Manifestaciones Culturales en Venezuela

 

Lcihebstckhgibs Kunturcnbs

Nc sgkhbd sgkhbdcd cd kgitblp kgitblpgrã grãibc ibc,, shmicd shmicdcc pgr nc mngjcn mngjcnhzc hzckhû khûi i db nc vhdc vhdc bkgiûlh bkgiûlhkc, kc,  pgnìthkc, sgkhcn y kunturcn, ckbnbrcdc pgr pg r ngs cvcikbs bi tbkigngmìc db kgluihkckhgibs b hiegrlckhûi, fc rbduidcdg bi uic mrci pbibtrckhûi y fglgmbibhzckhûi db ncs kunturcs0 nc mngjcnhzckhûi fc kgitrhjuhdg cn krbkhlhbitg db uic uihegrlhdcd kunturcn. Bs csì kglg nc rbvhtcnhzckhûi dbn pctrhlgihg kunturcn bspbkìehkg c kcdc kgluihdcd cyudcrã c kgisbrvcr ncs kunturcs ngkcnbs, kuyg egrtcnbkhlhbitg bs bsbikhcn pcrc nc  pbrpbtuckhûi db nc dhvbrshdcd kunturcn bi bn luidg.  Kcjb rbscntcr nc kgbxhstbikhc db dhebrbitbs mrupgs ètihkgs, qub sb fc kgivbrthdg bi rbquhs rbq uhsht htg g hidhsp hidhspbis biscjn cjnbb pcrc pcrc bn dbscrr dbscrrgnn gnng g db ui shstbl shstblcc lunth lunthkun kuntur turcn cn bnblbi bnblbitg tg euidclbitcn euidcl bitcn pcrc nc bxhstbikhc bxhstbikhc fulcic, fulcic, kuyc kgistrukkhûi kgistrukkhûi bs tcrbc db ngs dhebrbitbs dhebrbitbs Bstcdgs y db nc ckkhûi db cnmuigs grmcihslgs hitbrickhgicnbs, kglg ncs Ickhgibs Rihd Ri hdcs cs..

Ngs Ngs

pubj pubjng ngss

cj cjgr grìm ìmbi bibs bs tc tcit itg g

nc ncth thig igcl clbr brhk hkci cigs gs kg kglg lg vb vbib ibzg zgnc ncig igss

(pctrhlgih (pctr hlgihgs gs kunturcnbs kunturcnbs hitcimhjnb hitcimhjnbs). s). Bstcs Bstcs btihcs, btihcs, pctrhlgihg pctrhlgihgss kunturcnbs kunturcnbs vhvgs b hitcimhjnbs hitci mhjnbs,, sgi uic lcihebstck lcihebstckhûi hûi y bxprbshûi bxprbshûi db nc hdbithdcd db mrupg, y thbibi ui  prgeuidg crrchmg fhstûrhkg. Ncs kgslgngmìcs, krbbikhcs y vcngrbs kgluihkcdgs pgr ncs dhvbrscs nbimucs, trcdhkhgibs grcnbs y dhvbrscs lcihebstckhgibs kunturcnbs, c lbiudg kgisthtuybi ncs jcsbs db nc sujshstbikhc bi bstcs kgluihdcdbs. Bs dhsthimuhrsb, qub lukfgs pcìsbs cn cehcizcr nc hdbithdcd kunturcn csbitãidgsb bi ncs kunturcs hidì hidìmbics, mbics, y bi gtrgs mrupgs ngkcnbs trcdhkhgicnbs y pgpuncrbs, fci eckhnhtcdg nc kgistrukkhûi db ngs iubvgs Bstcdgs pnurhkunturcnbs. Bi bstb sbithdg Cumè, 3885 sgsthbib? „Bn pctrhlgihg db ncs sgkhbdcdbs surmbi bi bn rbkgrtb db ui bspckhg fbtbrgmèibg sgjrb bn kucn sb prgybktci ncs kctbmgrìcs kunturcnbs? bn bspckhg kunturhzcdg sb trcisegrlc bi bspckhg fglgmèibg, hljrhkcdg eubrtblbitb bi ngs sìljgngs qub kcdc sgkhbdcd prgdukb c trcvès db su fhstgrhc. Bstc shljgnhzckhûi dbn bspckhg kgisthtuyb, kgisthtuyb, pcrc quhbibs ickbi bi uic sgkhbdcd sgkhbdcd dcdc, ui c prhgrh prhgrh c pcrthr  pcrthr  dbn kucn sb kgistruyb nc bxpbrhbikhc db tgdgs y sb egrlc nc bxpbrhbikhc db kcdc uig? bi bstb sbithdg, bsc shljgnhzckhûi bs c nc vbz uic lctrhz hitbnbktucn, uic kgisthtukhûi sgkhcn, uic fbrbikhc y nc kgidhkhûi prhlbrc db tgdc fhstgrhc, hidhvhducn y kgnbkthvc“

 

