management of thermal power plant in india

MANAGEMENT OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA

PRESENTED BY 

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SURAJSINGH PRADIPSINGH PARDESHI( ARDESHI(58) 58) RISHIRAJ PUNY PUNYADEO ADEO PATEL(59)

PROCESS INVOL I NVOLVED VED IN THERMAL T HERMAL POWER PLANT STATION

COAL AND ENERGY ENERGY SCENARIO IN I N INDIA INDIA

Coal, oil, gas and hydroelectric potential constitute the conventional sources of electricity generation. Total installed capacity of electricity generation in India is approx. 98,668 MW. MW. India ranked third in the world with 7 percent total world reserves.

coal reserves of the

Coal production increased from 30 million tonnes to over 348 million tonnes in 1999. Expected to increase to 427 million tonne in 2010. Seventy percent of the total coal produced is consumed for power generation. Steel & cement are other major consumers.

COAL AND ENERGY ENERGY SCENARIO IN I N INDIA INDIA

Coal, oil, gas and hydroelectric potential constitute the conventional sources of electricity generation. Total installed capacity of electricity generation in India is approx. 98,668 MW. MW. India ranked third in the world with 7 percent total world reserves.

coal reserves of the

Coal production increased from 30 million tonnes to over 348 million tonnes in 1999. Expected to increase to 427 million tonne in 2010. Seventy percent of the total coal produced is consumed for power generation. Steel & cement are other major consumers.

THE PRINCIP PRINCI PAL INVOLVED INVOLVED IN THE CLASSICAL CLASSIC AL POWER PLANT

Summary Table of Electric Power Generation Source

India

Japan

U.S.

Coal

59.2%

21.2%

51.8%

Oil

13.9%

16.6%

03.1%

Gas

06.3%

22.1%

15.7%

 Nuclear 

02.5%

30.0%

19.9%

Hydro

17.8%

08.2%

07.4%

Others

00.3%

01.9%

02.2%

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN COAL BASED POWER GENERA GENERATION TION Air Pollution :High Hi gh par arttic icu ula late te ma mattte terr em emis issi sion on le leve vels ls du duee to burning of inferior grade coal which leads to generation of large quantity of flyash Emissions of SO2, NOx & Green house gas (CO2) are are also matter of concern Water Pollution :- Main Mainly ly cause caused d by the the efflu effluent ent dis discha charge rge fro from m ash ponds, condenser cooling /cooling tower tower,, DM plant and Boiler blow down. Noise Pollution :- High nois noisee levels levels due to relea release se of of high high pres pressu sure re steam and running of fans and motors Land Degradation :- Abo About ut 100 100 million million ton tonnes nes of fly fly ash is genera generated ted by use of coal far energy production. The disposal of such large quantity of fly ash has occupied thousands hectares of land which includes agricultural and forest land too.

1.)DEADLY EFFECTS OF POLLUTION WHICH IS GIVEN OUT AS A BIO PRODUCT IN THERMAL POWER PLANT PROCESS. 2.) IT IS GREAT HAZARD TO THE HUMAN AS WELL AS FOR OUR ENVIRONMENT. 3 .) D UE TO HA HARMFULL RMFULL GAS EMMISSION DURING DU RING PROCE PROCESS SS IT HAS GREA GREAT T

ISSUES IN POWER SECTOR Ø

Seventy one per cent of electricity production is based on coal and gas in the country.

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83 coal based thermal power plants with total generation capacity of 62880.9 MW (as on July July,, 2003) 27 gas/naphtha based power plants with total generation capacity of 11299.6 11299.6 MW (as on July July,, 2003)

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More than 240 million tonnes of coal with ash content 35-45% is consumed annually by the Thermal Power Plants.

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3715

MT/day of SO 2 is emitted from coal based power  plants,which is 89% of total emission of SO 2 from industries in India

Nearly 100 million tonnes per annum coal ash is generated. More than 25,000 hectares of land has been occupied for  conventional disposal of ash. More than 630 million M 3water is required for disposal of coal ash as in slurry form per annum

POLLUTION LOAD LOAD FROM FROM COAL C OAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT Pollutants

Emissions (in tones/day)

CO2

424650

Particulate Matter SO2

4374

NOx

4966

3311

Emission Estimates

Cement 7% Sugar  10%

Others 1%

Thermal Power  Plants 82%

Share of Suspended Particulate Particulate Matter Mat ter Load (tonnes/day) by Different Categories of  Industries Ind ustries (With Control Control Device), Total Load = 5365 tonnes/day

Share of Sulphur Dioxide Di oxide Load (Tonnes / day) By different categories of Industries (Total Load = 3715 Tonnes / day)

Oil Refineries 3%

Sulphuric Acid Plants 2%

Others 1%

Steel 5%

Thermal Power  Plants 89%

EMISSION STANDARDS EMISSION STANDARDS FOR  THERMAL POWER PLANTS Power Generation Capacity < 210 MW

= > 210 MW

Particulate Emission

Matter

350 mg/Nm3

150 mg/Nm3

Depending upon the requirement of local situations, which may warrant stricter standards as in case of protected areas areas the State Pollution Control Board within the provisions of the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986, may be prescribed limit of  150 mg/Nm3 irrespective of the generation capacity of the plant

STACK ST ACK HEIGHT REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS For the proper dispersion of SO2 emission from thermal power plant, stack  height criteria have been adopted in country. However, for larger capacities boilers (500MW and above) space provision for installing FGD system has been recommended.

