeje pmr ims hstejms hlmfgmdeihs jh ims jhlås quh hiie lgsle hxphrglhdte hses hlmfgmdhs. Eaebgigjej (E+) y Ephrture ei felbgm (U5+), elbms fmlpmdhdths jhi pmim benm jh ie jglhdsgöd ìmbei jh Jurhze, hståd rhiefgmdejms fmd hse rhfhptgvgjej? pmr tedtm, ie phrsmde fmd bene Jurhze suhih thdhr ude hihveje rhfhptgvgjej hlmfgmdei. Ie rhfhptgvgjej smfgei (RV) phrthdhfh e ie kebgigjej pere fmlprhdjhr ies fmludgfefgmdhs vhrbeihs jh ims jhlås. Hi quh pudtþe eitm suhih shr shdsgbih e ims lmjms, eftuefgmdhs y fmdjuftes smfgeihs? tghdjh e shr luy fmdsfghdth jh su prmpge fmdjufte y fölm jhbh prhshdtersh çi lgslm. Hs ie þdgfe hsfeie jh VVG quh dm sh rhiefgmde fmd Hxtrevhrsgöd. Hd rheigjej, ude

Dgdùde jh ies hsfeies VVG jh fmdtrmi sh rhiefgmde jgrhftelhdth fmd ie jglhdsgöd ìmbei Eutmfmdtrmi jhi 51SA-8, hd perth pmrquh elbms Gdstrulhdtms jhagdhd hi fmdtrmi jh jgstgdtm lmjm, Hd fmdtresth fmd hi usm quh hi VVG kefh jhi tçrlgdm fmdtrmi pere jhsfrgbgr ie rhùiefgöd u mrghdtefgöd hxthrde jh ie Gdamrlefgöd, hi 51SA-8 hlpihe hi tçrlgdm pere jhagdgr ud glpuism jh fmdtrmi lås gdthrdm (fmd fmddmtefgöd fmddmtefgöd psgfmedeiìtgfe) y ude eutmjgsfgpigde (rhiefgmdeje fmd ie fmdsfghdfge y dmrles çtgfes). Hi fmdtrmi hlmfgmdei (FH) sh rhiefgmde fmd ie kebgigjej pere rhùier ies hxprhsgmdhs hlmfgmdeihs y dm vhrbeihs? ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd eite hd FH puhjh mfuiter sus shdtglghdtms m ejepter ie hxprhsgöd jh sus hlmfgmdhs e ude sgtuefgöd jeje. Hs ie þdgfe hsfeie dhètgvelhdth rhiefgmdeje fmd ie jglhdsgöd ìmbei jh Hxtrevhrsgöd? hsphfìagfelhdth, sh rhiefgmde fmd ie gdthreffgöd rhshrveje (E-) y ie Srgvefgjej

hihveje rhfhptgvgjej smfgei sh prhjgfh lhjgedth res`ms edsgmsms> rheftgvgjej hlmfgmdei (F-), Eprhdsgöd (M+) y Zhdsgöd (U:+)? hste phrsmde telbgçd hs tìlgje (K-), im fuei vghdh e su`hrgr quh ie kebgigjej pere gdthrprhter ims lhdsenhs vhrbeihs dm glpigfe dhfhsergelhdth ude "mrghdtefgöd kefge ies phrsmdes". Ejhlås, ie phrsmde smfgeilhdth rhfhptgve puhjh shr ei`m gdshùre smfgeilhdth, tei vhz fmlm rhsuitejm jh ethdjhr jhlesgejm e ies- effgmdhs jh ims mtrms m jh shr jhlesgejm eutmfmdsfghdth. Ei fmdtrergm jh ie phrsmde hlmfgmdeilhdth rhfhptgve, ie smfgeilhdth rhfhptgve hs trejgfgmdei (U5-) hd vhz jh ebrgrsh e duhves hxphrghdfges.

(D+), ejhlås jh ie shùrgjej (M-) y hi Rezmdelghdtm Rezmdelghd tm (B+). Hi fmdtrmi smfgei (FV) glpigfe kebgigjej hd ie eftuefgöd smfgei? ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd eite sh hdfuhdtre— hdfuhdtre— fmdamrtebih hd hse gdthreftuefgöd hd ie leymrìe jh ies mfesgmdhs y hs fepez jh jgrg`gr ies fmdvhrsefgmdhs. Ei fmdtrergm jhi fmdtrmi hlmfgmdei FH, ie phrsmde FV hstå rhiefgmdeje fmd ie Hxtrevhrsgöd y sus fmlpmdhdths prglergms, e ie vhz quh hs gdjhphdjghdth? hd hi 51SA-8 smd sg`dgagfetgvms ims res`ms jh Jmlgdedfge (H+), Etrhvglghdtm (K+). Ephrture ei felbgm (U5+) y Rezmdelghdtm (B+).

HLSEZGE "Hlpetìe" hs ie fepefgjej pere gjhdtgagfersh fmd ie sgtuefgöd y shdtglghdtms jh mtre phrsmde. Ie hsfeie Hl jhi FSG (Gdvhdtergm Ssgfmiö`gfm jh Feigamrdge) hstå beseje hd ie hsfeie jh Hlpetìe jh Kmèd? hd ude luhstre jh :33 hstujgedths udgvhrsgtergms, ie hsfeie Hl (@mu`k, 57;;)

thdìe ude agebgigjej tgpm fmhagfghdth "eipke" jh 3,8;. Sere jhthrlgder ims res`ms jhi 51SA-8 rhiefgmdejms fmd hsth fmdstruftm, hi ihftmr puhjh vmivhr e ud subepertejm edthrgmr (Fmrrhiefgmdhs fmd hi FSG) y e ie tebie E-7 y hdtrhsefer ims sgùghdths ìdjgfhs jh

:0

fmrrhiefgöd hd fhdtçsgles fmd ie hsfeie Hl jh FSG> Hsfeies prglerges Hsfeies E B F H

;

A

@

K

5

61

-6

:2

:

:3

:6

5:

I -:3

L -1

D M U5 U2 U6 -2: -23 -28 -6: -56

U: -68

Jglhdsgmdhs ìmb eih eihss Hxt Ed s Jur   Gdj Eu EuF F

:;

-:;

-21

57

-56

Hd ie hfuefgöd jh rh`rhsgöd (fmd "A" "Arhfuhdthlhdth thd`m phrgmjms jh tghlpm hd quh lh hs jgaìfgi jhner jh shdtgr iåstgle pmr lì lgslm", fmd "Aeism" fmlm eithrdetgve fmd 2 pudtms. W hi hihlhdtm fmd lhdmr etreffgöd hs hi d³ 2> ’Kh jgfkm fmses quh kgrghrmd ims shdtg lghdtms jh ims jhlås", fmd "Aeism" fmlm eithrdetgve fmd 2 pudtms. Serhfh quh ie luhstre hspeõmie hs lås jeje e dhèr ie eutmfmlpesgöd y ih hs lås aåfgi efhpter quh jgfh fmses quh kghrhd e ims mtrms? hsth

vhr fmd hi enusth jh ie phrsmdeigjej (hs jhfgr, fmd ie dhèfgöd jh ie Edsghjej, r pmfe smfgebgigjej y bene aihxgbgigjej. E vhfhs sh puhjh esmfger fmd gdjhphdjhdfge jh phdselghdtm y thdjhdfge e phdser y jhigbhrer, tei fmlm perhfhd gdjgferim ies rhiefgmdhs dhètgves fmd ies hsfeies Eutmdmlìe h Gdthihftuei jhi SRA, fmd ies prhahrhdfges jh Shdselghdtm y Nugfgm jhi LBZG y fmd ie Jhigbhrefgöd (F1) jhi DHM.

Zei fmlm im luhstre ie prglhre perth jh ie tebie E-57, ie Hxtrevhrsgöd sh rhiefgmde sg`dgagfetgvelhdth fmd mtres lufkes lhjgjes jh ie pertgfgpefgöd smfgei, pmr hnhlpim

1;

EDVGHJEJ EDVGHJE J

Vh`þd ims prgdfgpeihs fmlpmdhdths shsgms jhagdh En ustej us tej e ar arhdt hdth h e Ed Edsg mse e ude phrsmde... Hlmfgmdeilhdth Hlmfgmdeilhd th hstebih (F+) (F-) Rheftgve Fmdageje (I-) (I+) Qg`giedth, suspgfez Vhùre (M-) (3+) Eprhdsgve Rhieneje (U:-) (U:+) Zhdse, glpefghdth

Fmlm ke pesejm fmd Hxtrevhrsgöd, ie Edsghjej ke sgjm jhsfrgte jhsjh ims prglhrms hstujgms jh ie phrsmdeigjej, y im fmdtgdþe sghdjm hdtrh ims "Bg` Agvh" jh ie phrsmdeigjej (@mijbhr`, 5772)/E hdhiie fmdtrgbuyhd vergms esphftms glpiìfgtms ies hsfeies prglerges> sh jhagdh ude phrsmde rheftgve (F-), vg`giedth (I+), prhmfupeje/eprhdsgve (M+) y thdse/glpefg thdse/glpefghdth hdth (U:+). Ie Edsghjej puhjh sur`gr fmlm ude rhspuhste e sufhsms hxthrdms m `hdhrersh

Hste jglhdsgöd luhstre fmdhxgmdhs fmd mtres lhjgjes jhi fmdstruftm, gdfiugjes tmjes ies aefhtes D (Dhurmtgfgslm) jhi DHM. Ies phrsmdes edsgmses suhihd prhshdter ude pmbrh glprhsgöd smfgei y lmstrersh fmd aeiie jh fmdagedze m elbgfgöd eshrtgve, tei fmlm im hvgjhdfged ies rhiefgmdhs dhètgves fmd ies hsfeies jh Jmlgdedfge, jh Srhshdfge Vmfgei, jh Fepefgjej jh dgvhi eitm, jh Rhsuitejms vìe dmrles m vìe gdjhphdjhdfge y jh Buhde glprhsgöd jhi FSG. Ie prhshdfge

gdthrdelhdth. Suhjh shr ude eftgvefgöd jh ie pmsture jh "iufke/kugje" esmfgeje e ude elhdeze rhei m phrfgbgje, tei fmlm im su`ghrhd ies rhiefgmdhs mbshrvejes. Ies phrsmdes benes hd edsghjej tghdjhd e shr pmfm phrturbebihs? sgd hlber`m, pmjrìe tretersh jh ude lgdglgzefgöd jh ims eahftms dhètgvms m ude aeite jh lmtgvefgöd edth hi felbgm pmrquh jgfkes phrsmdes sh hdfuhdtred fmdamrtebihs. Fmlm ies phrsmdes edsgmses arhfuhdthlhdth hxphrglhdted hd leymr lhjgje ims eahftms dhètgvms, puhjh thdhr jgagfuitejhs pere fmdtrmier sus hlmfgmdhs m rheffgmdhs y puhjhd eftuer fmd fmdjuftes fmdtreprmjufhdths, tei fmlm im su`ghrhd ies rhiefgmdhs mbshrvejes. Key ude auhrth rhiefgöd hdtrh ie jhshebgigjej smfgei y ie Edsghjej? verges jh ies hsfeies quh susthdted hste jglhdsgmdhs hståd fmrrhiefgmdejes fmd ie hsfeie LG jhi 51SA-8, esì fmlm ie jh Buhde glprhsgöd jhi FSG.

jh ie shdsefgöd jh dm hster e ùstm sh puhjh jhjufgr jh sus rhiefgmdhs dhètgves fmd ies hsfeies jh Vhdsefgöd jh bghdhster y Eutm-efhptefgöd jhi FSG y ie jh sg`dm pmsgtgvm fmd Quidhrebgigjej jhi DHM. -Hi shdtgrsh edsgmsm puhjh glphjgr eprhfger fmd fiergjej e ims jhlås y e sì lgslm (jejes ies rhiefgmdhs dhètgves fmd Hlpetìe y Shrspgfefge jhi FSG). Ims glpuisms jh "iufke/kugje" puhjhd shr fmdshfuhdfge jh ies rhiefgmdhs fmd ie E`rhsgöd y ie Jhahdsgvgjej jhi SRA. Hd rheigjej, hd hsth fuhstgmdergm ie Jhahdsgvgjej sh jhagdh fmlm ie "prhjgspmsgfgöd e jhahdjhrsh edth ud jeõm rhei m gle`gdejm" (Nefosmd, 57;7, på`. ö). Ie thdjhdfge e dm shr fepez jh prhvhdgr hi jhsbmrjelghdtm m jhsfmdtrmi jh ie thdsgöd puhjh shr jhbgje e sus rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd ie Glpuisgvgjej jhi DHM y ie E`rhsgöd jhi SRA y ies dhètgves fmd ies lhjgjes jh Vmfgeigzefgöd, jh Rhspmdsebgigjej y jh Eutm-Fmdtrmi jhi FSG.

17

JXRHÊ

Vh`þd ims prgdfgpeihs fmlpmdhdths sh jhagdh ude phrsmde... Rhfhptgv Rh fhptgv e arhdth e J Jh h lhdteigjej ju re Eaebih,.. (E+) (E-) Rhshrveje Vhdsgbih (X-) (G-) Mbnhtgve/utgigterge Mbnhtgve/utgigterge Ebstreìje (L+) (L-) Ebghrte ei felbgm Ebghrte ei felbgm (U5+) (U5-) Zrejgfgmdei Mrg`gdeilhdth, Fetthii jhdmlgdö e hste jglhdsgöd fmd hi tçrlgdm ’Fmrthrtge", ude amrle ebrhvgeje jh "Eihrte fmrtgfei" (Fetthii ht ei., 5703, på`. 557), Ims quh pudtuebed eitm hd hste vergebih hred jhsfrgtms fmlm phrsmdes hd eihrte y jgspuhstes e treter ims prmbihles fmd ud pudtm jh vgste arìm y fm`dgtgvm. Smsthrgmrlhdth sh esulgö y pmpuiergzö hi tçrlgdm jh "pmsture jure". Hd hi 51SA-8 ie jglhdsgöd sh ke jhdm-

ims fuetrm aeftmrhs jhagdgjms, y hi tçrlgdm jh "jurhze" sh kebìe hlpihejm pere jhagdgr hi pmim benm jh ie hsfeie G (Srhlsge, Vhdsgbgigjej Vhdsgbgig jej biedje). Hd hi prhshdth 51SA-8, hi tçrlgdm ke pesejm e jhagdgr ie jglhdsgöd ìmbei pmrquh jhthrlgde fierelhdth tmjm hsh fmdìmlhrejm hd hi quh ie hsfeie G hs ud fmlpmdhdth prgdfgpei, y çste ke rhfgbgjm hi tçrlgdm jh Vhdsgbgigjej hd hi pmim eitm. Ie hsfeie G fmdtrgbuyh sustedfgeilhdth e ie jglhdsgöd Jurhze, phrm sus eprhfgefgmdhs

lgdejm hd gdìçs Zmu`k Lgdjhjdhss (Lhdteigjej jure) y sh ke trejufgjm fmd hi tçrlgdm "Jurhze", ye efuõejm hd ie lhjgje jh ie phrsmdeigjej. Hd hi rhsulhd prhshdtejm hd ims pårreams edthrgmrhs jh mbshrved sus fmlpmdhdths prgdfgpeihs> ude phrsmde "jure" tghdjh e shr rhshrveje (E-)mbnhtgve (G-), pråftgfe (L-) y trejgfgmdei (U5-). Ejhlås jh eftuer jhsjh ud hdamquh shfm y fm`dgtgvm, ie phrsmde hxtrhlejelhdth jure puhjh jer ie glprhsgöd jh shr gdelmvgbih, tei vhz pmrquh tghdh frgthrgms agnms. Hs jhfgr, dm suhih ebrgrsh e mtrms pudtms jh vgste, dg e phrsmdes hsphfgeihs dg e duhves hxphrghdfges.

jh veimrhs shdsgbihs y hstçtgfms sh mrghdted hd hi pmim benm jh Jurhze? qughdhs mbtghdhd pudtuefgöd hd hsth pmim benm, ies phrsmdes "rhfhptgves", suhihd hdamfer ims thles jhsjh ud ådùim fuiturei, rhagdejm y shdsgbih, e ie vhz quh‗ hståd ebghrtes e udes rhiefgmdhs gdthrphrsmdeihs eaebihs (E+), e ies gjhes y e ie aedtesìe (L+) y e ims felbgms y duhves hxphrghdfges (U5+). Hstes eprhfgefgmdhs sh nustgagfed e pertgr jh ies rhiefgmdhs quh luhstre ie tebie E- 57, fmlm pmr hnhlpim, su hihveje fmrrhiefgöd fmd ie jglhdsgöd Ephrture jhi DHM y fesg tmjes, hxfhptm ude, jh sus aefhtes, esì fmlm fmd ie Gdtugfgöd y hi Vhdtglghdtm jhi LBZG.

Hd hi mtrm pmim, ie phrsmde rhfhptgve hs eaebih (E+), shdsgbih (i+), ebstreìje (L+) y ebghrte ei felbgm (U5+), eudquh telbgçd

Je ie glprhsgöd jh quh hd ie Jurhze key ude fghrte gdaihxgbgigjej y aeite jh ephrture? hd rheigjej, ie jurhze y ie rhsmiufgöd puhjhd rmdjer ie gdaihxgbgigjej y hi etrgdfkhrelghdtm, tei fmlm ie su`ghrhd ies rhiefgmdhs mbshrvejes. Ie phrsmde "jure" puhjh thdhr jgagfuitejhs pere efhpter duhvms pudtms jh vgste, gdfiugjms ims quh glpigfed hlmfgmdhs. Hd fmdtresth, ie phrsmde "rhfhptgve" tghdh shdtglghdtms jh ephrture e ie hxphrghdfge, gdfiusm e hstejms eahftgvms jh tgpm dhètgvm? fmdsh-

puhjh mfurrgr quh hsth sunhtm rhfhptgvm, ei fmdtrergm quh hi "jurm", dm tghdh hd fuhdte ims esphftms pråftgfms y mbnhtgvms jh ie sgtuefgöd. Ims usuergms hspeõmihs jh ies Amrles E e J jhi 51SA dm pujghrmd mbthdhr hste jglhdsgöd hdtrh ims "aeftmrhs jh shùdjm mrjhd" pmrquh kebìe quhjejm jgiugje hdtrh

03

fuhdthlhdth, hste phrsmde puhjh thdhr

ims su`ghrhd ies rhiefgmdhs dhètgves fmd

jgagfuitejhs pereeifedzer smbrhpmdhrsh e rheffgmdhs hlmtgves, pere ie mbnhtgvgjej y, pmr tedtm, pere smsieyer ims esphftms pråftgfms jh ies sgtuefgmdhs, Hxgsthd hsthrhmtgpms smfgeihs quh ejnujgfed ie rhfhptgvgjej e ies lunhrhs y ie jurhze e ims vermdhs.

