Manejo de La Vía Aérea. Anestesiología Clínica de Morgan

 

CMHCJYPMS

CDN_J

m

D n cmdmcnckóh khn`jcun`n ` j d n gnscnrkddn ₤ m r k a k h n `jskhodnckóh cmhtkhun ` j d n bmdsn rjsjrvmrkm ` j nhjst j s k n cunh`m s j c k j r r n d n vîdvudn dkgktnhtj ` j prjskóh neustn`n, d m 5 c u n d p m r d m ajhjrnd k h ` k c n uhn ouan s u s tnhcknd ndrj`j`mr `j d n 5 gnscnrkddn. Y m r - j d c m h t r n r k m , d n . . prm`ucckóh. ` j p r j s k m h j s jdjvn`ns j h j d c k r c u k t m ` j 5 rjspkrnckóh c m h g ç h k g m s g m v k g k j h t m s ` j d t ó r n x y r u k s `ms rjspkrntmrkms skahkokcn mbstrucckóh `jdn v ç n nërjn5

m « t ç d n a m crkcmk`js p mr qu j u h n dmcndkznckóh prmdmhan`n. jh d n d n r k h a j puj`j ` n r d u a n r n `ksomhçn pm sm pjrn tm t k n y n u g j h t n j d rkjsam ` j jxtubnckóh ncck`jhtnd.

o D n g n s c n r k d d n dnrçhajn prmtjaj j h pnrtj d n v ç n nërjn5 ` j d s sjcrjckmhjs onrçhajns, g î s h m ` j d r j o d u e m a î s 5 5 t r k c m , y `jbj `jenrsj jh s u s k t k m . fnstn quj j d s u e j t m . fny n rjcupjrn`m d m s r j o d j e m s ` j d n v ç n nër j n. P r n s d n k h s j r c k ó h ` j u h n smh`n jh`mtrnqujnd, s j j d bndóh.cmh d n g j h m r cnhtk`n` ` j n k r j hjcjsnrkn c r j n r u h s j d d m `urnhtj d n vjhtkdnckóh cmh prjskóh t k v n cmh j d o k h ` j `ksgkhukr n d g ç h k g m d n prjskóh s j trnhsgktj n d n g u c m s n ` j d n trîqujn. «@a

@S

  m t k d j `

Ymrcm

d n `jtjcckóh

cmhtkhun* ` j CM.

c n ph ó a rn tm j s d n gjemr g n h j r n ` j qujn uhn smh`n jh`mtrnqujnd, h m t n r khtubnckóh brmhquknd. D n prkgjrn khtubnckóh brmhquknd j s j d n u g j h tm p k r n t m r k n gîxkgn.

w

D n prjvjhckóh ` j u h n k h t u b n c k ó h jsmoîakcn k h n ` v j r t k `n `jpjh`j j dn vksundkznckóh ` k r j c t n `j d n puhtn ` j d n smh`n jh`mtrnqujnd nd p n s n r p m r d n s cujr`ns vm c n d j s , `j d n 5 nuscudtnckóh cuk`n`msn pnrn jsc uc fn r r u k ` m r j s p k r n t m r k m b k d n t j r n d y ` j d n o n d t n ` j amramtjm aîstrkcm, ` j d n h î d k s k s ` j d ans jxfndn`m pnrn buscnr CM, j d g ë tm`m gîs.cmhoknbdj), ` j d n rn`kmarnoçn ` j d . tórnx M ` j 5 cmhh o k b r m s c m p ç n Zhn b r m h c n s c m p k n cmhh óptkcm. D m s `ntms c d n v j pnrn j d `knahóstkcm ` j khtubnckóh brmh-q u k n d smh r u k ` m s r j s p k r n t m r k m s j h . u h s m d m d n ` m , fkpmxkn

khodn pnrn

khjspjrî`n j h d n mxkgjtrçn ` j p u d s m h m 5 j s cmhoknbdj cmh cmhcjhtrnckmhjs jdjvn`ns ` j mxçajhm k h s p k r n ` m ) , khcnpnck`n` pnrn pndpnr j d admbm ` j d n sm h `n jh`mtrnqujnd jh d n g u j s c n jstjrhnd n d gmgjhtm ` j k h o d n r d m y ‗ `k sgk h uc k ó h ` j d n ` k s t j h s k b k d k ` n ` ` j d n bmdsn ` j r j s p k J H r n c k ó h . n d t n s prjskmhjs k h s p k r n t m r k n s g î x k g n s ) .

pmsk-

quj z

gj`knhtj uh

cmdmcnr j h d n t r î pnrn `jscnrgnhkojstnckóh ` j j h d n prjskóh k h s k -

skrvj

Dns ` k îh ` j s prjskmhjs k h t r n t m r îc k c n s hjant kv ns a j h j tn`ns pmr u h pnckjhtj quj t k j h j jspnsgm dnrçhajm

puj`jh prm`uckr j`jgn p u d g m h n r cmh prjskóh hjant k v n k h c d u s m j h n`udtms eóvjhjs y snhms.

  h u  

k

½Ja @jspuës ` j d n k h t u b n c k ó h , j d a d m b m - ` j d n s m h ` n j h ` m -

s j

  h ó k c n z k r m t u n

JH

trnqujnd h m `jbj quj`nr p m r jhckgn ` j d h k v j d ` j d c n r -

  h   s

  r n k p m c m t m O

J d gnhjem j x p j r t m ` j d n v ç n n ë r j n c m h s t k t u y j u h n ` j s t r j z n

¡

  d

  d n k r m t k `

NHNPMGÇN

n h j s t j s k ó d m a m . Jh j s t j c n p ç t u d m s j r j v k s n d n nhntmgçn ` j d n s v ç n s r j s p k r n t m r k n s s u p j r k m r j s , ` j s c r k b j j d jquk pm hjcjsnrkm y prjsjhtn tëchkcns y c m g p d k c n c k m h j s ` j d n dnrkhamscmpkn, k h t u b n c k ó h y j x t u b n c k ó h . Dn s j a u r k ` n ` ` j d p n c k j h t j `jpjh`j ` j d n cmgprjhskóh prmouh`n ` j c n ` n u h m ` j jstms tj gns. jsjhcknd pnrn uh

Npnrtj ` j f n c j r q u j u h p n c k j h t j h m t j h a n ` m d m r , d m q u j ` j o k h j gjemr n u h nhjstjskódmam j s s u cnpnck`n` ` j —gnhjenr‗ d n v ç n n ë r j n y vjhtkdnckóh ` j u h p n c k j h t j . J d ë x k t m j h d n v j h tkdnckóh cmh gnscnrkddn, khtu bnckó h, c r k c m t k r m t m g ç n y nhjstjs k n r j a k m h n d ` j d n d n r k h a j r j q u k j r j u h cmhmckgkjhtm ` j t n d d n -

y

;>

 

;2

¼ Nhjstjskmdmaçn cdçhkcn

Cnpçtudm

d n h t j p m r j d p n d n ` n r , p j r m s j uhjh j h d n p n r t j p m s t j r k m r o k a u r n : - > ) . D n o n r k h a j j s u h n j s t r u c t u r n okbrmguscudnr j h omrgn ` j Z q u j s j j x t k j h ` j ` j s ` j d n b n s j `jd c r î h j m f n s t n j d cnrtçdnam crkcmk`js n d n jhtrn`n ` j d jsóonam. Sj nbrj n`jd n h t j n d n cnvk`n` h n s n d , b m c n , d n r k h a j , hnsmonrkhaj, m r m o n r k h a j y d n r k h a m o n r k h a j p m r c k ó h d n r ç h a j n ) , rjspjctkvngjhtj. D n h n s m o n r k h a j j s t î s j p n r n ` n `j d n m r m o n r k h a j pmr uh p d n h m

Yndn`nr `urm Yndn`nr b dnh `m

Hnsmonrkhaj

bk ngsnja k h` nj r kd mn d jq hu aj u n ,s j d n j xjtpkkja hd `m tj k s j hf n c`jk r ju chcnk ó hs j p pnmrsntcjkr ók hm r . o u Jh hc k m -d n h n d jhtrj dn mrmonrkhaj y dn dnrkhamonrkhaj m fkpmonrkhaj). D n jpkadmtks jvktn d n n s p k r n c k ó h n d c u b r k r d n a d m t k s ‐-dn n b j r t u r n ` j d n dnrkhaj‐ ` n `h u r j at d u cj k ó h , Dn dnrkhaj pmsjj u h j s q u j d j t m c n r t k d n a k h m s m q u j s j gnhtkjhj u h k ` m c m h d k a n -

d

Djhaun

Mrmonrkhaj

kpmonrkhaj

gjhtms

Cujr`ns vmcndjs Dnrkhaj

m Prîqujn

Okaurn :->. Nhntmgçn ` j dns v ç n s rjspkrntmrkns. y

` m ` j d n nhntmgçn ` j d n s v ç n s r j s p k r n t m r k n s . Fny ` m s n b j r t u r n s n d n s vç n s r j s p k r n t m r k n s fugnhns5 d n h n r k z , quj c m h ` u c j n d n hnsmonrkhaj (pmrckóh h n s n d ) , y d n b m c n , quj cmh`ucj n d n mrmonrkhaj (p mr ckóh m r n d ) . Jstns v ç n s jstîh sjpnrn`ns pmr ` j -

y

m

gG

nh FZJSM

0

dnrkhaj

jstî

cmhstktuk`n

pm r

hujvj

DN

Jpkadmtks

cd

Dn

gõscudms

c n r t ç d n a m s okaurn : - 2 ) 5 tkrmk`js, c rk c m k ` j s , j p k a d ót k c m , y jh p n r j s ) n r k t j h m k ` j m s , c m r h k c u d n ` m s y cuhjkomrgjs. Dn k h j r v n c k ó h s j h s k t k v n `j d n s v ç n s r j s p k r n t m r k n s s u p j r k m r j s s j ` jrkvn `j d m s pnrjs c r n h j n d j s okaurn : - 3 ) . D n gucms n ` j d n h n r k z j s t î k h j r v n ` n p m r ` j d n h t j p m r d n rngn m o t î d g k c n _ , ) ` j d hjrvkm trkaëgkhm hjrvkm jtgmk`nd nhtjrkmr) y pmr ` j t r î s p m r d n 5 rngn-gnxkdnr _ , ) h j r v k m s j s o j h m p n d n t k h m s ) . D m s h j r v k m s p n d n t k h m s prmpmrckmhnh o k b r n s s j h s k b d j s p r m c j ` j h t j s j d h j r v k m t r k a ë g k h m _) y ` j d h j r v k m o n c k n d n d m s pnd n ` n r j s ` u r m y b d n h ` m . Jdhjrvkm d k h a u n d r n g n ` j d n ` k v k s k ó h gnh`kbudnr \ _ 3 W ` j d . h j r v k m t r k a ë g k h m ) y j d h j r v k m a d m s m o n rçhajm K V p n r c r n h j n d ) prmpmrckmhnh sjhskbkdk`n` a j h j r n d n d m s `ms tjr ckms n h t j r k m r j s y n d tjrckm p m s t j r k m r `j d n d j h a u n , rjspjctkvngjhtj. D n s r n g n s ` j d h j r v k m o n c k n d _ K @ ) y - ` j d h j r v k m a d m s m o n r ç h a j m prmpmrckmhnh d n s j h s n c k ó h j d a u s t m n j s t n s î r j n s . J d h j r v k m admsmonrçhajm tngbkëh k h j r v n j d tjcfm `j d n onrkhaj, d n s n g ç a ` n d n s y d n s u p j r o k c k j khojr kmr ` j d pndn-

Jpkadmtks

>

:)

Gjgbrnhn

tkrm fkm k`jn

S HE

y KNS

S `sn

C u jrhm supjrkmr ` j d cnrtçdnam t k r m k ` j s

Cnrtçdnam c u hjkom rgj (pnr) Cnrtçdnam cmrhkcutn`m

Cnrtçdnam nrktjhmk`js

pnr) pnr)

cnrtçdnam t k r m k ` j s

—‐ C n r t k d n a m c r k c m k ` j s Prîqujn GN[M M >; ; :

