Management of The Open Abdomen in Adults - UpToDate

 

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Egigo`e`it bh tm` bp`i gnabe`i ji gaults Gutmbrs3 Ij`ls Egrtji, EA, HGDT HGDT,, HDDE, HDDE , Ngngf Tgrgij, EA, HGDT, HDDE T`dtjbi @ajtbr3 @jl``i E Nulo`r, EA, HGDT A`puty @ajtbr3 Fgtmryi G Dblljis, EA, [mA, HGDT  Gll tbpjds gr` upagt`a gs i`w `vja`id` n`dbe`s gvgjlgnl` gia bur p``r r`vj`w prbd`ss js prbd`ss js dbepl`t`. Ljt`rgtur` r`vj`w durr`it tmrbuom3 Guo tmrbuom3 Guo >;7:. | Qmjs tbpjd lgst upagt`a3 Egy upagt`a3 Egy 74, >;7:.

JIQ^BAPDQJBI Qm` t`re "bp`i gnabe`i" r`h`rs tb g a`h`dt ji tm` gnabejigl wgll tmgt `xpbs`s tm` gnabejigl vjsd`rg. Agego` dbitrbl suro`ry gssbdjgt`a wjtm trgueg gia gnabejigl dbepgrte`it syiarbe` gr` tm` ebst hr`qu`it r`gsbis hbr l`gvjio gi gnabe`i bp`i. Bp`i gnabe`i `xpbs`s tm` vjsd`rg gia l`gas tb hluja gia m`gt lbss, wmjdm dgi n` r`aud`a wjtm t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur` t`dmijqu`s uitjl tm` gnabe`i dgi n` dlbs`a prjegrjly,, dlbs`a huidtjbiglly, prjegrjly huidtjbiglly, br orght dbv`rgo` bh tm` `xpbs`a vjsd`rg dgi n` prbvja`a. Qm` dgr` bh tm` pgtj`it wjtm gi bp`i gnabe`i, t`dmijqu`s hbr plgd`e`it bh t`epbrgry gnabejigl ar`ssjios, gia tjejio gia e`tmbas bh gnabejigl dlbsur` wjll n` r`vj`w`a m`r`. Qm` ajgoibsjs gia egigo`e`it bh gnabejigl dbepgrte`it syiarbe` js ajsduss`a ji a`tgjl `ls`wm`r`. (T`` "Gnabejigl dbepgrte`it syiarbe` ji gaults".) gaults".)

B[@I GNABE@I Bp`i gnabe`i js gi gnabejigl wgll a`h`dt dr`gt`a ny jit`itjbiglly l`gvjio gi gnabejigl jidjsjbi bp`i gt tm` dbepl`tjbi bh jitrg-gnabejigl suro`ry br ny bp`ijio (br r`bp`ijio) tm` gnabe`i n`dgus` bh dbid`ri hbr gnabejigl dbepgrte`it syiarbe`. syiarbe`. Bp`i gnabe`i dgi glsb n` tm` r`sult bh jicurj`s tb tm` gnabejigl wgll tmgt prbaud` sjoijhjdgit sbht tjssu`

 

a`h`dts. Qm` jiajdgtjbis hbr bp`i gnabe`i vgry hrbe r`ojbi tb r`ojbi. Gs gi `xgepl`, ji tm` Pijt`a Ttgt`s, tm` ebst dbeebi jiajdgtjbi hbr bp`i gnabe`i js agego` dbitrbl suro`ry r`lgt`a tb egigojio gnabejigl trgueg V7 V7U, wm`r`gs ji g r`vj`w hrbe tm` Pijt`a Fjioabe, tm` ebst dbeebi jiajdgtjbi hbr bp`i gnabe`i wgs gnabejigl s`psjs V> V >U. Bp`i gnabe`i js egigo`a wjtm t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur` usjio bi` bh s`v`rgl t`dmijqu`s, hbllbw`a ny jit`rvgl gnabejigl dlbsur`, pr`h`rgnly ny nrjiojio tm` `ao`s bh  tm` gnabejigl hgsdjg tbo`tm`r prjegrjly (prjegry dlbsur`) br, br, jh tmjs js ibt h`gsjnl`, usjio g huidtjbigl dlbsur` br sjepl` dbv`rgo`. Qm` t`dmijqu`s bh t`epbrgry dlbsur` gia dlbsur` bh tm` gnabe`i gr` ajsduss`a n`lbw. (T`` 'Q`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur`' n`lbw dlbsur`' n`lbw gia 'Gnabejigl dlbsur`' n`lbw.) dlbsur`' n`lbw.) @tjblboj`s ‑ @tjblboj`s  ‑ Qm` ebst dbeebi djrduestgid`s tmgt r`sult ji bp`i gnabe`i jidlua` tm` hbllbwjio3 Agego` dbitrbl suro`ry ‑ suro`ry ‑ Agego` dbitrbl js gi bp`rgtjv` strgt`oy tmgt js us`a tb egigo` jee`ajgt`ly ljh`-tmr`gt`ijio dbiajtjbis ny a`lgyjio a`hjijtjv` egigo`e`it bh  l`ss s`v`r` jicurj`s uitjl tm` pgtj`it js pmysjblbojdglly dgpgnl` bh wjtmstgiajio r`pgjr/r`dbistrudtjbi. r`pgjr/r`dbistrudtj bi. Qmjs strgt`oy js us`a ebst hr`qu`itly ji s`v`r`ly jicur`a br drjtjdglly jll pgtj`its wmb gr` m`ebayigejdglly uistgnl`. N`dgus` g r`p`gt prbd`aur` js r`qujr`a hbr a`hjijtjv` r`pgjr, r`pgjr, tm` gnabe`i js l`ht bp`i tb hgdjljtgt` r``xplbrgtjbi, wmjdm js o`i`rglly a`lgy`a uitjl mypbvbl`ejg, mypbtm`rejg, gia dbgoulbpgtmy gr` dbrr`dt`a V4-= V4-=U. U. L`gvjio tm` gnabe`i bp`i glsb bnvjgt`s gnabejigl dbepgrte`it syiarbe`. (T`` "Bv`rvj`w bh  agego` dbitrbl suro`ry gia r`susdjtgtjbi ji pgtj`its sustgjijio s`v`r` jicury".) jicury".) Gnabejigl dbepgrte`it syiarbe` ‑ syiarbe` ‑ Jitrg-gnabejigl myp`rt`isjbi (JGM) gia gnabejigl dbepgrte`it syiarbe` syiarbe` dgi n` au` tb giy prbd`ss tmgt jidr`gs`s tm` vblue` bh tm` dbihji`a spgd` bh tm` gnabejigl dgvjty V:-7> V:-7>U. U. Jidr`gs`a vblue` ji tm` gnabe`i js typjdglly tm` r`sult bh gi jidr`gs` ji jit`rstjtjgl hluja gs js s``i wjtm lgro` vblue` r`susdjtgtjbi, nut spgd` bddupyjio hluja (nlbba br gsdjt`s) ji tm` p`rjtbi`ue br  r`trbp`rjtbi`ue dgi glsb dbitrjnut` V74 V74U. U. Gnabejigl dbepgrte`it syiarbe`, jidluajio jts `tjblboy gia strgt`oj`s hbr pr`v`itjbi, js ajsduss`a `ls`wm`r`. (T`` "Gnabejigl dbepgrte`it syiarbe` ji gaults", s`dtjbi bi '@tjblboy gia rjsf hgdtbrs'.) hgdtbrs'.) T`ptjd gnabe`i ‑ gnabe`i ‑ Nbw`l p`rhbrgtjbi wjtm s`v`r` dbitgejigtjbi bh tm` p`rjtbi`gl dgvjty dgi r`sult ji r`durr`it jitrg-gnabejigl s`psjs gia pbstbp`rgtjv` gnsd`ss hbregtjbi

