Manajemen Apotek
July 21, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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EKLKFMEML K^OXMD Kpt. Ekrgk Ekrgk ]cak.,P.Akre.,E.Pg ]cak.,P.Akre.,E.Pg
PMDOCKJ XGLIIG GCE] AKREKPG EKDKPPKR
Ektmrg >;
Hmaglg aglgsg sg Kpotmd
>2
Kp K p o t md h kl XXD
>0
Aulisg Kpotmd
>8
Eklkfmeml ^mrbmdkckl Akreksg
Kp ot md Kpot md khkckj khkckj skrklk pmckyklkl dmakreksgkl tmepkt hgckdudkl prkd tmd dmakreksgkl ocmj Kpotmdmr
Kp ot mdmr khkckj Kpot mdmr khkckj cucuskl P; hkl ^roamsg kpotmdmr ykli emegcgdg PXRK ykli hgtulfud smbkikg ^mlkliiuli Fkwkb Kpotmd
XXD (Xmlkik (Xmlkik X Xmdlgs mdlgs Dmakreksgkl) Dmakreks gkl) 6RXXD Cucuskl H0, P; ykli emegcgdg PX hgtulfud smbkikg Xmlkik Xmd lgs Dmakreksgkl ykli emebkltu kpotmdmr emckdsklkdkl tuikslyk hg Kpotmd
Kp K p o t md
Kpotmd (^ED Lo.7 2>;9)
Kp K p o t md mdmr mr XXD
Aulisg Kpotmd Aulisg Mdoloeg Kpotmd tghkd cmpks hkrg ulsur ultud emlhkpktdkl ckbk, Kpotmd emrupkdkl tmepkt fukc bmcg pmrbmdkckl dmsmjktkl ykli emegcgdg gzgl ultud emlhgstrgbusgdkl pmrbmdkckl dmsmjktkl
Kpotmd tghkd cmpks hkrg ulsur Mdoloeg
K
Posgkc
B
ultud emlhkpktdkl ckbk, Kpotmd emrupkdkl tmepkt fukc bmcg pmrbmdkckl dmsmjktkl ykli emegcgdg gzgl ultud emlhgstrgbusgdkl pmrbmdkckl dmsmjktkl
Auli ulisg sg Posgkc
Py Pykrk krktt pmeb pmebud udkk kkl l Kp Kpotm otmd d •Purkt ^meojol ykli bmrsklidutkl (bmremtmrkg Rp. ;>.>>>4-)4 •Aoto`opy Dkrtu Xklhk ^mlhuhud4 •Aoto`opy PXRK ykli hgcmikcgsgr ocmj DAL4 •Aoto`opy Gfkzkj ykli hgcmikcgsgr ocmj pmfkbkt ykli bmrwmlkli4 •Purkt pmrlyktkkl emegcgdg tmepkt prkdtgd proamsg/surkt dmtmrklikl hkrg pgepglkl aksgcgtksg pmckyklkl akreksg/surkt hkrg pgepglkl aksgcgtks prohudsg/hgstrgbusg/pmlykcur4 •Purkt ^mrsmtufukl hkrg ktkskl cklisuli bkig kpotmdmr ykli kdkl emckdsklkdkl pmckyklkl dmakreksgkl hg aksgcgtks dmakreksgkl4 •Purkt Rmdoemlhksg hkrg Oriklgsksg ^roamsg4 •^ks ^joto bmrwkrlk udurkl 8x1 smbklykd 2 (huk) cmebkr4 •Aoto`opy Dmpmsmrtkkl B^FP4 •Purkt Rmdoemlhksg hkrg Hglks Dmsmjktkl Dkb. Dkpuks
PXRK (Purkt Xklhk Rmigstrksg Rmigstrksg Kpotmdmr) ❛ Pmtgkp
Xmlkik Xml kik Dmsmjktkl ykli emlfkckldkl prkdtgd wkfgb emegcgdg PXR. PXR smbkikgeklk hgdmcukrdkl ocmj Dolsgc Xmlkik Dmsmjktkl Glholmsgk (DXDG) hkl hgbmrgdkl ocmj dolsgc eksgli-eksgli Xmlkik Dmsmjktkl.
❛ Pmtgkp
Xmlkik Xmlkik Dmsmjktkl emlikfudkl pmreojolkl PXR emckcug kpcgdksg Rmigstrksg hkrgli/olcglm hmlikl ememlujg pmrsykrktkl Rmigstrksg. Kpcgdksg Rmigstrksg hkrgli/olcglm emrupkdkl kpcgdksg ykli hgiulkdkl ocmj pmeojol ultud emlikfudkl PXR ktku pmrpklfklikl PXR sm`krk hkrgli/olcglm.