NHPJRKMR

YMSPJRKMR

Okaurn : - 2 , Jstructurns cnrtkdnakhmsns quj omrgnh d n d n r k h a j . (Gm`kokcn`n y r j p r m ` u ck ` n cmh nutmrkznckóh ` j G n y m C d k h k c nh` Omuh`ntkmh ` j M Cmhhtjd O 5 Gnhnajgjht m o t f j nkrwny nh` jh`mtrncfjnd k h t u b n t k m h . J h 5 C r k t k c n d Cnrj Gj`kckhj5 Yjrkpjrntkvj Gnhnajgjht G u r r n y G E , Cmurskh @B, Y j n r d RA, Yrm u af @ S \ j ` k t m r s W . Dkppkhcmtt-Rnvjh Yubdksfjrs, >; ; 1.) Dm

m

 

Gnhjem ` j d n v ç n n ë r j n

[,

j

;3

Rngn motîd gkcn ` j d hjrvkm t r k a ë g k h m (hjrvkm jtgmk`nd n h t j r k m r )

_m

Rngn gnxkd nr ` j d hjrvkm t r k a ë g k h m (hjrvkms j s t j h m p n d n t k h m s )

_3

@kvkskóh gnh` kb u d nr (hjrvkm d k h a u n d )

¡V

Hjrvkm a d m s m o n r ç h a j m

V

Hjrvkm vnam >S Hjrvkm d nrç ha jm supjrkmr Dk. Hjrvkm dnrçhajm khtjrhm D R Hjrvkm d nrç ha jm rjcurrjhtj

O k a u r n : - 3 . Khjrvnckóh sjhsktkvn ` j d n s v ç n s

rjspjctkvngjhtj. Y d h j p ` k m v n a m Y C p n r n d ) prmpmrckmhn s j h s k b k d k ` n ` n d n s v ç n s r j s p k r n t m r k n s bnem j d n j p k a d m t k s . D n rngn d n r ç h a j n s u p j r k m r ` j d ` k v k ` j j h d m s h j r v k m s dnrçhajm jxtjrhm ( g m t m r ) j `nr b d n h `m ,

J

sjhsktkvm).

Jstj õ d t k g m

As

p n d j s n`uctmrjs...

  m t k d j `

  h u   s

  h ó k c n z k r m t u n   h   s

  r n k p m c m t m O

¡

  d

  d n k r m t k `

D n o m h n c k ó h k h c d u y j n c c k m h j s s k g u d t î h j n s cmgpdjens ` j v n r k m s gõ scudms d n r ç h a j m s , D n s d j s k m h j s n d m s h j r v k m s gmtmrjs qu j k hjrvnh d n dnrkhaj c n u s n h `kvj r sms tr n stmr hms ` j d f n b d n c u n ` r m : - > ) . D n ` j s h j r v n c k ó h u h k d n t j r n d ` j u h gõ scup ns rî7. d m c r k c m t k r m k ` j m a j h j rn s k ahms c d ç h k c m s guy s u t k d nj d k s k s b k d n t j r n dj d h jr j r v k m d n r ç h a j m s u p j r k m r . prm`ucj `P kK stmhçn J H@ K R î o n t k a n o î c k d . ` j - d n - v 9 z , p j r m h m s j ndtjrn jd c m h t r m d ` j d n s vçns rjspkrntmrkns.

rjspkrntmrkns.

r

—Jv nh ` js p uës ` j d n n`gkhkstrnckóh ` j s u c c k h k d c m d k h n . Nuh quj jh jstms p n c k j h t j s s j ` j t j r k m r n jh a r n ` m c m h s k ` j r n b d j d n omhnckóh, pmcns vjcjs j d cmhtrmd `j dns v ç n s rjspkrntmrkns cmhstktuyj u h p r m b d j g n . Dn krrka nc kóh ` j d n dnrkhaj d n ` n h r n g n s `j dn s nrtjrkns t kj r m k ` j n s . D n n r t j r k n c r k c m t k r m k ` j n jgjraj ` j d n n r t j r k n t k r m k ` j n supjrkmr p m r s ç g k s g n , p r k g j r n r ng n ` j d n cnrótk`n j x d j g n , y cru z n d n gjgbrnhn crk cm t k rm k `jn supjrkmr, d n cund [ s j j x t k j h ` j ` j d cnrtçdnam crkcmk`js n d cnrtçdnam tkrmk`js. D n n r t j r k n t k r m k ` j n supjrkmr s j jhcujhtrn n d m d n r a m ` j d bmr`j dntjrnd `j d n gjgbrnhn c r kc mtkr mk` j n . N d p d n h j n r u h n crkcmtkrmtmgçn, `jbj t m g n r s j j h cujhtn d n n h n t m g ç n ` j d n n r t j r ç n crkcmtkrmk`jn y ` j d n n r t j r k n t k r m k ` j n , n u h q u j r n r n v j z k h c k ` j j h d n p r î c t k c n , S j `jbj p j r g n h j c j r j h d n d ç h j n gj`kn, n d n gktn` j h t r j d m s c n r t ç d n a m s c r k c m k ` j s y t k r m k ` j s .

Cun`rm :->. J o j c t m s

Dn pnrîdksks

uhk dnt jr nd ` j u h hjr v k m dnr çhajm r j c u r r j h t j p r m` uc j p n r î d k s k s ` j d n s c u j r `n s vmcndjs fmgmdntjrndjs, d m

Hjrvkm

j` dn cund cnusn `jt jrk m rm j h d n c n d k n ` v m z . B n tup n r î d k s k s b k d n t j r n d n a u ` n `jd h j r v k m d n r ç h a j m r j c u r r j h t j uj`j a j h j rn r

jrvkm d nrç ha jm supjrkmr Zhktntjrnd

jstrk`mr j khsuokckjhckn r js p k r nt mr k n `jbk`m n d n tjhskóh s k h pm skckóh q u j p j r s k s t j jh jd g õ s c u d m c r k c m t k r m k ` j m , s k s j

jrvkm

nsugj qu j j d hjrvkm dnrçhajm s u p j r k m r j s t î k h t n c t m . Dms prm-

Zhkdntjrnd

bdjgns ` j d n s v ç n s r j s p k r n t m r k n s s m h gjhms o r j c u j h t j s t r n s d n p ë r ` k ` n bkdntjrnd c r ó h k c n `jd h j r vk m dnrçhajm r j c u r r j h t j `jb k ` m n d `j sn r r mddm `j vnrkms gjcnhksgms `j cmgpjhsnckóh p. j e . , ntrmoçn ` j d n guscudnturn dnrçhajn). o j D n djskóh bkdntjrnd ` j d hjrvk m vn am n m sc ht j rn vkmsn

mgm rçhajms tnhtm s u p j k m dr nrj ç h as j mN sN r jN c u r r jN h t j s . Ymrm tn d Sr

c u j r ` n s vm-

c n d j s o d î c k ` n s , j h p m s k c k ó h g j ` k n , skgkdndr n sj qs uj sj mb-*

p r m p m r c k m h n k h j r v n c k ó h sj h sktkvn n

u n d j s t î khjrvn`m p m r j d hjrvkm d n r ç h a j m j x t j r h m (gmtn £ 99 r n g n ` j d h j r v k m d n r ç h a j m s u p j r k m r . D mg ss gõscudms crk cmnrk tjhmk`jms pmstjrkmrjs n ns cc ujrj ` nshvmcndjs g k j h t r n s b ` u ^ u j d m s z g u s c u d n s crçcmnrktjhmk`ms d n t j r n dd jj ss ssmmhh, d m s p r k h c k - . cMnrktjhmkn

hjrvkm t r k a ë g k h m

r n z ó h , d n `jshjrvnckóh v n a n d b k d n t j r n d prm`ucj

crnhj-

pmr `jvnam sj khtjrhm

d n d n r k h a j j h t r j d n j p k a d m t k s y d n s c u j r ` n s v m c n d j s . M t r n rngn ` j d v n a m , j d h j r v k m dnrçhajm.rjcurrjhtj, k h j r v n d n t r î q u j n y d n dnrkhaj pmr ` j b n e m `j d n s c u j r ` n vmcndjs. D m s g õ s c u d m s ` j d n d n r k h a j jstîh khjrmrvn s j d`m hjr v k m E n r ç h a j m r j c u r r j h t j , c m h jxcjpckóh ` j d c r k c m t k r m k ` j m , j d

`jd

Bkdntjrnd

J o jctm ` j d n djskóh ` j d h jrv k m Jojctm g ç h k g m s 5 @ksomhçn, o n t k a n ` j d n vmz

dnrçhajm rjcurrjhtj

Bkdntjrnd

½Nau`n

Cróhkcn *5

d n djs k óh ` j d h j r v k m d n r ç h a j m s m b r j d n vmz `j

Hjrvkm vnam

Zhkdntjrnd.-

- Bkdntjrnd

@kstmhç n Jstrk`mr, Ntmhç n'

@ksomhçn Nomhçn5

khsu okckjhckn m

rjspkrntmrkn

 

;0

Cnpçtudm : )

N h j s t j s k m d m a ç n cdçhkcn

` k n h t j u h s j d d n ` m n prujbn ` j n k r j c m h d n c n r n o k a u r n : - : ) . J d rjbmr`j d n gnscnrkddn j s c m h t m rh j n` m y s j n e u s t n n ` k v j r s m s r n s a m s o n c k n d j s . J d m r k o k c k m ` j 2 2 gg ` j d n g n s c n r k d d n s j o k e n n d c k r c u k t m r j s p k r n t m r k m ` j d n gîq u k h n ` j n h j s t j s k n p m r gj`km ` j u h c m h j c t m r j h î h a u d m r j c t m . S j ` k s p m h j ` j v n r k m s `ksjþms ` j g n s c n r k d d n s . D m s cujrpms trnhspnrjhtjs p j r gktjh d n mbsjrvnckóh ` j d a n s j x f n d n ` m , fugjctn`m, y j d r j cmhmckgkjhtm khgj`kntm ` j v ó g k t m . D n s g n s c n r k d d n s ` j c n u c f m h j a r m n gjhu`m smh dm b n s t n h t j p d j a n b d j s pnrn n ` n p t n r s j n jstructurns ósjns onckndjs khusundjs. Dms anhc f m s ` j r j t j h c k ó h q u j r m ` j n h j d m r k o k c k m pjrgktjh d n o k e n c k ó h ` j u h t k r n h t j p n r n d n c n b j z n j h omrgn t n d q u j j d n h j s tjskódmam hm tkjhj quj smstjhjr dn g n s c n r k d d n jh su sktkm cmhtkhungjhtj. Ndauhns g n s c n r k d d n s p j ` k î t r k c n s j s t î h ` k s j þ n ` n s j h j s p j c k n d p n r n d j v n r n d g ç h k g m j d j s p n c k m gujrtm ` j d n p n r n t m okaurn :-?). Dn vjhtkdnckóh jokcnz rjqukjrj tnhtm uhn g n s c n r k d d n

J^ZKYM _çns n ërj n s

mrnd

y hnsnd

` j d t m h m ` j d m s gõscudms ` j v ç n s r j s p k r n t m r k n s n d t n s ( p . j e . ` j b k d k ` n ` ` j d gõscudm a j h k a d m s m ) j h d m s s u e j t m s