Fmlprhdsgöd Vhdtglghdtm jhi rhiefgmdhs SRA. Ie gdaihxgbgigjej shy eigdhe fmd ies dhètgves fmd ie hsfeie jh Aihxgbgigjej jhi FSG y fmd ies jh Felbgm y jh Fmlprhdsgöd jhi SRA. Smr mtre perth, ie fmdhxgöd hdtrh ie Rhfhptgvgjej (pmim benm) y ie ephrture e ies hxphrghdfges puhjh hster glpiìfgte hd ies fmrrhiefgmdhs fmd tmjes, hxfhptm ude jh ies aefhtes jh Ephrture jhi DHM> Aedtesìe, Hstçtgfe, Vhdtglghdtms, Effgmdhs y Qeimrhs? ie phrsmde rhfhptgve tghdjh kefge ie hlmfgmdebgigjej y ie hlpetìe, tei fmlm im gdjgfed, ies rhiefgmdhs fmd ies prhahrhdfges

Ie rhiefgöd hdtrh Jurhze y ie thdjhdfge e hdamfer ims esphftms jh ie vgje fmd ud hdamquh fm`dgtgvm y eusthrm m shfm sh epmye hd ies rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd hi Shdselghdtm y ie Vhdsefgöd jhi LBZG, esì fmlm fmd ie hsfeie Gdthihftuei jhi SRA. Eiùdes jh ies aefhtes jh ie jglhdsgöd Vhdtgjm jh ie rhspmdsebgigjej jhi DHM sh rhiefgmded pmsgtgvelhdth fmd Jurhze (gdfiuyhdjm Mrjhd, Im`rm, Eutmjgsfgpigde y Jhigbhrefgöd), esì fmlm fmd ie hsfeie jh Eutm-Fmdtrmi jhi FSG. Hd hi fesm jhi SRA, Glpuisgvgjej luhstre ude rhiefgöd dhètgve.

pmr ie Gdtugfgöd hi Vhdtglghdtm jh! eaebih LBZG? ejhlås, telbgçdy tghdjh e lmstrersh y fergõmse, e pertgr jh ies rhiefgmdhs fmd ie hsfeie Fugjer jh mtrms jhi SRA, fmd ie Hlpetìe y ie Vmfgebgigjej jhi FSG, y fmd ie aefhte jh Eitrugslm jhi DHM.

Ledgahstersh fmlm jurm puhjh sg`dgagfer ude pçrjgje jh fmlprhdsgöd, jh eutmefhptefgöd m jh khjmdgslm, tei fmlm GDJHSHDJHDFGE Vh`þd ims prgdfgpeihs fmlpmdhdths sh jhagdh ude phrsmde... Ef ml mlmj mjetg etgfg fge e ar arhdt hdth h e Gdj Gdjhphd hphdjg jg hdt hdth h Jhahrhdth (H-) (H+) Jmlgdedth Zìlgje (K-) (K+) Etrhvgje

Fmdageje

(I-)

(I+)'

Qg`giedth

Zrejgfgmdei

(UÌ-)

(U5+)

Ebghrte ei felbgm

Ie Gdjhphdjhdfge `gre eirhjhjmr jh ie thdjhdfge e shr eftgvm y hdçr`gfelhdth jhthrlgdejm hd ims phdselghdtms y effgmdhs jh udm lgslm, y e hiie fmdtrgbuyhd verges hsfeies, fmlm ie thdjhdfge e shr jmlgdedth, etrhvgjm, vg`giedth y ebghrtm ei felbgm. E ie phrsmde gdjhphdjghdth ih ùste Gdthdter fmses duhves y hxprhser furgmsgjej gdthihftuei, tei fmlm im su`ghrhd ies rhiefgmdhs mbshrvejes. Hs hvgjhdth ud auhrth fmlpmdhdth jh rhsmiufgöd hd im smfgei, puhstm quh ie phrsmde suhih amrler y hxprhser sus prmpges mpgdgmdhs. E lhdujm hs phrsuesgve y

hsamrzeje hd hiim, edglmse jh rhter im hstebihfgjm y smsphfkmse jh ies gdthrahrhdfges jh mtrms. Hd hi pmim hxtrhlm, hsphfgeilhdth fuedjm ie fmdjufte dm hstå ethlphreje lhjgedth hi Eutm-Fmdtrmi m ie smfgebgigjej jh ie Hxtrevhrsgöd m ie shdsgbgigjej jh ie Rhfhptgvgjej (bene Jurhze), puhjhd eperhfhr esphftms jhse`rejebihs. Hd hi 51SA-8 ie Gdjhphdjhdfge puhjh prhshdter vgsms jh gdaihxgbgigjej y jmlgdedfge, tei fmlm im su`ghrhd sus rhiefgmdhs fmd mtres vergebihs. Ies phrsmdes Gdjhphdjghdths puhjhd rhsuiter pmfm fmdamrtebihs m gdhagfefhs hd

05

sgtuefgmdhs quh glpigquhd ie dhfhsgjej jh

SRA y fmd Jmlgdedfge jhi FSG, y jh sg`dm

efmlmjersh e ims jhlås. Hd fmdtresth fmd ie gdjhphdjghdth, ie phrsmde efmlmjetgfge suhih shr jhahrhdth, tìlgje, fmdageje y trejgfgmdei. Dm fuhstgmde im quh hdfuhdtre? ei fmdtrergm, veimre ie e`rejebgigjej y efmlmjefgöd lås quh ie eutmjhthrlgdefgöd m hi seigrsh fmd ie suye. Zedtm ie sgtuefgöd fmlm ies jhlås phrsmdes suhihd Gdaiugrih, y tedtm hd ie amrlefgöd jh sus mpgdgmdhs fmlm hd ie hstrufturefgöd jh su fmdjufte. Vgd hlber`m, puhjh rhsuiter pmfm fmdamrtebih m gdhagfez hd sgtuefgmdhs quh hxgned eutm- hxprhsgöd, eshrtgvgjej m phrsuesgöd. Vu efmlmjefgöd puhjh hster rhiefgmdeje fmd hi jhshm jh hvgter hi jeõm m fmd ie edsghjej.

dhètgvm trhs jh ies aefhtes jh iey Elebgigjejfmd jhi DHM (Jhfgsgöd, Mbhjghdfge Lmjhstge).

Ethdjghdjm e ies rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd ies hsfeies Fepefgjej jh dgvhi eitm. Vmfgebgigjej y Srhshdfge smfgei jhi FSG, fmd

Vu furgmsgjej gdthihftuei y jhshm jh gdthdter fmses duhves vghdh jejm pmr ies rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd ies hsfeies Felbgm y Jgvhrsgöd jhi SRA, fmd Hagfefge hd im gdthihftuei y Shrspgfefge jhi FSG y fmd ies aefhtes Effgmdhs h gjhes jhi DHM. Vh puhjh gdfiugr hi fmlpmdhdth jh jhsmbhjghdfge pmr su rhiefgöd dhètgve fmd ie aefhte Mbhjghdfge jhi DHM y jh sg`dm pmsgtgvm fmd ie hsfeie Gdjhphdjhdfge jhi FSG. Ie su`hrhdfge jh jhsgdkgbgfgöd y jh aeite jh eutmfmdtrmi puhjh vhdgr jh ie rhiefgöd dhètgve fmd ie hsfeie Eutm-fmdtrmi jhi FSG y ie Glpuisgvgjej jhi SRA. Smr mtre perth, perhfh kebhr ude rhiefgöd hdtrh ie pmsture efmlmjetgfge (jhphdjghdth) y ie edsghjej e

ie jh Hxkgbgfgöd jhi SRA y fmd tmjes ies aefhtes jh ie Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi DHM, hs luy prmbebih quh ie phrsmde gdjhphdjghdth mbthdè ude buhde "prhshdfge smfgei". Zelbgçd puhjh su`hrgrsh ud fmlpmdhdth e`rhsgvm/jmlgdedth, pmrquh hxgsthd rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd ies hsfeies E`rhsgöd, Jmlgdedfge y Jhahdsgvgjej jhi

pertgr jh ies rhiefgmdhs dhètgves fmd fuetrm jh ies fgdfm aefhtes jhi Dhurmtgfgslm jhi DHM (Edsghjej, Jhprhsgöd, Gdshùrgjej y Quidhrebgigjej, ejhlås hsth pmim benm jh ie Gdjhphdjhdfge sh rhiefgmde fmd ies hsfeies Kugje jhi jeõm y Vulgsgöd jhi SRA.

EXZM-FMDZRMI E XZM-FMDZRMI Vh`þd ims prgdfgpeihs fmlpmdhdths sh jhagdh ude phrsmde.

Edglmse Gdfmdamrlgste Ebstreìje

Jhsgdkg Jh sgdkg bgje arhdth e Eutm -fmdtrmi eje (A+) (A-) Vhrìe (@-) (@+) Ethdte e ies dmrles (L+) (L-) Sråftgfe

Hste jglhdsgöd jmlgde ims jhshms m ur`hdfges phrsmdeihs. Ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd eite hs fepez jh gdkgbgr sus glpuisms, y im puhjh kefhr jh verges amrles, jhphdjghdjm jh ie hstrufture jh ies hsfeies prglerges glpigfejes. Smr hnhlpim, hste phrsmde puhjh shr shrge (A-), y/m ethdte e

ies dmrles (@+), y/m pråftgfe/ rheigste (L-) y/m phrahffgmdgste (U6+). Suhjh mfurrgr quh hste phrsmde dm veimrh ie aihxgbgigjej y hspmdtedhgjej, m bghd hs eutmfmdtrmieje e hxphdses jh hstes fueigjejhs.

02

Ies rhiefgmdhs hxgsthdths fmd mtres vergebihs puhjhdSerhfh epmyerquh udehste fghrte rg`gjhz hd hste phrsmde. jglhdsgöd hs smfgeilhdth jhshebih pmrquh sh mbshrved rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd ies hsfeies Srhshdfge smfgei y Buhde glprhsgöd jhi FSG. Hd hi mtrm pmim, ie phrsmde jhsgdkgbgje suhih ethdjhr e sus prmpges ur`hdfges? hste fueigjej sh rhaihne jh vergms lmjms> hd quh hs hspmdtådhe y edglmse (A+) y/m gdfmdamrlgste (@-) y/m ebstreìje (L+) y/m tmihredth fmd hi jhsmrjhd (U6-)? puhjh shr aihxgbih hd sus rhspuhstes, phrm hd sgtuefgmdhs quh hxgned eutmfmdtrmi puhjh hdfmdtrer jgagfuitejhs pere rhprglgrsh. Suhjh shr fmdsgjhreje fmlm eutm-gdjui`hdth, jhsmrèdgzeje, grrhprglgbih m grrhspmdsebih, jhphdjghdjm jh sg puhjh sefer auhrzes pere rhprglgrsh fuedjm she glpmrtedth kefhrim. Ie jglhdsgöd Eutm-Fmdtrmi sh rhiefgmde

(Fmlphthdfge,

Mrjhd,

Jhbhr,

Im`rm,

Eutmjgsfgpigde fmd verges hsfeies jhi y Jhigbhrefgöd), FSG (Rhspmdsebgigjej, Vmfgeigzefgöd, Eutmfmdtrmi y Rhsuitejms vìe dmrles), y fmd eiùdes jhi SRA (Rhsuitejms, Kugje jhi jeõm y Eùedth)? sgd hlber`m, ie rhiefgöd hs dhètgve fmd ie Glpuisgvgjej jh hsth SRA. Eiùdes jh ies fmrrhiefgmdhs puhjh su`hrgr quh, fuedjm hi Eutm-Fmdtrmi hs eitm, sh rhstrgd`hd ie eutmhxprhsgöd smfgei y ie ephrture e ie hxphrghdfge? pmr hnhlpim, sh rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd ie hsfeie Aihxgbgigjej jhi FSG, fmd Jgvhrsgöd, Eutmdmlìe y Felbgm jhi SRA, fmd eiùdms aefhtes hxtrmvhrtgjes jhi DHM (Vmfgebgigjej, Bþsquhje jh hxfgtefgöd y Hlmfgöd pmsgtgve), fmd' eiùdes aefhtes jh ie Ephrture jhi DHM (Aedtesìe? Effgmdhs y Qeimrhs), esì fmlm fmd (es prhahrhdfges Gdtugfgöd y Shrfhpfgöd jhi LBZG.

fmd mtres lhjgjes jh eutm-fmdtrmi. Hse rhiefgöd hs pmsgtgve fmd tmjes ies aefhtes jhi Vhdtgjm jh ie rhspmdsebgigjej jhi DHM

:.8. :.8. GGdthrprhtefgöd dthrprhtefgöd jh ies hsfeies hsfeies prglerges prgl erges Sere fmlprhdjhr bghd ies hsfeies prglerges, hi prmahsgmdei dm söim jhbh ethdjhr e ims fmdthdgjms gdfiugjms hd hsth epertejm y subepertejms? jhbhrìe vmivhr, sghlprh quh she dhfhsergm, e tmjms ims pudtms quh eiujed e ies hsfeies. Smr hnhlpim, hs glpmrtedth rhfmrjer ims ìdjgfhs jh agebgigjej, ie amrle quh tghdhd ies jgstrgbufgmdhs jh arhfuhdfges (su`hrgbih jh eiùde ledhre hd ies tebies jh berhlms), ie fuedtìe jh ims hrrmrhs tìpgfms jh lhjgje, ies fmrrhiefgmdhs fmd mtres hsfeies m vergebihs, htf. Hstms jetms, jgstrgbugjms hd jgahrhdths tebies, sh rhsulhd hd ies shffgmdhs quh vghdhd e fmdtgduefgöd. Ie jhsfrgpfgöd jh feje hsfeie prglerge, hdfebhzeje pmr su dmlbrh y sgìe (hdtrh perçdthsgs) sh kefh hd tçrlgdms jh ims fmdthdgjms jh sus hihlhdtms y sus rhiefgmdhs sg`dgagfetgves sg`dgagfetgves (ei lhdms ei D.f. jhi 5%). Sere ie fmdahffgöd jh ie tebie E-23 sh

ked shihffgmdejm ies rhiefgmdhs lås sg`dgagfetgves fmd mtres vergebihs, imlådjmies jh ies tebies E-0 e E -5 5. Ie gdamrlefgöd båsgfe pere ie gdthrprhtefgöd ke sgjm tmleje telbgçd jh tmje ie' hvgjhdfge jgspmdgbih hd hi lmlhdtm jh hiebmrer hi 51SA-8? e tmjm hiim hi usuergm puhjh gr eõejghdjm ims jetms jh veigjhz mbnhtgve m subnhtgve quh çi mbthdè jh sus epigfefgmdhs epigfefgmd hs pråftgfes. Shrm, edths jh hdtrer e hxelgder feje ude jh ies hsfeies hsphfìagfes, hi prmahsgmdei jhbhrìe hxelgder hi phragi prglergm hd su fmdnudtm, pere vhr hi dþlhrm jh epudtelghdtms y ie amrle `hdhrei jhi phragi. Fmlm sh ke gdjgfejm e ie kmre jh kebier jh ies jglhdsgmdhs `hdhreihs. ies pudtuefgmdhs hxtrhles (y fmlm teihs sh hdfuhdtred ies quh mfuped ims jhfetgpms 5-6 y ;-53) epudted e ies ferefthrìstgfes lås

06

jgstgdtgves jhi sunhtm? pmr tedtm, fuedtm

jh ims fesms, y hdtrh hiims hståd ims sunhtms

leymr dþlhrm jh jh ims (frhstesshemhi veiihs) udepudtelghdtms phragi, lås ferefthrìstgfe shrå ie ledgahstefgöd jh ie phrsmdeigjej subyefhdth.

fmd ude jgstgdtgve.

Vh ke edeigzejm hd ims sunhtms jh ie luhstre hxphrglhdtei ie arhfuhdfge jh epudtelghdtms hd sus phragihs, y hd hi fuejrm 7 sh gdjgfe hi pmrfhdtenh jh fesms, tedtm hd ie luhstre tmtei fmlm hd ims sub`rupms amrlejms pmr su fiesgagfefgöd pmr shxm (vermdhs y lunhrhs)? fmlm pmr ie sgtuefgöd jh hxelhd (LG+ LG-)? sh ke fmdsgjhrejm sgtuefgöd LG+ ie jh ims prmfhsms jh shihffgöd, pmrquh hd hstms fesms hi sunhtm prmphdjh e user hd leymr lhjgje hi hstgim LG (Ledgpuiefgöd jh ie gle`hd)? ies sgtuefgmdhs Lg- smd tmjes ies jhlås jh ie rhfm`gje jh jetms hd ie aesh hxphrglhdtei pere ie tgpgagfefgöd (fmiebmrefgöd edödgle pere gdvhstgèfgöd, mrghdtefgöd hsfmier, htf.).

phrsmdeigjej

vhrjejhrelhdth

Dm thdhr dgd`þd epudtelghdtm (hi jhdmlgdejm "phragi piedm") m thdhr söim 5 epudtelghdtm, telbgçd hs ei`m bestedth rerm? söim ke mfurrgjm hd hi :,5% jh ims fesms. Jhsjh hi pudtm jh vgste jgahrhdfgei, perhfh quh ims epudtelghdtms sh jed ig`hrelhdth lås hdtrh ies lunhrhs (fmd ude lhjge jh 1 epudtelghdtms) y ei`m lhdms hd ims prmfhsms jh shihffgöd (fmd ude lhjge jh :,0 epudtelghdtms epudtelghdtms). ). Vg ude phrsmde tghdh pmfms epudtelghdtms, hs prmbebih quh keye hih`gjm ud dþlhrm hihvejm jh vhfhs ie eithrdetgve lhjge (hi "=")? sg dm auhre esì, pmjrìe kebhrsh jejm hi fesm jh kebhr rhspmdjgjm

gdfmdsgsthdthlhdth e ims hihlhdtms jh ude jhthrlgdeje hsfeie. Hd fueiqughr fesm, hi prmahsgmdei quh gdthrprhte hsh phragi jhbh gdjeèr pmsgbihs feuses jh hsh "phragi piedm".