❛ tuikslyk
dolsgc eksgli-eksgli tmlkik dmsmjktkl emepulykg wmwmlkli emlymtufug ktku emlockd pmreojolkl rmigstrksg tmlkik dmsmjktkl, emlmrbgtdkl hkl eml`kbut Purkt Xklhk Xklhk Rmigstrksg (PXR), emlymcghgdg hkl emlkliklg ekskckj ykli bmrdkgtkl hmlikl pmckliikrkl hgsgpcgl proamsg tmlkik dmsmjktkl, emlmtkpdkl hkl emebmrgdkl skldsg hgsgpcgl proamsg tmlkik dmsmjktkl, emebmrgdkl pmrtgebklikl pmlhgrgkl hkl pmlutupkl glstgtusg pmlhghgdkl tmlkik dmsmjktkl
^ED Lo. 7 2>;9 tmltkli Kpotmd
PGK, PG^K,PG^XXD,Pmrdoe Purkt Gzgl Kpotmd ykli Kpotmd ykli smcklfutlyk hgsglidkt PGK khkckj budtg tmrtucgs ykli hgbmrgdkl ocmj pmemrgltkj hkmrkj dkbupktml/dotk dmpkhk d mpkhk Kpotmdmr smbkikg gzgl ultud emlymcmliikrkdkl Kpotmd Purkt Gzgl ^rkdtgd Kpotmdmr ykli smcklfutlyk hgsglidkt PG^K PG^K khkckj budtg tmrtucgs ykli hgbmrgdkl ocmj pmemrgltkj hkmrkj dkbupktml/dotk dmpkhk d mpkhk Kpotmdmr smbkikg pmebmrgkl dmwmlklikl ultud emlfkckldkl prkdtgd dmakreksgkl Purkt Gzgl ^rkdtgd Xmlkik Xmlkik Xmdlgs Xmdlgs Dmakreksgkl ykli smcklfutlyk hgsglidkt PG^XXD hgsglidkt PG^XXD khkckj khkckj budtg tmrtucgs ykli hgbmrgdkl ocmj pmemrgltkj hkmrkj dkbupktml/dotk dmpkhk tmlkik tmdlgs dmakreksgkl smbkikg pmebmrgkl dmwmlklikl ultud emlfkckldkl prkdtgd dmakreksgkl. Pmrtgagdkt doepmtmlsg proamsg khkckj proamsg khkckj surkt tklhk pmlikdukl tmrjkhkp doepmtmlsg smorkli Kpotmdmr ultud hkpkt emlfkckldkl pmdmrfkkl/prkdtgd pmdmrfkkl/prkdtgd proamsglyk hg smcuruj Glholmsgk smtmckj cucus ufg doepmtmlsg ^ED Lo. 7 2>;9 tmltkli Kpotmd
khkckj pmregltkkl tmrtucgs hkrg hodtmr, hodtmr igig, ktku hodtmr jmwkl dmpkhk Rmsmpbkgd Kpotmdmr, hkcke bmltud dmrtks ekupul mcmdtrolgd ult ultud ud emlymhgkdkl hkl emlymrkjdkl smhgkkl akreksg hkl/ktku kckt dmsmjktkl bkig pksgml
Pmhg Pm hgkk kkl l Akreksg
khkckj obkt, bkjkl obkt, obkt trkhgsgolkc, hkl dosemtgdk
Kcc kt D msmjkt K ms mjkt kl khkckj glstrueml, kpkrktus, emsgl hkl/ktku gepckl ykli tghkd emliklhuli obkt ykli hgiulkdkl ultud eml`mikj, emlhgkilosgs, emlymebujdkl hkl emrglikldkl pmlykdgt, emrkwkt orkli skdgt, emeucgjdkl dmsmjktkl pkhk eklusgk, hkl/ktku emebmltud strudtur hkl emepmrbkgdg aulisg tubuj.
Bkjkl Emhgs Jkbgs ^kdkg ^kdkg khkckj kckt dmsmjktkl ykli hgtufudkl ultud pmliiulkkl smdkcg pkdkg (sglicm usm) ykli hkatkr prohudlyk hgktur hkcke pmrkturkl pmrulhkli-ulhklikl
^ED Lo. 7 2>;9 tmltkli Kpotmd
^mlimcockkl ^mrbmdkckl Akreksg
^mlimcockkl ^mrbmdkckl Akreksg
PGDC]P ^MLIMCOCKKL ^MRBMDKCKL AKREKPG ^mrm ^m rml`k l`klk lkkl kl
^ml`ktktkl hkl Eolgtorgli
>;
^mlik ^m likhk hkkl kl
>2 ^mlmrgekkl
>1
>0
^mlimlhkcg kl
>=
^mlygepklkl
>8
K. ^mrml`klkkl Hkcke emckdudkl pmrml`klkkl, pmrcu hgpmrjktgdkl6
Buhkyk Eksykrkdkt Eksykrkdkt khckj ekdjcud sosgkc hgeklk kdkl bmrgltmrkdsg sktu skekckgl
^ock ^mlykdgt tmrdkhkli hkcke suktu hkmrkj hmlikl hkmrkj ykli ckgl pock pmlykdgtlyk bmrbmhk, egs pmlykdgt hg pkpuk cmbgj bklykd ekckrgk tmtkpg hg ekdksskr smlhgrg sklikt fkrkli hgtmeudkl dksus ekckrgk.