Csì lhslg lhslg Mbbrtz, Mbbrtz, 388= bxpnhkc bxpnhkc qub ngs pctrhlg pctrhlgihg ihgss kuntur kunturcnb cnbss sgi pcrtb pcrtb db nc kunturc, kuntu rc, y bnng sb rbehbrbi rbehbrbi c uic lunthpnhkhdcd lunthpnhkhdcd db rbnckh rbnckhgibs, gibs, lukfcs db ncs kucnbs kucnbs bstã bstãi i bitrb bitrbnc nczcd zcdcs cs bitrb bitrb sì y kg kgis isth thtu tuyb ybi i bn kgit kgitbx bxtg tg dbitr dbitrg g db dbnn kucn kucn pu pubdb bdbi i dbskrhjhrsb b hitbrprbtcrsb ngs lgdgs db kgiduktc, ncs histhtukhgibs y ngs prgkbsgs sgkhcnbs. Bi lukfgs pcìsbs, Ubibzubnc bitrb bnngs, nc cehrlckhûi db nc hdbithdcd kunturcnbs jcscdcs bi ncs kunturcs ngkcnbs trcdhkhgicnbs y pgpuncrbs y db ngs pubjngs hidìmbics, fc oumcdg ui pcpbn hitbmrcn bi bn prgkbsg db kgistrukkhûi dbn pctrhlgihg tcimhjnb b hitcimhjnb. Kgithiucidg kgi bstb grdbi db hdbcs sb fckb ibkbscrhg rbscntcr qub bn dbscrrgnng dbn sbr fulcig rbquhbrb pcrc su èxhtg coustcrsb c ncs dhebrbitbs tãkthkcs db dbscrrgnng dbn crmulbitg sgkhgkunturcn. Db ng citbs sbócncdg sb dbsprbidb qub bs vhtcn gjsbrvcr y cicnhzcr ngs shstblcs sgkhgbkgiûlhkgs csì kglg ncs lgdcnhdcdbs db pbisclhbitg, kgiduktc y ngs lètgdgs trcdhkhgicnbs db prgdukkhûi qub sb trcislhtbi db mbibrckhûi c mbibrckhûi. Cÿi kucidg, khbrtcs bxprbshgibs db egnkngr y kunturc trcdhkhgicn pubdbi kgitrhjuhr dhrbktclbitb cn dbscrrgnng bkgiûlhkg cn hitrgdukhr lbogrcs bi nc hidustrhc kunturcn. Kunturc Ubibzgncic

Bs uic lbzknc db trbs kunturcs dhsthitcs, nc hidìmbic, hidìmbic, nc cerhkcic y cerhkcic y nc bspcógnc. bspcógnc. Ncs dgs  prhlbrcs c su vbz tbiìci kunturcs dhebrbikhcdcs sbmÿi ncs trhjus. trhjus. Tc Tclj ljhè hèi i sb birhqubkhû pgr gtrcs kgrrhbitbs kunturcnbs db grhmbi cithnncig y burgpbg bi bn shmng VH VHV, V, bi bs bspb pbkh khcn cn db prgk prgkbdb bdbik ikhc hc ercikbsc. ercikbsc. Bn kglpn kglpnbo bog g lgsc lgschk hkg g ku kunt ntur urcn cn sb fc bxtbidhbidg tcitg bi ncs mrcidbs khudcdbs kglg ncs rbmhgibs pbtrgnìebrcs prgduktg db nc bxpngtc bxpngtckhû khûi i db bstb bstb rbimnû rbimnûi i prgdukt prgdukthvg hvg,, yc qub hrr hrrulp ulphbr hbrgi gi lci lciheb hebstc stckhg khgibs ibs kunturcnbs db grhmbi bstcdguihdbisb y db nc iubvc hilhmrckhûi db grhmbi bspcógn, htcnhcig   y pgrtumuès. Ri boblpng db bnng bs nc hienubikhc qub nnbmc db ngs Bstcdgs htcnhcig Rihd Ri hdgs gs bi lctb lctbrh rhcc db dbnn mu must stg g pgr pgr db dbpg pgrt rtbb db dbnn jè jèhs hsjg jgn, n, db dbnn kh khib ib,, bn cr crtb tb y nc ncss kgistrukkhgibs crquhtbktûihkcs cktucnbs.  Ri puitg rbscntcitb y shmihehkcthvg ng bs Nc trciskunturckhûi y nc cshlhnckhûi, qub kgidhkhgiû c nc kunturc vbibzgncic cktucn, bi lukfgs cspbktgs shlhncr cn rbstg db Ncthig Clèrhkc, pbrg bn lbdhg icturcn fckb qub fcyc dhebrbikhcs hlpgrtcitbs0 shbidg

 

bstcs? Nc hienubikhc hidìmbic qub sb nhlhtc cn vgkcjuncrhg db cnmuics pcncjrcs y nc mcstrgiglìc.. Dbn lhslg lgdg nc hienubikhc cerhkcic, cdblãs db nc lÿshkc kglg bn mcstrgiglìc tclj tcljgr gr.. Nc lcs lcs hl hlpg pgrt rtcit citbb eub eub bs bspcó pcógn gncc y bi pc pcrt rthk hkun uncr cr nc db nc ncss rb rbmh mhgi gibs bs db Cidcnukìc y Bxtrblcdurc, db dgidb prgkbdìci nc lcygr pcrtb db ngs kgngigs bi nc zgic dbn Kcrhjb durcitb Kcrhjb durcitb nc èpgkc kgngihcn. Boblpngs kunturcnbs db bnngs, sb pubdbi lbikhgicr ncs bdhehkckhgibs, pcrtb db nc lÿshkc, nc rbnhmhûi kctûnhkc y bn hdhglc. Ric hienubikhc bvhdbitb bspcógnc sgi ncs kgrrhdcs db tgrgs y pcrtb db nc mcstrgiglìc.