Dn për`k`n

n h j s t j s k n ` m s p j r g k t j quj d n d j h a u n y d n jpkadmtks c n k a n h fn c kn n t r î s cmh trn dn p n r j ` p m s t j r k m r `j dn onrkhaj. Dn tëchkcn p r j o j r k ` n pnrn nbrkr d n vçn nërj n js r j p m s k c k m h n r dn cnbj z n m jgpuenr d n gnh`çbudn. N u hqu j p n r n gnhtjhjr d n n b j r t u r n , s j p u j ` j c m d m c n r uhn v ç n n ë r j n n r t k o k c k n d , k h s j r t n ` n s n t r n v ë s ` j bmcn m h n r k z c r j n h uhn v ç n ` j n k r j j h t r j d n djhaun y d n p n r j ` p m s t j r k m r `j d n o n r kha j okaurn :-0). Dm s kh`kvk`ums `jspkjrtms m nquëddms j h u h pdnhm n h j s t ë s k c m s u p j r o k c k n d puj`jh t m s j r m n u h p r j s j h t n r dnrkhamspnsgm ` u r n h t j d n khsj rckó h `j c î h u d n s sk dms rjodjems dnrçh aj ms jstîh khtnctms. J h m c n s k m h j s , d n c m d m c n c k ó h ` j u h n v ç n n ë r j n m r n d s j puj`j on c k d k t n r suprkgkjh`m d m s r j o d j e m s ` j dn vçn në rj n, y mtrns v j c j s , `jprkgkjh`m d n d j h a u n c m h u h n b n t j d j h a u n s . D n s c î h u d n s m r n d j s ` j d n ` u d t m p m r d m a j h j r n d s m h ` j tngnþm p j q u j þ m < 6 9 gg Auj`jd H m . 3 ) < gj`knhm, ; 9 gg Auj`jd H m . 0 ) < y a r n h ` j > 9 9 gg Auj`jd H m . : ) . 9n

JW

jH

:

NW

90

neu s t n`n

Zhn g n s c n r k d d n o n c k n d o n c k d k t n j d s u g k h k s t r m ` j m x ç a j h m m ` j ans

nh js t ës kc m ` j uh s k s t j g n rjspkrntmrkm n uh pnc kjh t j g j -

`j

ans

cmgm

vçns

rjspkrntmrkns

` j p r j s k m h j s n d t n s j h j d ckrcuktm rjspkrn tmrkm cmh gmvkgkjh t m s tmrîckcms y rjspkrntmrkms guy ` k s g k h u k ` m s k g p d k c n mbs-

jpkstnxks,

@ k s j þ m y tëchkcn ` j d n g n s c n r kddn o n c k n d

prujbn

p j ` j prjskóh j s t î c j r r n ` n , s u j d j k h ` k c n r u h jscnpj s u s t n h cknd n d r j ` j ` m r `j dn gnscnrkddn. Jh cmhtrnstj, dn a j h j r n c k ó h

D n d m h a k t u ` ` j u h n c î h u d n h n s n d puj`j c n d c u d n r s j cmgm d n ` k s t n h c k n q u j f n y ` j s ` j dns h n r k h n s f n st n j d m r k o k c k m jxtjrhm ` j d m ç ` m , y q u j j h tërgkhms nprmxkgn`ms j s 2 n 0 c m g gîs d n r a n q u j d n c î h u d n m r n d . @jbk`m n d r k j s a m ` j

d n s c î h u d ns hm s j jgpdjnh j h pnc kjh t js n htkcm`‗ audn`ms m j h h k þ m s cmh n`jhmk`js prmgkhjhtjs. P n g b k ë h ` j b j h u s n r s j d n s cîhudns h n s n d j s j h u h s u e j t m q u j t j h a n o r n c t u r n ` j d n b n s j ` j d c r î h j m . Cundqukjr t u b m q u j s j c m d m quj n trnvës `j dn hnrkz (p. je. v ç n s nërjns hnsndjs, s m h ` n s hns m a î s t r k c n s , t u b m s h n s m t r n q u j n d j s ) s j ` j b j d u b r k c n r y jgpuen r n dm d n r a m ` j d pksm hnsnd, hm cmgm d m s h m v n t m s trntnh `j fncjr ‐ f n c k n d n puhtn ` j d c m h ` u c t m h n s n d , p n r n j v k t n r t r n u g n t k z n r dms c m r h j t j s m j d t j c f m `j d n hnrkz. Dm s p n c k j h t j s j h p d n h m n h j s t ë s k c m supjr okc kn d suj dj h tmdjrnr g j e m r dns cîhudns h ns ndj s quj dns m r n d j s .

n

pjrgjnbdjs. J d fjcfm q u j d n b m d s n ` j r j s p k r n c k ó h s j ` j s k h o d j cmhtkhungjhtj, cunh`m d n v î d v u d n ` j j s c n -

d`

t r u c c k ó h ` j d n s v ç n s r j s p k r n t m r k n s . J s t m s ` m s prmbdjgns c m h o r j c u j h c k n s j r j s u j d v j h gj`knhtj u h n t ë c h k c n n p r m p k n ` n j h dn gnhkpudnckóh ` j dn g n s c n r k d d n . N d s u e j t n r d n g n s c n r k d d n c m h d n gn h m k z q u k j r ` n , s j puj`j u s n r d n g n h m `jrjcfn p n r n a j h j r n r v j h t k d n c k ó h c m h p r j s k ó h p m s k t k v n n d cmgprkgkr d n b m d s n ` j r j s p k r n c k ó h . D n g n s c n r k d d n s j s m s t k j h j c m h t r n d n c n r n p m r gj`km ` j p r j s k ó h f n c k n n b n e m s m b r j s u c u j r p m , q u j sj npdkcn c m h jd p u d a n r j çh`kcj kzq u k j r ` m s okaurn :-1). Jd ` j ` m cmr`knd y jd nhudnr suejtnh dn gnh`çbudn p n r n jxtjh`jr d n n r t k c u d n c k ó h n t d n h t m m c k p k t n d . D n prjskóh ` k a k t n d `jbj n p d k c n r s j smbrj d n g n h ` ç b u d n ó s j n y hm s m b r j d m s t j e k ` m s b d n h ` m s `j s m p m r t j ` j dn b n s j `j d n d j h a u n , d m q u j puj`j m b s t r u k r d n s v ç n s r j s p k r n t m r k n s . J d dgj n þy k qt kur jn `sjj `ëjsstdn k z nf n c pk mn r `` jjdbnnh et mj < ` j jd s t în h a jus d m d n ` gj n hd n k mgn b rhn` ç bguî-s k gp m rt nh t j p n r n pjrgktkr d n vjhtkdnckóh ` j d pnckjhtj. J h sktunckmhjs ` k o ç c k d j s p u j ` j h rjqujrkrsj ` m s g n h m s p n r n prmpmrckmhnr t r n c c k ó h n`jcun`n s m b r j d n gnh`çbudn y

n

Okaurn :-0, N 5 _ ç n nërjn mrmonrçhajn j h s u s k t k m . D n v ç n nërjn skauj d n curvnturn ` j d n djhaun, s j p n r n n d n j p k a d m t k s ` j d n p n r j ` onrçhajn pmst j r k m r y p r m p m r c k m h n u h c m h ` u c t m pnrn j d p n s m ` j n k r j . B 5 _ ç n nërjn hn s m o n r ç ha j n j h s u s k t k m . D n v ç n nërjn pnsn p m r d n h n r k z y s j jxtkjh`j fnstn e u s t m p ór jhckgn ` j dn j p k a d m t k s . G m ` k o k c n ` n y rjprm`uck`n cmh nutmrkznckóh ` j Oncj g n s l s nh` nkhwnys. J h 5 Z h ` j r s t n h ` k h a N h j s t f j s k n J q u k p g j h t , 0 t f j ` . @ m r s c f E N , @ m r s c f SJ j ` k t m r s ) . Qkdddngs Qkdlkhs, >;;;.)

 

R

Gnhjem ` j d n v ç n n ë r j n

;:

 

rkokckm

 

Cujrpm

Anhcfms oken`mrjs

Bmr ` j

Okaurn : - : . Gnscnrkddn o n c k n d trnhspnrjhtj

pnrn n ` u d t m .

Okaurn g nhm.

crjnr uh sjddn`m c m h d n g n s c n r k d d n . Ymr tnhtm, q u k z î s j h j c j s k t j uh

nskstjhtj pnrn cmgprkgkr d n bmdsn ` j rjspkrnckóh.

Jh

jstms cnsms, d m s p u d a n r j s s m s t k j h j h d n g n sc n r k d d n f nckn bnem g k j h t r n s d n s p u h t n s m d m s h u ` k d d m s `j d m s ` j ` m s ` j s p d n z n h d n gnh`çbudn f n c k n n ` j d n h t j o k a u r n : - 6 ) . D n m b s t r u c c k ó h ` u r n h t j d n jxfndnckóh puj`j `jbjrsj n d n ` ks g kh uckó h j x c j s k v n `j d n p r j s k ó h ` j d n g n s c n r k d d n m n u h j o j c t m ` j v î d v u d n - b n d ó h n d jgpuenr d n gnh`çbudn. J d prkgjrm puj`j r j s m d v j r s j ` k s gkhuyjh`m d n p r j s k ó h `j d n g n s c n r k d d n y j d sjauh`m ` j e n h ` m ` j jgpuenr d n gn h `çbudn `urnhtj j s t n o n s j ` j d c k c d m r j s p k r n t m r k m . N g jhu ` m j s ` k o ç c k d o m r g n r u h n e u s t j n`jcun`m ` j d n g n s c n r k d d n c m h d m s c n r r k d d m s `j p n c k j h t j s ` j s ` j h t n ` m s . n d vjz nyu`j ` j e n r c m d m c n ` n s d n s `jhtn`urns p m s t k z n s h m j s r j c m gjh`nbdj m r j d d j h n r d n s c n v k ` n ` j s b u c n d j s c m h a n s n . D n p r j pmsktkvn ` j vjht kdnckóh s j dkgktn j h M p n r n j v k t n r k h o d n c k ó h ` j d jstógnam.

skóh

ajhjrnd

n 29

cg

:-1.

P ë c hk c n

`j

npdkcnckóh

`j

dn

gnscnrkddn

oncknd

cmh

uhn

m d m s t k r n h t j s ` j d n gnscnrkddn s j u s n h `urnhtj d n r a m s p j r k m ` m s ` j t k j g p m , s j ` j b j cngbknr d n p m s k c k ó h ` j gnhjrn o r j c u j h t j p n r n p r j v j h k r d j s k m h j s . S j ` j b j t j h j r c u k `n`m ` j h m j e j r c j r prjskóh s m b r j d m s m e m s , d m s c u n d j s ` j b j h c u b r k r s j p n r n `ksgkhukr j d r k j s a m ` j nbrnskmhjs cmrhjndjs. cnrkddn oncknd

@ k s j þ m y t ë c hk c n ` j d n g n s c n r k d d n dnrçhajn Cn`n v j z s j u s n gîs d n g n s c n r k d d n d n r ç h a j n j h v j z ` j d n o n c k n d m ` j d n s m h ` n jh`mtrnqujnd p n r n n ` g k h k s t r n r u h n h j s t ë s k c m < p n r n o n c k d k t n r d n vjhtkdnckóh y j d pnsm ` j uhn smh`n jh`mtrnqujnd j h u h kh`kvk`um cmh v ç n s r j s p k r n t m r k n s c m g p d k c n ` n s < y p n r n nyu`nr n d n vjhtkdnckóh `urnhtj u h prmcj` kg kj h tm brm h cm scópkcm c m h o k b r m s c m p k m , n s ç c m g m p n r n c m -

D n gnymrçn ` j d m s s u e j t m s s j gnhtkjhj c m h u h n gnscn-

  m t k d j `

  h u   s j

  h ó k c n z k r m t u n

p m s k b d j quj rd nk d d vn j ho tn ck kdnnd c kyó hu h nc m h v ç ng n ns ëc rn jr nk d dhnn s n`d u run h mtrjn d pojnrc kk nmd`. m sJ s prmdmhan`ms prm`uzcn d j s k ó h p m r prjskóh j h d n s rngns ` j d m s h j r v k m s t r k aëgkh m m o n c k n d @ j b k ` m n d n nusjhckn ` j p r j s k ó h p m s k t k v n ` j

d n s v ç n s rjspkrntmrkns ` u r n h t j d n vj h tkdn ckóh jspmhtîhjn, j s t n r j q u k j r j s ó d m o u j r z n gçhkgn f n c k n n b n e m s m b r j d n gnscnrkddn o n c k n d p n r n c r j n r u h s j d d n ` m n`jcun`m. S k d n gns-

õdtkgn

  h   s

  r n k p m c m t m O

Cujrpm

  d

  d n k r m t k `   M

Rjbmr`j Okaurn :-?. D n gns cnrkddn o n c k n d pj`kîtrkcn ` j R j h ` j d d - B n l j r - S m u c j l u h cujrpm pmcm prmouh`m y jspnckm gujrtm gçhkgm.

tkjhj

Okaurn :-6. Cmh orjcujhckn, uhn v ç n rjspkrntmrkn ` k o ç c k d s j p u j`j t r n uhn tëchkcn cmh `ms gnhms

t n r g j ` kn h t j

 

;?