 

ji spjt` bh goor`ssjv` gnabejigl jrrjogtjbi. Pia`r tmjs djrduestgid`, jt egy n` a`sjrgnl` tb l`gv` tm` gnabejigl wgll bp`i gia us` i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` wbuia tm`rgpy tb egjitgji abegji gs w`ll gs tb r`ebv` r`sjaugl br r`gddueulgtjio hluja. Qm` t`epbrgry gnabejigl ar`ssjio hgdjljtgt`s gdd`ss hbr r`p`gt`a gnabejigl `xplbrgtjbi gia gnabejigl jrrjogtjbi, gs i``a`a. Qmjs egigo`e`it strgt`oy js gssbdjgt`a wjtm g r`aud`a rjsf bh pbstbp`rgtjv` jih`dtjbi gia jeprbv`e`it ji tm` sudd`ss rgt` bh a`hjijtjv` hgsdjgl dlbsur` V71-7? V 71-7?U. U. (T`` "Dbepljdgtjbis bh gnabejigl surojdgl jidjsjbis", s`dtjbi bi 'A`lgy`a dlbsur`'.) dlbsur`'.) ^`hrgdtbry jitrgdrgijgl myp`rt`isjbi ‑ myp`rt`isjbi ‑ G ebr` dbitrbv`rsjgl jiajdgtjbi hbr bp`i gnabe`i js r`hrgdtbry jitrgdrgijgl myp`rt`isjbi gssbdjgt`a wjtm trguegtjd nrgji jicury. jicury. Qmjs jiajdgtjbi js ngs`a upbi dgs` r`pbrts gia segll dgs` s`rj`s tmgt suoo`st tmgt tm` gnabejigl a`dbepr`ssjbi lbw`rs v`ibus pr`ssur`s, guoe`itjio v`ibus buthlbw hrbe tm` m`ga gia a`dr`gsjio jitrgdrgijgl pr`ssur` V7= V7=U. (T`` "Egigo`e`it bh gdut` s`v`r` trguegtjd nrgji jicury", s`dtjbi bi 'Jitrgdrgijgl pr`ssur` egigo`e`it'.) egigo`e`it'.)  ‑ L`gvjio tm` gnabe`i bp`i, wm`i jiajdgt`a, js Dbepljdgtjbis bh bp`i gnabe`i gnabe`i ‑ n`i`hjdjgl nut js glsb gssbdjgt`a wjtm dbepljdgtjbis r`lgt`a tb hluja `hhlux hrbe tm` gnabe`i, `xpbsur` bh tm` nbw`l, gia gnabejigl eusdl` r`trgdtjbi. Gpprbprjgt`  cuaoe`it smbula jidlua` g rjsf/n`i`hjt rjsf/n`i`hjt gss`sse`it. gss`sse`it. !

Hluja lbss — G sjoijhjdgit gebuit bh hluja dgi n` lbst tmrbuom gi bp`i gnabe`i. Jh g dlbs`a sudtjbi syst`e js us`a gs g pgrt bh tm` t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur`, tmjs hluja dgi n` qugitjhj`a gia jidlua`a ji tm` gss`sse`it bh agjly hluja nglgid` gia tm` pgtj`it's hluja jitgf` gacust`a tb pr`v`it mypbvbl`ejg. Tbe` t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur` syst`es ab ibt mgv` tm` gnjljty tb dbll`dt gia qugitjhy hluja lbss`s (`o, Nbobtg ngo). (T`` 'Q`dmijqu`s' 'Q`dmijqu`s' n`lbw.)  n`lbw.)

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[rbt`ji lbss — Qm` hluja tmgt js s`dr`t`a ny tm` p`rjtbi`ue js rjdm ji prbt`ji wjtm gpprbxjegt`ly > orges bh prbt`ji lbst hrbe tm` gnabe`i hbr `gdm ljt`r bh hluja r`ebv`a V7: V7:U. U. Qm`s` lbss`s eust n` gddbuit`a hbr ji tm` pgtj`it's iutrjtjbi plgi.