Power generation capacity

Stack Height (mts.)

H = 1 4 (Q ) 0.3 , where Q is emission rate of SO2 in kg/hr, H= Stack Height 200/210 or less than 500 220 22 0 MW 5 00 M W a nd a bo ve 275 Le ss tha n 20 0 /21 0 M W

Status of Pollution Control in Thermal Power Plants in India Tot otal al nu numb mbeer of po pow wer pl plan ants ts

:

81

 Air Pollution •

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Powerr pl Powe plan ants ts co comp mpllyi ying ng wi with th emi miss ssio ion n : standards Pow ower er pl plan ants ts no nott com ompl ply yin ing g wi with th em emis issi sion on : standards Power plants closed : 03

43 35

Water Pollutio Pollution n •

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Pow ower er pl plan ants ts co comp mply lyin ing g wi with th as ash h pon ond d : Effluent standards Pow ower er pl plan ants ts no nott com ompl ply yin ing g wi with th as ash h pon ond d Effluent standards Power plants closed : 03

49 :

29

REASONS FOR NON-COMPLIANCE OF ENVIRONMENT ENVIRON MENTAL AL ST STANDARD ANDARDS S IN ENVIRONM ENTAL STANDARDS THERMAL POWER PLANTS

Inconsistent supply of coal High resistivity of coal Inefficient operation of ESPs Delay in supply of ESPs Low Specific Collection Area Area (SCA) of ESPs Inefficient management of ash ponds Large quantities of ash generation

CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES (CCTS) Need for adoption of CCTs To meet in creasing demand of power with minimal environmental impact for sustainable development, adoption of clean coal technologies with enhanced power plant efficiency efficiency,, fuel switching, use of washed coal, efficient pollution control systems and proper by-product and waste handling & utilization, is necessary.

Classification : Pre-combustion Technologies : Ash, sulphur and other impurities (coal   benefaction) ca n be reduced from the coal  before it is burned Combustion technologies : (FBC : CBFC, AFBC,PFBC, IGCC) technologies

Generation o off em emissions of SO SO2, NOx and CO2 can be minimised by adopting improved combustion

Post combustion technologies : End of pipe pipe trea eatm tmen entt (in inst staall llat atio ion n po poll llut utio ion n control equipments such as ESP, DENOx &

USE OF BENEFICIATED COAL In order to minimise fly ash generation, it was recommended to use beneficiated coal in the power plants. A Gazette notification has been issued under EPA, 1986, stating that : w “On and from the 1st day of June 2002, the following coal based thermal power plants shall use beneficiated coal content not exceeding thirty four percent, namely :

with ash

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Power plants located beyond 1000 km from the pit head and

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Power plants located in urban area or sensitive area or  critically polluted area irrespective of their distance from the pit head except any pit headed power plants.

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w The power plants based on FBC (CFBC, PFBC & AFBC) and

IGCC technologies are exempted to use beneficiated coal irrespective of their locations.

ADVANTAGES OF BENEFICIATED COAL Implementation of use of beneficiated coal in thermal power plant w.r.t. June 30, 2002, shall yield following benefits during 2002-03:

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Reduction in tonnage (MT)

11

Saving in transport cost (US M$)

240

Saving in Diesel consumption (KL)

63750

Reduction in Bottom Ash (MT)

2

Reduction in Fly Ash (MT)

8

Reduction in CO2 (MT)

23

Out of 81 coal based based thermal Power plants, 39 plants are required to use beneficiated coal not no t containing ash more than 34% w.r.t. w.r.t. June 30, 2002.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Ministry of environment and forests has issued following directions under section 3 & 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 vide a Gazette notification no. GSR . 763 (E) dated 14/09/1999

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Use of flyash, bottom ash or pond ash in the manufacture of bricks and other construction activities Utilisation of flyash plants and

by thermal power

Specifications for use of flyash based products by Government agencies

Action Plans for utilisation of Flyash by Thermal Power Plants Submission Submission of action plans by the power plants New Power Plants 

• 30 % flyash utilisation within 3 year • 100 % flyash utilisation within 9 years

Existing Power Plants 

• 20 % flyash utilisation within 3 year • 100 % flyash utilisation within 15 years Out of 81 power plants, 52 power plants have been submitted their action plans remaining have been asked to submit action plans immediately.

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Conclusions

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Existing coal based power plants being monitored by the regulatory agencies and directions are issued Use of Beneficiated Coal in Thermal Power  Plants Emphasis on clean technology for new plants Emphasis on utilisation of fly ash Emphasis on non-carbon/low carbon based technologies for power sector  Emphasis on on cogeneration

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