Hd ie luhstre tmtei, ie leymrìe jh ims fesms (1;,;%) tghdh hdtrh 6 y 0 epudtelghdtms. Hstm hs im eprmpgejm e ude furve dmrlei jh jgstrgbufgöd, y hi khfkm jh quh ude phrsmde mbthdè epudtelghdtm hd lås jh 7 hsfeies hs bestedth rerm? hd ie luhstre hxphrglhdtei hstm söim ke mfurrgjm hd hi 8%

Fuejrm 7. Smrfhdtenh jh epudtelghdtms hd hi phragi jh ies hsfeies prglerges Ep ud ud..

Zmtei

Qermdhs

Lunhrhs

LG+

Li-

3 5 2 6 : 8 1 0 ; 7. 53 55 52 56 5:

3,7 6,2 7,3 52,2 58,8 5:,7 56,; 52,: ;,3 8,2 2,8 5,: 3,0 3,:

5,3 6,2 7.0 52,7 51,: 58,2 56,1 52,2 0,6 :,8 2,2 5,3 3,8 3,6

3,2 6,5 1,: 7,8 55,8 56,8 5:,; 52,7 55,2 ;.5 6,1 6,6 5,1 3,1 3.3

5,5 :,5 55,1 5:,; 50,0 58,; 52,; 55,5 8,7 6.6 5.3 3,6 3,5 3,2 3,3

3,: 5,1 :,: 0,; 55,8 56,2 58,1 5:,6 55,; ;,1 8,5 6,2 5,1 3.0 3.5

Lhjge

8,6

8,5

1,3'

:,0

1,6

0:

Hi shùdjm tgpm hs jh hihxelhd ìmbei gdjgfejm edthrgmrlhdth jh jhthrlgder ie amrle `hdhrei jh phragi. Hste eprhfgefgöd hs lås bghd "kmiìstgfe" y thdtetgve. Vupödèsh quh sh treze ude iìdhe kmrgzmdtei hdtrh ies hsfeies K h G, jgvgjghdjm hi `råagfm hd eprmxglejelhdth jms lgtejhs? sg ie lgtej suphrgmr fmdtghdh lås epudtelghdtms eitms (+) y ie lgtej gdahrgmr lås epudtelghdtms (-), sh tghdh ud phragi lås ********** ******** Shragi smfgeilhdth lås jhshebih

****** **** **   *   * *

  *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *

"pmsgtgvm" m smfgeilhdth låsgdfigdeje jhshebih? ie thdjhdfge hs ie jh ude iìdhe kefge ie jhrhfke. Vg mfurrh im fmdtrergm (lås epudtelghdtms eitms hd ie perth gdahrgmr, hs jhfgr ude iìdhe gdfigdeje kefge gzqughrje), sh su`ghrh ie pmsgbgigjej jh ud phragi smfgeilhdth lhdms jhshebih hd ie phrsmde, Qçesh hi hsquhle quh su`ghrhd hstms jms tgpms jh phragi>

********** ******** ****** **** **  *  * *  *  *  *   *

  *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *

Shragi smfgeilhdth lhdms jhshebih

Hste "rhfhte" jh ie iìdhe gdfigdeje perth jhi hxelhd jh ies rhiefgmdhs hdtrh ies hsfeies prglerges y ie jhshebgigjej smfgei (hsfeie LG), esì fmlm jh sus esmfgefgmdhs fmd ies jglhdsgmdhs jh Edsghjej y

prglhre glprhsgöd dm prhthdjh sustgtugr ud hxelhd jhteiiejm jh ies hsfeies prglerges.

Hxtrevhrsgöd. Hsphfìagfelhdth, hd ie lgtej gdahrgmr jhi phragi key lås hsfeies fuye jhshebgigjej smfgei epudte e pudtuefgmdhs benes? hi hxelhd jh hses rhiefgmdhs fmd LG luhstre quh hd ie lgtej suphrgmr ies lås glpigfejes smd> Eaebgigjej (E+), Hstebgigjej (F+), Ethdfgöd e ies dmrles

y"mbigfue" jglhdsgmdhs udequhhstrufture (pmrquh tghdhd sh esulh ies vergebihs dm smd gdjhphdjghdths y puhjhd hster rhiefgmdejes, fmlm im ked jhlmstrejm rheilhdth ims jetms hlpìrgfms). Vebghdjm quh jhthrlgdejes hsfeies hståd rhiefgmdejes, rhiefgmdej es, hi prmahsgmde prmahsgmdeii puhjh gjhdtgagfer fmlbgdefgmdhs pmfm hsphrejihs y quh eõejhd lås rgquhze e ie gdthrprhtefgöd jhi fmdnudtm.

(@+) y Etrhvglghdtm (K+), lghdtres quh hd ie lgtej gdahrgmr ies phrsmdes LG+ jed pudtuefgmdhs benes hd Qg`giedfge (I-), Ebstreffgöd (L-), Srgvefgjej (D-), Eprhdsgöd (M). Eutmsuagfghdfge (U2-) y Zhdsgöd (U:-). Detureilhdth, hdtrh ies hsfeies elbes lgtejhs eiùdes dm sgùhd ei pgh jh jh ie ihtre hste "rhfhte", pmrquh dm tghdhd ude jhthrlgdeje jhshebgigjej smfgei. Hi usm jh hste "rhfhte jh ie gdfigdefgöd jhi phragi" fmd feuthie puhjh phrlgtgr ude vgsgöd `hdhrei jh ims rhsuitejms? hste

Ejhlås, hi hveiuejmr jhi phragi tghdh quh thdhr sghlprh prhshdth quh ies hsfeies

Hd `hdhrei, fuedjm hs hsphrebih quh ude hsfeie epmrth sg`dgagfefgöd e ude jhthrlgdeje jglhdsgöd, su fmlpmrtelghdtm dmrlei hs fmdsgsthdth fmd hse thdjhdfge? hs jhfgr, sg ude phrsmde pudtþe sg`dgagfetgvelhdth hd ie jgrhffgöd gdtrmvhrtgje, hs dmrlei quh im keè esì hd ies hsfeies quh fmdamrled hsh pmim jh ie jglhdsgöd y sh jhagde fmlm ude phrsmde jgstedth (E-), shrge (A-), tìlgje (K-), prgveje (D+) y eutmsuagfghdth (U2+). Vgd hlber`m, dm hs

08

rerm quh ude phrsmde gdtrmvhrtgje she

ahsgmdei jhbhrìe gdjeèr hses thdjhdfges

"hxtrmvhrtgje" hd eiùdm jhquh hsms pmr hnhlpim, supödèdsh hseesphftms? phrsmde edthrgmr auhre jgstedth (E-), shrge (A-), tìlgje (K-) y prgveje (D+), phrm mrghdteje ei `rupm (U2-, hs jhfgr hd ie jgrhffgöd hxtrmvhrtgje)? e phser jh sus mtrms esphftms, e hste phrsmde ih ùste hi fmdteftm jhi `rupm m im jhshe pere dm "vhrsh phrjgje hdtrh ie luitgtuj". Jeje ie prmbebgigjej jh quh ie phrsmde hxphrglhdth ud fmdaigftm hdtrh su jhshm jhi `rupm y su thdjhdfge m ie tglgjhz, hi prm-

gdthrphrsmdeihs jh ie phrsmde. Esì puhs, hd ie gdthrprhtefgöd jh ud phragi hi prmahsgmdei jhbh busfer pmsgbihs fmdaigftms y fmdsgjhrer kgpöthsgs pieusgbihs pere su smiufgöd? telbgçd puhjh eyujerih fmlperer ims rhsuitejms prhshdths fmd mtrms prhvgms. Ejhlås, sg ims jetms sh fmlhdted fmd ih phrsmde ie fmdvhrsefgöd fmd çste puhjh epmrter duhvms jetms.

EAE E AE B GI GJE GJ E J (E )

Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde... (E-) Arìe, glphrsmdei y jgstedth (E+) Eaebih, fåigje, `hdhrmse y ethdte e ims jhlås Ie hsfeie subreye ie thdjhdfge quh ve jhsjh shr ude phrsmde smfgei h gdthrphrsmdeilhdth rhshrveje keste hster

rhiefgöd phrsmdei y ledgahstefgöd jh hlmfgmdhs m shdtglghdtms. E pertgr jh hjgfgmdhs prhvges jhi "51SA, @uìe pere su usm

fåigjelhdth glpigfeje fmd ies jhlås? elbms pmims smd dmrleihs. Ie phrsmde E- (rhshrveje) suhih shr feute hd sus glpigfefgmdhs y fmdteftms? ih suhih ùster hi trebenm hd smigtergm, y e lhdujm hs jh lhfådgfm, gdthihftuei m çsth ertìstgfm. Ie tgpm phrsmde E+ (eaebih) suhih thdhr lås gdthrçs hd ies phrsmdes y prhahrgr mfupefgmdhs hd ies quh gdthrvhdèd phrsmdes (tei fmlm im su`ghrhd ies fuhstgmdhs jh ie hsfeie), sh sghdth fmdamrtebih hd sgtuefgmdhs quh jhledjhd fhrfedìe phrsmdei. Ie fmdjufte E+ hs smfgeilhdth lås jhshebih? jh khfkm, ie fmrrhiefgöd fmd LG hs pmsgtgve. Vgd hlber`m, ude pudtuefgöd luy eite gdjgfe quh hi esphftm jhshebih jh ie Eaebgigjej hxtrhle jhrhprhshdte phrsmdes ude y jhjhphdjhdfge rhiefgmdhs ìdtgles. Hsth fesm E+ hxtrhlm puhjh shdtgrsh pmfm fmdamrtebih hd sgtuefgmdhs hd ies quh ies rhiefgmdhs phrsmdeihs dm smd effhsgbihs. Hd hi mtrm hxtrhlm, hi fesm fmd pudtuefgöd bene puhjh shdtgrsh pmfm fmdamrtebih hd sgtuefgmdhs hd ies quh key lufke

fiìdgfm Oersmd y M Jhii (5701 577:, på`s 83-82) shõeied quh hse phrsmde E- puhjh shr bestedth hahftgve (pmr hnhlpim, lufkms gdvhstgèjmrhs smd E-)? telbgçd su`ghrhd quh, hd ei`þd fesm, ud veimr luy benm puhjh shõeier ud kgstmrgei jh rhiefgmdhs gdthrphrsmdeihs setgsaeftmrges.

jhsepefgbihs

y

pmfm

Ie Eaebgigjej (E+) hs udm jh ims prgdfgpeihs jgahrhdfgejmrhs hdtrh vermdhs y lunhrhs (ei iejm jh mtrms, fmlm Jmlgdedfge y Vhdsgbgigjej). Ies lunhrhs smd ig`hrelhdth lås jhstefejes fmlm E+, lås fåigjes y ethdtes e ims jhlås. Ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd eite puhjh eagrler quh sh hdfuhdtre e ùstm fmd qughdhs ledgaghsted ebghrtelhdth sus hlmfgmdhs, quh prhaghrh trebener magfgde fmd lufke `hdth edths quh hd smieude hd ud jhspefkm, y quh sus fmdmfgjms ih jhsfrgbhd fmlm `hdhrmse y fåigje. Hd hi mtrm pmim, qughd pudtþe benm puhjh eagrler quh prhaghrh trebener hd ud gdvhdtm hd ud iebmretmrgm edths quh lmstrer su usm e ims jhlås, quh prhahrgrìe shr erqugthftm hd vhzjh mrghdtejmr, y quh sh sghdth pmfm

01

fmdamrtebih fuedjm tghdh quh kebier jh sus

Eaebgigjej y mtres lhjgjes jh phrsmdeigjej,

shdtglghdtms jh eahftm m fergõm m lmstrerims. Ie hsfeie jh Eaebgigjej (E+) fmdtrgbuyh e ie jglhdsgöd jh Hxtrevhrsgöd nudtm e Edglefgöd (A+), Etrhvglghdtm (55+) y ims pmims benms jh Srgvefgjej (D-) y Eutmsuagfghdfge (U2-). Hs jhfgr, hstå rhiefgmdeje fmd ie bþsquhje jh eprmxglefgöd e ims jhlås, ud fmlpmdhdth jh ie mrghdtefgöd `hdhrei jh ies phrsmdes quh tgpgagfe ie Hxtrevhrsgöd. Ie rhshrve, hi pmim benm jh Eaebgigjej (E-), telbgçd Fmdtrgbuyh e ie jglhdsgöd jh Jurhze, nudtm fmd hi hspìrgtu

giustre ie hstrufture psgfmiö`gfe ie hsfeie? key rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd iesjhhsfeies jh Eaebgigjej,, Vmfgebgigjej y Eitrugslm jhi DHM, Eaebgigjej fmd ies jh Eagigefgöd, Fugjer jh mtrms y Eyuje/prmthffgöd jhi SRA, fmd ies jh Vmfgebgigjej, Srhshdfge smfgei y Hlpetìe jhi FSG y fmd ie prhahrhdfge jh Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi LBZG.

utgigtergm (G-), pråftgfm (L-) y trejgfgmdei (U5-),y im fuei su`ghrh ude phrsmdeigjej gdaihxgbih arìe quh hs fmdsgsthdth fmd hi pmim benm jh ie Eaebgigjej.

sus su rhiefgmdhs ie jglhdsgöd jh Jurhze (hd pmim benmfmd m ''rhfhptgvm'').

Hi fmdnudtm jh fmrrhiefgmdhs sg`dgagfetgves hdfmdtrejes (tebie E-23), hdtrh

Ies rhiefgmdhs fmd ies aefhtes jh Vhdtglghdtms, Hlmfgöd pmsgtgve y @hdtgigjej jhi DHM jed epmym ei esphftm jhi shdtglghdtm jh ie hsfeie E jhi 51SA-8 y e

RE^MDELGHDZM (B) Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde... (B-) Jh phdselghdtm fmdfrhtm (B+) Jh phdselghdtm ebstreftm Ie hsfeie B fmdtghdh 58 hihlhdtms rhiefgmdejms fmd ie fepefgjej pere rhsmivhr prmbihles usedjm hi rezmdelghdtm. Hd ie igthreture jhi 51SA hste hsfeie sh jhsfrgbh fmlm ud gdstrulhdtm fmrtm jh ims esphftms gdthihftueihs, y su gdthdfgöd dm hs rhhlpiezer e ude lhjgje lås ierè y agebih jh ie fepefgjej lhdtei? Hd fmdshfuhdfge, key quh gdthrprhter fmd feuthie sus rhsuitejms.

hihlhdtms smd duhvms hd hi51SA-8 y hi rhstm prmfhjh jh ies Amrles edthrgmrhs.

Eudquh hi Rezmdelghdtm dm hs ud res`m jh phrsmdeigjej sh ke gdfiugjm hd hi 51SA pmrquh hi hstgim fm`dgtgvm lmjhre ie hxprhsgöd jh ie leymrìe jh ims res`ms jh phrsmdeigjej,

rezmdelghdtm (K.B. Fetthii, 5737-5776, på`. 62). E vhfhs, sgd hlber`m, dm hs rerm quh ude phrsmde fmd jmtefgöd lhjge m eite mbthdè ude pudtuefgöd bene. "Hsth fesm puhjh jersh hd ud sunhtm fmd pmfe hsfmiergjej, m quh hstå jhprglgjm, edsgmsm m

Ie hsfeie fmdtghdh pmr gùei trhs tgpms jgahrhdths jh hihlhdtms jh rezmdelghdtm> vhrbei dulçrgfm y iö`gfm. Duhvh jh ims

Xde pudtuefgöd eite gdjgfe quh hi sunhtm ke rhsuhitm fmrrhftelhdth ie leymrìe jh ims hihlhdtms, lghdtres quh ie pudtuefgöd bene shõeie e equhiims quh hig`hd ies rhspuhstes gdfmrrhftes. Jejm quh mbthdhr ude pudtuefgöd eite fmdthstedjm ei ezer dm hs aåfgi, sh jhjufh quh hstes phrsmdes tghdhd ude buhde fepefgjej lhdtei jh

00

prhmfupejm pmr sus prmbihles? telbgçd

(L-), Vhùrgjej (M-) y Rhienefgöd (U:-). Zei

puhjh mfurrgr fuedjm hielbghdteihs, hxelgdedjmm dm sh jgstreh fmd tms hstìluims gdthrprhte bghd ies gdstruffgmdhs m, pmr rezmdhs verges, dm hstå lmtgvejm pere hsamrzersh hd busfer ie rhspuhste fmrrhfte" (K.B. Fetthii, 57;7- 5776, på`. 62).

vhz hste yhstrufture puhje ertgagfgei jhbgje jh e rhiefgmdhs ie hstrufture jh shr ie luhstre, m epudter e fmdhxgmdhs hdtrh hstes fueigjejhss y ims res`ms eptgtujgdeihs. fueigjejh

E feuse jh ie detureihze vhrbei jh sus hihlhdtms, ude pudtuefgöd lås bene jh im hsphrebih hd hi sunhtm puhjh shr jhbgje e' jgagfuitejhs ihftmres m e quh hi hspeõmi dm hs su ihdùe lethrde. Zelbgçd pmjrìe shr jhbgjm e aeiie jh ethdfgöd, hd fuym fesm ie pudtuefgöd epmrter eiùdehdiuz.GD (Gdarhfuhdfge) puhjh Eudquh dm hs ud fmlpmdhdth jh ie phrsmdeigjej sh mbshrved eiùdes fmrrhiefgmdhs sg`dgagfetgves fmd ies lhjgjes jh ie lgsle, Jhdtrm jhi 51SA-8, ie hsfeie B prhshdte rhiefgmdhs sg`dgagfetgves fmd ies jh

Fuedjm hd ims hstujgms mrg`gdeihs (Fmdd y Rghoh, 577:) sh pusm hd rhiefgöd fmd mtres lhjgjes jh ies eptgtujhs, sh ke hdfmdtrejm ud ìdjgfh jh 3,15 fmd ud gdvhdtergm jh gdamrlefgöd y jh 3,85 fmd hi Zhst jh gdthig`hdfge igbrh jh fuiture (fmdmfgjm pmr hi usuergm hspeõmi fmlm Aeftmr “`", jh Fetthii).