Lcihebstckhgibs kunturcnbs kglg Bxprbshgibs kunturcnbs

[gi bn rbsuntcdg db ui ncrmg y rhkg prgkbsg db lbsthzcob. Dbsdb bn prhlbr kgitcktg bitrb ngs kgiquhstcdgrbs y ngs fcjhtcitbs grhmhicrhgs db Ubibzubnc, ncs dhebrbitbs kunturcs kuntu rcs sb lbzkncrgi lbzkncrgi pcrc kgiegrlcr kgiegrlcr ui mrci cjcihkg db trcdhkhgibs trcdhkhgibs ickhgicnbs. ickhgicnbs. [b  pubdb dhsthimuhr kncrclbitb bn cpgrtb cp grtb db kuctrg thpgs db trcdhkhgibs kunturcnbs? ncs db grhmbi clbrhkcig g hidìmbic, ncs db grhmbi burgpbg, ncs db grhmbi cerhkcig y ncs  prgphcs dbn lbsthzcob ngkcn. Ncs trcdhkhgibs kunturcnbs db Ubibzubnc rbenboci nc fhstgrhc y nc hdhgshikrcshc dbn pcìs. Ncs dcizcs, ncs ehbstcs y nc lÿshkc, pgr boblpng, hdbithehkci cn vbibzgncig kgi su thbrrc. Bn Fbrbdcd Kunturcn ng kgisthtuyb bn kgiouitg db lcihebstckhgibs kunturcnbs db dhvbrsc ìidgnb qub sb prgdukbi bi ui kbitrg db  pgjnckhûi. Bstb Qctrhlgihg bs bspbkhcnlbitb rhkg bi mrupgs fulcigs kgi uic ncrmc fhstgrhc db csbitclhbitg y kgi uic rhkc dhvbrshdcd ètihkc. Lukfcs db ncs khudcdb Lukfcs khudcdbss kgngih kgngihcnb cnbss eubrgi eubrgi bstcjn bstcjnbkh bkhdcs dcs bi cithmu cithmugs gs kbitrg kbitrgss db  pgjnckhûi cjgrhmbi0 vcrhgs db bstgs mrupgs, sh jhbi blpcrbocrgi bi cnmÿi mrcdg kgi nc kunturc burgpbc, ctbsgrcrgi su nbimuc, kgstuljrbs y trcdhkhgibs. Bi kgisbkubikhc, bn prgkbsg db lbsthzcob prgduog bi nc btcpc kgngihcn ui rhkg y vcrhcdg pnurcnhslg qub bi kcdc khudcd sb lcihebstû bi dhvbrshdcd db kgstuljrbs y trcdhkhgibs. Nc lbzknc db ngs cpgrtbs cpgrtbs kuntur kunturcnb cnbss sb rbenbo rbenboû û bi tgdgs tgdgs ngs ãljhtgs ãljhtgs db nc bxprbsh bxprbshûi ûi fulcic fulcic?? nbimucob, hidulbitcrhc, mcstrgiglìc., pbrlcibkb bspbkhcnlbitb bi ncs kgstuljrbs, bi ncs krbbikhcs y bi ncs egrlcs db kgivhvbikhc.

 

Ngs vbibzgncigs pgsbbi uic kgljhickhûi rhkc db fbrbikhcs. C pcrthr dbn pbrìgdg kgngihcn sb lbzkncrgi hidìmbics, bspcógnbs y cerhkcigs, y fgy bi dìc nc lcygrìc db ngs vbibzgncigs thbib uic g lãs db bscs cskbidbikhcs? lbsthzgs 5=%, lbsthzgs 5=%, dbskbidhbitbs db burgpbgs   :3% (b burgpbgs (bi i su lcyg lcygrì rìcc htcn htcnhc hcig igss y bs bspcó pcógn gnbs bs), ), ce cerg rg-d -dbs bskb kbidh idhbi bitbs tbs 6%, 6%, hidì hidìmb mbic icss :%. :%. Nc Ncss kgluihdcdbs kgluihdcdbs cjgrìmbibs cjgrìmbibs   bi nc ck cktu tucn cnhd hdcd cd rg rgid idci ci bn 3% db  pgjnckhûi tgtcn ickhgicn, y bstãi bstcjnbkhdcs prhikhpcnlbitb bi bn Bstcdg _unhc  _unhc  y cn sur dbn rìg Grhigkg y Grhigkg y su dbsbljgkcdurc.

Kgstuljrbs Kgst uljrbs y Trcdhkhgibs Trcdhkhgibs??  Ngs pubjng pubjngss kgngih kgngihcnb cnbss sb kcrckt kcrcktbrh brhzci zci bi mbibrc mbibrcn, n,

 pgrqub thbib crrchmcdcs kgstuljrbs y trcdhkhgibs, y nc lbogr lcibrc db kgigkbrnc y vcngrcrncs bs kgivhihbidg kgi nc pgjnckhûi bi ncs dhvbrscs kbnbjrckhgibs qub c ng ncrmg dbn cóg vci kgiegrlcidg ui khkng.

Bi bn kc kcnb nbid idcr crhg hg sb uj ujhk hkci ci nc ncss ehbs ehbstc tcss lãs lãs tr trcd cdhk hkhg hgic icnb nbss qu qubb kg kgrr rrbs bspg pgid idbi bi mbibrcnlbitb c ebstbogs db grhmbi rbnhmhgsg y kìvhkg, kglg sgi ncs kucrbslcs, nc sblcic scitc, ncs ehbstcs pctrhcs, ncs ehbstcs icvhdbócs, bitrb gtrcs. C bnncs sb sulci ncs kbnbjrckhgibs db kcrãktbr ngkcn, g sbc, ncs ehbstcs db ngs scitgs pctrgigs tcitg db nc khudcd kglg db sus pubjngs y, bi gkcshgibs, kbnbjrckhgibs db grhmbi pcmcig kglg ngs kcricvcnbs. [h jhbi bstcs ebsthvhdcdbs thbibi bnblbitgs kgluibs bi tgdcs ncs khudcdbs dbn pcìs, bi kcdc uic db bnncs cdquhbrbi kcrcktbrìsthkcs pbkunhcrbs qub dci rhqubzc y vcrhbdcd c ngs ebstbogs nc lhslc, nc kucn egrlc pcrtb hlpgrtcitb db sus Zcsmgs Kunturcnbs y Egn`nûrhkgs

 Ehbstcs y dcizcs

Ncs ehbstcs vbibzgncics bstãi rbnckhgicdcs, bi su lcygrìc, kgi bn kcnbidcrhg nhtÿrmhkg kctûnhkg y kgi bn scitgrcn. Qgr bnng, pubdbi grmcihzcrsb, sbmÿi bstc kcrcktbrìsthkc, db nc shmuhbitb lcibrc?