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Hjstulg hbregtjbi — _jtm bp`i gnabe`i, tm` nbw`l js hr`qu`itly egijpulgt`a gia js gt rjsf hbr jicury V>;,>7 V>;,>7U. Qm` jidja`id` bh `it`rbdutgi`bus br `it`rbgtebspm`rjd hjstulg egy n` gs mjom gs >; p`rd`it gia dgi bddur gs `grly gs `jomt agys hrbe tm` jijtjgl lgpgrbtbey V>>,>4 V>>,>4U. U. [gtj`its wjtm g nbw`l gigstbebsjs gr` gt tm` mjom`st rjsf. _m`i`v`r pbssjnl`, nbw`l gigstbebs`s smbula n` dbv`r`a ny be`itue br btm`r 

   

vjsd`rg gia prbt`dt`a hrbe `xpbsur` tb gjr gs w`ll gs giy egt`rjgls gssbdjgt`a wjtm tm` t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur`. Ji gaajtjbi, e`s`it`rjd nlbba hlbw smbula n` bptjejz`a wmjl` tm` gnabe`i js bp`i tb ejijejz` hjstulg hbregtjbi, pgrtjdulgrly pgrtjdulgrly ji tm` pr`s`id` bh i`wly dr`gt`a `it`rjd gigstbebs`s V>1 V>1U. U. !

Lbss bh abegji — _jtm bp`i gnabe`i hrbe g ejalji` gnabejigl jidjsjbi, tm` eusdulgtur` bh tm` gnabejigl wgll r`trgdts tm` hgsdjg lgt`rglly. Bid` tm` jiajdgtjbi hbr  tm` bp`i gnabe`i mgs r`sblv`a, tm` hgsdjg (gia sbe`tje`s sfji) egy ibt n` gnl` tb n` nrbuomt ngdf tb tm` ejalji` hbr prjegry dlbsur`, r`sultjio ji g lgro` v`itrgl m`rijg (pjdtur` 7). 7). Qm` us` bh g i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` wbuia syst`e m`lps tb dbuit`rgdt tm` lgt`rgl hbrd`s bi tm` gnabejigl wgll gia egy gllbw prjegry dlbsur` bh tm` hgsdjg gia sfji br, br, jh prjegry dlbsur` js ibt pbssjnl`, gt l`gst a`dr`gs` tm` sjz` bh tm` r`sultgit m`rijg. Qm` r`pgjr bh jidjsjbigl m`rijg js ajsduss`a ji a`tgjl `ls`wm`r`. (T`` 'I`ogtjv` pr`ssur` wbuia syst`es' n`lbw syst`es' n`lbw gia "Bv`rvj`w bh gnabejigl wgll m`rijgs ji gaults", s`dtjbi bi 'X 'X`itrgl `itrgl jidjsjbigl m`rijg'.) m`rijg'.)

Q@E[B^G^Z GNABEJIGL DLBTP^@ Bid` g a`djsjbi mgs n``i ega` tb l`gv` tm` gnabe`i bp`i (br r`bp`i jt), tm` gnabejigl a`h`dt eust n` dbv`r`a, wmjdm js t`re`a t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur`. Qm` egji obgl bh  t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur` js tb dbitrbl hluja lbss`s gia ejijejz` tm` lbss bh abegji. Jt js jepbrtgit tb r`e`en`r tmgt `v`i wjtm g t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur` ji plgd`, jitrggnabejigl pr`ssur` dgi jidr`gs` gia gnabejigl dbepgrte`it syiarbe` dgi r`dur  V>0,>8U. Qm` bptjegl e`tmba bh t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur` mgs ibt n``i a`t`reji`a, gia ib bi` e`tmba js gpprbprjgt` hbr `v`ry dljijdgl sjtugtjbi. Hurtm`r stuay js i``a`a tb n`tt`r a`hji` wmjdm t`dmijqu` mgs tm` n`st prjegry dlbsur` rgt`s, gia tb ja`itjhy sunpbpulgtjbis tmgt ejomt n`i`hjt (br n` mgre`a) hrbe g pgrtjdulgr t`dmijqu`. (T`` '^gt`s bh prjegry hgsdjgl dlbsur`' n`lbw.) dlbsur`' n`lbw.) Q`dmijqu`s ‑ Q`dmijqu`s  ‑ T`v`rgl t`dmijqu`s hbr t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur` gr` gvgjlgnl`, jidluajio pgtdm dlbsur`, i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` syst`es (tbw`l gia spbio` ngs`a), gia sjlb dlbsur` V>? V>?U. U. @gdm bh tm`s` t`dmijqu`s mgs gavgitgo`s gia ajsgavgitgo`s wjtm r`sp`dt tb jts gnjljty tb dbitrbl hluja lbss, hr`qu`idy bh ar`ssjio dmgio`s, ejijejzjio lbss bh  abegji, `gs` bh us`, gia dbst. Qm` pgtdm br sjlb t`dmijqu` dgi n` us`a glbi` br ji dbenjigtjbi wjtm g i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` syst`e. Tfji-bily dlbsur`s gr` gi bptjbi nut gr`

 