Hd hi fesm jh mtres lhjgjes jh ie phrsmdeigjej, sh mbshrved rhiefgmdhsjhifmd ie hsfeie jh Hagfefge hd im gdthihftuei FSG. fmd ie jh Mrjhd jhi SRA y fmd ie Gdtugfgöd jhi LBZG. Hd `hdhrei, dm sh mbshrved shs`ms hd fuedtm ei shxm m ies rezes, phrm hstå gdaiuyhdjm hi dgvhi fuiturei hd ies pudtuefgmdhs

Hstebgigjej (F+), Fmdagedze (I-), Sreftgfgjej

(Fmdd y Rghoh, 577:).

HVZEBGIGJEJ HVZEBGI GJEJ (F)

Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde... (F-) Rheftgve y hlmfgmde hlmfgmdeilhdth ilhdth felbgebih (F+) Hlmfgmdeilhdth hstebih, ejepteje y lejure Hi shdtgjm `hdhrei jh hste vergebih sh jgrg`h ei earmdtelghdtm jh ims fmtgjgedms prmbihles jh ie vgje y sus rhtms. Ie phrsmde quh pudtþe eitm suhih gr pesedjm pmr ie vgje fmdtrmiedjm, fmd hqugigbrgm y jh ud lmjm ejeptetgvm, ihs sufhsms y hlmfgmdhs. Hd hi mtrm pmim, ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd bene hxphrglhdte ude fghrte aeite jh fmdtrmi smbrh su vgje? tghdjh e rheffgmder fmdtre hiie hd vhz jh ejeptersh eftgvelhdth e ies eithrdetgves quh ih prmpmdh ie vgje. Hste hsfeie tghdh ud fmlpmdhdth jh bghdhster hlmfgmdei, tei fmlm im luhstred sus fmrrhiefgmdhs fmd mtres vergebihs jh phrsmdeigjej. Vgd hlber`m, ud veimr hihvejm hd ie vergebih puhjh gdjgfer quh hi sunhtm dm hs deje jejm e gdamrler, y telpmfm e

hxphrglhdte'' ims iielejms "shdtglghdtms dhètgvms" m prmbihlåtgfms. Ie hsfeie F tghdh ude rhiefgöd hihveje fmd ie jh Ledgpuiefgöd jh ie gle`hd (LG). Srhshdtersh e sì lgslm fmlm fepez jh kefhr arhdth e ie vgje hs smfgeilhdth jhshebih, y ejlgtgr quh udm sh sghdth gdfepez jh fmdtrmier ims shdtglghdtms m jh ejeptersh hs smfgeilhdth pmfm jhshebih. Fuedjm ud hxelgdedjm mbtghdh ude pudtuefgöd luy bene, hstå ejlgtghdjm thdhr shdtglghdtms pmfm jhshebihs. Sere hjgfgmdhs prhvges jhi 51SA, Oersmd y M"Jhii (5701-57;3 på`. :6) su`ghrhd quh sh jhbhrìe gdjeèr hd hi sunhtm smbrh hxphrghdfges jh gdejeptefgöd y rheftg-

0;

vgjej? hd hi fesm jh ude pudtuefgöd eite F+

Ie rhiefgöd hdtrh F- y Edsghjej tghdh

efmlpeõeje jh ude jgfkms eutmrhs telbgçd efmdshned quhLG+, sh jhthrlgdh sg hi hxelgdedjm dghè tmjm tgpm jh prmbihles söim pere prhshdtersh aevmrebihlhd aevmrebihlhdth. th.

epmym hd ies fmrrhiefgmdhs prhshdte fmd mtres lhjgjes jh edsghjejquh y shdsefgöd jh bghdhster> fgdfm aefhtes jhi Dhurmtgfgslm jhi DHM (Edsghjej, Kmstgigjej/hdaejm, Jhprhsgöd, Gdshùrgjej y Quidhrebgigjej). Hdtrh tmjes ies hsfeies prglerges jhi 51SA8, ie Hstebgigjej (F+) hs ie quh tghdh hi ìdjgfh leymr jh rhiefgöd fmd ie Eutmhstgle tei fmlm hs lhjgje pmr hi Gdstrulhdtm "Fmmphrslgtk Vhia Hsthhl gdvhdtmry" (Fmdd y Rghoh, 577:).

Ethdjghdjm ei fmdthdgjm jh ims hihlhdtms, qughd pudtþe eitm rhfmdmfh quh hd reres mfesgmdhs sh hdfuhdtre fmd ud prmbihle quh dm puhje earmdter, quh dmrleilhdth sh ve e jmrlgr setgsahfkm jhi jhserrmiim jhi jìe y quh sh rhfmbre aåfgilhdth jh ims fmdtretghlpms, Ie phrsmde quh pudtþe benm ejlgth quh tghdh lås eitgbenms jh kulmr quh ie leymrìe, sus dhfhsgjejhs hlmfgmdeihs dm quhhståd setgsahfkes y quh sh sghdth fmlm sg dm pujghre fmdtrmier hi quh phquhões fmses ude y mtre vhz ih sgèd seighdjm lei. Ie rheftgvgjej (@-) hs ud fmlpmdhdth prgdfgpei jh ie jglhdsgöd jh Edsghjej, nudtm

Key mtrms esphftms jh ie fmdjufte F+ quh puhjhd su`hrgr mtressh fmrrhiefgmdhs. Smr fuedjm hnhlpim,shhihxelgded çxgtm y ie prhshdfge smfgei puhjhd hster subyefhdths mdje rhiefgöd pmsgtgve hxgsthdth fmd verges hsfeies jhi FSG, teihs fmlm Rhsuitejms vìe dmrles, Rhsuitejms vìe gdjhphdjhdfge. Fepefgjej jh dgvhi eitm y Srhshdfge smfgei. Zelbgçd sh rhiefgmde pmsgtgvelhdth fmd ie

fmd ie Qg`giedfge (I+), ie Eprhdsgöd (3+) y ie Zhdsgöd (U:+). Ims eutmrhs jhi Leduei mrg`gdei su`ghrhd quh ie phrfhpfgöd jh ud shdtglghdtm jh gdfepefgjej pere ejeptersh e ie vgje y sus jhledjes fmdtrgbuyh e hse shdsefgöd edsgmse. Ie Hstebgigjej hlmfgmdei (F+) dm tghdh seturefgöd hd- ie jglhdsgöd jh Eutm-Fmdtrmi, phrm sì tghdh rhiefgmdhs lmjhrejes fmd jms jh, sus fmlpmdhdths> Ethdfgöd e ies dmrles (@+) y preftgfgjej (L).

Shrspgfefge y ie Hagfefge hd im gdthihftuei jhi FSG, pmsgbihlhdth pere gdjgfer quh ie phrsmde hstebih (F+) suhih vhr leymrhs pmsgbgigjejhs. Vh pmjrìe su`hrgr telbgçd ie Gdgfgetgve e pertgr jh ie rhiefgöd pmsgtgve fmd ie Gdjhphdjhdfge jhi fmd FSG. udes Agdeilhdth, hsfeie sh fmdhxgmde buhdesie jhahdses, jeje ie rhiefgöd dhètgve fmd ie Quidhrebgigjej jhi DHM y quh hi iejm rheftgvm (F-) sh fmdhfte fmd ie Jhahdsgvgjej jhi SRA.

JMLGDEDFGE (H)

Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde.,. (H-) Jhahrhdth, fmmphretgve, quh hvgte ims fmdaigftms (H+) Jmlgdedth, eshrtgve y fmlphtgtgve Hste hsfeie glpigfe ie thdjhdfge e hnhrfhr ie vmiudtej jh udm lgslm smbrh Ge jh Gms jhlås (H+), hd iuèr jh efmlmjersh e ims jhshms jh mtrms (H-). Qe lås eiiå jh ie sglpih eshrtgvgjej? hd ies sgtuefgmdhs hd ies quh çste sgrvh pere prmth`hr Gms jhshms, jhrhfkms m thrrhdm prmpgm ie Jmlgdedfge

sgrvh pere subyuèr ims jhshms jh ims jhlås e ims prmpgms (K. B, Fetthii, 57;75776, på`s. 1;-17). Xde pudtuefgöd eite dm higlgde ie pmsgbgigjej jh quh hi sunhtm she lås eshrtgvm quh e`rhsgvm. Vgd hlber`m, ie leymrìe jh

07

hstms H+ suhihd lmstrersh hsamrzejms hd

hdarhdterìe y shùgrìe ies mrghdtefgmdhs jh

ledgahster y mpgdgmdhs eudquh dmsus sh jhshms ies keyed phjgjm)(gdfiusm y hd fmdshùgr im quh qughrhd. Vh sghdthd igbrhs pere frgtgfer e ims jhlås h gdthdter fmdtrmier ie fmdjufte jh çstms. Vg ie jmlgdedfge puhjh iihver e ude hxg`hdfge jh prhshdfge smfgei, hd hi hxtrhlm puhjh iihèr e eighder e equhiims quh dm jhshed shr subyuèjms.

ims elg`ms sg hstuvghred phrjgjms hd ude fgujej jhsfmdmfgje, y quh jhne peser hi thle sg eiùghd kefh ei`m quh ih lmihste m hstmrbe.

Ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd bene tghdjh e hvgter hi fmdaigftm esgdtghdjm e ims jhshms jh ims mtrms, Dm suhih "piedter fere" y pmspmdh sus jhshms y shdtglghdtms. Xde pmsture hxe`hreje eighdery e qughd jhahrhdth jhshe ude pmsture puhjh hsamrzeje pertgfgpetgve. Ie Jmlgdedfge (H+) hs ude jh ies hsfeies prglerges (nudtm e, pmr hnhlpim, ie Vhdsgbgigjej 5+) quh jgahrhdfge fierelhdth e elbms shxms. Ies lunhrhs mbtghdhd

Ie Jmlgdedfge (H+) hs ie hsfeie quh fmdtrgbuyh lås e ie jglhdsgöd jh Gdjhphdjhdfge, nudtm fmd Etrhvglghdtm (K+), Qg`giedfge (I+) y Ephrture ei felbgm (U5+). Sere shr gdjhphdjghdth, ie phrsmde tghdh quh hsamrzersh hd tmler jhfgsgmdhs, shr eshrtgve h gdthdter gdaiugr hd ims jhlås. Ie hsfeie H fmlm lhjgje jh ie Jmlgdedfge puhjh vhrsh veigjeje pmr sus rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd ies hsfeies jh Jmlgdedfge y E`rhsgöd jhi SRA, fmd ie jh Jmlgdedfge jhi FSG y fmd ie Eshrtgvgjej jhi DHM. Vus esphftms jh gdjhphdjhdfge sh pmdhd jh ledgaghstm hd sus rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd ies hsfeies jh Gdjhphdjhdfge

pudtuefgmdhs ig`hrelhdth jhfgr, smd lås jhahrhdths.

gdahrgmrhs,

hs

Vg sh etghdjh ei fmdthdgjm jh ims hihlhdtms, ie phrsmde H+ ledgaghste quh sh sghdth fmdamrtebih glpertghdjm gdstruffgmdhs e ie `hdth, quh puhjh iihèr e shr jure h gdfgsgve fuedjm shr hjufeje dm je rhsuitejms, y quh im hxprhse fierelhdth sg fmdsgjhre hrrödhm hi rezmdelghdtm jh mtre phrsmde. Hd hi mtrm pmim, ie phrsmde H- suhih shr lås fmmphretgve quh eshrtgve, quh dm sh

y Eutmefhptefgöd jhi FSG y hd su rhiefgöd dhètgve fmd ie jh Vulgsgöd jhi SRA, Vg dm hs phrfgbgje fmlm luy pmiçlgfe, ie phrsmde jmlgdedth puhjh hnhrfhr ud auhrth prhjmlgdgm smfgei, tei fmlm gdjgfed sus rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd ies hsfeies jh Vmfgebgigjej y Srhshdfge smfgei jhi FSG, ie jh Hxkgbgfgöd jhi SRA y ie aefhte jh Fmlphthdfge jhi DHM. Vgd hlber`m, su jhshm jh ledgpuier e ims jhlås pere fmdtrmierihs sh ledgaghste hd ie fmrrhiefgöd dhètgve fmd ie aefhte jh Jhfgsgöd jhi DHM.

EDGLE FGMD (A) EDGLEFGMD Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde... (A-) Vhrge, rhprglgje y fugjejmse (A+) Edglmse, hspmdtådhe, eftgve y hdtusgeste

ie mbreiejhhxubhredfge K. B-, Fetthii (57;7-5776, på`s.Hd73-75), subyefhdth hd ie hsfeie A sh fmlpere fmd ie deturei eutmhxprhsgöd y hspmdtedhgjej quh ledgaghste hi dgõm edths jh esulgr hi eutmfmdtrmi jh ie smfgeigzefg smfgeigzefgöd. öd. Xde phrsmde A+ hs hdtusgeste, hspmdtådhe y jhshmse jh ethdfgöd? hs eftgve y

jeje e hxtrhle hstgluier puhjh ies sgtuefgmdhs Xde A+ rhaihner ud smfgeihs. esphftm feprgfkmsm fmdsgjhrejm fmlm Gdlejurm y pmfm agebih. Hste edglefgöd y bþsquhje jh ethdfgöd jhi sunhtm A+ puhjh tmler prmpmrfgmdhs gdeprmpgejes hd jhthrlgdejes sgtuefgmdhs, hsphfgeilhdth fuedjm çstes hxg`hd rhfetm y rhsphtm.

;3

Hd fmdtresth, ie phrsmde A- tghdjh e

Hstm puhjh hxpigfer ie fmdtrgbufgöd jh ie

tmler vgje lås shrgelhdth? hs lås iieje mieepeèje, fugjejmse y lhdms jejefe-e ie jgvhrsgöd? tghdjh e gdkgbgr su hspmdtedhgjej, e vhfhs keste hi pudgö jh perhfhr rhprglgje m fgrfudsphfte. Eudquh sh ie vhe fmlm lejure, tei vhz dm sh - ie phrfgbe fmlm jgvhrtgje.

Edglefgöd (A+) jh ei pmim dm rhprglgjm m benm jh ie jglhdsgöd Eutm-Fmdtrmi jhi 51SA-8.

Ethdjghdjm ei fmdthdgjm jh ims hihlhdtms, hi sunhtm A+ jgfh quh ih ùste hster hd lhjgm jh lufke eftgvgjej y hxfgtefgöd, quh prhaghrh vhstgr e ie lmje y mrg`gdei y quh prhaghrh hlpiher ude terjh fmd ims elg`ms hd ude aghste edgleje. Ie phrsmde eagrler quh prhaghrh hster mfupeje A-hdsuhih ude terhe tredqugie e ie quh thdè eagfgöd quh hster hd ude rhudgöd edgleje, quh dm ih jgvghrth lufkm hi råpgjm y vgvez kulmr jh eiùdes shrghs jh thihvgsgöd, y quh frhh lås hd shr fierelhdth shrge hd ie vgje fmtgjgede quh shùgr hi jgfkm "Jgvgçrthth y sç ahigz".

Ims esphftms gdthrphrsmdeihs jh su fmdhxgöd fmd ie Hxtrevhrsgöd sh puhjhd eprhfger hd ies rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd tmjes ies aefhtes jh Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi DHM, hsphfgeilhdth fmd Bþsquhje jh hxfgtefgöd y Vmfgebgigjej, fmd ie prhahrhdfge Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi LBZG, fmd ies hsfeies jh Vmfgebgigjej y Srhshdfge smfgei jhi FSG, y fmd- ies jh Eagigefgöd y Hxkgbgfgöd jhi SRA. Ejhlås, key rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves- fmd ies hsfeies Hxkgbgfgöd y Jgvhrsgöd epmyed hijhhdamquh hxprhsgvm gdaedtgi jhquh ie Edglefgöd (A+)? hi esphftm Gdfmdtrmiejm jh A+ sh luhstre pmr su rhiefgöd dhètgve fmd hi Eutmfmdtrmi jhi FSG y su rhiefgöd pmsgtgve fmd ie Glpuisgvgjej jhi SRA.

quh shùgr hi jgfkm Jgvgçrthth y sç ahigz . Ie hsfeie A fmdtrgbuyh hd hi pmim pmsgtgvm jh ie jglhdsgöd jh Hxtrevhrsgöd, nudtm fmd Eaebgigjej (E+) y Etrhvglghdtm (K+), y ims pmims benms jh Srgvefgjej (D-) y Eutmsuagfghdfge (U2-). Hste hsfeie epmrte udms esphftms jh hxubhredfge smfgei (ud hspìrgtu edglejm h glpuisgvm) quh dm tghdhd ims jhlås fmlpmdhdths jh ie Hxtrevhrsgöd. EZHDFGÖD E IE IEV V DMRLEV (@)

Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde... (@-) Gdfmdamrlgste, luy suye h Gdjui`hdth G djui`hdth (@+) Ethdte e ies dmrles, fulpigjmre y amrlei Ie hsfeie eprhfge hi `rejm hd quh ies

Xde phrsmde-@+ tghdjh e phrfgbgrsh e sì

dmrles fuitureihs jh im fmrrhftm/gdfmrrhftm sh ked gdthrgmrgzejm y sh hlpihed pere `mbhrder ie fmdjufte kulede (Fetthii, 5703, på`. ;7). Hste vergebih sh ke esmfgejm fmd hi fmdfhptm psgfmedeiìtgfm jhi "suphrh`m", hd hi quh ims gjheihs lmreihs jh ie fuiture y hi elbghdth sh gdthrgmrgzed pere fmdtrmier ims glpuisms eutm`retgagfedths jhi "hiim".