Ehbstcs y dcizcs

 

 Icvhdcd

Kcricvcn, Kucrbslc [blcic [citc

Qcstgrbs y Zbybs Lcmgs (dbn 4 cn = db bibrg, Ttruohnng)0 Qcstgrbs dbn Ihóg Obsÿs (:4 db dhkhbljrb, Kcrcjgjg y Crcmuc)0 Qcrcdurc dbn Ihóg (dbn :4 db dhkhbljrb cn : db ebjrbrg, Lèrhdc, Tãkfhrc y Truohnng)0 Ngkgs y Ngkchics (:6 db dhkhbljrb, Lèrhdc, Truohnng, Qgrtumubsc, Kgobdbs, Muãrhkg y Ncrc)0 Ucscnngs db nc Kcidbncrhc (: y ; db ebjrbrg, Lhrcidc)0 bn Jchnb dbn Lgig (:6 db dhkhbljrb, Lgicmcs)0 bn Mgjhbrig db ncs Luobrbs (:6 db dhkhbljrb, Ucrmcs)0 nc Sublc dbn Cóg Uhbog (;3 db dhkhbljrb, Tãkfhrc y Lèrhdc). Bithbrrg db nc [crdhic (Lhèrkgnbs db Kbihzc, Ucrmcs)0 Kcricvcn db Bn Kcnncg (ebjrbrg y lcrzg, Jgnìvcr)0 nc Qcshûi Uhvhbitb db Krhstg ([blci ([b lcicc [citc, [citc, Truoh Truohnng nng,, Lgicmcs Lgicmcs,, Lèrhdc Lèrhdc,, Lhrcidc Lhrcidc,, Crc Crcmuc muc,, Cizgã gãttbmuh y [uk ukrrb)0 nc Sublc db Oudcs (dglhimg db y Zbsurrbkkhûi, Dhstrhtg Kcphtcn, Ncrc, Kgobdbs, Crcmuc y bstcdgs grhb grhbit itcn cnbs bs)0 )0 ngs ngs Qc Qcnl nlbr brgs gs db Kfckc Kfckcg g (v (vhb hbri ribs bs db Kgikh Kgikhnh nhg, g, Lhrcidc)0 Jchnb db ngs Bicigs y Luóbkc db nc Kcnbidc (kucnquhbr  gkcshûi, Truohnng)0 Qrgkbshgibs (tgdg bn pcìs). Kruz db Lcyg (dbn ; cn ;3 db lcyg, [ukrb, Cizgãtbmuh, Iubvc Bspcrtc, Truohnng, Ecnkûi, Xcrckuy, Kcrcjgjg, Kgobdbs, Jcrhics,

K ruz dKfrhsth b Lcyg y Qgrtumubsc, Kcphtcn)0 [ciDcizcitbs Hshdrg Ncjrcdgr (34db y Kgrpus 32 db lcyg,Lhrcidc Truohnngy yDhstrhtg Lèrhdc)0 Dhcjngs (oubvbs Kgrpus Kgr pus Kfrhst Kfrhsth, h, Jcrhic Jcrhics, s, Lhrcid Lhrcidc, c, Ucrmcs Ucrmcs,, Crcmuc, Crcmuc, Kcrcjg Kcrcjgjg, jg, Kgobdbs y Muãrhkg). [c [ci i Citg Citgih ihg g g Tclu Tcluic icim imub ub (3 (3; ; db ou ouih ihg, g, Nc Ncrc rc,, Qg Qgrt rtum umubs ubsc, c, Xcrc Xc rcku kuy, y, Kgob Kgobdbs dbs y Ec Ecnk nkûi ûi)0 )0 [c [ci i Ou Ouci ci (: (:4 4 db ou ouih ihg, g, Ucrm Ucrmcs cs,, Lhrcid Lhr cidc, c, Crcmuc, Crcmuc, Kcrcjg Kcrcjgjg, jg, Muãrhkg Muãrhkg,, Truohn Truohnng, ng, Ecnkûi, Ecnkûi, Ncrc, Ncrc, [ukrb, Kgobdbs, Iubvc Bspcrtc, Xcrckuy, Lèrhdc y Qgrtumubsc)0 [c [ci i Ouci Ouci y gtrg gtrgss [ci Jbihtg (lbsbs bitrb gktujrb y bibrg, _unhc, Lèrhdc y Truohnng)0 scitgs [ci Qbdrg (:8 db ouihg, Lhrcidc)0 C`cctglpg (dbn 3 cn ; db igvhbljrb, kgluihdcdbs hidìmbics `crhóc, Cizgãtbmuh)0 Qcrrcidc db Ibmrgs (35 db ounhg, Muãrhkg)0 Ncs turcs (:; y :4 db sbpthbljrb, ecnkûi y Ncrc). Cdvgkckhgibs c nc Uhrmbi dbn Kcrlbi (35 db ounhg, Muãrhkg, [ukrb, Kcrcjgjg, Ncrc, Uhrmbi y gtrcs _un _unhc, hc, Crcmuc Crcmuc,, Xcrckuy Xcrckuy,, Tru Truoh ohnng nng,, Jcrhic Jcrhics, s, Lhrcidc Lhrcidc,, Ecn Ecnkûi, kûi, dbhdcdbs Cizgãtbmuh, Cizgãt bmuh, Ucrmcs, Lgicmcs, Lgicmcs, Jgnìvcr, Jgnìvcr, Lèrhdc Lèrhdc y Qgrtumubsc) Qgrtumubsc)00 Ucscnngs db [ci Jbihtg (dbn 3: cn :1 db cmgstg, Lèrhdc)0 [ci Jcrtgnglè (:4 db cmgstg, Lèrhdc)0 Iubstrc [bógrc db Kgrglgtg (2 db sbpthbljrb, tgdg bn pcìs)0 nc Dhvhic Qcstgrc (34 db bibrg, Ncrc)0 Uhrmbi dbn Ucnnb (6 db sbpthbljrb, Cizgãtbmuh y Iubvc Bspcrtc)0 Lcrìc Nhgizc (3: db gktujrb, Xcrckuy)0 [ci Zcecbn (:4 db gktujrb, Lgicmcs,, Kcrcjgjg, Lgicmcs Kcrcjgjg, Ncrc, _unhc, Lèrhdc y Qgrtumubsc) Qgrtumubsc)00 [citgs y ehbnbs Dheuitgs (3 db igvhbljrb, tgdg bn pcìs)0 Nc Nngrc (: db igvh igvhbl bljr jrb, b, Crcm Crcmuc uc)0 )0 Uhrm Uhrmbi bi db Kfhq Kfhquh uhiq iquh uhrã rã (3 (3: : cn 36 db igvhbljrb, _unhc).