Dmekepukl Eksykrkdkt Dmekepukl hkyk bmcg eksykrkdkt bmrbmhk
Xufukl ^mrml`klkkl emlglidktdkl pmliiulkkl smhgkkl akreksg, kckt dmsmjktkl hkl BEJ^ sm`krk rksgolkc.
^mrdgrkkl fmlgs hkl fueckj pmrbmdkckl pmrbmdkckl akreksg ykli emlhmdktg dmbutujkl
2
;
emlfkegl dmtmrsmhgkkl smhgkkl akreksg, kckt dmsmjktkl hkl BEJ^.
8
0 emlfkegl stod smhgkkl akreksg, kckt dmsmjktkl hkl BEJ^ tghkd bmrcmbgj
1
= magsgmlsg bgkyk
emebmrgdkl hudulikl hktk bkig mstgeksg pmlikhkkl, pmlygepklkl hkl bgkyk hgstrgbusg smhgkkl akreksg, kckt dmsmjktkl hkl BEJ^.
^rosms pmrml`klkkl
^mrsgkpkl
^mliuepuckl hktk
Hkatkr spmsgagd ykli
Hktk pmliiulkkl pmrbmdkckl
hgrml`klkdkl, mstgeksg wkdtu ykli hgbutujdkl hgbutujdkl (skamty stod hkl cmkhtgem)
akreksg (hktk dolsuesg hkl eorbghgtks)
^mlmtkpkl fmlgs hkl fu ec kj ^mlmtkpkl fmlgs hkl fueckj ykli hgrml`klkdkl emliiulkdkl emtohm
Mvkcuksg p mrml`klkk mrml`klkkl l Mvkcuksg, rmvgsg, hkl fgdk khk Dmrfkskek B^FP emligrgedkl RDO hmlikl kpcgdksg M-Eolmv
pmrjgtulikl dmbutujkl.
Emtohm ^mrjgtulikl Dmbutujkl >0 >;
>2
Emtohm Em tohm Dolsues g
Emtohm Eorbghgtks
Emtohm dolsuesg em liiulkdkl hktk hkrg dolsuesg pmrgohm smb mcuelyk hmlikl pml ymsukgkl ykli hgbutu jdkl
Emtohm dolsuesg em liiulkdkl hktk hkrg dolsuesg pmrgohm smb mcuelyk hmlikl pml ymsukgkl ykli hgbutu jdkl Emtohm dolsuesg emliiulkdkl hktk hkrg dolsuesg pmrgohm smbmcuelyk hmlikl pmlymsukgkl ykli hgbutujdkl
^roxy `olsueptgol
Emtohm proxy `olsueptgol khkckj emtohm pmrjgtulik l dmbutujkl obkt emliiu lkdkl hktk dmfkhgkl pmlyk dgt, dolsuesg obkt, pmreglt kkl, ktku pmliiulkkl, hk l/ktku pmlimcukrkl obkt h krg Kpotmd ykli tmckj emeg emeg cgdg sgstme pmlimcockkl obk t hkl emlimdstrkpocksgdkl emlimdstrkpocksgdkl dolsuesg ktku tglidkt dmb utujkl bmrhkskrdkl `kdup kl popucksg ktku tglidkt ck yklkl ykli hgbmrgdkl.
Emtohm Dolsuesg ^mrjgtulikl hmlikl emtohm dolsuesg hghkskrdkl ktks klkcgsk hktk dolsuesg smhgkkl akreksg pmrgohm smbmcuelyk hgtkebkj stod pmlykliik (buaamr sto`d), stod s tod wkdtu tuliiu (cmkh tgem) hkl emepmrjktgdkl sgsk stod. Buaamr sto`d hkpkt emepmrtgebklidkl dmeulidglkl pmrubkjkl pock pmlykdgt hkl dmlkgdkl fueckj dulfulikl (egskc6 khklyk Dmfkhgkl Dmfkhgkl Cukr Bgksk). Fueckj buaamr sto`d bm bmrvkrgksg rvkrgksg kltkrk ;>% skepkg 2>% hkrg dmbutujkl ktku tmrikltuli dmbgfkdkl Dcglgd. Pmhklidkl stod cmkh tgem khkckj stod Obkt ykli hgbutujdkl smckek wkdtu tuliiu smfkd Obkt hgpmskl skepkg Obkt hgtmrgek.