lgsle fmlm shùgjmre jh ies rhìes, ims prgdfgpgms y ims buhdms lmjeihs. Hd hjgfgmdhs prhvges jhi 51SA, ie phrsmde @+ sh jhsfrgbìe fmlm equhiie quh sh ejnujgfebe ims veimrhs fuitureihs fmdvhdfgmdeihs hd sus rhspuhstes e ims hihlhdtms jh Gj hsfeie (K. B. Fetthii, 57;7-5773, på`. 553)? hstms veimrhs hred ims quh sh fmdsgjhrebed "prmpgms" jh ie fuiture mffgjhdtei (XVE,

;5

Hurmpe jhi Dmrth? y prmpgms jh ie çtgfe

ude

purgtede prmthstedth).

jmselhdth hd jhbhrìe im quh hsgdsgstgr .fmrrhftm y nustm, quh ie `hdth hd quh ies dmrles lmreihs shed shùgjes hstrgftelhdth, y quh ih je lås veimr y rhsphtm e ies dmrles y buhdes ledhres quh e shr igbrh jh kefhr im quh sh jhshh. Hd hi mtrm pmim, ie phrsmde @- jgfh quh ie leymrìe jh ies dmrles sh ked khfkm pere dm fulpigries fuedjm keye buhdes rezmdhs pere hiim, quh ih grrgte quh ie `hdth gdsgste hd quh sgè ies lìdgles rhìes jh shùrgjej, y quh shr igbrh pere kefhr im quh sh jhshh hs lås glpmrtedth quh thdhr buhdms lmjeihs y

Hste phrsmde ’fulpigjmre" pmdh çdaesgs

hd ie glpmrtedfge jhi shùglghdtm jh ies rhùiefgmdhs, y sh jhagdh e sì lgsle fmlm "ethdte e ie dmrle", amrlei y phrshvhredth. Hd rheigjej, e feuse jh su jm`letgslm, puhjh shr fmdsgjhreje smbrge, Gdaihxgbih m rì`gje fmdsg`m lgsle. Ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd bene suhih hsqugver ies rhìes, bghd pmrquh hd hiie sh ke jhserrmiiejm jh lmjm luy pmbrh hi shdtgjm jh im fmrrhftm/gdfmrrhftm (hs jhfgr, aeite jh veimrhs lmreihs gdthrgmrgzejms), bghd pmrquh sh ejsfrgbhd e veimrhs quh dm hståd söigjelhdth besejms hd usms fmdvhdfgmdeihs e ie kmre jh jhfgjgr quç rhìes y prgdfgpgms jhbhrìed `mbhrder sus effgmdhs. Hi fmlpmrtelgh fmlpmrtelghdtm dtm "gdfmdamrlgs "gdfmdamrlgste" te" jhi sunhtm @-, perhfh glpigfer ie dhfhsgjej

jhfgsgöd

sghlprh

pghdse

fugje-

rhsphter ies dmrles. Ie hsfeie @ fmdtrgbuyh pmsgtgvelhdth e ie jglhdsgöd jh Eutm-Fmdtrmi Eutm-Fmdtr mi y fmrrhiefgmde fmd ims jhlås fmlpmdhdths jh ie lgsle? Vhrghjej (A-), Sreftgfgjej (L-) y Shrahffgmdgslm (U6+). Zelbgçd prhshdte

jh eutmdmlìe, ie dhfhsgjej jh jhner im shrim y ie dhfhsgjej jh aihxgbgigjej, tei fmlm im luhstred sus rhiefgmdhs fmd mtres lhjgjes jh ie phrsmdeigjej. Ie phrsmde @- puhjh thdhr jgagfuitejhs pere enustersh e dmrles y rhìes hstrgftes. Hs glpmrtedth jhthrlgder sg hd hi @- key ud aeiim hd hi jhserrmiim jh dmrles lmreihs m sg sglpihlhdth sgùh dmrles dm fmdvhdfgmdeihs. Hd fueiqughr fesm, su fmdjufte söim sh puhjh prhjhfgr fuedjm sh fmdmfhd ims prgdfgpgms y lmtgvefgmdhs quh ùìed jgfkes dmrles. Key mtres hsfeies prglerges quh puhjhd su`hrgr pmsgbihs aeftmrhs quh gdaiuyhd hd ie aeite jh eutmfmdtrmi jhi gdfmdamrlgste @-, hsphfgeilhdth equhiies fmd ies quh hstå fmrrhiefgmdeje. Key fmdhxgmdhs hdtrh ims veimrhs esulgjms pmr ie phrsmde "fulpigjmre" @+ y ie jhshebgigjej smfgei, puhstm quh sh mbshrved fmrrhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves y sg`dgagfetgves fmd Ledgpuiefgöd jh ie gle`hd (hsfeie LG)? hs jhfgr, shùgr ies dmrles hs smfgeilhdth lås jhshebih quh ejlgtgr quh udm dm ies sgùh. Ethdjghdjm ei fmdthdgjm jh ims hihlhdtms, ie phrsmde @+ eagrle quh ei tmler

fmrrhiefgmdhs lmjhrejes fmd ie Hstebgigjej (F+) y ie rhienefgöd (U:-), prmbebihlhdth pere gdjgfer quh hi shùglghdtm jh im fmdvhdfgmdei suhih prmvmfer lhdms edsghjej quh hi ethdter e ies fmdvhdfgmdhs. Key ude rhiefgöd lmjhste fmd ie pmsture trejgfgmdei fuei esu`ghrh ude thdjhdfge e (U5-), quh ie im Ethdfgöd ies dmrles (@+) sh rhiefgmde fmd ie thdjhdfge trejgfgmdei (U5-) jh prhahrgr hi "stetus qum". Ie vergebih @+ tghdh ude hihveje fmrrhiefgöd fmd ies lhjgjes jh smfgeigzefgöd, fmdamrlgjej y fmdtrmi? esì, sh rhiefgmde pmsgtgvelhdth fmd ies hsfeies jh Eùedth, Mrjhd y Rhsuitejms jhi SRA, y dhètgvelhdth fmd ies dhfhsgjejhs jh Jgvhrsgöd, Glpuisgvgjej Glpuisgvgjej y Eutmdmlìe jh hsth Fuhstgmdergm. @+ telbgçd sh rhiefgmde pmsgtgvelhdth fmd ies aefhtes Jhbhr, Im`rm y Jhigbhrefgöd jh ie jh jglhdsgöd Vhdtgjm jh ie rhspmdsebgigjej jhi DHM? hd fuedtm ei FSG, sus rhiefgmdhs smd pmsgtgves fmd Rhspmdsebgigjej, Vmfgeigzefgöd, Eutmfmdtrmi, Buhde glprhsgöd y Rhsuitejms vìe dmrles, y dhètgve fmd Aihxgbgigjej. Hstms ìdjgfhs vghdhd e lmstrer quh @+ fmdtghdh hihlhdtms jh phrshvhredfge,

;2

fmdtrmi jh ims glpuisms, dhfhsgjej jh mrjhd

hre jh hsphrer, hi @> tghdh fmdhxgmdhs

y> jhshmrhspmdsebih, jh gdaiugr hdesìims fmlm jhlåsquh fmlm eiùghd ie gdaihxgbgigjej puhjh vhdgr jh ude pmsture "fmdamrlgste" rì`gje.

dhètgves fmdmtres ude lhjgjes, mrghdtefgöd eprhfgeje pmr teihsfmdtrmieje fmlm ieaefhte jhi Jhbhr jhi DHM, ies hsfeies jh Eutmfmdtrmi, Rhspmdsebgigjej y Vmfgebgigjej jhi FSG, esì fmlm ies jh Mrjhd, Gdthihftuei y Eùedth jhi SRA.

Key rhiefgmdhs sg`dgagfetgves hdtrh hi pmim "gdfmdamrlgste" @- y ie Eutmdmlìe, Jgvhrsgöd h Glpuisgvgjej jhi SRA. Zei fmlm

EZRHQGLGHDZM (K) Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde... (K-) Zìlgje, thlhrmse y fmkgbgje

(K+) Etrhvgje y shùre hd im smfgei y hlprhdjhjmre fuedjm fmdmfh e ude phrsmde, y quh sh Ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd eite (K+) sh suhih shdtgr jhsfmdfhrteje fuedjm jh fmdsgjhre e sì lgsle fmlm etrhvgje y prmdtm pese e shr hi fhdtrm jh ie ethdfgöd hd "evhdturhre" hdtrh ims `rupms smfgeihs, y dm luhstre fesg thlmr hd ies sgtuefgmdhs ud `rupm smfgei. smfgeihs. Vuhih gdgfger ims fmdteftms smfgeihs Hi Etrhvglghdtm (K+) fmdtrgbuyh ei pmim

y dm hs tìlgje fuedjm sh hdfuhdtre hd ud elbghdth duhvm. Serhfh hvgjhdth ud `rejm hihvejm jh dhfhsgjej jh hxkgbgfgöd phrsmdei hd hi pmim K+, fmd ei`m lås jh jmlgdedfge quh hd mtrms fmlpmdhdths jh ie Hxtrevhrsgöd. Ie quh pudtþe benm (K-) tghdjh e shr smfgeilhdth tìlgje, feute y vhr`mdzmse? ih rhsuite jgaìfgi kebier e ud `rupm jh `hdth. Hs pmsgbih ie hxphrghdfge subnhtgve jh dm hster fmdamrtebih, e ie vhz quh ude aeite jh eutmhstgle, edth ies sgtuefgmdhs duhves, smbrh tmjm hd ies gdthrphrsmdeihs. Hd rheigjej, hi Etrhvglghdtm (K+) hstå hdtrh ies vergebihs quh tghdhd rhiefgmdhs lås auhrths fmd ie prhjgffgöd jh ie Eutmhstgle lhjgedth hi fuhstgmdergm jh Fmmphrslgtk (Fmdd y Rghoh, 577:). E pertgr jhi fmdthdgjm jh ims hihlhdtms, ie phrsmde K+ jgfh quh ih rhsuite aåfgi fmlhdzer ude fmdvhrsefgöd fmd hxtreõms, quh hdfene prmdtm fuedjm sh udh e ud duhvm `rupm y quh dm ih fuhste kebier jhiedth jh ud `rupm dulhrmsm jh phrsmdes. Ie phrsmde K- suhih eagrler quh ih fuhste bestedth fmlhdzer ude fmdvhrsefgöd fmd hxtreõms, quh sh hdfuhdtre tìlgje y rhtreìje

pmsgtgvm jh ie jglhdsgöd Hxtrevhrsgöd nudtm fmd ie Eaebgigjej (E+) y ie Edglefgöd (A+) y hi pmim dhètgvm jh ie Srgvefgjej (D-) y ie Eutmsuagfghdfge (U2-). Vu fmdtrgbufgöd perhfh rhiefgmdersh lås fmd ud hstetus y fmd ie hxkgbgfgöd phrsmdei. K+ telbgçd Fmdtrgbuyh pmsgtgvelhdth e ie jglhdsgöd jh Gdjhphdjhdfge, nudtm fmd Jmlgdedfge (H+), Qg`giedfge (I+) y Ephrture ei felbgm (U5+). Ie fepefgjej jh gdthreftuer etrhvgjelhdth fmd mtres phrsmdes tghdh su pephi hd ie Gdjhphdjhdfge, Gdjhphdjhdfg e, pmrquh Glpigfe hihlhdtms jh phrsuesgöd y eutmhxprhsgöd. Ims esphftms gdthrphrsmdeihs quh rhiefgmded Etrhvglghdtm fmd Hxtrevhrsgöd smd hvgjhdths e pertgr jh ies fmrrhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd ie hsfeie jh Eagigefgöd jhi SRA, fmd ies jh Vmfgebgigjej y Srhshdfge smfgei jhi FSG, y fmd tmjes, ies aefhtes jh Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi DHM (hsphfgeilhdth fmd Eshrtgvgjej y Vmfgebgigjej). Hd hi SRA, hi ìdjgfh lås hihvejm hs pmsgtgvm y fmd ie Hxkgbgfgöd. Ies rhiefgmdhs hdtrh K+ y ie Jmlgdedfge jhi DHM, ie Jmlgdedfge jhi SRA y ies jh Jmlgdedfge, Srhshdfge smfgei y Fepefgjej

;6

jh dgvhi eitm jhi FSG, su`ghrhd ims esphftms

Quidhrebgigjej), y jh tgpm gdvhrsm fmd ie

jh jmlgdedfge yIe pmjhr hd ie jh eutmhxprhsgöd jh etrhvglghdtm. prhshdfge ie hsfeie K hd ie jglhdsgöd jh Gdjhphdjhdfge tghdh epmym hd ie rhiefgöd quh key hdtrh K y ie hsfeie jh Gdjhphdjhdfge jhi FSG. Ie pmsgbih prhshdfge jh ude hxphrghdfge subnhtgve jhsepefgbih hd hi pmim tìlgjm (K-) puhjh hxpigfersh pmr sus rhiefgmdhs fmd fuetrm jh ies aefhtes jhi Dhurmtgfgslm jhi DHM (Edsghjej, Jhprhsgöd, Gdshùrgjej y

hsfeie jh Eutmefhptefgöd jhi FSG. Agdeilhdth, key quh shõeier quh ie hsfeie K jhi 51AA-8 epmrte hi phsm prgdfgpei hd ie hfuefgöd jh prhjgffgöd jh ie Eutmhstgle tei fmlm hs lhjgje pmr hi gdstrulhdtm jh Fmmphrslgtk edthrgmrlhdth fgtejm (Fmdd y Rghoh, 577:),

VHDVGBGIGJEJ (5) Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde.. (G-) Mbnhtgve, deje shdtglhdtei y utgigterge (5+) Vhdsgbih, hsthte y shdtglhdtei

Hi fmdthdgjm jh hste hsfeie jhi 51SA-8 epudte ei esphftm shdtglhdtei jh ie phrsmde? hs jhfgr, ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd eite (5+) tghdjh e beser sus nugfgms hd ùstms

nugfgm> Shdselghdtm arhdth e Vhdtglghdtm (K. B. Fetthii, 57;7-5773, på`s. 586-58:), y esì im hvgjhdfged ies fmrrhiefgmdhs mbshrvejes hd ims hstujgms jhi 51SA-8.

phrsmdeihs y veimrhs hstçtgfms, lghdtres quh ie phrsmde quh pudtþe benm (G-) suhih thdhr ud hdamquh lås utgigtergm. Ies phrsmde shdsgbih (5+) sh epmye hd ie hlpetìe y hd ie shdsgbgigjej e ie kmre jh kefhr sus fmdsgjhrefgmdhs, lghdtres quh ie utgigterge (G-) luhstre lhdms shdtglghdtm y etghdjh lås e im mphretgvm jh ies fmses y jhi trebenm, Ie 5+ suhih shr lås rhagdeje hd sus gdthrhshs y ùstms, y lås shdtglhdtei quh su pmim mpuhstm G-. Hd hi hxtrhlm i+, ie phrsmde sh epmye tedtm hd ims esphftms subnhtgvms jh ies sgtuefgmdhs quh puhjh peser pmr eitm ims esphftms lås audfgmdeihs. Hd hi mtrm pmim, ie phrsmde hxtrhle sh puhjh prhmfuper tedtm pmr ie utgigjej y ie mbnhtgvgjej, quh puhjh hxfiugr jh su fmdsgjhrefgöd ims shdtglghdtms jh ims jhlås. Fmlm suhih fmdfhjhr pmfm e ie vuidhrebgigjej, hi hxtrhlm G- puhjh hdfmdtrer prmbihles hd ies sgtuefgmdhs quh hxg`hd shdsgbgigjej. Rhahrgjm e hjgfgmdhs edthrgmrhs jhi 51SA, ie Vhdsgbgigjej sh ke rhiefgmdejm fmd hi fmdfhptm "nud`gedm" jh ie audfgöd jh

Ie shdsgbgigjej jh hste hsfeie hstå rhiefgmdeje fmd hsthrhmtgpms shxueihs, Zedtm ie shdsgbgigjej hlmfgmdei fmlm hi rhagdelghdtm sh phrfgbhd fmlm fueigjejhs jh "tgpm" ahlhdgdm, lghdtres quh ie rujhze y ie mbnhtgvgjej sh ejnujgfed ei hsthrhmtgpm lesfuigdm. Ie hsfeie G hs ie quh prhshdted leymrhs jgahrhdfges sg`dgagfetgves gdthrshxms (Nudtm e, pmr hnhlpim, ie Eaebgigjej y ie Jmlgdedfge). Ethdjghdjm ei fmdthdgjm jh ims hihlhdtms, sh puhjh vhr quh ie phrsmde quh pudtþe eitm eprhfge lås ie bhiihze jh ud pmhle quh ude hxfhihdth hstreth`ge jhpmrtgve, hd ie feiih sh jhthdjrìe lås edth ud ertgste pgdtedjm quh edth ud hjgagfgm hd fmdstruffgöd, y prhaghrh ies buhdes dmvhies u mbres jh thetrm. Hd hi mtrm pmim, ie phrsmde hd sus ihftures prhaghrh ie effgöd rheigste e ude dmvhie gle`gdetgve, hstå lås gdthrhseje hd ies fmses lhfådgfes y hs buhde e ie kmre jh errhìeries, y hd su gdaedfge hlpihebe lås tghlpm hd kefhr fmses quh hd ie ihfture.

;:

Ie Vhdsgbgigjej (5+) hs udm jh ims prgd-

ie mbnhtgvgjej dm hlmfgmdei jh ie phrsmde

fgpeihs jhi pmim benm phrm (rhfhptgvm) fmlpmdhdths jh ie jglhdsgöd Jurhze, telbgçd prhshdte rhiefgmdhs jh tgpm lhjgm fmd mtres hsfeies jhi 51SA-8. Vus fmrrhiefgmdhs leymrhs smd fmd Ephrture ei felbgm (U5+), Ebstreffgöd (L+) y Eaebgigjej (E+) quh telbgçd setured hd hi pmim benm jh hse lgsle jglhdsgöd ìmbei, Jurhze.

quh dm sh imphrlgth sì lgsle ie vuidhrebgigjej, fuei hs egdkhrhdth jhi pmim benm jh ie hsfeie G.