 

Gtrg kcnbidcrhg ebsthvg Ebsthvhdcdbs Ebkfc

3 db bibrg

5 db bibrg

34 db bibrg 32 db bibrg

Igljrb bi

 Ig  I gljrb ngkcn

Igtcs

 Cóg iubvg

 Ig ncjgrcjnb. Nnclcdg

 Dìc db ngs Zbybs

 pgpuncrlbitb Dìc db

Bpheciìc

 Lcmgs

Zbybs

Dìc db nc Dhvhic

 Qrgkbshûi

 Ig ncjgrcjnb bi Ncrc

kcstbnncig Cóg Iubvg

Qcstgrc Dìc dbn Lcbstrg

 Ig ncjgrcjnb pcrc ngs  Dìc

lcbstrgs.

dbn Lcbstrg Ebkfc lûvhn (nuibs y ebjrbrg g ebjrbrg g Lcrzg Kcricvcn

Lcrzg g  g Cjrhn Lcrzg 38 db cjrhn 3 db lcyg 3= db lcyg :4 db ouihg 2 db ounhg :4 db ounhg

lcrtbs

Kcricvcn 

[blcic [citc

[blcic [citc

Dbkncrckhûi db nc

Mrhtg

citbs

Lhèrkgnbs

dbn db

Kbihzcs). Ebkfc Ebk fc lûv lûvhn hn (oubvb (oubvbs, s, vhbribs [citg). db

Ebrhcdg

Hidbpbidbikhc  Hidbpbidbikhc Dìc Hitbrickhgicn dbn  Dìc dbn trcjcocdgr  Ig trcjcocdgr   Ig ncjgrcjnb. Trcjcog Dìc Hitbrickhgicn dbn  Dìc dbn Kgitcdgr  Ig ncjgrcjnb pcrc ngs Kgitcdgr  db ncs Clèrhkcs Kgitcdgrbs Tèkihkgs. Jctcnnc db Kcrcjgjg y Kcrcjgjg y  Jctcnnc db Hiclgvhjnb. Dìc dbn Boèrkhtg Kcrcjgjg Ehrlc dbn Cktc db  Dìc db nc Hiclgvhjnb Hidbpbidbikhc  Hidbpbidbikhc  Ictcnhkhg db [hlûi  Ictcnhkhg dbn Jgnìvcr   y y Dìc db nc  Nhjbrtcdgr [hlûi Hiclgvhjnb.  Jgnìvcr  Eubrzc Crlcdc   Dìc db Iubstrc db Iubstrc

 

16 db sbpthbljrb

[bógrc dbn Ucnnb Dìc db Iubstrc db Iubstrc [bógrc db Kgrglgtg

33 db sbpthbljrb 3: db gktujrb  gktujrb   Dìc db nc rbshstbikhc hidìmbic

Ebrhcdg

Dìc db Tgdgs Ngs [citgs : db igvhbljrb Dìc db ngs Dheuitgs Dìc db nc Cvhckhûi 31 db dhkhbljrb Lhnhtcr Ubibzgncic 3 db igvhbljrb

 Dìc db Tgdgs Ngs [citgs  Dìc db ngs Lubrtgs Hiclgvhjnb. Bn lcs hlprbshgicitb  Dìc db nc Cvhckhûi dbsehnb cèrbg.

dbn  Kgilblgrckhûi db nc  Lubrtb  Nhjbrtcdgr [hlûi Hiclgvhjnb. Lubrtb dbn Nhjbrtcdgr   Jgnìvcr  :2 db dhkhbljrb  Icvhdcd  Icvhdcd   Ig ncjgrcjnb ;3 db dhkhbljrb Ehi db cóg  Igkfbvhboc  Ig ncjgrcjnb 3= db dhkhbljrb

Qrhikhpcnbs Lcihebstckhgibs

Khib db Ubibzubnc Hihkhû su prgdukkhûi bi 3685, 3685, cpbics ui cóg dbspuès qub nc prhlbrc prgdukkhûi db ngs fbrlcigs Nulhærb bi Nulhærb bi Ercikhc. Ercikhc. [b kcrcktbrhzc pgr uic prgdukkhûi bskcsc b hrrbmuncr, cuiqub uic èpgkc dgrcdc bi ncs dèkcdcs db 38=1 y 38=1 3861 kgi 3861 kgi rbcnhzcdgrbs kglgvhvhû Lcurhkhg ]cnbrstbhi ]cnbrstbhi, , Knblbitb db nc Kbrdc y Kbrdc  y  y Zglãi Kfcnjcud  Kfcnjcud  èstb ÿnthlg cutgr db nc pbnìkunc kgishdbrcdc pgr lukfgs nc lbogr bxpgibitb dbn khib vbibzgncig? Bn vbibzgncig?  Bn pbz qub eulc. eulc. Bi nc cktucnhdcd ngs dhrbktgrbs lãs rbprbsbitcthvgs sgi Bnhc [kfibhdbr, Ogsè Zclûi Igvgc y Dhbmg Zìsqubz. Bn bitb rbktgr bs bn Kbitrg  Ickhgicn Cutûiglg db Khiblctgmrceìc. Khiblctgmrceìc.  Lÿshkc db Ubibzubnc Bs uic db ncs bxprbshgibs kunturcnbs lãs vcrhcdcs y kgi grìmbibs lãs dhvbrsgs0 su bvgnukhûi ig sb fc dbtbihdg iuikc. Bi Ubibzubnc nc lÿshkc bs lgthvg db cnbmrìc y dhvbrs dhv brshûi hûi,, sb kcrckt kcrcktbrh brhzc zc pgr lbzknc lbzkncrr bnblbi bnblbitgs tgs bspcóg bspcógnbs nbs y cerhkc cerhkcigs igs,, bn lãs rbprbsbitcthvg dbn pcìs bs bn Ogrgpg, Ogrgpg, qub uthnhzc ngs histrulbitgs (Kcrhjb cimnûegig y ercikûegig) ercik ûegig).. Dbjhdg Dbjhdg c nc hienubikhc hienubikhc kunturcn kunturcn db Bstcdgs Bstcdgs Rihdg Rihdgss sb bskukfc, bskukfc, Fhp-fgp, Fhp-fgp,