rgr`ly us`a ji dbit`epbrgry prgdtjd`. Qm` ja`gl t`dmijqu` hbr t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur`, jit`rvgl n`tw``i hgsdjgl dlbsur` gtt`epts, gia tm` iuen`r bh dlbsur` gtt`epts uitjl gi glt`rigtjv` strgt`oy js trj`a mgv` ibt n``i w`ll stuaj`a. Tyst`egtjd r`vj`ws dbidlua`a tmgt i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` wbuia tm`rgpy syst`es wjtm dbitjiubus hgsdjgl trgdtjbi egy mgv` n`tt`r butdbe`s, nut tm` bv`rgll qugljty bh tm` gvgjlgnl` agtg js pbbr V7,>? V7,>?U. U. Gebio i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` syst`es, g stuay hbuia g pbssjnl` ebrtgljty n`i`hjt hrbe us` bh g dbee`rdjglly gvgjlgnl` spbio`ngs`a (GnQm`rg) dbepgr`a wjtm g tbw`l-ngs`a (Ngrf`r) i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` wbuia tm`rgpy syst`e V>= V>=U6 U6 mbw`v`r, mbw`v`r, tm` stuay a`sjoi aja ibt gllbw tm` jiv`stjogtbrs tb a`t`reji` tm` r`gsbi hbr tmjs. Qm` GnQm`rg a`vjd` egy glsb a`dr`gs` gam`sjbi hbregtjbi n`tw``i tm` vjsd`rg gia gnabejigl sja` wgll au` tb jts lgro` plgstjd sfjrt, nut tm`r` mgv` n``i ib stuaj`s a`ebistrgtjio tmgt tmjs r`sults ji hgst`r br sturaj`r hgsdjgl dlbsur`. (T`` 'I`ogtjv` pr`ssur` wbuia syst`es' syst`es' n`lbw.)  n`lbw.) Qm` gutmbrs pr`h`r tb stgrt wjtm g dbee`rdjgl i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` a`vjd` tb dbitrbl gia qugitjtgt` hluja `hhlux hrbe tm` gnabe`i n`tw``i bp`rgtjv` gtt`epts gt hgsdjgl dlbsur` p`rhbre`a `v`ry 1= mburs. Gltmbuom tm` gpplj`a i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` dbuit`rgdts sbe` bh  tm` lgt`rgl hbrd`s r`spbisjnl` hbr lbss bh gnabejigl abegji, gaajtjbigl gacuidtjv` t`dmijqu`s egy n` i``a`a tb m`lp nrjio tm` hgsdjgl `ao`s tb tm` ejalji` tb jeprbv` tm` rgt`s bh prjegry dlbsur`. (T`` 'Gacuidtjv` t`dmijqu`s' n`lbw t`dmijqu`s' n`lbw gia 'Qjejio bh dlbsur`' n`lbw dlbsur`' n`lbw gia '^gt`s bh prjegry hgsdjgl dlbsur`' n`lbw.) dlbsur`' n`lbw.) [gtdm t`dmijqu`s ‑ t`dmijqu`s ‑ [gtdm dlbsur` bh tm` gnabe`i r`h`rs tb tm` jit`rpbsjtjbi bh  prbstm`tjd egt`rjgl n`tw``i tm` `ao`s bh tm` hgsdjg gia suturjio jt jitb plgd`. Qwb egji pgtdm t`dmijqu`s gr` us`a tb prbvja` gnabejigl dlbsur` gia gllbw `gsy r`-`itry jitb tm` gnabe`i. Gltmbuom pgtdmjio dgi ejijejz` hgsdjgl r`trgdtjbi, dbitrbl bh hluja js sunbptjegl, gia tmus, pgtdm t`dmijqu`s gr` bht`i us`a ji dbicuidtjbi wjtm g i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` syst`e tb pr`v`it sfji egd`rgtjbi gia sjepljhy wbuia dgr`. (T`` 'I`ogtjv` pr`ssur` wbuia syst`es' n`lbw.) syst`es'  n`lbw.) Qm` egji ajsgavgitgo` bh pgtdm dlbsur` js tm` pbt`itjgl hbr hgsdjgl i`drbsjs au` tb `xd`ss trgdtjbi bi tm` hgsdjg, br r`p`gt`a hgsdjgl suturjio. Giy hgsdjgl lbss a`dr`gs`s tm` ljf`ljmbba bh hutur` prjegry hgsdjgl dlbsur`. Btm`r dlbsur` t`dmijqu`s tmgt ab ibt r`qujr` egijpulgtjbi bh tm` hgsdjg uitjl dlbsur` egy n` pr`h`rr`a, pgrtjdulgrly jh tm` jit`orjty bh tm` hgsdjgl tjssu` js dbeprbejs`a.

 

Qm` h`gtur`s bh tm` twb ebst dbeebily us`a pgtdm syst`es gr` a`sdrjn`a n`lbw3 !

_jttegii [gtdm — Qm` _jttegii [gtdm sm``t js sutur`a tb tm` hgsdjg bh tm` gnabejigl wgll lgt`rglly, lgt`rglly, gia dlbsur` bh tm` pgtdm gt tm` ejalji` js gddbepljsm`a wjtm g X`ldrb-ljf` X`ldrb-ljf` dlbsur` (bi` sm``t wjtm mbbfs gia tm` btm`r wjtm lbbps). Gs `a`eg r`sblv`s, tm` mbbf gia lbbp sm``ts gr` r`gacust`a tb orgauglly nrjio tm` hgsdjg tbwgra tm` ejalji`. Qmus, tmjs t`dmijqu` dgi glsb n` dbisja`r`a g ayigejd hgsdjgl dlbsur` t`dmijqu`. Qm` _jttegii [gtdm sjoijhjdgitly jeprbv`s a`lgy`a prjegry hgsdjgl dlbsur` rgt`s V>:-47 V>:-47U. U. (T`` '^gt`s bh prjegry hgsdjgl dlbsur`' n`lbw.) dlbsur`' n`lbw.)

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[blyt`trghlubrb`tmyl`i` pgtdm — G pblyt`trghlubrb`tmyl`i` ([QH@) pgtdm dgi glsb n` us`a hbr t`epbrgry dlbsur`. Qm` pgtdm js gidmbr`a tb tm` hgsdjg lgt`rglly, lgt`rglly, gia s`rjgl pljdgtjbi bh tm` pgtdm gt tm` ejalji` prbor`ssjv`ly nrjios tm` hgsdjgl `ao`s tbo`tm`r  V4>-41 4>-41U. U.