Ie hsfeie 5+ telbgçd luhstre phquhões fmrrhiefgmdhs fmd hi pmim rheftgvm"- (F-) jh ie Hstebgigjej, hi pmim sulgsm (J-) jh ie Jmlgdedfge y hi pmim gdfmdamrlgste (@-) jh ie Ethdfgöd ies tedtm, dmrles. Ie phrsmde utgigterge (G-), epmr puhjh lmstrer thdjhdfge e shr hlmfgmdeilhdth lejure, jmlgdedth y ethdte e ie dmrletgve. Hsth petröd jh fmdjufte sh ejhfþe e ie dmfgöd jh

Suhste hd rhiefgöd fmd mtrms gdstrulhdtms, ie hsfeie hstå luy fmrrhiefgmdeje fmd trhs aefhtes jh ie Ephrture jhi DHM, fmd Hstçtgfe, Aedtesìe y Vhdtglghdtms. Srhshdte rhiefgöd pmsgtgve fmd ies prhahrhdfges jh Vhdtglghdtm h Gdtugfgöd jhi LBZG. Hd hi fesm jhi gdstrulhdtm SRA, luhstre rhiefgöd sg`dgagfetgve fmd ies hsfeies jh Fmlprhdsgöd y Kugje jhi jeõm, y hd hi jhi FSG fmd ie Ahlgdgjej/Lesfuigdgjej.

QG@GIEDFGE (I)

hsfeie

jh

Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde... (I-) Fmdageje, sgd smsphfk smsphfkes es y ejeptebih ejeptebih (I+) Qg`giedth, suspgfez, hsfçptgfe y prhfevgje Hd hste hsfeie prglerge hstå subyefhdth hi fmdtgdum quh ve jhsjh ie thdjhdfge e fmdager (I-) keste ie pmsture jh vg`giedth edth ims lmtgvms h gdthdfgmdhs jh ims jhlås. Ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd eite frhh quh dm hs bghd fmlprhdjgje m quh ims jhlås sh puhjhd eprmvhfker jh hiie, y sh vh jgahrhdth jh ie leymrìe. Hste phrsmde puhjh shr gdfepez jh rhiener su Qg`giedfge (I+) hd sgtuefgmdhs hd ies quh shrìe eprmpgejm kefhrim. Hd hi hxtrhlm, su jhsfmdagedze puhjh thdhr vgsms jh edglmsgjej, tei fmlm im su`ghrhd sus fmrrhiefgmdhs fmd mtres vergebihs. Hd mfesgmdhs, hste pmsture vg`giedth hs ude rhspuhste e fgrfudstedfges jh ie vgje (pmr hnhlpim, fuedjm hs lghlbrm jh ude lgdmrìe refgei u mprglgje). Ie phrsmde quh pudtþe benm suhih hsphrer ud tretelghdtm nustm y ihei, y buhdes gdthdfgmdhs hd ims jhlås. Ie fmdagedze (I-) sh suhih rhiefgmder fmd ude shdsefgöd jh

bghdhster y jh rhiefgmdhs setgsaeftmrges, tei fmlm im su`ghrhd sus rhiefgmdhs fmd mtres lhjgjes. Vgd hlber`m, ims jhlås sh puhjhd eprmvhfker jh ude phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd bene hxtrhle, pmrquh çste dm tmle hd fmdsgjhrefgöd ies lmtgvefgmdhs jh ims mtrms. Ie hsfeie I prhshdte fmrrhiefgöd sg`dgagfetgve fmd ie jh Ledgpuiefgöd jh ie gle`hd (LG)? hi pmim benm, ie fmdagedze (I-), hs hi smfgeilhdth jhshebih. E pertgrsu`hrgr jhi fmdthdgjm jh ims hihlhdtms sh puhjh quh ie phrsmde I+ eagrle quh key ude `red jgahrhdfge hdtrh im quh ie `hdth jgfh y im quh kefh, quh sg udm hs aredfm y ebghrtm ims jhlås gdthdted eprmvhfkersh, quh prmbebihlhdth dm sç puhjh fmdager hd lås jh ie lgtej jh ie `hdth, y quh hs efhrtejm hster hd ùerjge fmd ims quh kebied jh lmjm elebih. Ies

;8

mpgdgmdhs edthrgmrhs smd "aeises" pere ie

mpgdgöd jh ims jhlås hd I- sh rhaihned hd ie

phrsmde I-. Ie Qg`giedfge (I+) fmdtrgbuyh e ie jglhdsgöd Edsghjej, nudtm ei pmim benm (F-) jh ie Hstebgigjej, e ie Eprhdsgöd (M+) y e ie Zhdsgöd (U:+). Hsth pmim I+ telbgçd fmdtrgbuyh e ie jglhdsgöd jh Gdjhphdjhdfge, nudtm e Jmlgdedfge (H+), Etrhvglghdtm (K+) y Ephrture ei felbgm (U5 +).

rhiefgöd ie hsfeie (I+) jh Buhde glprhsgöd jhi FSÌ, fmd Ie Qg`giedfge sh rhiefgmde fmd trhs aefhtes jhi Dhurmtgfgslm jhi DHM> Edsghjej, Kmstgigjej/hdaejm y Jhprhsgöd. Ejhlås, I+ sh rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd ie hsfeie jh Vhdsefgöd jh bghdhster jhi FSG.

Ie lås hihveje jh ies fmrrhiefgmdhs fmd mtrms gdstrulhdtms hs hdtrh I- y ie aefhte jh Fmdagedze hd ims jhlås jhi DHM. Ims fmlpmdhdths jh bmdjej hxgsthdths hd I- sh rhaihned hd su rhiefgöd fmd ie Hlpetìe y Zmihredfge jhi FSG? ims esphftms jh buhde

Ims fmlpmdhdths jh e`rhsgvgjej y edglmsgjej jh I+ sh rhaihned hd ies rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd ie Kmstgigjej/hdaejm jhi DHM y fmd ies hsfeies jh E`rhsgöd y Jhahdsgvgjej jhi SRA.

EB VZREFFGMD (L) EBVZREFFGMD Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde... (L-) Sråftgfe, fmd ims pghs hd tghrre .y-rheigste (L+) Ebstreìje, gle`gdetgve h gjheigste

Hste hsfeie L epudte ei tgpm jh thles y fmses e ies quh ude phrsmde jgrg`h su ethdfgöd y phdselghdtm. Ie phrsmde ebstreìje (L+) hstå lås mrghdteje e ims prmfhsms lhdteihs h gjhes quh e ims esphftms pråftgfms? hd hi mtrm pmim, ie phrsmde pråftgfe (L-) sh mrghdte kefge ies shdsefgmdhs, ims jetms mbshrvebihs y ie rheigjej elbghdtei pere amrler sus phrfhpfgmdhs. Hd ies hjgfgmdhs prhvges jhi 51SA (Fetthii, K. B— 57;7, på`s. 575-572), ie hsfeie sh fmdhftebe, jhdtrm jh ie thmrìe jh Nud`, fmd ies audfgmdhs phrfhptgves jh Gdtugfgöd (L+) arhdth e Vhdsefgöd (L-). Hd hses hjgfgmdhs prhvges, ude pudtuefgöd eite rhaihne lås ude gdthdse vgje gdthrgmr quh ude prmyhffgöd kefge im elbghdtei, y sh esmfge fmd ie gle`hd jh ud prmahsmr "jgstreìjm" (Oru`, 57;5, på`. ;). Ie phrsmde L+ hs ebstreìje, hs jhfgr, hstå mfupeje5 phdsedjm, gle`gdedjm, aedteshedjm y, e lhdujm, hdsglgsleje hd sus phdselghdtms. Fmlm fmdtresth, ie .phrsmde L- sh jhagdh fmlm pråftgfe, y sh mrghdte lås kefge hi elbghdth y sus hxg`hdfges? eudquh hste phrsmde L- puhje

phdser hd tçrlgdms pråftgfms y "fmd ims pghs hd tghrre", puhjh dm shr fepez jh `hdhrer smiufgmdhs pmsgbihs pere ims prmbihles. Hd rheigjej, ude phrsmde L- hxtrhle puhjh iihèr e shr ted fmdfrhte y igthrei quh "ims årbmihs dm ih jhned vhr hi bmsquh". Smr mtre perth, ud phdselghdtm ebstreìjm L+ puhjh iihver e ie `hdhrefgöd jh lufkes gjhes y rhiefgmdersh fmd ie frhetgvgjej (Rghoh, @uesthiim y Fmdd, 577:)? sgd hlber`m, hs pmsgbih quh- hse ebudjedth `hdhrefgöd jh gjhes dm thdè hd fuhdte ims esphftms pråftgfms (phrsmdes, prmfhsms y sgtuefgmdhs). Xd sunhtm hxtrhlejelhdth ebstreìjm (L+) e vhfhs perhfh phrjhr hi fmdtrmi jh su ethdfgöd m jh ie sgtuefgöd, y hd mfesgmdhs gdamrle quh ke thdgjm prmbihles m effgjhdths e feuse jh sus prhmfupefgmdhs. Ejhlås ie hsfeie L pmdjhre dhètgvelhdth hd ie jglhdsgöd ìmbei jh Eutm-Fmdtrmi, hs jhfgr, ie phrsmde ebstreìje (L+) hs pmfm eutmfmdtrmieje. Ethdjghdjm ei fmdthdgjm jh ims hihlhdtms, ie phrsmde L+ ejlgth quh pmdh lås ethdfgöd hd ims phdselghdtms y ih

;1

gle`gdefgöd quh hd ies fmses pråftgfe' quh.

Suhste ie hsfeie hd rhiefgöd fmd mtrms

ih rmjhed, quh e vhfhs sh hdfuhdtrh hdaresfeje hd sus phdselghdtms quh, e ted dm shr quh seiè jh hiims, pghrjh ie dmfgöd jhi tghlpm y jhsmrjhde m dm hdfuhdtre sus fmses, y quh e vhfhs pese pmr eitm ims jhteiihs pråftgfms pmrquh hstå luy gdthrhseje hd ies gjhes. Hd hi mtrm pmim, ie phrsmde L- fmdsgjhre quh sus phdselghdtms tghdjhd lås e `grer smbrh fmses rheigstes y pråftgfes, quh e gle`gder m phdser efhrfe jh fmses smbrh hiie lgsle, sghlprh hstå kefghdjm fmses pråftgfes quh dhfhsgted shr khfkes, y, agdeilhdth, quh sus gjhes smd

gdstrulhdtms, eperhfh ude rhiefgöd gdthdse hdtrh ie Ebstreffgöd (L+) y ieluy Gdtugfgöd jhi LBZG y hdtrh hi pmim benm (L-) y ie Vhdsefgöd jh hsth LBZG? hd hsth lgslm LBZG ie hsfeie L sh rhiefgmde telbgçd pmsgtgvelhdth fmd ie Shrfhpfgöd y dhètgvelhdth fmd hi Nugfgm, im fuei su`ghrh quh ie phrsmde pråftgfe (L-) sh mrghdte lås kefge ims prmfhsms mbnhtgvms y mbshrvebihs quh kefge ims jh phdselghdtm h gdtugfgöd.

rheigstes y pråftgfes. Ie leymr fmrrhiefgöd jh ie hsfeie L hs fmd ie hsfeie @? hs ud ìdjgfh dhètgvm y su`ghrh ie fmdhxgöd hdtrh shr ude phrsmde ebstreìje y ude phrsmde gdjui`hdth. Zelbgçd sh rhiefgmde fmd ie Ephrture ei

rhiefgmded fmd frhetgvgjej y ephrture e ies gjhes, pmrquh sh mbshrved rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves hdtrh L y ie hsfeie jh Felbgm jhi SRA y verges aefhtes jh ie Ephrture jhi DHM, teihs fmlm Aedtesìe, Hstçtgfe, Vhdtglghdtms y Effgmdhs. Ie perth dm fmdvhdfgmdei jh ie phrsmde L+ eperhfh hd

Eudquh key ude esmfgefgöd hdtrh L- y jhshebgigjej smfgei, ies pudtuefgmdhs L+ sh

felbgm (U5+), gdjgfedjm quh hi lmjm jh shr ebstreìjm sh rhiefgmde fmd duhvms hdamquhs y smiufgmdhs pmfm fmdvhdfgmdeihs. Hi rhstm jh ies fmrrhiefgmdhs luhstre ie fmdhxgöd hdtrh ie Ebstreffgöd (L+) y ie aeite jh EutmFmdtrmi, jhagdgjm hd hi pmim benm (F-) jh ie Hstebgigjej y ie tmihredfge jhi jhsmrjhd (U6). Hste hsfeie fmdtrgbuyh telbgçd sustedfgeilhdth hd hi pmim benm jh ie jglhdsgöd Jurhze, nudtm fmd ie Eaebgigjej (E+), ie Vhdsgbgigjej (i+) y ie Ephrture ei felbgm (U6+). Ie vergebih sh rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd ie Ledgpuiefgöd jh ie gle`hd (LG), hs jhfgr, shr ude phrsmde pråftgfe (L-) hs smfgeilhdth lås jhshebih quh shr ude phrsmde ebstreìje (L+),

su rhiefgöd pmsgtgve fmd ie Eutmdmlìe jhi SRA y dhètgve fmd ies jh Vmfgeigzefgöd y Rhsuitejms vìe dmrles jhi FSG. Zelbgçd key ude rhiefgöd dhètgve fmd hi Eutmfmdtrmi y ie Vmfgeigzefgöd jhi FSG (esì fmlm fmd ie lhjgje jhi fmdvhdfgmdeigslm Q2 jh hsth FSG), fmd hi Mrjhd jhi SRA y fmd verges aefhtes jh ie jglhdsgöd Vhdtgjm jh ie rhspmdsebgigjej jhi DHM, teihs fmlm Fmlphthdfge, Mrjhd, Eutmjgsfgpigde y Jhigbhrefgöd? y hs jh tgpm pmsgtgvm fmd ie hsfeie jh Glpuisgvgjej jhi SRA. Agdeilhdth, key quh shõeier ie rhiefgöd dhètgve fmd ie hsfeie jh Vhdsefgöd jh bghdhster jhi FSG.

SRGQEFGJEJ (D) Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde... (D-) Ebghrte, `hdugdm, iiede y deturei (D+) Srgveje, feifuiejmre, jgsfrhte y quh? dm sh ebrh

Ie hsfeie eprhfge, hd hi pmim benm, ie thdjhdfge e ie detureigjej (D-) arhdth j ude pmsture prgveje y jh dm ephrture (D+). Hd hste vhrsgöd 51SA-8 hstå rhiefgmdeje fmd ie jglhdsgöd Hxtrevhrsgöd, su`grghdjm quh hste

ephrture m fghrrh hs perth jh ie mrghdtefgöd jh ie phrsmde. Ie phrsmde D+ jgfh quh prhaghrh "dm jhsfubrgr, su prmpgm nuh`m" edths quh "pmdhr

;0

tmjes ies fertes smbrh ie lhse". Hd hi mtrm

hd ie jglhdsgöd jh Hxtrevhrsgöd epudte e

pmim, ie phrsmde kebie fmd aefgigjej smbrh sì lgsle. Hd udD-fesm hxtrhlm, ie phrsmde D- suhih shr deturei hd sgtuefgmdhs hd ies quh shrìe lhnmr dm shrim? hstm puhjh rhaihner jhsgdthrçs m lghjm e ie pmsture jh fghrrh, tei fmlm im su`ghrhd eiùdes jh ies rhiefgmdhs mbshrvejes. Hdtrh hstes fmrrhiefgmdhs hstå ie jh tgpm dhètgvm hdtrh D y Ledgpuiefgöd jh ie gle`hd (LG), im fuei gdjgfe quh ie detureigjej (D-) hs hi pmim smfgeilhdth jhshebih.

ude rhiefgöd hdtrh ie Srgvefgjej pmr (D+) ysus ie gdtrevhrsgöd, hsphfgeilhdth fmlpmdhdths jh tglgjhz, rhshrve y eutmsuagfghdfge.

Ethdjghdjm ei fmdthdgjm jh ims hih-

Hste rhiefgöd hdtrh ie detureigjej (D-) y ie Hxtrevhrsgöd sh vh epmyeje pmr sus rhiefgmdhs fmd mtrms gdstrulhdtms> fmd tmfges ies aefhtes jh ie Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi DHM, fmd ie hsfeie hstrufturei QG (Mrghdtefgöd hxthrde) jhi FSG, esì fmlm fmd sus hsfeies jh Vmfgebgigjej, Srhshdfge smfgei y Fepefgjej jh dgvhi eitm. D+ prhshdte

lhdtms, ie phrsmde D+ ejhdtrms prhaghrh ùerjer sus prmbihles pere sus edths quh jgsfutgrims, fmd ims elg`ms, ih rhsuite jgaìfgi kebier smbrh thles phrsmdeihs y eagrle quh dm hs aåfgi gdtgler fmd hiie. Hd hi mtrm pmim, ie phrsmde D- jgfh quh suhih kebier fmd aefgigjej jh sus shdtglghdtms y quh dm hs jh

rhiefgmdhs fmd ies jh jh mtrms y jh dhètgves Eyuje/prmthffgöd jhi Fugjer SRA, esì fmlm fmd hi Vhdtglghdtm jhi LBZG, im fuei su`ghrh quh ie Srgvefgjej (D+) dm ve bghd fmd ie udgöd hlmfgmdei e mtre phrsmde. Ie phrsmde prgveje (D+) puhjh jhsfmdager jh ies jhlås, fmlm ih gdjgfe ie rhiefgöd

ies phrsmdes quh jed rhspuhstes hsfuhtes e fuhstgmdhs phrsmdeihs. Jhdtrm jhi 51SA-8 ie hsfeie D+ sh rhiefgmdö fmd ie rhshrve (E-), ie tglgjhz (K-) y ie Eutmsuagfghdfgee (U2+)? hi phsm dhètgvm jh D Eutmsuagfghdfg

dhètgve fmd ie aefhte jh Fmdagedze hd ims jhlås jhi DHM, y telbgçd puhjh hster jhsfmdthdte fmdsg`m lgsle, tei fmlm im su`ghrhd sus rhiefgmdhs dhètgves fmd hi ìdjgfh jh Eutmrrheigzefgöd Q6 y ie hsfeie jh Eutm- efhptefgöd jhi FSG.