¼

Nhjstjskmdmaçn

Cnpçtudm :

cdçhkcn

d

dubrkcn y s j khsjrtn ckjans d khtjrkmr `j d f k p m o n r k h a j jh o m r gn t n d q u j , uhn v j z k h o d n ` m , o m r gj u h s j d d n ` m ` j b n e n p r j s k ó h n d r j ` j ` m r `j d j h t r n ` n d dnrkhaj. J s t m r j q u k j r j u h n p r m o u h ` k ` n ` n h j s t ë s k c n u h pmcm gnymr q u j d ` j d k h s j r c k ó h `j u h n c î h u d n m r n d . Nuh quj d k h s j r c k ó h j s rjdntkvngjhtj s k g p d j o k a u r n : - ; ) , d n t j h c k ó h n ` j c u n ` n d m s `jt n d d j s gjemrn d m s ç h ` k c j s ` j ë x k t m c u n ` r m : - 2 ) . J d gnhauk-

pmsktkvn) y d gnscnrkddn dnrçhajn Onstrncf quj o n c k d k t n d kht u b n c k ó h ` j p n c k j h t j s c m h vçns n ë r j n s ` k o ç c k d j s . D n gnscnrkddn d n r ç h a j n c m h s k s t j j h u h n s m h ` n ` j m r k o k c k m n g p d k m c u y m jxtrjgm p r m x k g n d s j c m h j c t n c m h u h c k r c uk tm r j s p k r n t m r k m gj ` k n h tj u h c m h j c t m r j s t î h ` n r ` j > : gg, y cuym jxtrjgm ` k s t n d s j o k e n u h gnhauktm j d ç p t k c m q u j puj`j k h o d n r s j t r n v ë s ` j u h t u b m p k d m t m . J d gnhauktm ` j s k h o d n ` m s j

td m dcmdmcn`m j h a u n p m r j hn r rpk mb ns ,k c kd mós h s jk h` jm nsd pjks rt kî o mdrkggjkst n ` m d m sp m dr n ` md s b yn s jjd j`s joçhtjr j s m o î a k c m s u p j r k m r pmr ` j b n e m . S ç j d j s ó o n a m s j khcduy j ` j h t r m ` j d r j b m r ` j ` j d gnhauktm, d ` k s t j h s k ó h y r j a u r aktnc kóh aîstrkcn s j c m h v k j r t j h jh u h n cdnrn pm s k bk d k `n `. Dns v n r k n c k m h j s nhntógkcns kgpk`jh j d ou h c k m h n g k j h t m n ` j -

m c n r j d brmhcmscmpkm. D n g n s c n r k d d n d n r ç h a j n f n supjrn`m

C m g b k t u b j c m g m ` k s p m s k t k v m p r j o j r k ` m p n r n gnhjenr u h n v ç n nërjn ` k o ç c k d . Y mr dm a j h j r n d s j u s n h c u n t r m tkpms `j g n s c n r k d d n s d n r ç h a j n s 5 d g n s c n r k d d n d n r ç h a j n r j u t k d k z n b d j , gnscnr k d d n d n r ç h a j n gjemrn`n ` j s j c f n b d j , g n s c n r k d d n d n r ç h a j n s j d d n ` n c m h u h m r k o k c k m t r n v ë s ` j d c u n d s j puj`j c m d m c n r u h n s m h ` n hnsmaîstrkcn quj o n c k d k t n dn vjhtkdnckóh c mh prj s k óh

c u n ` m jh n d a u h m s pnckjhtjs.

k h jgbnram, s k u h n g n s c n r k d d n

k a u r n :-;. N5 G n s c n r k d d n d n r ç h a j n d k s t n pnrn s j r khsjrtn`n. Sj `jskhodn j d bnd óh y s j neustn c m h okrgjzn n d bmr`j, pjrm d j e m s ` j d n n b j r t u r n ` j d n gnscnrkd d n. Hm ` j b j f n b j r p d k j a u j s c j r c n ` j d n puhtn. B 5 Khsjrckóh k h k c k n d ` j d n g n s c n r k d d n d n r ç h a j n . B n e m v k s k ó h ` k r j c t n , d n p u h t n ` j d n g n sc n r k d d n s j p r j s k m h n fnckn n r r k b n c m h t r n j d p n d n ` n r ` u r m . Y u j ` j u s n r s j j d ` j ` m g j ` k m p n r n j g p u e n r d n g n h ` ç b u d n fnckn nbnem. D n g n s c n r k d d n s j p r j s k m h n fnckn ` j d n h t j c m h o m r g j s j n v n h z n j h d n onrçhaj pnrn n s j a u r n r s j quj d n p u h t n pjrgnhjcj n p d n h n ` n y j v k t n d n d j h a u n . D n g n h ` ç b u d n h m ` j b j g n h t j h j r s j nbkjrtn u h n vjz quj d n g n s c n r k d d n j s t î `jhtrm ` j d n b m c n . D n gnhm d k b r j p u j ` j u s n r s j pnrn jstnbkdkznr j d m c c k p u c k m . C5 N d r j t k r n r dms `jgîs ` j ` m s y c m h u h n d k a j r n p r m h n c k ó h ` j d n h t j b r n z m , s j p u j ` j j g p u e n r d n g n s c n r k d d n fnstn s u p m s k c k ó h ok h n d c m h u h s m d m gmvkgkjhtm. H ó t j s j quj j d c u j d d m s j g n h t k j h j odjxkmhn`m y d n c n b j z n jxtjh`k`n. @ 5 D n g n s c n r k d d n d nrçhajn s j s m s t k j h j c m h d n m t r n gnhm y s j r j t k r n j d ` j ` m ç h ` k c j . D n gnhm q u j s m s t k j h j d n s m h ` n p r j s k m h n cmh s u n v k ` n ` fnckn nbnem fnstn quj j h c u j h t r n rjskstjhckn. R j p r m ` u c k ` n cmh n u t m rd Hmrtf N g j r k c n . ) z n c k ó h ` j DG rn

m

Gnhjem ` j d n vçn n ë r j n

 

Cun`rm :2. Jd ëxktm

Enrçhajn

jh d n Khsjrckóh

`j

d n gnscnrkddn.

`jpjh`j `j d n n t jhc k ó h n vnrkms ` j t n d d j s

. J d j a k r jd tn g n þ m n p r m p k n ` m (cun`rm :-;) y vjrkokcnr pmskbdjs, jscnpjs nhtjs ` j d n khsjrckóh5 2 . J d bmr`j prkhckpnd `jd gnhauktm `jskhodn`m h m `jbj tjhjr nrruans 7y `jbj jstnr j h `krjcckóh c m h t r n r k n . ndn n b jr t ur n o k a u r n 3 . Dubrkcnr s ó d m j d d n ` m pmstjrkmr ` j d g n h a u k t m 0 5 Nsjaurnr d n 5 nhjstjskn n`jcun`n ( b d m q u j m h j r v k m s m | rjakmhnd m ajhjrnd). nhtjs ` j k h t j h t n r dn khsjrckóh. J d p r m p m o m d cmh mpkmk`js prmpmrckmhn. gjemrjs ( cmh`kckmhjs quj j d tkmpjhtnd

: < Cmdmcnr d n cnbjzn ` j d pnckjhtj jh pmskckóh ` j 5 nspkrnckóh‗ au5 r n . : - ; B y :->?). ? . Zsnr ë d ` j ` m ç h ` k c j pnrn a u k n r j d g n ha uk t m n d m d n r a m ` j d pn dn `n r `urm fnckn nbnem n d k h t j r k m r ` j d n f k p m o n r k h a j , fnstn quj sj s k j h - 5 t n quj nugjhtn d n rjskstjhckn ( o k a u r n :-;9)5 D n d ç h j n hjarn d m h a k t u ` k h n d skjgprj `jbj sjþndnr jh `krjcckóh cjoîdkcn ( j s t m j s , mrkjhtn`n n d d n b k m supjrkmr `jd pnckjhtj) Pj hodnr cmh d n cnhtk`n` cmrrjctn `j n k r j (cun`rm 6 . N s ja ur n r prmouh`k`n` nhjstëskcn. n ` j c u n ` n `urnhtj dn cmdmcnckóh ` j d pnckjhtj j h pmskckóh‗ ; . D n mbstrucckóh `js puë s ` j d n khsjrckóh sujdm `jbjrsj odjxkmhn`n fnckn nbnem m n d n r kh a msp n sg m t r n h s k t m r k m >9.

  m t k d j `

  h u   s j

  h ó k c n z k r m t u n   h   s

  r n d p m c m t m

J v k t n r nspkrnckóh onrçhajn< `jskhodnckóh ` j d g n h a u k t m m r j t k r n r d n gnscnrkddn dnrçhajn fnstn quj jd pn c k jht j `jspkjhs j 5 j, n b r k r d n bmcn cunh`m sj d j mr`jhn)

n r ç h a j n h m j s t î ouhckmhnh`m n`jcun`ngjhtj ` j s p u ë s ` j n d auhms k h t j h t m s o n d d k ` m s ` j — n e u s t n r ‗ d n g n s c n r k d d n , d n gnymrçn ` j d m s prnctkcnhtjs khtjhtnrîh cmdmcnr m t r n g n s c n r k d d n ` j ` k o j r j h t j t n g n þ m . Cm g m j d `mbdngkjhtm ` j d n j p k a d m t k s f n c k n n b n e m m ` j d gnhauktm ` k s t n d c n u s n h d n gnymr p n r t j ` j d m s o r n c n s m s , d n k h s j r c k ó h ` j g n s c n r k d d n d n r ç h a j n b n e m mbsjrvnckóh ` k r j c t n c m h u h d n r k h a m s c m p k m m brmhcmscmpkm o k b r ó p t k c m j s õ t k d j h c n s m s `koçckdjs. @ j k a u n d gnhjrn, d n k h o d n c k ó h p n r c k n d ` j d gnhauktm n h t j s ` j d n k h s j r c k ó h j s ` j u t k d k ` n ` . J d c u j r p m - ` j d n g n s c n r k d d n puj`j o k e n r s j c m h c k h t n n ` f j s k v n , cmgm s j f n r ç n c m h uhn smh`n jh`mtrnqujnd. D n g n s c n r k d d n d n r ç h a j n prm t j aj j h pnrtj d n dnrkhaj ` j dns sjc r jc k mhjs d n r ç h a j n s ( p j r m h m ` j r j a u r a k t n c k ó h a î s t r k c n ) , y ` j b j pjrgnhjcjr f n s t n q u j j d p n c k j h t j r j c u p j r j d m s r j o d j e m s ` j d n s v çn s r j s p k r n t m r k n s . J s t m s u j d j s j þ n d n r s j p m r tms y n b j r t u r n ` j d n b m c n n d m r ` j h n r s j . D n g n s c n r k d d n d n r ç h a j n r j u t k d k zn b d j , q u j s j puj`j j s t j r k d k zn r j h n u t m c d n v j , j s t î c m h s t r u k ` n c m h cnucfm skdkcóh j s ` j c k r , h m t k j h j d î t j x ) y j s t î ` k s p m h k b d j j h gucfms tngnþms ( c u n ` r m : - 3 ) .

Cun`rm :-3. S j `k s p m hj

pnrn p n c k j h t j s `j t n gnscnrkddn

  d

  M

`j vnrkns gnsc nrkd d ns

dn r ç ha jn s

cmh `kojr jhtjs vmdõgjhjs ` j gnhauktm ngnþm

  d n k r m t k `

n jpkadmtks

3

Yjsm5

Pngnþm ` j d pnckjhtj

la)

`kstkhtms _mdugjh ` j d gnhauktm (gD) n0

Dnctnhtj

4?:

Hkþm

?.:

n 29

Hkþm

29

n . 39

N`udtm pjqujþm

839.