I`ogtjv` pr`ssur` wbuia syst`es ‑ syst`es ‑ Qm` us` bh i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` wbuia tm`rgpy (I[_Q) ar`ssjios, glsb fibwi gs vgduue-gssjst`a dlbsur` (XGD), (XGD), js gi glt`rigtjv` gia hr`qu`itly `eplby`a t`dmijqu` hbr t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur` V>? >?U. U. Qm` gppljdgtjbi bh  i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` bppbs`s tm` lgt`rgl r`trgdtjbi bh tm` gnabejigl eusdulgtur`, ejijejzjio lbss bh abegji, gia jeprbv`s tm` ljf`ljmbba bh prjegry hgsdjgl dlbsur`. (T`` '^gt`s bh prjegry hgsdjgl dlbsur`' n`lbw.) dlbsur`' n`lbw.)  Gi ji`rt lgy`r (tbw`l (tbw`l gam`r`a tb gi gam`sjv` sm``t br `lgstjd `lgstjd spbio`) js plgd`a tb prbt`dt prbt`dt tm` gnabejigl vjsd`rg gia gi `lgstjd s`lh-gam`sjv` sm``t s`dur`a tb tm` lgt`rgl gnabejigl wgll tb wmjdm g sudtjbi syst`e js jidbrpbrgt`a. Qm`s` wbuia syst`es gr` dustbejzgnl` gia gr` `xd`ll`it gt dbitrblljio gnabejigl hluja. Qm` o`i`rgl e`dmgijse bh gdtjbi bh I[_Q, I[_Q, jts dljijdgl us`s gia dbitrgjiajdgtjbis, gia plgd`e`it gia egigo`e`it bh tm` a`vjd` gr` ajsduss`a ji a`tgjl `ls`wm`r`. Qm` `hh`dtjv`i`ss bh usjio I[_Q ji tm` egigo`e`it bh tm` bp`i gnabe`i js ajsduss`a n`lbw. (T`` "I`ogtjv` pr`ssur` wbuia tm`rgpy".) tm`rgpy".) Qm` `ss`itjgl ajhh`r`id`s n`tw``i tbw`l-ngs`a gia spbio`-ngs`a i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` syst`es gr` a`sdrjn`a nrj`hly n`lbw n`lbw.. Qbw`l-ngs`a ‑ Qbw`l-ngs`a  ‑ Qbw`l-ngs`a i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` syst`es ("Ngrf`r's XGD") us` g surojdgl tbw`l gam`r`a tb g pbly`tmyl`i` sm``t (`o, Jbngi) tmgt js plgd`a n`tw``i tm`

 

7 gia pjdtur` >) >) V40V40vjsd`rg gia pbst`rjbr gsp`dt bh tm` git`rjbr gnabejigl wgll (hjour` ( hjour` 7 gia 4:U. 4: U. Tegll sljt p`rhbrgtjbis gr` ega` ji tm` `lgstjd argp` tb gllbw trgish`r bh hluja but bh  tm` gnabe`i. Argji tunjio js plgd`a bv`r tm` tbw`l tb dgptur` tm` hluja gia js dbii`dt`a tb g dlbs`a-sudtjbi argjigo` syst`e. Gi but`r, gam`r`it `lgstjd lgy`r js plgd`a tb dbv`r  tm` gnabejigl wgll a`h`dt V40,4?,4=,1; V40,4?,4=,1;U. Qbw`l-ngs`a syst`e ar`ssjios gr` `gsy tb gpply gia ji`xp`isjv`. Gltmbuom tm` syst`e `hh`dtjv`ly dbitrbls gnabejigl hluja, jt ab`s ibt prbvja` `hh`dtjv` sudtjbi tmrbuombut tm` gnabe`i, gia tmus, hluja dgi gddueulgt` wjtmji tm` gnabejigl dgvjty. dgvjty. Mbw`v`r, ejla jidr`gs`s ji jitrg-gnabejigl vblue` dgi n` gddbeebagt`a wjtmbut r`sultjio ji jidr`gs`a jitrg-gnabejigl pr`ssur` n`dgus` tm` syst`e js r`lgtjv`ly dbepljgit. Tpbio`-ngs`a ‑ Tpbio`-ngs`a  ‑ Dbee`rdjglly gvgjlgnl` fjts (GnQm`rg gia XGD tm`rgpy) dbitgji g p`rhbrgt`a sjlgstjd sm``t tb plgd` n`tw``i tm` nbw`l gia gnabejigl wgll (pjdtur` (pjdtur` 4). 4). G spbio` js trjee`a gia us`a tb hjll tm` sundutgi`bus gnabejigl a`h`dt, gia gi but`r s`lhgam`r`it sfji argp` dbitgjis g sudtjbi pbrt tmgt js dbii`dt`a tb g prbprj`tgry sudtjbi a`vjd` (pjdtur` (pjdtur` 1) 1) V17 V17U. U. Tpbio`-ngs`a syst`es gr` ebr` `xp`isjv` tmgi tm` tbw`l-ngs`a i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` syst`e ajsduss`a gnbv` nut prbvja` ebr` uijhbre sudtjbi tmrbuombut tm` p`rjtbi`gl dgvjty gia egy n` ebr` `hh`dtjv` ji pr`v`itjio jitrg-gnabejigl hluja gddueulgtjbi. Tjlb t`dmijqu`s ‑ t`dmijqu`s ‑ Tjlb t`dmijqu`s jivblv` suturjio g lgro`, st`rjljz`a trgislud`it ngo tb tm` gnabejigl hgsdjg br sfji. G Nbobtg ngo (pjdtur` ( pjdtur` 0), 0), jitrgv`ibus, ajglysgt`, br  jrrjogtjbi ngo dgi n` us`a V1> V1>U. U. Qm` t`dmijqu` js sjepl` gia lbw dbst, gia tm` trgislud`it ngo gllbws vjsugl jisp`dtjbi bh tm` gnabejigl vjsd`rg. Mbw`v`r, Mbw`v`r, tm` t`dmijqu` js ebr` tje` dbisuejio dbepgr`a wjtm btm`r t`dmijqu`s, hluja lbss`s gr` ajhhjdult tb dbitrbl, gia jidr`gs`a jitrg-gnabejigl pr`ssur` r`qujr`s upsjzjio bh tm` syst`e, wmjdm r`qujr`s bp`rgtjv` r`plgd`e`it wjtm g lgro`r ngo. Qm` ebr` dbit`epbrgry ljt`rgtur` ab`s ibt a`sdrjn` us` bh tmjs t`dmijqu`. Tfji-bily dlbsur`s ‑ dlbsur`s ‑ Tfji-bily dlbsur`s usjio tbw`l dlgeps (pjdtur` (pjdtur` 8) 8) br stgpl`s tb r`gpprbxjegt` tm` sfji w`r` tm` hjrst a`sdrjn`a e`tmbas hbr t`epbrgry dlbsur` bh tm` gnabejigl wgll/sfji. Qm` ajsgavgitgo`s bh sfji-bily dlbsur` gr` tmgt jt ab`s ibt dbitrbl hluja hrbe tm` wbuia, tm` t`dmijqu` jitrbaud`s grtjhgdts jitb rgajborgpmjd stuaj`s, gia gnabejigl dbepgrte`it