K 5 ( B + @ + H ) - M
K 5 Rml`klk ^mlikhkkl B 5 ^mekdkgkl rktk-rktk pmr buckl @ 5 Buaamr sto`d (tmrikltuli hmlikl dmcoepod ^krmto) H 5 Cmkh tgem sto`d M 5 Pgsk stod
Emtohm Eorbghgtks Akdtor ykli pmrcu hgpmrjktgdkl khkckj pmrdmebklikl pock pmlykdgt hkl cmkh tgem. Cklidkjcklidkj hkcke emtohm eorbghgtks6 ;) Emliuepucdkl hktk ykli ykli hgpmrcudkl. Hktk ykli pmrcu pmrcu hgpmrsgkpdkl ultud pmrjgtulikl pmrjgtulikl emtohm eorbghgtks6 ;) ^mrdgrkkl fueckj Doeposgsg kdkl hgdcksgagdksgdkl gdksgdkl bmrhkskrdkl fmlgspopucksg. dmckegl ultud ueur hmeoirkag kltkrk6 g. >hkrg s.h.popucksg 8 tkjul7ykli 7 gg. 8 s.h. hgdcksga ;8 tkjul ggg. ;= s.h. 88 tkjul gv. %
2>%
;>%
Dmcoepod K
Dmcoepod B
Dmcoepod @6
Khkckj dmcoepod dmcoepod ffmlgs mlgs smhgkkl akreksg ykli fueckj lgckg lgckg rml`k rml`klk lk pmlikhkkllyk emlulfuddkl pmlymrkpkl hklk smdgtkr 9>% hkrg fueckj hklk obkt dmsmcurujkl
Khkckj dmcoepod dmcoepod ffmlgs mlgs smhgkkl akreksg ykli fueckj lgckg lgckg rml`klk pmlikhkkllyk emlulfuddkl pmlymrkpkl hklk smdgtkr 2>%.
Khkckj dmcoepod dmcoepod ffmlgs mlgs smhgkkl akreksg ykli fueckj lgckg lgckg rml`kl rml`klk k pmlikhkkllyk emlulfuddkl pmlymrkpkl hklk smdgtkr ;>% hkrg fueckj hklk hklk obkt dmsmcurujkl
KB@ KB@ budkl sglidktkl emckgldkl suktu pmlkekkl ykli emlulfuddkl pmrglidkt/rklidgli hgeklk urutkl hgeuckg hmlikl ykli tmrbkgd/tmrbklykd.
Klkcgsgs Rml`klk Dmbutujkl Dmbutuj kl Pmh. Akreksg Klkcgsgs QML
Dmcoepod Q (Qgtkc)
Dmcoepod M (Msmlsgkc)
Dmcoepod L (Lol
Khkckj dmcoepod dmcoepod s smhgkkl mhgkkl akre akreksg ksg ykli ekepu emlymckektdkl fgwk (cgam skvgli). @oltoj6 obkt sjo`d klkagckdsgs
Khkckj dmcoepod dmcoepod s smhgkkl mhgkkl akreksg akreksg ykli bmdmrfk pkhk suebmr pmlymbkb pmlykdgt hkl pkcgli hgbutujdkl ultud pmckyklkl dmsmjktkl.. @oltoj6 k) Pmhgkkl dmsmjktkl akreksg ultud pmckyklkl dmsmjktkl podod (`oltoj6 kltg hgkbmtms, klkcimsgd, kltgdolvucsg) b) Pmhgkkl akreksg ultud emliktksg pmlykdgt pmlymbkb dmektgkl tmrbmskr.
Msmlsgkc) Emrupkdkl smhgkkl akreksg pmlulfkli ykgtu smhgkkl akreksg ykli dmrfklyk rglikl hkl bgksk hgpmriulkdkl ultud emlgebucdkl dmlykeklkl ktku ultud emliktksg dmcujkl rglikl. @oltoj6 supcmeml
Klkcgsgs Rml`klk Dmbutujkl Pmh. Akreksg Klkcgsgs Doebglksg Fmlgs smhgkkl akreksg ykli tmreksud dktmiorg K hkrg klkcgsgs KB@ khkckj bmlkr-bmlkr fmlgs smhgkkl akreksg ykli hgpmrcudkl ultud pmlkliiucklikl pmlkliiucklikl pmlykdgt tmrbklykd. Hmlikl dktk ckgl, stktuslyk jkrus M hkl smbkigkl Q hkrg QML. Pmbkcgdlyk, fmlgs smhgkkl akreksg hmlikl stktus L jkruslyk eksud dktmiorg @.
K
B
@
Q M
QK MK
QB MB
Q@ M@
L
LK
LB
L@
B. ^mlikhkkl Wkli pmrcu hgpmrjktgdkl hkcke prosms pmlikhkkl
^mlikhkkl emrupkdkl dmigktkl ultud emrmkcgsksgdkl dmbutujkl ykli tmckj hgrml`klkdkl hkl hgsmtufug, emckcug pmebmcgkl
^BA ykli emegcgdg Gzgl ^mlykcur KCDMP ylki emegcgd g Gzgl Xmrfkegllyk Xm rfkegllyk d mkscgkl, cmikcgtks hkl dukcgtks ^msklkl hktgli tmpkt wkdtu
Puebmr Obkt hg Kpotmd @oltmlts ^membmcgkl Cklisuli ^mregltkkl FDL
Kpotmd Dmrfkskek B^FP, pmlikhkkl emckcug M-Eolmv , M- ^ur`jksgli pkhk systme dktkcoi portkc pmlikhkkl lksgolkc smsukg hmlikl RDO
^mlikhkkl smhgkkl akreksg hgckdsklkdkl bmrhkskrdkl surkt pmsklkl ykli hgtklhktkliklg Kpotmdmr pmemikli pmemikli PGK hm hmlikl likl em eml`kltuedk l`kltuedkl l loeor PG^K smbkikgeklk tmr`kltue hkcke Ckepgrkl ;. Purkt pmsklkl hgbukt smdurklidurklilyk rklidkp 2 (huk) smrtk tghkd hgbmlkrdkl hkcke bmltud akdsgegcg hkl aotodopg. Pktu rklidkp surkt pmsklkl hgsmrkjdkl dmpkhk hgstrgbutor hkl ; (sktu) rklidkp smbkikg krsgp. Kpkbgck Purkt ^msklkl tghkd bgsk hgckyklg bkgd smbkigkl ktku smcurujlyk, smcurujlyk, ekdk Kpotmd jkrus emegltk surkt pmlockdkl pmsklkl hkrg pmeksod.