ESRHDVGÖD (M) Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmdm... (M-) Vhùre, jhsprhmfupeje y setgsahfkm (M+) Eprhdsgve, gdshùre y prhmfupeje

Xde phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd eite (3+) sh prhmfupe jh ies fmses y tghdh shdtglghdtms jh eprhdsgöd h gdshùrgjej. E vhfhs, hstms shdtglghdtms smd ude rhspuhste e ude sgtuefgöd pertgfuier, hd mtres hsms shdtglghdtms smd perth jh ud petröd ferefthrìstgfm jh fmdjufte quh sh ledgaghste hd tmjes ies sgtuefgmdhs jh ie vgje jh ude phrsmde. Ie prhmfupefgöd puhjh thdhr rhsuitejms pmsgtgvms, pmrquh ie phrsmde puhjh edtgfgper ims phig`rms jh ie sgtuefgöd y rhfmdmfhr ies fmdshfuhdfges jh udes effgmdhs, gdfiugjms ies jh tgpm gdthrphrsmdei. Vgd hlber`m ie phrsmde eprhdsgve (3+) suhih marhfhr ude Gle`hd smfgei pmbrh, tei

fmlm im luhstred mbshrvejes.

ies

rhiefgmdhs

Hd hi mtrm pmim, ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd bene (M-) suhih lmstrersh shùre, deje prhjgspuhste e ie eprhdsgöd dg jmlgdeje pmr ud shdtglghdtm jh gdejhfuefgöd. Hsth tgpm jh phrsmde sh prhshdte fmlm fmdageje y eutmsetgsahfke? sg su pudtuefgöd hs luy bene, hse fmdagedze puhjh shr bestedth agrlh, gdfiusm hd sgtuefgmdhs quh su`ghrhd ude eutmhveiuefgöd y felbgm? hd hstms fesms, ie eutmfmdagedze puhjh vhdgr jh ude dhèfgöd jh ims esphftms phymretgvms jhi ym.

;;

Zelbgçd key hihlhdtms jh jhshebgigjej

Hste prhshdfge jh M+ hd ie jglhdsgöd

smfgei hste hsfeie, y hs hi pmim benm (M-) hi låshd jhshebih.

jh Edsghjej vghdh ude eveieje pmrshgs susaefhtes fmrrhiefgmdhs fmd feje jh ies jhi Dhurmtgfgslm jh DHM (hsphfgeilhdth Edsghjej, Gdshùrgjej y Jhprhsgöd). Ie dmfgöd jh quh ie phrsmde M+ puhje shr gdshùre hd sgtuefgmdhs smfgeihs m hd rhiefgöd fmd ims jhlås jh su fmdagrlefgöd hd ies rhiefgmdhs dhètgves quh eperhfhd fmd ies hsfeies jh Eutmefhptefgöd, Gdjhphdjhdfge. Fepefgjej jh dgvhi eitm. Srhshdfge smfgei y Jmlgdedfge jhi FSG, fmd ies hsfeies jh Jmlgdedfge hxkgbgfgöd jhi SRA y fmd ie aefhte jh eshrtgvgjej jhi DHM.

E pertgr jhi fmdthdgjm jh sus hihlhdtms sh mbshrve quh ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd eite hs shdsgbih, sh prhmfupe jhlesgejm jh ies fmses quh ke khfkm, sh sghdth khrgje sg hs ejhlås dm ie efhpted y suhih shr luy eutmfrìtgfe. Ie phrsmde M- eagrle quh sh prhmfupe lhdms quh ie leymrìe, quh sh phrturbe sg dm hs efhpteje pmr im jhlås dg sh hdfuhdtre rulgedjm im quh jhbghre kebhr jgfkm phrm quh dm jgfh. Hi pmim eitm fmdtrgbuyh sustedfgeilhdth e ie jglhdsgöd Edsghjej, nudtm fmd bene Hstebgigjej y bene Qg`giedfge (I-) y hihveje Zhdsgöd, hs jhfgr, 3+ hs ud fmlpmdhdth jh hstejms edsgmsms.

Hd hi pmim mpuhstm M- sh rhiefgmded fmd ies hsfeies jh Eutmefhptefgöd y Vhdsefgöd jh bghdhster jhi FSG.

ESHRZXRE E I FE FELBGM LBGM (U5) Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde... (UG -) Zrejgfgmdei y ephèje e im aelgiger (Ui +) Ebghrte ei felbgm, hxphrglhd hxphrglhdtei tei y edeiìtgfe

Ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd eite (U5+) suhih phdser hd fölm lhnmrer ies fmses y ih ùste hxphrglhdter fmd hiies? sg mbshrvequh im hxgsthdth dm ih setgsaefh m hs pmfm ejhfuejm, sh gdfigde pmr hi felbgm. Vgd hlber`m ie phrsmde Ui- prhaghrh ims lmjms trejgfgmdeihs y fmdmfgjms jh vhr ies fmses? dm .sh fuhstgmde fölm hståd khfkes ies fmses y prhaghrh im aelgiger y prhjgftgbih, eudquh hse amrle jh vgvgr dm she ie gjhei. Vh`þd hi fmdthdgjm jh ims hihlhdtms, ie phrsmde U5+ suhih jhfgr quh ih ùste lås gdthdter duhvms lmjms jh kefhr ies fmses quh shùgr felgdms ye fmdmfgjms, quh hdfuhdtre lås Gdthrhsedth e ie `hdth sg sus pudtms jh vgste smd jgahrhdths quh ims jh ie leymrìe, y quh ih eburrh y je suhõm hi trebenm quh ye ih hs aelgiger y kebgtuei. Vgd hlber`m ie phrsmde U5- eagrle quh hi trebenm quh ih hs aelgiger y kebgtuei ih je fmdagedze, quh hd hi amdjm dm ih ùsted ies phrsmdes quh smd "jgahrhdths" u mrg`gdeihs, y

quç ihs puhjhd sur`gr lås prmbihles e qughdhs sh fuhstgmded m felbged lçtmjms quh ye smd setgsaeftmrgms. setgsaeftmrgms. Jhdtrm jhi 51SA-8, ie hsfeie U5+ fmdtrgbuyh e ie jglhdsgöd jh Gdjhphdjhdfge, nudtm fmd Jmlgdedfge Jmlgdedfge (HH+), Etrhvglghdtm (K+) y Qg`giedfge (I+). Hste hsfeie U5+ telbgçd fmdtrgbuyh ei pmim benm, hi jh tgpm rhfhptgvm, jh ie Jurhze, nudtm fmd Eaebgigjej (E+), Vhdsgbgigjej (5+) y Ebstreffgöd (L+). Vus fmlpmdhdths jh gdfmdamrlgjej y ephrture e duhves gjhes sh rhaihned hd su fmrrhiefgöd fmd hi pmim benm (@-) jh ie Ethdfgöd e ies dmrles y hi pmim eitm (L+) jh ie Ebstreffgöd. Ie rhiefgöd hxgsthdth hdtrh ie ephrture e duhves gjhes y ie phrfhpfgöd lhjgedth prmfhsms Gdtugtgvms puhjh vhrsh hd ie fmrrhiefgöd quh key hdtrh U5+ y ie prhahrhdfge Gdtugfgöd jhi LBZG, ie hsfeie jh Fml-

;7

prhdsgöd jhi SRA y ies jh Shrspgfefge y

Qeimrhs).

Hi

esphftm

jh

lhdteigjej

Hagfghdfge gdthihftuei jhi FSG. Hste ephrture telbgçd sh rhaihne hd ie fmrrhiefgöd pmsgtgve fmd ies hsfeies jh Felbgm y Vhdtglghdtm jhi SRA, ie jh Aihxgbgigjej jhi FSG y fmd fesg tmjes ies aefhtes jh Ephrture jhi DHM (teihs fmlm Aedtesìe, Hstçtgfe, Effgmdhs, Gjhes y

gdjhphdjghdth jh ie phrsmde eperhfh hd su fmrrhiefgöd fmd ies U5+ hsfeies jh Gdjhphdjhdfge, Rhsuitejms vìe gdjhphdjhdfge y Fepefgjej jh dgvhi eitm jhi FSG, esì fmlm hd ie lmjhreje fmrrhiefgöd fmd ie hsfeie jh Eutmdmlìe jhi SRA.

EXZMVXAGFGHDFGE (U2) Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde,. (U2-) Vhùgjmre y sh Gdth`re hd hi `rupm

(U2+) Eutmsuagfghdth, gdjgvgjueigste y smigterge sgd gdthrrupfgmdhs dg su`hrhdfges jh mtrms, Hste hsfeie sh rhiefgmde fmd hi ledpuhjh peser aåfgilhdth ude leõede hdthre thdglghdtm jhi fmdteftm m prmxglgjej jh ims sgd thdhr dhfhsgjej jh kebier fmd eiùghd, y mtrms. Xde phrsmde U2+ hs eutmsuagfghdth, e ie kmre jh fmdstrugr m kefhr ei`m prhaghrh prhaghrh hster smie y tmler ies jhfgsgmdhs pmr trebener smie, Ie phrsmde U2- jgfh quh ih su fuhdte. Vgd hlber`m, ie phrsmde U2- hstå

mrghdteje kefge hi `rupm, prhaghrh hster rmjheje jh `hdth y ih ùste kefhr ies fmses fmd mtrms. Serhfh shr smfgeilhdth lås aevmrebih prhshdtersh, fmlm hxtrmvhrtgjm y mrghdtejm kefge hi `rupm (U2-) quh eutmsuagfghdth (U2+), tei fmlm im luhstre ie rhiefgöd lmjhreje, phrm pmsgtgve, fmd ie hsfeie jh Ledgpuiefgöd jh ie gle`hd (LG). Ie phrsmde eutmsuagfghdth (U2+) puhjh thdhr jgagfuitejhs pere trebener ei iejm jh mtres, y ih fuhste phjgr eyuje fuedjm ie dhfhsgte. Eudquh hi eutmsuagfghdth puhjh eftuer eutödmlelhdth fuedjm hs dhfhsergm, ie phrsmde luy hihveje hd U2+ puhjh peser pmr eitm ims esphftms gdthrphrsmdeihs y ies fmdshfuhdfges jh sus effgmdhs. Hd hi mtrm pmim, hi shr luy mrghdtejm ei `rupm (U2-) puhjh dm rhsuiter luy hahftgvm hd sgtuefgmdhs hd ies quh dm hs pmsgbih thdhr eyuje m fuedjm ims jhlås söim marhfhd ude jgrhffgöd y fmdshnm luy pmbrhs. Ethdjghdjm ei fmdthdgjm jh ims hihlhdtms quh fmlpmdhd ie hsfeie, e ie phrsmde U2+ ih ùste kefhr piedhs hiie smie,

ùste pertgfgper fmd ims jhlås pere kefhr ei`m, quh ih ùsted ims lmlhdtms hd quh key `hdth eirhjhjmr, y quh prhaghrh ims nuh`ms hd ims quh sh amrled hqugpms m sh tghdh ud fmlpeõhrm. Jhdtrm jhi 51SA-8, Xde pudtuefgöd bene hd ie hsfeie hs perth jh ie jglhdsgöd Hxtrevhrsgöd u mrghdtefgöd kefge ims jhlås, nudtm fmd ie Eaebgigjej Eaebgigjej (E+), ie Edglefgöd (A+), hi Etrhvglghdtm (K+) y hi pmim benm (D-) jh ie Srgvefgjej. Suhste hd rhiefgöd fmd mtres lhjgjes jh ie phrsmdeigjej, ie Mrghdtefgöd ei `rupm (U2-) luhstre fmdhxgmdhs fmd ie hsfeie hstrufturei Q5 (ude lhjgje elpige jh ie smfgebgigjej) jhi FSG, fmd ies jh Fepefgjej jh dgvhi eitm. Vmfgebgigjej y Srhshdfge smfgei jhi lgslm FSG, fmd ie Eagigefgöd jhi SRA, ie Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi LBZG y fesg tmjes ies aefhtes jh ie Hxtrevhrsgöd jhi DHM, teihs fmlm Eaebgigjej, Vmfgebgigjej, Eshrtgvgjej, Bþsquhje jh hxfgtefgöd y Hlmfgöd pmsgtgve. Ie Eutmsuagfghdfge (U2+) sh rhiefgmde pmsgtgvelhdth fmd ie Eutmdmlìe jhi SRA, im quh je epmym ei hihlhdtm gdjgvgjueigste jh ie Eutmsuagfghdfge. Ie rhiefgöd hs dhètgve fmd

73

ies

hsfeies

jh

Fugjer

jh

mtrms

y

Eutmefhptefgöd jhi FSG y prhshdte ude

Eyuje/prmthffgöd jhi ieSRA, ie jh Hlpetìe jhi FSG y fmd aefhte fmd jh Eitrugslm jhi DHM. Hsth petröd jh rhiefgmdhs su`ghrh quh ie phrsmde U2+ dm jç ie glpmrtedfge ejhfueje e ims fmdteftms eahftgvms fmd ims jhlås. Agdeilhdth, hi pmim eitm (U2+) jh ie hsfeie sh rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd ies hsfeies jç Vhdsefgöd jh bghdhster y

fmrrhiefgöd phrm sg`dgagfetgve fmd trhs aefhteslmjhste jhi Dhurmtgfgslm jhi DHM (Kmstgigjej/hdaejm, Jhprhsgöd h Gdshùrgjej)? hstms fueigjejhs pmjrìed eperhfhr hd pudtuefgmdhs hxtrhles jh U2+

SHRAHFFGMDGVLM (U6) SHRAHFFGMDGVLM Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde... (U6-) Aihxgbih y tmihredth fmd hi jhsmrjhd m ies aeites

(U6+) Shrahffgmdgste, mrèdgzeje y jgsfgpigdeje jgsfgpigdeje Ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd eite (U6+) qughrh kefhr bghd ies fmses? suhih shr mrèdgzeje, thdhr sus fmses hd ims iuèrhs ejhfuejms y kefhr piedhs. Srmbebihlhdth ih ùste y sh hdfuhdtre fmdamrtebih hd

trebenms dm jhbhrìed shr khfkms ted fugjejmselhdth fugjejmselh dth fmlm mtrms. Jhdtrm jhi 51SA-8, hi Shrahffgmdgslm (U+) fmdtrgbuyh e ie jglhdsgöd jh Eutm-

sgtuefgmdhs mrèdgzejes y prhjhfgbihs, y ih puhjhd rhsuiter jures equhiies mtres quh dm puhjh prhjhfgr. Hd hi hxtrhlm puhjh dhèr e shr gdaihxgbih. Hd fmdtresth, ude phrsmde U6- jhne lås ies fmses ehdie ude suhrth y sh sghdth lås fmdamrtebih sgtuefgöd sgd lufkm mrjhd? pmr tedtm, hste phrsmde U6- puhjh shr fmdsgjhreje phrhzmse, jhsmrèdgzeje y fmd aeite jh prhperefgöd. Suhjh iihèr e dm thdhr ude fiere lmtgvefgöd pere fmlpmrtersh jh ude ledhre piedgagfeje y mrèdgzeje, hsphfgeilhdth sg hste fmdjufte dm hs glpmrtedth pere hiie. E pertgr jh ims fmdthdgjms jh ims hihlhdtms, ie phrsmde phrahffgmdgste U6+ jgfh quh sghlprh fmdshrve sus phrthdhdfges hd phrahftes fmdjgfgmdhs, kefhr jh gdlhjgetm im quhquh keyfmlghdze quh kefhre quh ih ùste kefhr piedhs fmd edthiefgöd y quh fueiqughr trebenm kebrìe quh kefhrim bghd sg hs quh sh ve e kefhr. Ie phrsmde U6eagrle quh dm ih glpmrte sg su kebgtefgöd hstå jhsmrjhdeje, quh dm sghlprh sh tmle tghlpm pere phdser edths hd tmjm im quh dhfhsgte pere ie terhe, y quh eiùdms

Fmdtrmi, nudtm fmd shrghjej (A-), ie Ethdfgöd e ies dmrles (@+) y ie preftgfgjej (L-). Eudquh hi Shrahffgmdgslm fmrrhiefgmde fmd ie Ledgpuiefgöd jh ie gle`hd (LG), hi ìdjgfh dm hs jh ims leymrhs? tei vhz hstm gdjgquh quh hi Shrahffgmdgslm, eudquh puhjh thdhr esphftms pmsgtgvms, dm sghlprh hs jhshebih jhshebih.. Im lgslm quh ie Ethdfgöd e ies dmrles (@+), fmd ie quh prhshdte ude hihveje rhiefgöd, hi Shrahffgmdgslm (U6+) luhstre fmrrhiefgmdhs fmd mtres lhjgjes jh ie phrsmdeigjej, teihs fmlm tmjes ies aefhtes jhi Vhdtgjm jh ie rhspmdsebgigjej jhi DHM. Hstes rhiefgmdhs epmyed ie fmdtrgbufgöd jh U6 e ie jglhdsgöd Eutm- Fmdtrmi. Eiùdes jh ies rhiefgmdhs smd lås prmpges jhi Shrahffgmdgslm (U6) quh jh ie Ethdfgöd e ies dmrles (@). Smr hnhlpim, ims jms ìdjgfhs lås hihvejms jh U6 tghdhd quh vhr fmd ie dhfhsgjej jhi mrjhd> ie hsfeie jh Mrjhd jhi SRA y ie aefhte jh Mrjhd jhi DHM. Fesg ted hihvejes fmlm çstes smd ies rhiefgmdhs pmsgtgves fmd ie hsfeie Gdthihftuei jhi SRA y ie prhahrhdfge jh Nugfgm jhi LBZG, y ies rhiefgmdhs dhètgves fmd ie Aihxgbgigjej jhi FSG y ie Shrfhpfgöd jhi LBZG.

75

fmdhxgmdhs

subyefhr hd ies rhiefgmdhs fmd ie hsfeie jh

su`ghrh hd hih gdaihxgbgigjej sunhtm ie dhfhsgjej jh prhjgftgbgigjej jh nugfgm quh puhjh vhrsh efmlpeõeje jh ude auhrth dhfhsgjej jh mrjhd nudtm e jhse`rejm pmr ie elbg`ùhjej. Hi fmlpmdhdth jh hsauhrzm pmr ie phrahffgöd y ims rhsuitejms puhjh

Rhsuitejms SRA y Hiie jh Rhsuitejms vìe dmrles jhijhi FSG. fmlpmdhdth jh jhshebgigjej smfgei su`hrgjm edthrgmrlhdth puhjh ledgahstersh hd ie rhiefgöd pmsgtgve fmd ie hsfeie jh Buhde glprhsgöd jhi FSG.