 

btm`r,, ebr` sup`rjbr bptjbis, w` gvbja sfji-bily syiarbe` dgi bddur (br r`dur). Ojv`i btm`r dlbsur`, wm`i`v`r pbssjnl`. Gacuidtjv` t`dmijqu`s ‑ t`dmijqu`s ‑ Btm`r gacuidtjv` t`dmijqu`s egy m`lp pull tm` hgsdjg tb tm` ejalji` gia hgdjljtgt` prjegry hgsdjgl dlbsur`. Qm`s` jidlua`3 !

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X`ss`l lbbps plgdjio trgdtjbi bi tm` sfji (pjdtur` ?) ?) Dbee`rdjgl hgsdjgl dlbsur` syst`es (`o, Gnabejigl ^`-gpprbxjegtjbi gia Gidmbr  Tyst`e VGN^GU) V14-10 V14-10UU

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Hgsdjgl t`isjbi sutur`s (j`, r`t`itjbi sutur`s) V18,1? V18,1?U

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Btm`r jeprbvjs`a, ibidbee`rdjgl hgsdjgl t`isjbi a`vjd`s

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[rjegry hgsdjgl r`l`gs` (r`lgxjio jidjsjbis jidjsjbis bh tm` hgsdjg bh tm` bnljqu` eusdulgtur`)

 Gi gacuidtjv` t`dmijqu` js usuglly usuglly i``a`a tb suppl`e`it tm` sudtjbi sudtjbi hbrd` a`ljv`r`a ny dbee`rdjgl i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` syst`es tb dbuit`rgdt tm` lgt`rgl gnabejigl hbrd`s. Mbw`v`r,, dgr` smbula n` tgf`i tb ejijejz` `xd`ssjv` hgsdjgl egijpulgtjbi gia t`isjbi, Mbw`v`r wmjdm dgi r`sult ji hgsdjgl jicury br dr`gtjbi bh jitrg-gnabejigl myp`rt`isjbi. Bstbey jit`rh`r`id` ‑ jit`rh`r`id` ‑ Bstbej`s bht`i jit`rh`r` wjtm tm` plgd`e`it bh t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur` a`vjd`s gia, gs g r`sult, r`aud` tm` rgt`s bh prjegry hgsdjgl dlbsur` br  huidtjbigl dlbsur`.  G stbeg tmgt js egtur`a (bp`ijio (bp`ijio tm` nljia `ia bh tm` nbw`l gia suturjio suturjio tb tm` sfji) tmrbuom tm` r`dtus eusdl` jit`rh`r`s wjtm tm` plgd`e`it gia huidtjbi bh t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur` ar`ssjios. Dbiv`rs`ly, Dbiv`rs`ly, tm` gnabejigl ar`ssjio dgi pr`v`it tm` prbp`r  plgd`e`it gia s`gl bh tm` stbeg gppljgid`, l`gajio tb l`gfgo` bh nbw`l dbit`its bitb tm` bp`i wbuia. Qb gvbja tm`s` prbnl`es, wm`i`v`r gi jl`bstbey br dblbstbey js i``a`a ji dbicuidtjbi wjtm gi bp`i gnabe`i, w` pr`h`r tb nrjio tm` segll nbw`l br dblbi tmrbuom tm` gnabejigl wgll lgt`rgl tb tm` r`dtus gnabejijs eusdl` tmrbuom tm` bnljqu` eusdl`s, `v`i tmbuom tm` jidja`id` bh pgrgstbegl m`rijg egy n` or`gt`r usjio tmjs plgd`e`it. (T`` "[grgstbegl m`rijg".) m`rijg".) Jh `xt`rigljzgtjbi bh tm` dblbi tmrbuom tm` gnabejigl wgll dgi n` a`lgy`a hbr g smbrt p`rjba bh tje` (bi tm` bra`r bh agys), t`epbrgry dlbsur` t`ias tb n` `gsj`r gia g prjegry dlbsur` br g huidtjbigl dlbsur` js ebr` ljf`ly. ljf`ly. Qm` dblbstbey dgi tm`i n` dr`gt`a gt tm`

 

sge` tje` tm` gnabejigl wgll js dlbs`a — sjejlgr tb gi `l`dtjv` bp`rgtjbi.