Purkt ^msklkl
Purkt ^msklkl
@. ^mlmrgekkl Dmsmsukgkl kltkrk agsgd obkt hmlikl Akdtur pmebmcgkl hkl/ktku Purkt ^mligrgekl Bkrkli (P^B)
Dolhgsg dmekskl tmreksud smimc, ckbmc/pmlklhkkl hkcke dmkhkkl bkgd.
Dmsmsukgkl lkek, bmltud, dmduktkl smhgkkl obkt, gsg dmekskl kltkrk krsgp surkt pmsklkl hmlikl obkt ykli hgtmrgek
dmbmlkrkl lkek prohusml, lkek pmeksod, lkek obkt, fueckj, bmltud, dmduktkl smhgkkl obkt hkl gsg dmekskl4 hkl b. loeor bmts
^mlmrgekkl emrupkdkl dmigktkl ultud emlfkegl dmsmsukgkl fmlgs spmsgagdksg,
hkl tkliikc dmhkcuwkrsk.
fueckj, wkdtu pmlymrkjkl hkl jkrik yklieutu, tmrtmrkwkdtu hkcke surkt pmsklkl
hmlikl dolhgsg agsgd ykli hgtmrgek
H. ^mlygepklkl pmrcu hgpmrjktgdkl Kspmd ykli pmrcu
Xmrsmhgk rkd/cmekrg hkcke fueckj `udup `udup ultud emeukt smhgkkl akreksg, kckt dmsmjktkl hkl BEJ^.
. Xmrsmhgk sgstme pmlhgligl ykli hkpkt emlfkik suju
^mlygepklkl khkckj suktu dmigktkl emlygepkl hkl ememcgjkrk hmlikl `krk emlmepktdkl pmrbmdkckl akreksg ykli hgtmrgek pkhk tmepkt ykli hglgckg kekl hkrg pml`urgkl smrtk ikliiukl agsgd ykli hkpkt emruskd eutu smhgkkl akreksg
krkd kltkrk bkrkli ykli hgcmtkddkl hg posgsg tmrtgliig hmlikl ckligt-ckligt eglgekc => `e
Ckligt-ckligt tghkd bmrporg hkl Ckligt-ckligt tghkd bo`or.
Ruklikl jkrus bmbks hkrg smrkliik hkl bglktkli pmliikliiu.
Codksg bmbks bklfgr.
Xmrsmhgk cmekrg pmlhgligl
Xmrsmhgk kckt pmekltku suju
ultud pmlygepklkl obkt tmrtmltu
ruklikl hgbkwkj 2=¶@
ruklikl hkl cmekrg pmlhgligl
Cklfut…….. Cklfut ……..
pmrcu hgpmrjktgdkl Kspmd ykli pmrcu
Dmrkpgjkl hkl dmbmrsgjkl rukli pmlygepklkl
. Pmhgkkl akreksg jkrus hgsgepkl hkcke wkhkj kscg hkrg pkbrgd.
^mlkliklkl fgdk cgstrgd pkhke
Glspmdsg/pmekltkukl sm`krk bmrdkck tmrjkhkp tmepkt pmlygepklkl smhgkkl akreksg
]ltud emlfkik dukcgtks, vkdsgl jkrus hgsgepkl pkhk tmepkt hmlikl dmlhkcg suju tmrtmltu hkl jklyk hgpmrultuddkl djusus emlygepkl vkdsgl skfk
Xmepkt pmlygepklkl obkt (ruklikl hkl cmekrg pmlhgligl) jkrus smckcu hgpkltku sujulyk emliiulkdkl tmreoemtmr ykli tmrdkcgbrksg
Pgstme pmlygepklkl hgckdudkl hmlikl emepmrjktgdkl bmltud smhgkkl hkl dmcks tmrkpg smhgkkl akreksg smrtk hgsusul sm`krk kcakbmtgs.
^mlimcukrkl ^mlimcukrk l obkt emliiulkdkl Pgstme Agrst Gl Agrst Out (AGAO), Agrst Mxpgrmh Agrst Out (AMAO).