Fnstn 2 9

hmrgnd

4 19

Fnstn 3 9

N`udtm arnh`j

8 19

½Fnstn 3 9

nstn

:

` j tngnþms

Fnstn

>9

Fnstn > :

j

;1

Dn gnscnrkddn dnrçhajn p r m p m r c k m h n uhn ndtjrhntkvn n d n vjhtkdnckóh cmh gnscnrkddn o n c k n d m s m h ` n j h ` m t r n q u j n d (cun`rm :- 0 ). D n s c m h t r n k h ` k c n c k m h j s ` j d n g nsc nr k ddn d n r ç h a j n k h c d u y j h p n c k j h t j c m h jhojrgj`n` o n r ç h a j n p . j e . , n b s c j s m ) , m b s t r u c c k ó h o n r ç h a j n , jstógnam d d j h m p . j e . , j g b n r n z m , f j r h k n f k n t n d ) y p j r s m h n s c m h ` k s t j h s k b k d k ` n ` pudgmhnr b n e n p . j e . , jhojrgj`n`js r j s t r k c t k v n s ` j d n vçn n ë r j n ) quj r j q u k j r j p r j s k m h j s r j s p k r n t m r k n s gîxkgns s u p j r k m r j s n 3 9 cg ODM. Y m r d m aj h j r n d , sj fn jvktn`m j d usm ` j d n gnscnrkddn dnrçhajn j h pnckjht j s c m h jspnsgm brmhquknd m c m h a r n h r j s k s t j h c k n j h d n s v çn s rjspkrntmrkns, p jr m d m s h u j v m s `ntms s j þ n d n h q u j j h v k s t n `j q u j hm s j c mdmc n jh d n t rî qu j n , j d usm ` j u h n gnscnrkddn d n r ç h ajn s j r j d n c k m h n c m h gjhms jspnsgm b r m h q u k n d q u j u h n s m h ` n j h ` m t r n q u j n d . Nuhquj j s c d n r m q u j h m j s u h s u s t k t u t m ` j d n k h tubnckóh jh`mtrnqujnd, d n g n s c n r k d d n d n r ç h a j n j s p n r t k c u d n r -

gjhtj õ t k d cmgm u h n gj`k`n t j g p m r n d j h p n c k j h t j s c m h v ç n s rj s pkrn t m rkn s ` k o ç c k d j s ( n q u j d d n s q u j h m puj`jh v j h t k d n r s j m k h t u b n r s j ) ` j b k ` m s u onckdk`n` ` j khsjrckóh j çh`kcj n d t m `j ë x k t m ( ; : n ; ; ) . S j u s n cmgm u h cmh`uctm p n r n d n k h t u b n c k ó h c m h gnh`rkd p . j e . , b u e ç n ` j am gn j d î s t k c n ) , v j h t k d n c k ó h n c f m r r m n t r n v ë s ` j u h g n h ` r k d , brmhcmscmpkm o k b r ó p t k c m o d j x k b d j , m s m h ` n j h ` m t r n q u j n d ` j ` k î g j t r m pjqujþm ? . 9 gg). S j ` k s p m h j ` j v n r k n s g n s c n r k d d n s d n r ç h a j n s q u j s j f n h gm`kokcn`m pnrn o n c k d k t n r d n c mdmc nc k ó h ` j uhn s m h ` n j h ` m t r n q u j n d g î s d n r a n m ` j u h o k b r m s c m p k m b r m h q u k n d . D n k h s j r c k ó h puj`j p r n c t k c r s j bn em nhjstjskn tópkcn y b d m q u j m s bkdntjrndjs ` j d m s hjrv k m s d n r ç h a j m s s u p j r k m r j s , cunh`m d n s v ç n s r j s p k r n t m r k n s `jbjh nsjaurnrsj cmh j d pnckjhtj `jspkjrtm.

Pëchkcn y `ksjþm ` j d C m g b k t u b j js m o nam t rnqujnd j s m on am t rn qu j n d j s t î c mhstk tuk `m pmr `ms t u b m s o u s k m h n ` m s , c n ` n u h m c m h u h c m h j c t m r ` j > : gg j h s u jxtrjgm p r m x k g n d . J d t u b m n z u d g î s d n r a m t k j h j u h n puhtn ` k s t n d m c d u k ` n q u j o u j r z n d n sndk`n ` j d a n s n trnvës `j u h n s j r k j ` j p j r o m r n c k m h j s d n t j r n d j s , J d t u b m c d n r m gîs c m r t m t k j h j u h n p u h t n n b k j r t n y h m t k j h j p j r o m r n c k m h j s dntjrndjs. J d Cmgbktubj s u j d j k h s j r t n r s j n c k j a n s n t r n v ë s ` j d n b m c n y s j

Jd

Cm g b k t u b j

n`jdnhtn f n s t n quj d m s ` m s n h k d d m s hjarms ` j d cujrpm quj` n h s k t u n ` m s j h t r j d m s ` k j h t j s s u p j r k m r j s j khojrkmrjs. J d Cmgbktubj t k j h j ` m s gnhauktms k h o d n b d j s u h gnhauktm p r m xkgnd ` j >99 gD y uhm ` ks t n d ` j > : gD, q u j p uj`jh k h o d n r s j p m r cmgpdjtm ` j s p u ë s ` j s u c m d m c n c k ó h . D n d u z ` k s t n d ` j d C m g b k t u b j s u j d j quj`nr j h cmhtnctm j h j d j s ó o n a m , n p r m x k gn`ngjhtj ;:% ` j d t k j g p m q u j d n v j h t k d n c k ó h n t r n v ë s ` j d tub m nzud omrznrî a n s fnckn j d jxtjrkmr ` j dns p j ro m rn c km h j s dntjrndjs y n d k h t j r k m r ` j d n d n r k h a j . J d t u b m d k b r j , c m r t m , puj`j u s n r s j p n r n `jscmgprjskóh aîstrkcn. J h o m r g n n d t j r h n t k v n , s k j d Cmgbktubj p j h j t r n j h d n t r n q u j n , d n v j h t k d n c k ó h n t r n v ë s ` j d t u b m cdnrm `krkaj j d a n s n d k h t j r k m r ` j d n t r î q u j n . Nuhquj j d C m g b k t u b j s k a u j s k j h ` m u h n mpckóh p n r n j d g nh j e m ` j uhn v ç n ë r j n `koçckd j h j d ndamrktgm ` j d NCJS m npmym cnr`kncm nvnhzn`m p n r n d n v k ` n , d m s nhjstjskódmams rn rn v j z d m u t k d k z n h ,

y p r j o k j r j h uhn g n s cc mn hr k d d n d n r ç h a j n u m t r m s ` k s p m s k t k v m s p n r n . gnhjenr pnckjhtjs vçns n ë r j n s `koçckdjs.

Smh`ns jh`mtrnqujndjs

uj`j u s n r s j   d   s m h ` n   jh`mtrnqujnd p n r n s u g k h k s t r n r a n s j s p j r g k t k r   j d   g   e m r c m h t r m d `j   d n `krjctngjhtj n d t r î q u j n  

 

¼ Nhjstjskmdmaçn d ç h k c n

;6

Cnpçtudm :)

vjhtkdnckóh

cmh gnscnrkddn o n c k n d m khtubnckóh5 j h ` m t r n q u j n d m 

h   c m g p n rn c k ó h m  

JS

cmh  d g sc rkdd  o ck d S

n

j

j h t n e n s

@jsvjhtnens

M pj r nc k ó h   c m h g n þm s   dkbrj kbrjs s 5 

\ îs hvnskvn

Gj e mr   sjd d n` m j h   p nc k jh t js   c mh   b n rb n  

rkjsam ` j t r n u g n t k s g m . `j

Gnymr

dns v çns

r jspkr ntmr kns

jh

ckruaçn MRD5 N gjhu`m v ç n s n ër j n s g îs o î c k d j s `j. t f n h t j h j r Y rm t j a j r5 c m h t r n sjcrjckmhjs `j vçns r j s p k r n t m r k n s Gjhms t r n u g n t k s g m `j + j v k m s o n c k n d j s y mems jhms c m h t n g k h n c k ó h n d n s n d n ` j m p j r n c k ó h

Gjhms khcógm`n

n

Jh

cmgpnrnckóh j h ` m t r n q uj n d

MRD 7

cmh d n k h t u b n c k ó h

mtmrrkhmdnrkhamdóakcn< N P G

7

jhms khvnskvn Õ t k d j h khtu b nc kmhjs `koçckdjs Gjhms t r n u g n t k s g m s ` j `kjhtjs y d n r k h a j —Gjþms d n r k h a m s p n s g m y brmhcmspnsgm Hm rjqukjrj rjdnenckó h g u sc u dnr . —Hm rjqukjrj g mvkdk`n` ` j d c u j d d m . Gjhms rkjsam ` j khtu b nc kó h jsmoîakcn m jh`mbrmhquknd

nrtkcudnckóh t j g p m r m g n h ` k b u d n r < _YY

7 vjhtkdnckóh cmh prjskóh

j h t k d n c k ó h m x k a j h n c k ó h . Dns s m h ` n s j h ` m t r n q u j n d j s npmrt n h d m s a n s j s n h j s t ë s k c m s `krjctngjhtj n d k h t j r k m r ` j d n t r î q u j n . F ny jstîh`nrjs quj ambkjrhnh d n o n b r k c n c k ó h ` j ` k c f n s s m h ` n s (Ngjrkcnh Hntkmhnd Stnh`nr` o m r N h j s t f j t k c Jqukpgjht5 N H S K U - 1 ; ) . J D c d m r u r m ` j p m d k v k h k d m j s j d g n t j r k n d gîs usn`m j h d n g n h u o n c t u r n ` j smh`ns jh`mtrnqujnd j s . J h j d pnsn`m, d m s tubms oujrmh g n r c n ` m s c m g m —DP‗ m — U - 1 ; ‗ p n r n k h ` k c n r q u j f n b ç n h s k ` m prmbn`ms c m g m k g p d n h t j s p n r n nsjaurnr quj h m t j h ç n h t m x k c k ` n ` . D n omrgn y r k a k ` j z ` j d m s t u b m s jh`mtrnqujndjs s j puj`j n d t j r n r g j ` k n h t j d n khsjrckóh ` j u h gnh`rkd. J d j x t r j g m ` j d d n ` m ` j d p n c k j h t j j s b k s j d n ` m p n r n nyu`nr n d n mbsjrvnckóh v k s u n d j khsjrckóh n t r n v ë s ` j d n s cujr`ns v m c n d j s . D n s smh`ns Gurpfy t k j h j h u h n a u e j r m j d m m ` j Gurpfy) p n r n ` k s g k hukr j d rkjsam ` j m c d u s k ó h j h cnsm ` j quj d n nb jrturn ` k s t n d ` j d t u b m t j r g k h j j h d n c n r k h n m t r î q u j n okaurn :->9) .