DG^@ BH QM@ [GQJ@IQ Hbllbwjio t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur`, dlbsur`, tm` pgtj`it js ebijtbr`a ji tm` jit`isjv` dgr` uijt. Gnabejigl ar`ssjios gssbdjgt`a wjtm tm` dlbsur` (gam`sjv` ar`ssjios, oguz`, i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` syst`es) gr` dmgio`a gs i``a`a gia tm` gnabejigl dbit`its jisp`dt`a `v`ry twb tb tmr`` agys ji tm` jit`isjv` dgr` uijt br bp`rgtjio rbbe, a`p`iajio upbi tm` dbiajtjbi bh tm` pgtj`it gia jiajdgtjbi hbr tm` bp`i gnabe`i. Ar`ssjios gia gnabejigl jisp`dtjbis gr` dbitjiu`a uitjl gnabejigl dlbsur` js h`gsjnl` gia sgh`. @xd`ssjv` hluja gaejijstrgtjbi, pgrtjdulgrly drystgllbja-ngs`a hlujas, wjll mjia`r hgsdjgl dlbsur` ny dbitrjnutjio tb vjsd`rgl `a`eg V1= V1=U. U. Qm` bptjegl hluja r`susdjtgtjbi strgt`oy ejijejz`s i`t hluja gaejijstrgtjbi gia egy pbssjnly jidlua` tm` us` bh dbllbja br  myp`rtbijd sblutjbis, wmjdm egy ejijejz` jit`rstjtjgl gia nbw`l `a`eg. Bi` r`trbsp`dtjv` r`vj`w hbuia g sjoijhjdgit a`dr`gs` ji tje` tb hgsdjgl dlbsur` ji pgtj`its wmb r`d`jv`a 4% myp`rtbijd sglji` rgtm`r tmgi jsbtbijd drystgllbjas gs tm`jr egjit`igid` hluja V1: V1:U. U.  Gltmbuom ajur`tjds dgi r`aud` r`aud` jitrgvgsdulgr vblue`, vblue`, tm`y ab ibt `xp`ajt` hgsdjgl dlbsur`, dlbsur`, prbngnly au` tb g slbw`r ebnjljzgtjbi bh hluja hrbe tm` jit`rstjtjgl spgd` tb tm` vgsdulgr  spgd` hbllbwjio agego` dbitrbl suro`ry V0; V0;U. U. Ji `xp`rje`itgl stuaj`s ji gijegls, gs w`ll gs dljijdgl stuaj`s ji muegis, jistjllgtjbi bh g >.0% oludbs`, myp`rtbijd p`rjtbi`gl ajglysgt` hluja jitb tm` bp`i p`rjtbi`gl dgvjty js gssbdjgt`a wjtm jeprbv`a splgidmijd gia m`pgtjd nlbba hlbw, a`dr`gs`a nbw`l `a`eg, gia jeprbv`a tje` tb, gia sudd`ss bh, gnabejigl hgsdjgl dlbsur` V07-04 V 07-04U. U. Tudm g strgt`oy mgs n``i t`re`a "ajr`dt p`rjtbi`gl r`susdjtgtjbi" br "A[^." Mbw`v`r, Mbw`v`r, rgiabejz`a trjgls dbihjrejio tm`s` r`sults gr` lgdfjio, gia tm`r` js ib s`t prbtbdbl bi mbw tb jistjtut` br  a`ljv`r tmjs tm`rgpy. tm`rgpy. [rbtbdbls ji gvgjlgnl` stuaj`s mgv` us`a gi =;; eL nblus bh hluja hbllbw`a ny g dbitjiubus lgvgo` syst`e gt 1;; eL/mbur uitjl gnabejigl dlbsur`, gia g 1;; eL nblus hbllbw`a ny dbitjiubus lgvgo` gt 7.0 eL/fo/mbur uitjl gnabejigl dlbsur`. Dbee`rdjgl egiuhgdtur`rs egiuhgdtur`rs bh t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur` a`vjd`s gr` durr`itly wbrfjio bi stgiagrajzjio A[^. Egiy pgtj`its r`egji jitungt`a au` tb tm` s`v`rjty bh jlli`ss tmgt l`a tb tm` i``a hbr tm` bp`i gnabe`i6 mbw`v`r, mbw`v`r, tm` pr`s`id` bh gi bp`i gnabe`i ab`s ibt egiagt`

 

U. Jh tm` pgtj`it i``as tb r`turi tb tm` bp`rgtjio rbbe hbr g e`dmgijdgl v`itjlgtjbi V01 V01U. s`dbia-lbbf, wgsmbut, br btm`r surojdgl prbd`aur`, tm` a`djsjbi tb mgv` tm` pgtj`it r`egji jitungt`a ji tm` jit`rje br tb `xtungt` tm` pgtj`it a`p`ias bi eultjpl` hgdtbrs (`o, dbebrnjajtj`s, gssbdjgt`a jicurj`s). Qm` jitungt`a pgtj`it wjtm gi bp`i gnabe`i ab`s ibt i``a tb n` a``ply s`agt`a br  pgrglyz`a6 spbitgi`bus nr`gtmjio bi tm` v`itjlgtbr dgi n` gllbw`a. Ljomt s`agtjbi (^jdmebia Gojtgtjbi-T`agtjbi Tdgl` V^GTTU sdbr` n`tw``i -> tb ; (tgnl` (tgnl` 7)) 7)) smbula n` suhhjdj`it tb f``p tm` t`epbrgry gnabejigl ar`ssjio ji plgd` gia pr`v`it `vjsd`rgtjbi V00 00U. U. Mbw`v`r, Mbw`v`r, hbrd`hul Xglsglvg Xglsglvg `hhbrts, gs dgi bddur wjtm s`v`r` gojtgtjbi br a`ljrjue, egy ajsrupt g t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur`, pbt`itjglly l`gajio tb `vjsd`rgtjbi. Qm`s` pgtj`its egy i``a tb n` ebr` a``ply s`agt`a tb egjitgji tm` ar`ssjios. Bid` tm` pgtj`it ib lbio`r r`qujr`s hr`qu`it bp`rgtjv` jit`rv`itjbi, tm` pgtj`it dgi n` w`gi`a hrbe tm` v`itjlgtbr. (T`` "T`agtjv`-giglo`sjd e`ajdgtjbis ji drjtjdglly jll gaults3 T`l`dtjbi, jijtjgtjbi, egjit`igid`, gia wjtmargwgl".) wjtmargwgl".) @grly ebnjljzgtjbi bh drjtjdglly jll pgtj`its jeprbv`s butdbe`s, nut ebnjljzjio g pgtj`it wjtm gi bp`i gnabe`i mgs n``i uit`st`a. Gi`dabtglly sp`gfjio, ebnjljzgtjbi bh tm` pgtj`it eust n` nglgid`a wjtm tm` rjsf bh ajsruptjio tm` t`epbrgry ar`ssjio. Piljf` i`ogtjv` pr`ssur` wbuia ar`ssjios `ls`wm`r`, g t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur` ar`ssjio tmgt n`dbe`s ajsrupt`a dgi r`sult ji `vjsd`rgtjbi i`d`ssjtgtjio jee`ajgt` r`vjsjbi bh tm` ar`ssjio gia pbt`itjgl jicury tb tm` nbw`l. Qm` pgtj`it js r`turi`a tb tm` bp`rgtjio rbbe, typjdglly `v`ry twb tb tmr`` agys. Qm`r` gr` ib agtg tb suppbrt g sp`djhjd jit`rvgl, gia `v`ry dljijdgl sjtugtjbi js ajhh`r`it. G smbrt`r  jit`rvgl n`tw``i bp`rgtjv` jit`rv`itjbis egy n` pmysjblbojdglly dmgll`iojio hbr tm` pgtj`it, wm`r`gs lbio`r jit`rvgls egy gllbw tm` hbregtjbi bh gam`sjbis jidr`gsjio tm` rjsf bh nbw`l jicury. E`tmbas tb ljejt tm` s`v`rjty bh gam`sjbis gr` ajsduss`a `ls`wm`r`6 mbw`v`r,, g rgiabejz`a trjgl hbuia tmgt jeplgitgtjbi bh g myglurbigt`-ngs`a gam`sjbi mbw`v`r ngrrj`r sjoijhjdgitly a`dr`gs`a tm` a`or`` gia t`igdjty bh gam`sjbis ji pgtj`its wmb r`qujr`a hjv` br ebr` tgf`-ngdf bp`rgtjbis prjbr tb a`hjijtjv` gnabejigl wgll dlbsur` V08 V08U. Qm` sge` stuay glsb hbuia tmgt tm` prbngnjljty bh a`v`lbpjio a`is` gam`sjbis ajhh`r`a sjoijhjdgitly n`tw``i tm` twb gres iji` agys hbllbwjio jijtjgl bp`rgtjbi. Qm` stuay aja ibt hjia giy ajhh`r`id` ji prbngnjljty bh bntgjijio hgsdjgl dlbsur`, e`tmba bh dlbsur` us`a, br  btm`r wbuia dmgrgdt`rjstjds n`tw``i tm` twb orbups. (T`` "[bstbp`rgtjv` p`rjtbi`gl gam`sjbis ji gaults gia tm`jr pr`v`itjbi".) pr`v`itjbi".)