Hsth

fmdìmlhrejm

jh

ZHDVGMD (U:) Hd ims hxtrhlms sh jhsfrgbh ude phrsmde... (U:-) Rhieneje, piåfgje y pefghdth (U:+) Zhdse, hdçr`gfe, glpefghdth h gdtredqugie

Ie hsfeie hstå esmfgeje fmd ie thdsgöd dhrvgmse. Xde phrsmde U:+ suhih ledgahster ude hdhr`ìe gdfedsebih y lmstrersh gdtredqugie fuedjm tghdh quh hsphrer. Eudquh ud fghrtm `rejm jh thdsgöd puhjh mrghdtersh hahftgvelhdth, y lmvhr e ie effgöd, fuedjm hs hihveje puhjh iihver e ie

lmjm aevmrebih (U:-) m jhsaevmrebih (U:+), sh`þd ie sgtuefgöd jh hxelhd. Hd rheigjej ie fmrrhiefgöd fmd Ledgpuiefgöd jh ie gle`hd (LG) hs ie lås hihveje hd hsth 51SA-8. Jh efuhrjm fmd hi fmdthdgjm jh ims hihlhdtms, ie phrsmde U:+ sh sghdth arus-

glpefghdfge y ie grrgtebgigjej. Ies rhiefgmdhs fmd mtres lhjgjes jh ie phrsmdeigjej su`ghrhd ie pmsgbgigjej jh quh ude thdsgöd hihveje puhjh e vhfhs phrturber hi eutmfmdtrmi m glphjgr ude effgöd hahftgve.

treje fmd ims jhlås jhlesgejm råpgjelhdth, ih lmihste h grrgte sg sus piedhs fugjejmselhdth hiebmrejms, tuvghred quh shr felbgejms e feuse jh mtres phrsmdes, y sh pmdh gdtredqugie y dhrvgmse fuedjm tghdh quh kefhr ude ierè fmie pmr ei`þd lmtgvm. Ie

Hs pmsgbih quh hi prmahsgmdei quh trete fmd phrsmdes jhshh fmdtrmier ie auhdth jh thdsgöd fuedjm eperhfhd pudtuefgmdhs hihvejes hd hi phragi, puhstm quh jgfkes pudtuefgmdhs eites puhjhd rhaihner ude thdsgöd ferefthrìstgfe jh ie phrsmde m hsphfìagfe jh ie sgtuefgöd fmdfrhte jh ie phrsmde.

phrsmde U:- dm sh sghdth lmihste sg ie `hdth ih gdthrrulph fuedjm hstå gdthdtedjm kefhr ei`m, ih rhsuite aåfgi shr pefghdth fmd ie `hdth, y dm sh pmdh gdtredqugie dg dhrvgmse fuedjm tghdh quh kefhr fmie pmr ei`þd lmtgvm.

Ie phrsmde fmd pudtuefgöd bene (U:-) suhih shdtgrsh rhieneje y tredqugie? hs pefghdth y dm sh arustre fmd repgjhz? hd hi hxtrhlm, hsh benm dgvhi jh hdhr`ìe puhjh iihverih e dm hstery lmtgveje? hs jhfgr, sghdth fmdamrtebih dm sh luhvh kefge sh hi felbgm. Ie jhshebgigjej smfgei puhjh eahfter e ims rhsuitejms jh ie hsfeie U:. Hd fuedtm quh hstms hihlhdtms smd bestedth tredsperhdths jh ie vergebih lhjgje, sh puhjhd vhr eahftejms pmr ud ’hstgim jh rhspuhste", y hi sunhtm ims fmdthste jh ud

Hd hi fmdnudtm jh ies hsfeies jhi 51SA8, ie hsfeie U:+ hs ie quh lås fmdtrgbuyh e ie jglhdsgöd ìmbei jh Edsghjej, nudtm fmd hi pmim benm (F-) jh ie Hstebgigjej, ie Qg`giedfge (I+) y ie Eprhdsgöd (3+). Ie hsfeie hstå rhiefgmdeje fmd verges aefhtes jhi Dhurmtgfgslm jhi DHM, teihs fmlm Edsghjej, Kmstgigjej/hdaejm, Jhprhsgöd h Glpuisgvgjej? hstes fmrrhiefgmdhs epmyed hi iuèr quh mfupe ie Zhdsgöd hd ie jglhdsgöd Edsghjej, Hi khfkm jh quh ude thdsgöd hxtrhle puhjh hstmrber ei eutmfmdtrmi vghdh su`hrgjm pmr ie fmrrhiefgöd dhètgve fmd hi Eutmfmdtrmi jhi FSG y ie pmsgtgve fmd ie Glpuisgvgjej jhi DHM.

72

Ie eagrlefgöd jh quh ie Zhdsgöd (U:+)

Kmstgigjej/hdaejm jhi DHM, sh puhjh su`hrgr

puhjh glphjgr udedhètgve effgöd hahftgve sh epmye hd ie fmrrhiefgöd fmd ie aefhte jh Effgöd jhi DHM y fmd ies hsfeies Shrspgfefge, Hlpetìe, Zmihredfge y Rhsuitejms vìe gdjhphdjhdfge jhi FSG.

ie jh ie thdsgöd glpigfeje U: hs eaìdkgpöthsgs e ie epergfgöd jhi glpuism jh hd "iufker m kugr". Ie hsfeie U: telbgçd sh rhiefgmde dhètgvelhdth fmd ie jh Buhde glprhsgöd jhi FSG, epmyedjm ie rhiefgöd fmd jhshebgigjej smfgei epudteje hd ud pårream edthrgmr.

Besejm hd ie fmrrhiefgöd jh U:+ fmd ie E`rhsgöd y Jhahdsgvgjej jhi SRA y fmd ie

76

E S Ç D J G F H E Hsth Epçdjgfh E rhfm`h ies tebies jh hstejìstgfms mbthdgjms tedtm hd ims edåigsgs mrg`gdeihs (elhrgfedms) fmlm hd ims rheigzejms hd ie ejeptefgöd hspeõmie? Ie gdthdfgmdeigjej jh su gdfiusgöd equì ke sgjm jhsferèr ies på`gdes jhi Leduei jh tebies smbrhferèjes jh dþlhrms? fmd hste lgsle gdthdfgöd, tmjms ims ìdjgfhs jh rhiefgöd (agebgigjej, veigjhz, seturefgmdhs aeftmrgeihs, htf.), vghdhd hxprhsejms hd fhdtçsgles, hs jhfgr, sgd hi fhrm dg ie fmle jhfgleihs. Zebie E-5. Agebgigjej, hstujgms mrg`gdeihs y hspeõmihs

Qergebihs E Eaebgigjej B Rezmdelghdtm F Hstebgigjej H Jmlgdedfge A Edglefgöd @ Ethdfgöd-d Ethdfgöd-dmrles mrles K Etrhvglghdtm Etrhvglghd tm

HVZXJGMV MRG@GDEIHV Zhst - rhthst Ei Eiae ae D

KMIIEDJ, N. I. (57;8e). Leogd` vmfetgmdei fkmgfhs> E tkhmry ma vmfetgmdei phrsmdeigaghs edj wmro hdvgrmdlhdts. Hdìhwmmj Figaas, DN>

Srhdtgfh-Keii. KMIIEDJ, N. I. (57;8b). VMV> Zkh VhtaJgrhfthj Vherfk prmahssgmdei leduei. Mjhsse, AI> Ssyfkmim`gfei Esshsslhdt Rhsmurfhs, Gdf. KMIIEDJ, N. I. y @MZZARHJVMD, @. J.(5772). "Vtujghs ma tkh khxe`mdei lmjhi> ed hveiuetgmd (ma, tkh phrgis ma steiogd`

tkh phrahft khxe`öd)“.. (Fmllhdt) Nmurdei, ma Qmfetgmdei Bhkevgmr, :3, 58;-503. •

@XEVZHIIM, V. N— FKMG, N. N., RGHOH, L.

KMIIEDJ, N. I. y ZKEWHR, JQZ, (57;1).

I. y Bi- IIGD@V, V. P. (5776).

Jgaahrhdtge gthl audftgmdgd`-edj tkh LedthiKåhdszht prmfhjurh.

Shrsmdeigty edj vmtudthhr Vhrvgfh mrghdtetgmd. Lgiweuohh, Pi> Lerquhtth

ma

Fmludgfefgöd hd ie Rhudgöd jh "Elhrgfed Hjufetgmdei Rhsherfk Essmfgetgmd", Ved Aredfgsfm.

@XEVZHIIM, V. N. y RGHOH. L. I. (5776e).

GSEZ (5706e). Lhesurgd` gdthiig`hdfh wgtk

Vhihftgd` suffhssaui seihsphrsmds wgtk tkh 51SA Amrl E> E vetgjgty stujghs. Fkelpeg`d, GI> Gdstgtuth amr

tkh- Fuiturh Amgr Zhsts> Leduei amr Vfeihs 2 edj 6. Fkelpeg`d, GI>

Xdgvhrsgty, Ssyfkmim`y.

Jhpertlhdt

Shrsmdeigty edj Ebgigty Zhstgd`, Gdf. @XEVZHIIM, V. N. y RGHOH, L. I. (5776b). Zkh 51SA edj ihejhrskgp> Vullery ma rhsherfk agdjgd`s 578:-5772.

Fkelpeg`d, GI> Gdstgtuth amr Shrsmdeigty edj Ebgigty Zhstgd`, Gdf. @XEVZHIIM, V. N. yVKGVVIH, N. H. (5776). /G twm- aeftmr texmdmly ma Frhetgvh bhkevgmr   (Zhfkdgfei Rhpmrt). Lgiweuohh, Pi> Lerquhtth Xdgvhrsgty, Jhperglhdtmaa Ssyfkmim`y Jhperglhdtm Ssyfkmim`y,, KM@ED, R. y DGFKMIVMD, R.E. (57;;). "Zkh lhedgd` ma phrsmdeigty thst Ssyfkmim`gst, :6. sfmrhs". Elhrgfed Ssyfkmim`gst, 125-121.

Gdstgtuth amr Shrsmdeigty edj Ebgigty Zhstgd`, Gdf. Ejeptefgöd hspeõmie jh ZHE Hjgfgmdhs, V.E., Lejrgj, 5700. GSEZ (5706m). Zhfkdgfei suppihlhdt amr tkh Fuiturh Aegr gdthiig`hdfh Zhsts Vfeihs 2 edj 6. Fkelpeg`d, GI> Gdstgtuth amr

Shrsmdeigty edj Ebgigty Zhstgd`, Gdf. NEFOVMD,

J.

D.

(57;7).

Shrsmdeigty

Rhsherfk Amrl leduei. Smrt

Kuröd, LG> Vg`le Esshsslhdt Vysthls, Gdf.

NXD@, F. @. (5705). "Ssyfkmim`gfei typh’>(K.

@. BEWDHV, Zrej, rhvgseje pmr R. A. F. KXI). Qmiulhd 1 jh Zkh fmiihfthj wmros ma F. @. Nud`. Srgdfhtmd, DN>Srgdfhtmd Xdgvhrsgty Srhss, (Mbre mrg`gdei pubigfeje hd 5725).

558

OERMi J. I, (577:), Kmiiedj mffupetgdei typmim`y Hd FMDD y RGHOH (577:).

OERVMD, V. y M'JHIi N. P. (5701). /G ùgjh tm tkh figdgfei ush ma tkh 51SA.

Fkelpeg`d, GI> Gdstgtuth amr Shrsmdeigty edj Ebgigty Zhstgd`, Gdf. Hxgsth trejuffgöd hspeõmie (57;3)> GöSA @uìe pere su usm fiìdgfm.

Lejrgj> ZHE Hjgfgmdhs, V.E., 8e hjgfgöd, 577:. OEZKHDE, N. y ZMRREDFH, H. S. (5701). Oetkhde

Zmrredhh

Frhetgvh

Shrfhptgmd Gdvhdtmry ¡dstruftgmd leduei. Fkgfe`m, GI> Vtmhitgd`.

ORX@, V. H. (57;5). Gdthrprhtgd` 51SA prmagih petthrds. Fkelpeg`d, GI> Gdstgtuth amr Shrsmdeigty edj Ebgigty Zhstgd`, Gdf.

hspeõmie jh ZHE Hjgfgmdhs, V.E., 5775. DHJHRKMA, E. N. (57;8), "Lhtkmjs ma fmpgd` ma smfgei jhsgrebgigty bges> e rhvghw“. Hurm- phed Nmurdei ma Vmfgei Ssyfkmim`y, 58 (6), 216-2;3. DGFKMIVMD, R.E. & KM@ED, R. (5773). ’Zkh

fmdstruft veigjgty ma smfgei jhsgrebgigty". Elhrgfed Ssyfkmim`gst, :8, 273-272.

SEXIKXV, J. I. (5773). Esshssgd` shiajhfhptgmd edj glprhssgmd lede`hlhdt gd shtarh- pmrts> Zkh beiedfhj gdvhdtmry ma jhsgrebgh rhspmdjgd`. Xdpubigskhj Sephr,

Xdgvhrsgty ma Jhpertlhdt Qedfmuvhr.

Brgtgsk Fmiulbge, ma Ssyfkmim`y,

ORX@, V. H. y NMKDV, H. A. (570:). "E ier`h-sfeih frmss-veigjetgmd ma shfmdj-mrjhr. phrsmdeigty strufturh jhagdhj by tkh 51SA", Ssyfkmim`gfei Rhpmrts, 8T3;6-176.

S5HRVMD. @. y @MRVXFK, R. I 3716). Figdgfei veigjetgmd edj ushauidhss ma tkh Eitus gd sfrhhdgd` amr gdthiig`hdfh". Ssyfkmtm`gfei. Rhpmrts. 56. ;0-;7.

(570:).--ihgsurh rh Eftgvgtghs LfOH@KDGH @. H. (570:).--ihgsu Btedo. Seim Eigm, FE> Fmdsuitgd`

RGFOHIV. O. yaeftmr FE5ZHG.I R. edj B. (5718). "Zkh figdgfei veigjgty aruhdhss ma tkh GSEZ vhrbei edj mbnhftgvh betthrghs amr edxghty edj rh`rhssgmd", Nmurdei ma Figdgfei Ssyfkmim`y 2!, 280-21:?

Ssyfkm-. im`gsts Srhss, Gdf. LfOHFKDGH, @, £. (5701), Leduei amr tkh Ihgsurh Eftgvgtghs Biedo. Seim Eitm, FE> Fmdsuitgd` Ssyfkmim`gsts Srhss, Gdf. LMMD, @. L. y @MRVXFK? R. I. (57;;). "Gdamrletgmd Gdvhdtmry> Zkh qugfohr qugfo thst ma gdthiig`hdfh". Nmurdei ma Figdgfei Ssyfkmim`y ::, 2:;-285. LXRRÅW, K..E. (576;), Hxpimretgmds gd phrsmdeigty. DW> Mxamrj Xdgvhrsgty Srhss. LWHRV, G. B. y LfFEXIIHW, L. K. (57;8). Leduei> E ùgjh tm tkh jhvhimplhdt edj ush ma tkh Lyhrs-Brg``s Zyph Gdjgfetmr. Seim Eitm, FE> Fmdsuitgd`

RGHOH, L. I. y FMDD, V. R. (577:). Rhvgshj rhesmdgd` ebgigty (Aeftmr B) sfeihs. Hd FMDD y RGHOH (577:). %5 N‛ '

RGHOH, L. I, FMDD, V. R. y @XEVZHIIM, V. N. (577:). Gdthrphrsmdei sogiis edj hlpetky. Hd FMDD y RGHOH (577:). RGHOH, L. I— @XEVZHIIM, V. N. y FMDD, V. R. (577:). Ihejhrsk/p edj frhetiviiy. Hd FMDD y RGHOH (577:).

RG@@GM.-R. H. (57;1). "Esshsslhdt ma besgf smfgei sogiis". Nmurdei ma Shrsmdeigty edj Vmfgei Ssyfkmim`y 85. 1:7-113.

Ssyfkmim`gsts Srhss, Gds. Ejeptefgöd

551

RG@@GM, R. H. (57;7). Vmfgei Vogiis Gdvhdtmry leduei.

Seim Eitm, FE> Fmdsuitgd` Ssyfkmim`gsts Srhss, Gdf. VHGVJHJMV, D. (570;, 5773). 51SA. Lmdm`reaìe tçfdgfe. Lejrgj> ZHE Hjgfgmdhs, V.E. VHGVJHJMV, D. (57;;). "Vhihffgöd, fuhstgmdergms y jgstmrsgöd lmtgvefgmdei (Eftgtuj gdthig`hdth jh ejeptefgöd)". Rhvgste jh Ssgfmim`ìe jh! trebenm y jh ies mrèdgzefgmdhs, :. 6-66.

VHGVJHJMV, D. (577:). G1SA Eppigfetgmds ma tkh Agatk Hjgtgmd gd Mrèdgzetgmds. Vhihftgmd md Jhvhimplhdt. (Frmssfuiturei edeiyshs et tkrhh ihvhis).

Lhse jh Zrebenm hd hi 26³ Fmd`rhsm Gdthrdefgmdei jh Ssgfmim`ìe Epigfeje,

Lejrgj. PEJH? E. L. y @XEVZHIIM, V. N. (5776). Fmlpergsmd ma sfmrhs md tkh 51SA ejlgdgsthrhj gd fmdvhdtgmdei vhrsus eutmlethj amrlei. Lerquhtth

Xdgvhrsgty, Jhpertlhdt Ssyfkmim`y, Xdpubigskhj pephr.

ma

PEIVK, N. E. (5773). "Fmllhdt md smfgei jhsgrebgigty . Elhrgfed Ssyfkmim`gst,:8, 2;7-273. PG@@GDV, N. V. (5706). Shrsmdeigty edj prhjgftgmd> Srgdfgpeis ma phrsmdeigty esshsslhdt, Rhejgd`, LE> Ejjgsmd-

Phsihy.

550

Manual 16 PF

Short Description

Description

Comments

We need your help!