Yuhtn bksjdn`n

Rjqukjrj

hujvns `jstrjzns

R j q u k j r j n h j s t j s k n g î s p r m ouh ` n . Rjqukjr j5 ndau hn g mv kdk` n` ` j d n NPG @kouskóh ` j HM n d g Gnhauktm Gudtkpdjs c m h t r n k h ` k c n c k m h j s Rkjsam ` j nspkrnckóh ` j s ` j j d jstógnam H m j s õ t k d j h p m s k c k m h j s cmgm `jcõbktm vjhtrnd'ó j h h n v n e n ` j b m d s k d d m JH D k g k t n j d gîxkgm ` j _YY. _çns rjspkrntmrkns gjhms sjau r ns. G n y m r rkjsam ` j jsc npjs ` j ans y . —cmhtngkhnckóh

ns

Cnusn ` k s t j h s k ó h a î s t r k c n hmsktkvn ms

` j n k r j `jpjh`j prkhckpndgjhtj Dn r j s k s t j h c k n n d `kîgjtrm ` j d n s mo dh u`enm, p j r m tngbkëh s j n o j c t n c m h s u dmhaktu` y curvnturn. J d t n g n þ m ` j d n smh`n jh`mtrnqujnd s u j d j `jskahnrsj j h gkdçgjtrms ` j `kîgjtrm khtjrhm m cmh gjhms o r j c u j h c k n j h d n j s c n d n o r n h c j s n (`kîgjtrm j x t j r h m j h g k d ç g j t r m s g u d t k p d k c n ` m p m r 3 ) . D n j d j c c k ó h ` j d `kîgjt r m s k j g p r j c m h s t k t u y j u h j q u k d k b r k m khtjrgj`km j h t r j d n j h t r j a n g î x kg n ` j o d u e m c m h u h tngnþm a r n h ` j y d n ` k s g k huckóh n d gîxkgm ` j t r n u g n t k s g m s n d n s v ç n s r j s p k r n t m r k n s c m h u h t n g n þ m p j q u j þ m (cun`rm : - : ) . D n g n y m r p n r t j ` j d n s smh`ns jh`mtrnqujndjs p n r n n ` u d t m p m s j j u h s k s t j g n ` j k h o d n c k ó h ` j gnhauktm, c m h s t k t u k `m pmr u h n vî dvudn, uh a d m b m pkdmtm, uh t u b m ` j k h o d n c k ó h o k a u r n : - > 9 ) . D n vîdvudn j v k t n për`k`n ` j y jd gnhauktm n k r j ` j s p u ë s ` j d n k h o d n c k ó h ` j d gnhauktm. J d a d m b m p k d m t m `jd

prmpmrckmhn

uh

kh`kcn`mr

nprmxkgn`m

G n h a uk t m

`j

dn khodnckóh

Cmhjctmr

Pubj

`j

khodnckóh

Mem ` j G ur p fy

A d m bm p k d m t m

_îdvudn

Okaur n :->9. S m h ` n

j h ` m t r n q u j n d ` j Gurpfy

`jd

 

>99

Nhjstj skmdmaçn cdçhkc 

Cnpçtudm :

nckhtmsf

khcmhskh

kaurn :->2. Cmheuhtm ` j fmens ` j dnrkhamscmpkm.

Okaurn :->3. Fmens jspjckndkzn`ns ` j dnrkhamscmpkm pnrn gnhje r v ç n s nërjns ` k o ç c k d j s . N 5 dnrkhamscmpkm Qu rg `m cmgpdjtngjhtj cmh smh`n jh`mtrnqujnd j h j d k h t j r k m r ` j d dnrkhamscmpkm cîhudn ` j nspkrnckóh j h j d dõgjh ` j d n smh`n jh`mtrnqujnd y smh`n ` j mxçajhm cmhjctn`n n d pujrtm ` j mxçajhm. B 5 hujvn v j r s j d j c t m ) ` j d dnrkhamscmpkm B u d d n r ` . d g ham f n s k ` m r j ` k sjþn`m. J x k s t j uhn n`nptnckóh pnrn o m c m j h d n pkjzn ` j . v k s k ó h . J h j d brnzm ` j v k s k ó h n`yncjhtj n d g ham j x k s t j u h gjc hksgm cmh rjsmrtj pnrn smstjhjr j d gnh`rkd gudtkouhckmhnd. skóh

 

Gnhjem ` j d n v ç n n ë r j n

mvkgkjhtm ` j d n n r t k c u d n c k ó h tjgpmrmgnh`kbudnr m j h n q u j d d m s c m h c k j r t n s nhmgndçns c m h a ë h k t n s ` j d n s v ç n s r j s p k -

rntmrkns supjrkmrjs‐ d n dnrkhamscmpkn cmh uh

dnrkhamscmpkm

r ç a k ` m j s khcmhvjhkjhtj m k g p m s k b d j . Z h brmhcmscmpkm o d j x k b d j ` j o k b r n ó p t k c n pjrgktj d n v k s u n d k z n c k ó h k h ` k r j c t n ` j d n dnrkhaj j h ` k c fm s cnsms m jh c u n d q u k j r s k t u n c k ó h jh d n q u j s j p d n h j j u h n k h t u b n c k ó h cmh j d p n c k j h t j `jspkjrtm okaurn

prmtjajr d n v ç n nërjn y pnrn tjhjr nccjsm n d n g k s g n . Jh a j hjrnd, d n k h t u b n c k ó h s j k h ` k c n j h k h ` k v k ` u m s q u j j s t î h jh rkjsam ` j nspkrnckóh y j h q u k j h j s sj suejtîh n prmcj`kgkjh

t m s q u k r õ r a k c m s q u j k h c d u y j h c n v k ` n ` j s c m r p m r n d j s m cnbjzn

yj js ht j r uk hd k z onmcckmó h ` j `jspuës k h o j c c k ó`hj ys u r ju sq mu.k j r j h d k g p k j z n c u k ` n ` m s n y

pb rr jm hj qs ut kn nb dd j c km ` nd n p nmrcnd u s` kk ós hg k h cu kn ur s nj `d n r k jpsma rm `tjm rkchjt`uubrnnc k ó`hj d jh`mtubm c u n ` r m : - : ) . J d c m h j c t m r f n ` j jgpuenrsj n d k h t j r k m r ` j d n s m h ` n t n h t m cmgm s j n p m s k b d j p n r n ` k s g k h u k r d n p r m b n b k d k ` n ` ` j `jscmhjxkóh. S k s j u s n u h g n h ` r k d , ` j b j k h s j r t n r s j j h d n s m h ` n j h ` m t r n q u j n d , j d cund s j `mbdn j h t m h c j s pnrn s j g j e n r u h p n d m ` j fmcljy o k a u r n : - > : ) . J s t n omrgn o n c k d k t n d n k h t u b n c k ó h ` j u h n dnrkhaj c m d m c n ` n jh ` k r j c c k ó h nhtjrkmr. D n f m e n `jsjn`n s j n e u s t n n d gnham ` j d d n r k h a m s c m p k m , y s j prujbn d n o u h c k ó h ` j d n d î g p n r n . D n k h t j h s k ` n ` ` j d n d u z t k j h j quj pjrgnhjcjr cmhstnhtj, nuhquj d n dngpnrkddn s j

cmhstruk`ms

`j

b n c k ó h h m j s u h prmcj`kgkjhtm d k b r j ` j r k j s a m y h m t m ` m s dms pnckjhtjs quj rjckbjh nhjstjskn ajhjrnd dn rjqukjrjh, nuhquj n gjhu ` m s j c m d m c n u h n s m h ` n jh`mtrnqujnd p n r n

y cujddm. D n v j h t k d n c k ó h cm h g n s c n r k d d n m g n s c n r k d d n d n r ç h a j n s u j d j s j r s n t k s o n c t m r k n j h prmcj`kgkjhtms c m r t m s ` j mr`jh

jstîh

Dms

`j okbrns

mxçajhm m k h s t k d n c k ó h ` j nhjstëskcm d m c n d . H m m b s t n h t j , d m s cmh`uctms ` j n s p k r n c k ó h s m h ` k o ç c k d j s ` j d k g p k n r , c m h s t k t u -

PËCHKCNS YNRN DNRKHAMSCMYKN @KRJCPN J KHPZBNCKMH kh`kcnckmhjs `j

d n khtubnckóh

D n k h s j r c k ó h ` j u h n s m h ` n jh d n t r î q u j n s j fn v u j d t m u h n p n rtj fn bk t u n d ` j d n nhjstjskn ajhjrnd. Hm m b s t nh t j , d n khtu-

Cmh`uct m ` j nspkrnckóh

Î

gjhmr, cmgm ckstmscmpkn, jxngjh cmh nhjstjskn, rjpnrnckóh `j fjrhkns khaukhndjs, jtc.

Yrjpnrnckóh

pnrn d nr kha msc mp kn

rçak`n

D n prjpnrnckóh p n r n d n k h t u b n c k ó h k h c d u y j v j r k o k c n r j d j q u k p m y d n p m s k c k ó h n p r m p k n ` n ` j d p n c k j h t j . @jbj jxngkhnrsj d n s m h ` n j h ` m t r n q u j n d . J d s k s t j g n ` j k h o d n c k ó h ` j d gnhaukt m ` j d n smh`n s j prujbn k h o d n h ` m j d gnhauktm c m h u h n e j r k h a n ` j > 9 gD. J d gnhtjhkgkjhtm ` j d n p r j s k ó h ` j d gnha u k t m ` j sp u ë s ` j `jsprjh`jr d n e j r k h a n nsjaurn j d ouhckmhngkjhtm nprmpkn`m ` j ë s t j y ` j d n v î d v u d n . Ndauhms n h j s t j s k ó d m a m s c m r t n h d n s m h ` n jh`mtrnqujnd n u h n d m h a k t u `

B Oujhtj

`j

duz

Onscçcudm ` j oujhtj `j

duz

  m t k d j `

Djhtj m b e j t k v m quj cubrj jd onscçcudm ` j d n k g n a j h

  h u   s j

  h ó k c n z k r m t u n   h   s

  r n k p m c m t m O

Pubm ` j Khsjrckóh

Mcudnr   d

  d n k r m t k `   M

>9>

c r k s t n d c u b k j r brmhcmscmpkms t n s q u j trnhsgktjh d u z j k g î a j h j s . p m r r j o d j x k ó h k h t j r h n ‐p. j e . u h n o u j h t j dugkhmsn q u j quj`n n t r n p n ` n ` j h t r m ` j u h n o k b r n y s n d j p m r j d m t r m jxtrjgm s k h c n g b k m s . J d t u b m ` j k h s j r c k ó h c m h t k j h j ` m s onscçcudmsj o k b r n s c n ` n u h m c m h s t k t u k ` m p m r > 9 9 9 9 n > : 9 9 9 o k b r n s . Zhn rngn t r n h s g k t j d u z ` j s ` j d n o u j h t j dugkhmsn r n g n ` j d n o u j h t j d u g k h m s n ) , d n c u n d puj`j s j r j x t j r h n n d ` k s p m s k t k v m m j s t n r ` j h t r m ` j d gnham o k a u r n : - > 0 B ) , g k j h t r n s q u j d n m t r n b r k h ` n u h n kgnajh ` j n d t n r j s m d u c k ó h kgnajh ` j r n g n ) . D n gnhkpudnckóh ` k r j c c k m h n d ` j d t u b m ` j k h s j r c k ó h s j d m a r n c m h u h n d n g b r j ` j n h a u d n c k ó h . D m s cmh`uctms ` j n s p k r n c k ó h s m h cmhvjhkjhtjs p n r n n s p k r n c k ó h ` j s j c r j c k m h j s , k h s u o d n c k ó h ` j

:->0).

  R   G

j

Okaurn :->0, N 5 Sjcckóh trnhsvjrsnd.`j u h b r m h c m s c m p k m o k b r ó p t k c m . B5

Brmhcmscmpk m

o k b r ó p t k c m o d j x k b d j cmh uhn oujhtj ` j

duz oken.