^ml`ktktkl dkrtu stod ^mlygepklkl smhgkkl akreksg, BEJ^ hkl Kcdms jkrus hgckdudkl pml`ktktkl hmlikl dkrtu stod L & o . m b x m p t s
bmltud
F u e c k
j
Pto`d oplkem smhgkkl akreksg, BEJ^ hkl kcdms hgckdudkl sm`krk bmrdkck smdurkli-durklilyk smdkcg hkcke 1 (mlke) buckl. Djusus ultud Lkrdotgdk hkl ^sgdotropgdk sto`d oplkem hgckdudkl sm`krk bmrdkck smdurkli-durklilyk smdkcg hkcke ; (sktu) buckl.
Ks K s p md djusus
Obkt rmsgdo
CKPK /LOR]E
tgliig
Obkt Jgi Jgitt Kcc mr K mrtt Obkt Jgij Kcmrt khkckj obkt ykli pmrcu hgwkspkhkg dkrmlk hkpkt emlymbkbdkl tmrfkhglyk dmskckjkl/dmskckjkl smrgus (smltglmc mvmlt), hkl bmrgsgdo tgliig
obkt rgsgdo tgliig ykgtu obkt ykli bgck tmrfkhg dmskckjkl (mrror) hkpkt emlikdgbktdkl dmektgkl ktku dm`k`ktkl smpmrtg, glsucgl, kltghgkbmtgd orkc ktku obkt dmeotmrkpmutgd.
obkt hmlikl lkek, dmekskl, ckbmc, pmliiulkkl dcglgd tkepkd/dmcgjktkl skek (cood kcgdm), bulyg u`kpkl skek (soulh kcgdm) bgksk hgsmbut cksk, ktku hgsmbut fuik Lkek Obkt Rupk ]`kpkl Egrgp (LOR]E),
Mcmdtrocgt Mcm dtrocgt dols mltrkt mcmdtrocgt dolsmltrkt smpmrtg lktrgue dcorghk hmlikl dolsmltrksg cmbgj hkrg >,7% hkl ekilmsgue sucakt glfmdsg.
emlymbkbdkl hkepkd ykli tghkd hggligldkl (khvmrsm out`oem).
@krk emlijghkrg dmskckjkl pmebmrgkl obkt dmfkhgkl ykli tghkd hgjkrkpdkl― hgjkrkpdkl― (khvmrsm mvmlt) ktku –dmfkhgkl lykrgs `mhmrk― `mhmrk― (lmkr egss)
Emebukt hkatkr obkt jgit kcmrt
Mcmdtrocgt dolsmltrkd tgliig Hgsgepkl tmrpgskj hkl pmlklhkkl fmcks ultud emlijglhkrg dmskckkjl pmlikebgckl hkl pmliiulkkl
Emebmrg ckbmc jgit kcmrt
Hgskrkldkl emebmrg ckbmc jgit kcmrt ultud emlijglhkrg dmskckjkl pmlikebgckl
Cksk/Lorue
^mlygepklkl tghkd skcgli bmrhmdktkl hkl hgbmrg ckbmc djusus ktku hgkltrkkg hmlikl obkt yi ckgllyk‗
^mrkturkl bkhkl pmlikwks obkt hkl ekdklkl loeor 8 tkjul 2>;:
K Ks s p md djusus Obk Obktt Lkrd Lkrdot otgd gdk, k, psgdotropgdk hkl prmdurso prmdursor r
Obkt Lkrdotgdk
Lkrdotgdk jkrus hgsgepkl hkcke cmekrg djusus pmlygepklkl Lkrdotgdk. Lkrdotgdk jkrus emepulykg 2 (huk) bukj dul`g ykli bmrbmhk, sktu dul`g hgpmikli ocmj Kpotmdmr ^mlkliiuli ^mlkliiuli Fkwkb hkl sktu dul`g ckgllyk hgpmikli ocmj pmikwkg ckgl ykli
^sgdotropgdk
Cmekrg djusus pmlygepklkl ^sgdotropgdk jkrus emepulykg 2 (huk) bukj dul`g ykli bmrbmhk, sktu dul`g hgpmikli ocmj Kpotmdmr ^mlkliiuli Fkwkb hkl sktu dul`g ckgllyk hgpmikli ocmj pmikwkg ckgl ykli hgdukskdkl. Kpkbgck Kpotmdmr ^mlkliiuli ^mlkliiuli Fkwkb
^rmdursor
^rmdursor Akreksg jkrus hgsgepkl hg tmepkt ykli kekl bmrhkskrdkl klkcgsgs rgsgdo. Klkcgsgs rgsgdo sm smbkikgeklk bkikgeklk hgekdsuh klidk 0.8 kltkrk ckgl pmebktkskl kdsms pmrsolgc, hgcmtkddkl hkcke sktu krmk hkl tmepkt pmlygepklkl euhkj hgkwksg sm`krk cklisuli ocmj
hgdukskdkl
bmrjkcklikl jkhgr hkpkt emliukskdkl dul`g dmpkhk pmikwkg ckgl.
pmlkliiulifkwkb.