 

dcikb, tbkfig, rgk`  y   y bn pgp bn  pgp.. Bn mustg lushkcn dbn vbibzgncig bs luy dhsthitg cn db ngs pcìsbs sudclbrhkcigs, sûng kgi Kgngljhc thbibi cnmuigs mustgs bi kglÿi kglg bn Nncibrc Nncibrc yc  yc qub bi ngs nncigs Grhbitcnbs db Kgngljhc sb prgdukb bstc lcihebstckhûi lushkcn, pgr sbr ergitbrhzgs. Bn mustg lushkcn dbn pcìs bs ibtclbitb kcrhjbóg, bi Ubibzubnc Ubibzub nc nc scnsc, scnsc, bn lbrbimub y lbrbimub y nc kuljhc bs kuljhc bs lÿshkc pcrc bskukfcr y ig sgng pcrc  jchncr, kglg bi gtrgs pcìsbs. Ucnb rbkcnkcr qub nc lÿshkc ickhgicn i ckhgicn bs nnclcdc lÿshkc nncibrc, y prgvhbib db ngs prhikhpcnbs nncigs dbn pcìs (Bdg. Cpurb y Jcrhics).Dbjhdg c nc hienub hienubikh ikhcc cerg-c cerg-cith ithnnc nncic, ic, bn kcnhps kcnhpsg g y tcljgr tcljgr sgi uigs uigs hlpgrt hlpgrtcit citbs bs mèibrg mèibrgss lushkcnbs bi Ubibzubnc. Cy qub ckgtcr qub bi nc pgjnckhûi ouvbihn (kglg bi gtrgs  pcìsbs ncthigclbrhkcigs) fcy uic mrci prbsbikhc dbn rbmmbctgi.  Bitrb sus mèibrgs lãs hlpgrtcitbs dbstckci? Bn ogrgpg. Bn prhlbr rbmhstrg db su bxhstbikhc dctc db 3=48 y grhmhicnlbitb brc nnclcdg pgr bn kclpbshicdg vbibzgncig «ecidcimg°, pgr ng qub bstcjc  pgshjnblbitb blpcrbitcdg kgi bn ecidcimg bspcógn. Bs uic lÿshkc ebsthvc qub sb bo bobk bkut utcc prhi prhikh khpc pcnl nlbi bitb tb kgi cr crpc pc,, ku kuct ctrg rg y lcrc lcrckc kcs. s. [u dc dciz izc, c, kcrckt kcr cktbrh brhzcd zcdcc pgr pcsgs y ehmurc ehmurcss luy dhsthi dhsthithv thvcs, cs, bs lgthvg lgthvg db ehbstc ehbstc y kgisthtuyb ui jchnb cnbmrb qub hivhtc c nc pcrthkhpckhûi pgpuncr. Bn ogrgpg bs 









ìkgig db nc kunturc vbibzgncic. Nc mchtc.  Bs nc bxprbshûi db ui kgiouitg db egrlcs lushkcnbs, pbrtbibkhbitbs c dhvbrscs rbmhgibs, qub sb dhebrbikhci bitrb sì pgr nc hitbrprbtckhûi y ngs histrulbitgs kgi qub sb bobkutci. Bi Truohnng nc mchtc sb dbdhkc c [ci Jbihtg y sb ckglpcóc kgi tcljgrbs. Bi bn grhbitb dbn pcìs sus nbtrcs fckbi cnushûi c kfhstbs y tblcs sgkhcnbs y sb bobkutc kgi kuctrg, muhtcrrc y lcidgnhic. Qgr su  pcrtb, nc mchtc zunhcic bs kgishdbrcdc nc lãs rbprbsbitcthvc0 bs tìphkc db nc èpgkc icvhdbóc, sb bobkutc kgi kuctrg, eurrukg y tcljgr y sus nbtrcs fckbi cnushûi, prhikhpcnlbitb, c nc Uhrmbi db nc Kfhihtc y c shtuckhgibs pgnìthkcs y sgkhcnbs dbn pcìs. Ngs cmuhicndgs y vhnncikhkgs.  [gi tcljhèi prgphgs db nc lÿshkc icvhdbóc. Ngss fc Ng fcy y db pc pcrr rrci cidc dc y rb rbnh nhmh mhgs gsgs gs.. [b [bmÿ mÿi i nc rbmh rbmhûi ûi,, sb ck ckgl glpc pcóci óci kgi dhebrbitbs histrulbitgs, kglg bn kuctrg, bn eurrukg, bn kfhibkg, nc kfcrrcskc y ngs tcljgrbs. Bs kgstuljrb bi cnmuigs pubjngs qub ngs lÿshkgs rbkgrrci ncs kcnnbs kcitcidg cmuhicndgs, lhbitrcs rbkhjbi gjsbquhgs y dhibrg. Ngs tcljgrbs. Kgisthtuybi nc trcdhkhûi lushkcn cergvbibzgncic. Kgishstbi bi ui thpg db lÿshkc qub sb hitbrprbtc sûng kgi tcljgrbs y bs p prgphc rgphc db ncs ehbstcs db [ci Ouci bi ncs rbmhgibs kgstbrcs dbn pcìs. Cuiqub bstãi csgkhcdgs c kbnb kbnbjr jrckh ckhgi gibs bs rhtu rhtucn cnbs bs,, fg fgy y bi dìc dìc su subi bici ci bi ku kucn cnquh quhbr br eb ebkfc kfc.. Qubdb Qubdbi i hitb hitbrp rprb rbtc tcrs rsbb kgi lãs lãs db sb sbhs hs thpg thpgss db tc tclj ljgr grbs bs qub pr prgd gdukb ukbi i sg sgih ihdg dgss dhebrbitbs. Bi bn jchnb qub ng ckglpcóc, bn fgljrb mcncitbc c nc luobr  lhbitrcs èstc dhrhmb ngs lgvhlhbitgs. Bn lbrbimub vbibzgncig.  Bstb jchnb cdquhrhû pgpuncrhdcd bi Ubibzubnc c  pcrthr db 38:1, cuiqub bn prhlbr rbmhstrg db lbrbimub vbibzgncig dctc dbn shmng VHV. Ngs histrulbitgs db grqubstc pcrc bobkutcrng sgi nc trglpbtc, bn trgljûi, bn scxg y bn kncrhibtb0 y ngs ckglpcócitbs sgi bn kuctrg, bn jcog y nc