 

>92

¼

Nhjstjskmdmaçn

cdçhkcn

Cnpçtudm

D Okaurn :->:. Smh`n jh`mtrnqujnd gjen u h p n d m ` j fmcljy.

cmh

uh

gnh`rkd

`mbdn`m

quj s j -

gujvn u h p m c m . Z h f n z ` j d u z k h t j r g k t j h t j s j þ n d n u h c m h tnctm jdëctrkcm `jokckjhtj, g k j h t r n s d d u z q u j s j `jbkdktn k h ` k c n b n t j r ç n s b n e n s . @jbj ` k s p m h j r s j ` j khgj`kntm ` j u h cmheuhtm n ` k c k m h n d ` j gnham, f m e n , s m h ` n jh`mtrnqujnd u h tngnþm gjhmr) y g n h ` r k d . S j v j r k o k c n j d ouhckmhngkjhtm nprmpkn`m ` j d uhk`n` ` j n s p k r n c k ó h j h c n s m ` j s j c r j c k m -

hjs, fjgmrrnakn

m vógktm khjspjrn`ms.

gucfns v j c j s j d J d ë x k t m c m rj hr j c dt n k h` jtdu b ns ucekjót mh . `jpjh`j D n cnbjzn `j d pnckjhtj ``jbj cmdmcnckóh j s t n r h k v j d ` j d c k h t u r n m g î s n rrk b n ` j d n h j s t j s k ó d m a m p n r n

:)

p r j v j h k r t j h s k ó h k h h j c j s n r k n jh d j s p n d ` n ` u r n h t j d d n r k h a m s c m p k n . J d d n r k h a m s c m p k m rçak`m ` j s p d n z n d m s tjek`ms bdnh`ms o n r ç h a j m s pnrn crjnr u h n dçhjn `krjctn `j vkskóh ` j s ` j d b m c n f n s t n d n b j r t u r n a d ó t k c n . D n j d j v n c k ó h gm`jrn`n ` j d cnbjzn : > 9 c g n rrk b n ` j d gjsn q u k r õ r a k c n ) y d j x t j h s k ó h `j d n r t k c u d n c k ó h n t d n h t m m c c k p k t n d , c m d m c n d kh`kvk` u m jh d p m s k c k ó h ` j n s p k r n c k ó h ` j s j n ` n okaurn : - > ? ) . Dn pmrckóh k h o j r k m r ` j d cmdughn c j r v k c n d j s t î j h r j n d k ` n ` o d j x k m h n ` n p m r j d n p m y m ` j d c n b j z n s m b r j u h n ndgmfn`n. D n prjpnrnckóh p n r n d kh`ucckóh y d k h t u b n c k ó h t n g bkëh k g pd k c n dm rjojrjhtj d prjmxkajhnckóh ` j r u t k h n . D n prjmxkajhnckóh c m h v n r k n s r j s p k r n c k m h j s prmouh`ns ` j m x ç a j h m d >99 c u n t r m j h d cnpnck`n` pudgmhnr t m t n d ) p r m pmrckmhn u h gnrajh j x t r n ` j s j a u r k ` n ` j h c n s m ` j q u j j d p n c k j h t j h m s j v j h t k d j c m h o n c k d k ` n ` `jspuës ` j d k h ` u c ckóh.

Dn

p rj m x kaj h nc kó h

puj j

mgktkrsj

jh

pnckjhtjs

quj

m b e j t n h d gnscnrkddn o n c k n d , q u j hm t j h a n h v ç n rjspkrntmrkn ` k o ç c k d y q u j j s t î h d k b r j s ` j jhojrgj`n`js pudgmhnrjs. @jspuës ` j k h ` u c k r n h j s t j s k n a j h j r n d , j d n h j s t j s k ó d m a m s j c m h v k j r t j j h j d a u n r ` k î h ` j d p n c k j h t j . Cmgm d n h j s t j s k n ajhjrnd khfkbj jd rjodjem cmrhjnd prmtjctmr, ` j b j tjhjrsj c u k ` n ` m ` u r n h t j j s t j p j r k m ` m `j hm d j s k m h n r d m s mems ` j d pnc k j h t j 5 gj`knhtj nbrnskmhjs ncck`jhtndjs ` j d n c ó r h j n . Y m r tnhtm, d m s mems s j ckjrrnh c m h ckhtn n ` f j s k v n jh ajhjrnd, gjhu`m `jspuës ` j n p d k c n r u h n pmgn`n m o t î d g k c n ` j v n s j d k h n .

 

kautn :->?. Ymskckóh ` j —nspkrnckóh‗ j khtubnckóh cmh uhn f m e n ` j Gnckhtmsf. (Gm`kokcn`n y rjprm`uck`n cmh nutmrkznckóh @mrscf SJ5 Zh`jrstnh`kha Nhjstfjsçn Jqu k p g jht5 Cmhstructkmh, Cnrj, nh` Cmgpdkcntkmhs. Qkddkngs Qkdlkhs, > ; ; > . )

`j

@mrscf

EN,

 

Gnhjem ` j d n v ç n nërjn

khtubnckóh mrmtrnqujnd

S j s u e j t n j d d n r k h a m s c m p k m j h d n gnhm k z q u k j r ` n . Cmh d n b m c n ` j d k h ` k v k ` u m guy n b k j r t n , s j k h t r m ` u c j d n f m e n j h j d d n ` m `jrjcfm ` j d n m r m o n r k h a j ‐cmh c u k ` n ` m p n r n j v k t n r d m s ` k j h -

tjs. D n d j h a u n s j ` j s p d n z n fnckn d n k z q u k j r ` n y fnckn nrrkbn jh j d pksm `j d n onrkhaj cmh j d b m r ` j d n fmen. D n p u h t n ` j d n fmen curvn sujdj khsjrtnrsj jh dn vndëcudn, g k j h t r n s dn p u h t n ` j d n f m e n r j c t n c u b r j d n j p k a d m t k s . Cmh c u n d q u k j r n ` j d n s f m e n s , s j j d j v n j d gnham f n c k n n r r k b n y s j n d j e n ` j d p n c k j h t j j h u h p d n h m pjrpjh`kcudnr n s u gnh`çbudn p n r n jxpmhjr d n s c u j r ` n s v m c n d j s o k a u r n : - > 1 ) . @jbj j v k t n r s j q u j j d d n b k m quj`j n t r n p n ` m j h t r j d m s ` k j h t j s y d n f m e n , n s ç cmgm d n h k v j d n c k ó h . ` j d m s gksgms ` k j h t j s . S j tmgn d n s m h ` n j h ` m t r n q u j n d c m h d n gnhm ` j r j c f n , y s j p n s n s u p u h t n n t r n v ë s ` j d n s c u j r ` n s v m c n d j s j h n b ` u c c k ó h . J d gnhauktm ` j d n s m h ` n ` j b j q u j ` n r j h dn pnrtj supjrkmr `j dn trîqujn, pjrm gî s n d d î ` j d n d n r k h a j . S j r j t k r n j d d n r k h a m s c m p k m , ` j hujvm c m h c u k ` n ` m p n r n j v k t n r d j s k m h j s j h d m s ` k j h t j s . Cmh j d p r m p ó s k t m ` j ` k s g k h u k r d n p r j s k ó h t r n h s g k t k ` n n d n gucmsn t r n q u j n d , j d gnhauktm s j k h o d n c m h d n gjhmr c n h t k ` n ` ` j n k r j hj cj snrkn pnrn crjnr uh sjddn`m ` u r n h t j d n vjhtkdnc k ó h c m h p r j s k ó h p m s k t k v n . Y n d p n r j d a d m b m p k d m tm h m j s u h gëtm`m c m h o k n b d j p n r n `jtjrgkhnr s k d n p r j s k ó h ` j d gnhauktm j s n`jcun`n. @jspuës ` j d n k h t u b n c k ó h s j n u s c u d t n ` j khgj`kntm j d t ó r n x y j d j p k a n s t r k m , y s j mbsjrvn u h trnzn`m cnphmarîokcm pnrn n s j a u r n r d n dmcn dkzn ckóh khtrn trn quj n d okaurn : - > 6 ) . S k f n y ` u ` n ` j q u j d n s m h ` n j s t ë j h j d j s ó o n a m m d n t r î q u j n , js

3Jd 7

— N

2

>93

pru`jhtj r j t k r n r d n y v j h t k d n r n d s u e j t m c m h u h n g n s c n r k d d n . J h cnsm cmhtrnrkm, d n s m h ` n s j oken cmh ckhtn n ` f j s k v n pnrn n s j a u r n r s u p m s k c k ó h . Nuhquj d n ` j t j c c k ó h p j r s k s t j h t j ` j C M ) , p m r u h c n p h ó a r n o m c m h s t k t u y j d n gjemr c m h o k r g n c k ó h ` j d n c m d m c n c k ó h t r n q u j n d `j d n s m h ` n jh` m t r n q u j n d , h m puj`j j x c d u k r d n k h t u b n c k ó h b r m h q u k n d . D n gnhkojstnckóh g î s tjgprnhn ` j k h t u b n c k ó h b r m h q u k n d j s u h pmskbdj khcrjgjhtm jd nh cd mn d mpcrnjcs kk óó hh nk ph sr pmkprknnt `m nr k n ` j gîxkgn. rjcmhokrgnr d n s m h ` n J sgj`knhtj d n p n d p n c k ó h ` j d gnhauktm j h d n j s c m t n ` u r n j s t j r h n d gkjht r n s s j cmgprkgj j d a d m b m p k d m t m c m h d n m t r n gnhm. J d gnhauktm h m ` j b j p n d p n r s j p m r jhckgn ` j d h k v j d `jd cnrtçdnam crkcmk`js, y n quj uhn dmcn dkzn ckó h kht r n d n r ç h a j n prmdmhan`n puj`j c n u s n r ` k s o m h ç n p m s m p j r n t m r k n j khcrjgjhtm ` j d r k j s a m ` j jxtubnckóh n c c k ` j h t n d . D n pmskckóh ` j d n smh`n tngbkëh s j mbsjrvn gj`knhtj r n ` k m -

arnoçns ` j d tórnx, p j r m j s t m h m s u jd j r jq u jr k r s j. D n `jscrkpckóh prjsjhtn`n supmhj u h kh`kvk`um k h c m h s c k j h t j N gjhu`m, d m s p n c k j h t j s ` j s p k j r t m s t m d j r n h p m c m d n k h tubnckóh m r n d . S k j s h j c j s n r k m , j h j s t j c n s m d n sj`nckóh k h t r n v j h m s n , d n np d k c nc k ó h ` j v n p m r k z n c k ó h cmh n h j s t ë s k c m dmcnd j h dn mrmonrkhaj y trnhqukdkznr nd pnckjhtj g j e m r n dn ncjptnckóh. Prns u h n k h t u b n c k ó h o n d d k ` n hm ` j b j h rjndkznrsj k h t j h t m s r j p j t k ` m s q u j s j n h s ó d m — g î s ` j d m g k s g m ‗ . @jbjh f n c j r s j cngbkms p n r n nugjhtnr d n p r m b n b k d k ` n ` ` j ë x k t m cmgm r j c m d m c n c k ó h ` j d p n c k j h t j , `ksgkhuckóh ` j d tngnþm ` j d n s m h ` n , n`kckóh `j uh gnh` rkd, sj dj cckó h `j uhn fmen `kstkhtn, khtjht m ` j uhn v ç n h n s n d m s m d k c k t u ` ` j n s k s t j h c k n n m t r m n h j s t j s k ó d m a m . S k j d s u e j t m tngbkëh j s ` k o ç c k d ` j v j h t k d n r c m h u h n g n s -

Jpkadmtks   m t k d j `   h u   s j

  h ó k c n z k r m t u n

Ydkjauj nrktjhmjpkadótkcm

  h   s

  r n k p m c m t m

Ydkjauj vjhtrkcudnr Ydkjauj v m c n d Akmtks

  d J

  d n k r m t k `   M

Cnrtçdnam cuhjkomrgj Cnrtçdnam cmrhkcudn`m

:- > 1 . k s t n t ç p k c ` j d a d m t k s ` urnh t j C d k h k c n d Nhjstjskn. 0 t f j ` . D k p p k h c m t t , 299>.

Yk a urn

d nrkh nrkhaa mscm p kn

c mh

u hn

fmen

urvn.   c urvn.