M. ^meuslkjkl hkl ^mlkrgdkl Dkhkcukrsk hkl Ruskd
^meuslkjkl
Hgeuslkjdkl smsukg hmlikl fmlgs hkl bmltud smhgkkl ocmj smhgkkl ocmj Kpotmdmr hkl hgskdsgdkl ocmj tmlkik dmakreksgkl ckgl ykli emegcgdg surkt gzgl prkdtgd ktku surkt gzgl dmrfk. ^meuslkjkl hgbudtgdkl hmlikl bmrgtk k`krk pmeuslkjkl
^mlkrgdkl smhgkkl akreksg
^mlkrgdkl smhgkkl akreksg ykli tghkd ememlujg stklhkr/dmtmltukl pmrkturkl pmrulhkli-ulhklikl hgckdudkl ocmj pmegcgd gzgl mhkr bmrhkskrdkl pmrgltkj pmlkrgdkl ocmj B^OE (eklhktory rm`kcc) ktku bmrhkskrdkl glgsgksg sudkrmck ocmj pmegcgd gzgl mhkr (vocultkry rm`kcc) hmlikl tmtkp emebmrgdkl ckporkl dmpkhk Dmpkck B^OE.
^mlkrgdkl
^meuslkjkl
^meuslkjkl Lkrdotgdk hkl prgdotropgdk
ocmj Kpotmdmr hkl hgskdsgdkl ocmj Hglks Dmsmjktkl Dkbupktml/Dotk
Rmsmp
^mlkrgdkl kcdms
^mlkrgdkl Kckt Dmsmjktkl hkl Bkjkl Emhgs hgckdudkl tmrjkhkp prohudJkbgs ykli ^kdkg gzgl mhkrlyk hg`kbut ocmj Emltmrg
^ml kr kr gd gd kl kl
^me us us lk lkj kl kl
Rmsmp ykli tmckj hgsgepkl emcmbgjg fklidk wkdtu wkdtu = (cge (cgek) k) tkjul h hkpkt kpkt hgeuslkjdkl. ^meuslkjkl Rmsmp hgckdudkl ocmj Kpotmdmr hgskdsgdkl ocmj smdurkli-durklilyk pmtuiks ckgl hg Kpotmd hmlikl hmlikl `krk hgbkdkr kt ktku ku `krk
pmeuslkjkl ckgl ykli hgbudtgdkl hmlikl Bmrgtk K`krk ^meuslkjk ^meuslkjkl l Rmsmp emliiulkdkl
Bmrgt rgtk k K` K`krk krk ^m ^meus euslk lkjk jkl l Bm
A. ^mlimlhkcgkl
^mlimlhkcgkl hgckdudkl ultud emepmrtkjkldkl fmlgs hkl fueckj pmrsmhgkkl smsukg dmbutujkl pmckyklkl, emckcug pmlikturkl sgstme pmsklkl ktku pmlikhkkl, pmlygepklkl hkl pmlimcukrkl
Cklidkj yli hkpkt hgckdudkl ultud eml`mikj/emliktksg dmdurklikl ktku dmdosolikl6 ^mlimlhkcgkl dmtmrsmhgkkl, Emckdudkl klkcgsk pmrml`klkkl smbmcue pmemsklkl/pmebmcgkl smhgkkl akreksg Emliikltg obkt emrmd hkikli hmlikl obkt imlmrgd ykli skek doepolml kdtgalyk ktku obkt emrmd hkikli ckgl ktks pmrsmtufukl hodtmr hkl/ktku pksgml Ckdudkl sto`d oplkem smhgkkl akreksg, BEJ^ hkl kcdms sm`krk bmrdkck smdurkli-durklilyk smdkcg hkcke 1 (mlke) buckl. Djusus ultud Lkrdotgdk hkl ^sgdotropgdk sto`d oplkem hgckdudkl sm`krk bmrdkck smdurklidurklilyk smdkcg hkcke ; (sktu) buckl
dmdosolikl ktku dmdurklikl smhgkkl akreksg hgkpotmd hkpkt tmrfkhg dmrmlk6 ^mrml`klkkl ^mrml`klk kl yli du rkli tmpkt
^mruekjkl dmbgfkdkl pmemrgltkj egskclyk pmrubkjkl m-dktkcoi, smjgliik smhgkkl akreksg ykli suhkj hgrml`klkdkl tkjul smbmcuelyk tghkd eksud hkcke dktkcoi smhgkkl akreksg ykli bkru
^mlimlhkcgkl pmliiulkkl ^mlimlhkcgkl pmliiulkkl smhgkkl akreksg hgckdudkl ultud emlimtkjug fueckj pmlmrgekkl hkl pmekdkgkl smhgkkl akreksg smjgliik hkpkt emekstgdkl fueckj dmbutujkl smhgkkl akreksg hkcke sktu pmrgohm. Dmigktkl pmlimlhkcgkl eml`kdup6
;
emepmrdgrkdkl/emlijgtuli pmekdkgkl rktk-rktk pmrgohm tmrtmltu. fueckj stod glg hgsmbut stod dmrfk
2
emlmltudkl6 ;) Ptod optgeue khkckj stod smhgkkl akreksg ykli hgsmhgkdkl kikr tghkd emlikckeg dmdurklikl/dmdosolikl. 2) Ptod pmlikekl khkckj fueckj stod ykli hgsmhgkdkl ultud eml`mikj tmrfkhglyk smsuktu jkc ykli tghkd tmrhuik, egskclyk dkrmlk dmtmrckebktkl pmligrgekl. 0) Emlmltudkl wkdtu tuliiu (cmkhtgem) khkckj wkdtu ykli hgpmrcudkl hkrg euckg pmemsklkl skepkg smhgkkl akreksg hgtmrgek
0
^ml`ktktkl emrupkdkl suktu dmigktkl ykli bmrtufukl ultud emeolgtor dmcukr hkl eksudlyk (eutksg) smhgkkl akreksg hg kpotmd. ^ml`ktktkl hkpkt hgckdudkl hkcke bmltud hgigtkc ktku eklukc.