 

 pbrkushûi. [b jchnc db dhebrbitbs lcibrcs sbmÿi nc rbmhûi. Bn lãs kgigkhdg bs bn lbrbimub kcrcqubóg g kcógibrg. 

Nc mcstrgiglìc y nc crtbsciìc

Nc mcstrgiglìc y nc crtbsciìc tcljhèi sgi pcrtb db ncs trcdhkhgibs ickhgicnbs y bi bnncs sb bxprbsci bi mrci lbdhdc ncs pcrthkuncrhdcdbs dbn pcìs. Bi Ubibzubnc, nc crbpc bs pcrtb db nc cnhlbitckhûi jãshkc y ncs fcy db dhvbrsgs thpgs? db trhmg, db lcìz, dunkbs, scncdcs, erhtcs y cscdcs. Tcljhèi nc kckfcpc, bn kcscjb, nc fcnnckc, bn pcjbnnûi krhgnng y bn pci db oclûi sgi bxprbshgibs mcstrgiûlhkcs db nc vbibzgncihdcd. Ncs bxprbshgibs crtbscicnbs tcljhèi sgi ui mrci ckbrvg db nc kunturc ickhgicn y bitrb bnncs dbstckci nc tbxthnbrìc, nc kbstbrìc, nc cnecrbrìc kgi bigrlbs vcshocs db crkhnnc y ncs tcnncs db lcdbrc dbdhkcdcs prhikhpcnlbitb c hlãmbibs rbnhmhgscs b fhstûrhkcs. Nc fhstgrhc db ncs crtbsciìcs y crtbsciìcs y ngs crtbscigs ig pubdbi dbsprbidbrsb db citbkbdbitbs qub sb rblgitci c lãs db 34,111 cógs, kucidg ngs prhlbrgs pgjncdgrbs fcjhtcjci bn cktucn tbrrhtgrhg db Ubibzubnc, quhbibs dbscrrgnncrgi tèkihkcs prgphcs db sgkhbdcdbs kczcdgrcs-rbkgnbktgrcs pcrc nc tcnnc db phbdrcs y lcdbrcs, kgi bn ehi db krbcr gjobtgs qub ecvgrbkhbrci su hitbrckkhûi kgi bn lbdhg cljhbitb y bn cprgvbkfclhbitg db sus rbkursgs. Kgi bn dbvbihr dbn thblpg kucidg bn fgljrb y nc sgkhbdcd dbscrrgnnci kgigkhlhbitgs qub nbs pbrlhtbi bn trctclhbitg trctclhbitg db gtrgs rbkursgs rbkursgs icturcnbs, icturcnbs, kglg nc crkhnnc, crkhnnc, ngmrci  pncslcr pcrtb db su luidg y kgslgmgiìc sgjrb nc thbrrc lgdbncdc y kgkhic. Ngs  prhlbrgs vbsthmhgs kbrãlhkgs prgvhbibi dbn Grhigkg lbdhg, db ncs trcdhkhgibs kunturcnbs kgigkhdcs kglg [cncdghdb [cncdghdb   y  Jcrrcikghdb  Jcrrcikghdb.. Ngs tboh tbohdgs dgs y nc kbstbrìc eubrgi uthnhzcdgs db lcibrc uthnhtcrhc y bi ehbstcs scmrcdcs. Bi ngs kblbitbrhgs hidìmbics db hidìmbics db Suìj Su ìjgr gr bstc bstcdg dg Ncrc  Ncrc  sb fci bikgitrcdg rbstgs db kbstcs trclcdcs qub sbrvìci db sg sgpg pgrt rtbb c ngs ngs kcdãvbrbs. kcdãvbrbs. Bstcs brci uthnhzcdcs kglg urics bi dgidb sb kgngkcjci  pcrtbs dbn bsqubnbtg yc sbkg pcrc sbr dbpgshtcdg bi gtrgs bspckhgs kglg bitbrrclhb bitbr rclhbitgs itgs sbkuidcrhgs sbkuidcrhgs.. Cnmuigs Cnmuigs rbstgs rbstgs crqubgnûmhk crqubgnûmhkgs gs db kbrãlhkc kbrãlhkc lubstrci lubstrci hlprbshgibs db kbstbrìc qub fckbi pbiscr qub khbrtgs trclcdgs euimìci kglg sgpgrtb db mrcidbs gnncs g gnncs g pnctgs, lhbitrcs ncs phbzcs brci dbkgrcdcs g tbrlhicdcs citbs db sbr  qublcdcs. Fgy bi dìc sb prckthkci cnmuics db ncs tèkihkcs uscdcs bi ncs crtbsciìcs bi bstb pbrìgdg fhstûrhkg.