G m` ko k cn `n

ckóh mrkznckóh uck`nn   cm h   nu t mrkzn y   r j p rm ` uck`

` j   Bn r n s f

Y 

>90

j Nhjstjskmdmaçn cdçhkcn

:)

(Cnpçtudm

 

—@urnhtj d n djrkhamscmpkn `krjctn,

j s kh`kspjhsnbdj v j r d n j p k - 5

d m t s . pjrm h m hjcjsnrkngjhtj t n . 5 n b j r t u r n 5 adótkcn, p n r < k h t r m ` u 7 7 8 c k r d n cîhudn. ` j Cmml, ` j 5 gnhjrn sjaurn. Dn cîhudn s j Khtrm`u7--. c j e u s t m pmr `jbnem `j d n j p k a d m t k s . jh s u d ç h j n . gj`kn, nodmenh`m J dkajrngjhtj d n gnhm p n r n quj d n cîhudn skan. d n omrgn ` j d n j p k - z — a d m t k s fnstn d n nbjrturn a d ó t k c n . @jbk`m n quj n puhtn `j d n c î h u d n j s pjqujþn ( : gg m . ` . ) . rj`mh`n y o d j x k b d j , jrî. guy 5 ktç- . c k b pjromrnr t j e k ` m s pknh`ms `urnhtj s u nvnhcj n ckjans, Z h n vjz quj s j fn khtrm`uck`m d n cîhudn, jxkstjh t r j s omrgns5 ` j c m h o k r gnr s t 5 n ` j c u n ` n dmcndkznckóh trnqujnd. Yrkgjrm, uh —nyu`nhtj qukjh cmdmcn su g nh m smbrj d n rjakóh nhtjrkmr `jd c u j d d m , . puj`j5 s j h t k r cógm nvnhzn d n c î h u d n t r n v ë s . `jdn. a d m t k s y `jhtrm ` j dn J trîaujn. S j a u h ` m , uhn. _jz a u j 5 d n cîhudn djan5 n d n . cnrkhn, d n 5 ½cund sujdj j s t n r n 09'cg j h uh `udtm, hm nvnhznrî gîs< s k j s t î jhjd jsóonam, nvnhznrî oîckdgjhtj fnstn quj jd t j r c k m prmxkgnd ` j d n c î h u d n j s t ë jh d n b m c n . P j r c j r m , uhkjh`m dn cmhjxkóh ` j d 5 —gmhktmr ` j ans n d cmhjctmr ` j d n e jrkhan, `jtjctnrî j d bkóxk`m ` j . cnrbmhm cóh uhn cmgprjskóh sunvj ` j d t ó r n x Zhn vjz quj s j

ks

  G HJEM

Cm Y f k d D n r s m h , E r . G @ , C G 5 @ J DN vçn NËRJN

Dn Ngjrkcnh Smckjty mo Nhjstfjskmdmaksts (NSN) `jsnrrmddó d k h ë 7 5 J 5ngkjhtms prîctkcms y u h ndamrktgm pnrn nyu`nr n E m s nhjstjskó- . d ma ms n jhorjhtnrsj n Zhn v ç n nërjn ` k o ç c k d . * = Nuhquj nd k h k c k m o u j . .5 õ t k d , j h gk mpkhkóh y n h m brkh`n uhn auçn j o k c n z pnrn gnhjenr... ½ _ ç n s nërjns `koçckdjs m r `kvjrsns rnzmhjs. > ) J s guy cmgpdkcn` m rjcmr`nrdm5 cu n h`m sj jhorjhtn uhn khtubnckóh ` k o ç c k d j k h j s - . pjrn`n. 2 ) Cnrjcj ` j uhn `kojrjhcknckóh c r ç t k c n jhtrj uhn k h - 8 tubnckóh ` k t ç c k d y uhn vjhtkdnckóh ` k o ç c k d ( d n s cundjs s m h - g u y ` k s - ' t k h t n s ) . 3 ) Cnrjcj ` j jspjckokck`n` n c j r c n ‗ ` j q u ë 5 fncjr `jspuës. 0 ) Cnrjcj ` j cundqukjr cmhsk`jrnckóh ` j tkjgpm, y j d "tkjgpm js guy kgpmrtnhtj c u nh ` m s j jhorjhtn n d a m quj pm`rçn5 s j r uhn urajhckn, : ) Y m r õ d t k g m y gîs kgpmrtnhtj, jd ndamrktgm h m s j puj`j sjaukr j h s u t m t n d k ` n ` ` j gnhjrn r u t k h n r k n gnhtjhkjh`m j d cmhmckgkjhtm y `jstrjzn hjcjsnrkms pnrn n p d k c n r d m 5 Cmgm n d t j r h n t k v n n d ndamrktgm ` j d n 5 NSN, f j `jsnrróddn`m5 uhî tëchkcn gîs sjaurn, j o k c n z y c m h o k n b d j . J d g ë t m ` m rjqukjrj

cuntrm pdnhjs5 N < B.C y @ , dms cundjs vnh j h sjcujhckn. Ydnh N 5 dnrkhamscmpkn jstîh`nr usnh`m5 d n fmen ` j s u j d j c c k ó h . Dms nhjstjskódmams jxpjrkgjhtn`ms `jbjrçnh rjcmhmcjr ` u r n h t j j d p r k g j r khtjhtm ` j k h t u b n c k ó h s k t u n c k m h j s jh d n s q u j d n dnrkhamscmpkn j khtubnckóh cmhvjhckmhndjs ` j d n trîqujn h m smh p m s k b d j s , Zh sjauh`m k h t j h t m cmh m t r n f m e n j s rnzmhnbdj, pjrm h m s j `jbjrçnh fncjr gîs ` j `ms k h t j h t m s . C n `n k h t j h t m n ` k c k m h n d nugjhtn j d r k j s a m ` j snharn`m m r n d , jxcjsm ` j sjcrjckmhjs, nhjstjskn khn`jcun`n y cmhvjrskóh ` j uhn sktunckóh ` j p u j ` m v j h t k d n r , pjrm h m k h t u b n r n uhn sktunckóh ` j h m p u j ` m v j h t k d n r h k khtubnr.

Ydnh B 5 dnrkhamscmpkn ` k r j c t n y cmdmcnckóh ` j uhn cîhudn ` j Cmml ( O r m v n ) j h d n nbjrturn a d ó t k c n . D n cîhudn trnqujnd ` j Cmml gk`j 1 9 cg-`j t n r a m < t k j h j gnrcns jxtjrhns n cn`n : cg `js`j d n puhtn fnstn dms 0 9 cg, u h gnh`rkd `jsnrgnbdj pnrn gnhtjh j r s u curvnturn, uhn pmrckóh ` k s t n d rj`m h`jn `n cmh `ms m r k o k c k m s , y `ms n `n pt n `m rjs quj s j nbrmcfnh pnrn okenrdm n u h c k t cuktm

r j s p k r n t m r k m , d ç h j n ` j sugkhkstrm ` j a n s , m uhn e j r k h a n . J d gnh`rkd gk`j ? > c g , cmh ; cg o d j x k b d j s ` j d n cîhudn, d m quj d n fncj sjaurn ` j cmdmcnrsj n ckjans skh prjmcupnrsj ` j pjromrnr t j e k ` m s . l n cîhudn ` j C m m l j s gjemr auj j d ` k s p m s k t k v m j d î s t k c m p . j e . , Jscfgnhh `jbk`m.n s u d n r a m , cnpnck`n` ` j gnhtjhjr su curvnturn, cnpnck`n` ` j k h s u o d n r mxçajhm y j n`nptnrsj nuh gmhktmr. ` j gujstrns ` j a n s .

cmhokrgn' q u j 5 d n cîhudn ` j Cmml" jstî jh d n 5 P n r k h a j , sj puj`j5 —nvnhznr u h tubm trnaujnd `j : n 6 gg — s m b r j d n cîhudn ` j C m m l fnstn d n d n r k h a j . J s gjemr a k r n r jd tubm trnqujnd j h sjhtk`m cmht r n r k m n d n s gnhjckddns ` j d . r j d m e cmhomrgj s j v n nvnh z nh ` m < c m - . 5 . . gõhgjhtj puj`j sjhtkrsj m t r m 5 nbudtngkjhtm5 cmhomrgj j o tubm 5 pnsn p m r dns cujr`ns vmcndjs. Dn cîhudn `j C m m l rjsmdvjrî d n s 5 khtubnckmhjs gîs ` k o ç c k d j s y . ` j b j r çn — s j r . uh jqukpm `kspmhkbdj pnr n t m ` m s. Ydnh C 5

khtrm`ucckóh ` j uhn gnscnrkddn dnrçhajn y s u cmhj-" d n gîqukhn ` j nhjstjskn. D n vjhtkdnckóh gjcîhkcn s j k h s t k t u y j p n r n m p t k g k z n r d n mxkajhnckóh jxfndnckóh ` j 5 b k ó x k ` m ` j cnrbmhm. J d nhjstjskódmam tngbkëh `jbjrçn p j ` k r nyu`n, [ cunh`m d n t j h a n , smdkcktnr u h brmhjmscmpkm o k b r ó p t k c m , u h n smh`n jh`mtrnqujnd skh gnhauktm ` j : . : m ? . 9 g k g , y Zhn cîhudn k h t j r c ng b k n` m r n ` j v ç n nërjn, ` j tngnþm. gj`knhm (uhn quj ncjptj uhn sm h`n jh`mtrnqujnd ` j : . 9 n 6 , 9 gg). Cunh`m Hjauj jd jqukpm, d n smh`n ` j : . : m ? . 9 gg s j khtrm`ucj j h j d brmhcmsctmp k m ` j o k b r n ó p t k c n `jspu ë s ` j nsjaurnrsj ` j quj j d cmhjctmr ` j d t u b m t r n q u j n d j s t n b k j h p u j s t m , Dujam s j khtrm`ucjd. b r m h 5cmscmpkm j h d î trîqujn u sn h`m Zhn gnscnrkddn dnrçhajn cmgm a u ç n 5 Sj d u b r k c n d n smh`n jh`mtrnqujnd y s j nvnhzn sunvjgjhtj n d m d n r a m ` j d brmhcmscmpkm `jhtrm ` j d n trîqujn. Yuj`j s j r h j cjsnrkm a k r n r d n smh`n gîs ` j 8 ; 9 ‗ pnrn pm`jr nvnhznrdn `jht r m ` j d n trîqujn. Dujam s j r j t k r n j d brmhcmscmpkm y s j cmhjctn j d c k r c u k t m n h j s t ë s k c m d n smh`n ` j : . : 9?.9 gg. D n v j h t k d n c k ó h j s o î c k d , pjrm s j `jbj usnr u h o d u e m n d t m ` j ans pnrn supjrnr d î ouan jhtrj d n gnscnrkddn dnrçhajn5 d n smh`n, Jstn ouan puj`j gkhkgkznrsj cmdmcnh`m dms ` j ` ms ` j Zhn gnhm j h j d t j e k ` m b d n h ` m , j h t r j d n gnh`çbudn y j d cnrtçdnam t k r m k ` j s , prjskmhnh`m o k r g j gjhtj fnckn n`jhtrm, m.tnpnh`m d n h n r k z y bmcn cmhsuþn gnhm. Zhn vjz quj d n v j h t k d n c k ó h , mxkajhnckóh y prmouh`k`n` ` j d n nhjstjskn smh n`jcun`ms, s j d u b r k c n j khtrm`ucj j h d n trîqujn j d khtjrcngbkn`mr ` j v ç n nërjn ` j t n gn þ m gj`knhm, n trnvës ` j d n sm h`n jh`mtrnqujnd ` j :.:595?.9 gg. Y m r d m ajhjrnd, j d k h t j r xkóh

jh

cngbkn`mr

`j

d n vçn nërjn

jhcujhtrn ckjrtn

rjskstjhckn

jh

dn

puhtn ` j d n smh`n, d n c u n d sujdj ubkcnrsj j h d n gnrcn ` j d m s . 3 9 cg ` j d n cîhudn. Yuj`j s j r hjcjsnrkm a k r n r d n sm h`n gîs ` j ; 9 gkjhtrns s j jgpuen j d khtjrcngbkn`mr ` j v ç n nërjn pnrn nvnhz n r d m gîs nddî ` j tn gnrcn ` j dms 3 9 cg. Jstm s j `jbj n quj-dn smh`n. cfmcn cmhtrn d n pnrj` nhtjrkmr ` j d n trîqujn, n g hms — q u j s j a k r j pnrn cngbknr j d îhaudm ` j k h s j r c k ó h . ` j d t u b m . Zhn

 

Gnhjem ` j d n v ç n n ë r j n

  v

 

`

+

>9:

K

j z q u j j d k h t j r c n g b k n ` m r ` j v ç n n ë r j n j s t î j h pmskckóh, s j r j t n s m h ` n y d n g ns c nr k ddn d n r ç h a j n , `jenh`m5 s ó d m . . . — o n s m h ` n j h dn trîqujn. Sj khtrm`ucj d n cîhudn o k h n d n t r n v ë s ` j d . K h t j r c n g b k n ` m r `j vçn nërjn y s j n v n h z n f n c k n d n trîqujn jh n — 1 sjhtk`m m p u j s t m n d n s gnhjckddns ` j d r j d m e . 5 . 5 J d p d n h C h m s s `jbj usnrsj s ó d m c u n h ` m o n d d j jd p d n h