K @oltmlts B @oltmlts @oltmlts
@ Jkc ykli jkrus hgpmrjktgdkl6 ;) Dkrtu stod obkt jkrus hgcmtkddkl bmrhmdktkl hmlikl smhgkkl akreksg ykli bmrsklidutkl. pml`ktktkl jkrus hgckdudkl smtgkp dkcg khk eutksg (dmcukr eksud smhgkkl akreksg ktku fgdk khk smhgkkl akreksg jgckli, ruskd/dmhkcuwkrsk ruskd/dmhkcuwkrsk). ). 2) ^mlmrgekkl hkl pmlimcukrkl hgfueckjdkl smtgkp kdjgr pmrgohm
^mlkliklkl dmtgdk tmrfkhg dmruskdkl, rm`kcc hkl dmhkcuwkrsk • ^meuslkjkl hkl pmlkrgdkl obkt obkt ykli tghkd hkpkt hgiulkdkl jkrus hgckdsklkdkl smsukg hmlikl dmtmltukl pmrkturkl pmrulhkli-ulhklikl ykli bmrckdu4 • ]ltud pmeuslkjkl lkrdotgdk, lkrdotgdk, psgdotropgdk hkl prmdursor hgckdudkl ocmj kpotmdmr hkl hgskdsgdkl ocmj hglks dmsmjktkl dkbupktml/dotk hkl hgbukt bmrgtk k`krk pmeuslkjkl4 • ^mlkrgdkl obkt ykli tghkd ememlujg ememlujg stklhkr/dmtmltukl pmrkturkl pmrulhkli-ulhklikl hgckdudkl ocmj pmegcgd gzgl mhkr bmrhkskrdkl pmrgltkj pmlkrgdkl ocmj bpoe (eklhktory rm`kcc) ktku bmrhkskrdkl glgsgksg sudkrmck ocmj pmegcgd gzgl mhkr (vocultkry rm`kcc) hmlikl tmtkp emebmrgdkl ckporkl dmpkhk dmpkck bpoe. pmlkrgdkl BEJ^ • ^meuslkjkl hgckdudkl hgckdudkl ultud obkt bgck6 bgck6 ;) ^rohud tghkd tghkd ememlujg pmrsykrktkl eutu/ruskd. eutu/ruskd. 2) Xmckj dmhkcuwkrsk. 0) Hg`kbut Hg`kbut gzgl mhkrlyk mhkrlyk
I. ^ml`ktktkl hkl ^mckporkl
Khklyk pml`ktktkl pml`ktktkl kdkl emeuhkjdkl pmtuiks ultud emckdudkl pmlmcusurkl bgck tmrfkhg khklyk eutu smhgkkl akreksg ykli sub stklhkr hkl jkrus hgtkrgd hkrg pmrmhkrkl
^ml`ktktkl hgckdudkl pkhk smtgkp prosms pmlimcockkl Pmhgkkl Akreksg, Kckt Dmsmjktkl, hkl Bkjkl Emhgs Jkbgs ^kdkg emcgputg pmlikhkkl (surkt pmsklkl, akdtur), pmlygepklkl (dkrtu stod),
pmlymrkjkl (lotk ktku strud pmlfukckl) hkl pml`ktktkl ckgllyk ykli hgsmsukgdkl hmlikl dmbutujkl ^mckporkl tmrhgrg hkrg pmckporkl gltmrlkc hkl mdstmrlkc. ^mckporkl
gltmrlkc emrupkdkl pmckporkl ykli hgiulkdkl ultud dmbutujkl eklkfmeml Kpotmd, emcgputg dmuklikl, bkrkli hkl ckporkl ckgllyk. eklkfmeml ^mckporkl mdstmrlkc emrupkdkl pmckporkl ykli hgbukt ultud ememlujg dmwkfgbkl smsukg hmlikl dmtmltukl pmrkturkl pmrulhkliulhklikl, emcgputg pmckporkl lkrdotgdk, psgdotropgdk hkl
^mckporkl khkckj duepuckl `ktktkl hkl pmlhktkkl dmigktkl kheglgstrksg smhgkkl akreksg, tmlkik hkl pmrcmlidkpkl dmsmjktkl ykli
pmckporkl ckgllyk.
hgskfgdkl dmpkhk pgjkd ykli bmrdmpmltglikl
Xjkld you Pmeoik bmreklakkt, tghkd jklyk fkhg docmdsg
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