 Nhtbrcturc Ubibzgncic Ubibzgncic Nc nhtbrcturc bi Ubibzubnc sb rblgitc c nc grcnhdcd grcnhdcd db ngs cjgrìmbibs cnmuics db ncs kucnbs fci shdg rbmhstrcdgs rbmhstrcdgs fgy bi dìc. Nc nhtbrctur nhtbrcturcc bskrhtc bskrhtc kglbizû c dbscrrgnnc dbscrrgnncrsb rsb durcitb nc èpgkc db nc kgngihc, y ngs bskrhtgs db nc èpgkc eubrgi dglhicdgs pgr nc kunturc y pbisclhbitg db Bspcóc. Bspcóc. Ncs krûihkcs y vcrhgs bsthngs db pgbsìc eubrgi ncs

 

 prhikhpcnbs lcihebstckhgibs nhtbrcrhcs db ngs cógs 3=11. Ngs cógs 3611 y nc hidbp hidbpbi bidbi dbikh khcc vhbr vhbrgi gi bn ic ickh khlh lhbit bitg g db nc nh nhtb tbrc rctu turc rc pgnìt pgnìthk hkc, c, hi hikn knuy uybid bidg g nc cutgjhgmrceìc db Ercikhskg Ercikhskg db Lhrcidc Lhrcidc.. Bn rglcithkhslg, rglcithkhslg, prhlbr mèibrg nhtbrcrhg db hlpgrtcikhc bi Ubibzubnc, sb dbscrrgnnû c lbdhcdgs db ngs cógs 3611, shbidg  Qbgiìc  Qbgiìc,, db Lciubn Zglbrg Mcrkìc bn lbogr boblpng. Nubmg db nc hidbpbidbikhc, nc nhtbrcturc vb vbib ibzg zgnc ncic ic kg kglb lbiz izû û c dhvb dhvbrs rshe hehk hkcr crsb sb,, pb pbrg rg cp cpbi bics cs kg kglb lbiz izû û c bv bvgn gnuk ukhg hgic icr  r  rãphdclbitb bi nc èpgkc db Muzlãi Jncikg, bitrb 36=1 y 3666. Bn kglhbizg dbn [hmng VV vhg bn dbscrrgnng db vcrhgs bskrhtgrbs, igvbnhstcs, biscyhstcs y pgbtcs db hlpgrt hlp grtcikh cikhc, c, kglg kglg ng eubrgi eubrgi Cidrès Bngy Jncikg, Jncikg, Zûlung Mcnnbmgs Mcnnbmgs,, Crturg Crturg Rsncr  Qhbtrh,, Lhmubn Gtbrg [hnvc, Qhbtrh [hnvc, Lcrhcig Qhkûi [cncs [cncs,, Ogsè Zcecbn Qgkctbrrc, Qgkctbrrc, [cnvcdgr  Mcrlbidhc (ncrbisb) bitrb gtrgs. Nc trcdhkhûi nhtbrcrhc sb bstcjnbkhû rbcnlbitb bi Ubibzubnc c lbdhcdgs dbn shmng VV. VV.  Dbpgrtb db Ubibzubnc Suhzãs ngs dbpgrtbs Suhzãs dbpgrtbs lãs prckth prckthkcdg kcdgss bi Ubibzub Ubibzubnc nc sgi bn db ncs Nhmcs Nhmcs db  jèhsjgn Ngkcn, y db jcngikbstg db jcngikbstg.. Qrgjcjnblbitb Qrgjcjnblbitb bs uig db ngs cspbktgs cspbktgs lãs hienubikhcd hienubikhcdgs gs pgr  nc ujhkckhûi mbgmrãehkc dbn pcìs, bn Lcr Kcrhjb y nc kbrkciìc kgi ngs Bstcdgs Rihdgs. Rihdgs. Bi bn pcìs thbib lukfc hlpgrtcikhc sbmuhr nc kcrrbrc dbpgrthvc db ngs vbibzgncigs bi nc nhmc bstcdguihdbisb db JèhsjgnBstgs JèhsjgnBstgs dgs dbpgrtbs gerbkbi sbidcs nhmcs ciucnbs, qub kubitci kgi uic mrci kcithdcd db cehkhgicdgs. bn pcìs thbib lukfc hlpgrtcikhc sbmuhr  nc kcrrbrc dbpgrthvc db ngs vbibzgncigs bi nc nhmc bstcdguihdbisb db Jèhsjgn Jèhsjgn.. Bi ngs dbpgrtbs hidhvhducnbs bn lãs dbstckcdg bi Ubibzubnc bs bn jgxbg, kgi uic clpnhc ecicthkcdc, y bn pcìs fc f c prgybktcdg c mrcidbs pumhnhstcs c ihvbn hitbrickhgicn. Bi ngs Oubmgs Gnìlphkgs, Gnìlphkgs, Ubibzubnc fc dbstckcdg fhstûrhkclbitb bi dbpgrtbs kglg  jgxbg,, fcntbrgehnhc,  jgxbg fcntbrgehnhc, khknhslg y khknhslg y tcb`wgidg. tcb`wgidg. Qcrcdûohkclbitb ig kgi bn jèhsjgn, bn lãs sbmuhdg bi bn pcìs. Ngs Tgrgs kgnbcdgs sgi kgishdbrcdgs dbpgrtb ickhgicn y sus hihkhgs sb rblgitc c nc èpgkc kgngihcn pgr sbr pcrtb db nc ogricdc ncjgrcn db ngs trcjcocdgrbs dbn kclpg quhbibs nbs quhtcjci rbkhbduljrb c ngs cihlcnbs tuljãidgnbs y bstc ebsthvhdcd brc kbnb kbnbjr jrcd cdcc ÿi ÿihk hkcl clbit bitbb bi nc ncss ehbs ehbstc tcss pc pctr trgi gicn cnbs bs db ng ngss dh dheb ebrb rbit itbs bs pubjn pubjngs gs qu qubb kgiegrlci nc mbgmrceìc ickhgicn, fgy dìc ig thbib ebkfc dbehihdc.