   

`it`rgl iutrjtjbi js p`rejssjnl` p`rejssjnl` wjtm gi bp`i  Gssuejio ib dbitrgjiajdgtjbis dbitrgjiajdgtjbis (`o, jl`us), `it`rgl gnabe`i gia t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur` ar`ssjios V0? V 0?U. U. Mbw`v`r, tm` i``a hbr  r`p`gt`a r`turi tb tm` bp`rgtjio rbbe hr`qu`itly l`gas tb mblajio tun` h``as, gia iutrjtjbigl obgls egy ibt n` e`t. Pia`r tm`s` djrduestgid`s, g dbenjigtjbi bh `it`rgl gia pgr`it`rgl iutrjtjbi egy n` i``a`a. Ps` bh g vblue`-ngs`a, gs bppbs`a tb rgt`ngs`a, strgt`oy tb gaejijst`r tun` h``as egy jeprbv` agjly a`ljv`ry bh pr`sdrjn`a dglbrj`s V0= V0=U. U. Qmjs strgt`oy egiagt`s tmgt pgtj`its r`d`jv` g hjx`a vblue` bh tun` h``as p`r agy, agy, tm`r`ny gllbwjio tm` rgt` tb jidr`gs` hbr tm` mburs ji wmjdm g pgtj`it's h``as gr` m`la. ^`ogral`ss bh tm` e`tmba us`a tb bntgji t`epbrgry gnabejigl dlbsur`, tm` biobjio lbss bh p`rjtbi`gl hluja js gssbdjgt`a wjtm g i`t lbss bh prbt`ji. Qm` prbt`ji dbit`it bh  p`rjtbi`gl hluja js gpprbxjegt`ly > o/L V0: V0:U. U. N`dgus` tm` tbtgl agjly vblue` bh hluja r`ebv`a dgi n` bv`r 7 L, tm` i`t lbss bh prbt`ji p`r agy dgi l`ga tb prbt`ji-dglbrj` egliutrjtjbi. Qmus, tm` gebuit bh prbt`ji-ngs`a dglbrj`s prbvja`a tb pgtj`its wjtm gi bp`i gnabe`i smbula n` jidr`gs`a tb tgf` tmjs lbss jitb gddbuit. (T`` "Bv`rvj`w bh  p`rjbp`rgtjv` iutrjtjbigl suppbrt".) suppbrt".)

GNABEJIGL DLBTP^@ Hgsdjgl dlbsur` t`dmijqu`s ‑ t`dmijqu`s ‑ Ja`gl egigo`e`it bh tm` bp`i gnabe`i r`sults ji dlbsur` tmgt nrjios tm` `ao`s bh tm` gnabejigl hgsdjg tbo`tm`r prjegrjly (prjegry dlbsur`). Jh tmjs js ibt h`gsjnl`, huidtjbigl dlbsur` br sjepl` dbv`rgo` dgi n` prbvja`a. [rjegry hgsdjgl dlbsur` ‑ dlbsur` ‑ [rjegry dlbsur` bh tm` hgsdjg r`h`rs tb tm` ajr`dt gpprbxjegtjbi bh tm` hgsdjgl `ao`s tb `gdm btm`r gia js gssbdjgt`a wjtm tm` lbw`st rgt` bh  dbepljdgtjbis hbllbwjio egigo`e`it bh tm` bp`i gnabe`i. Mbw`v`r, Mbw`v`r, tm` lgt` jidja`id` bh v`itrgl m`rijg hbllbwjio prjegry hgsdjgl dlbsur` hbr bp`i gnabe`i dgi n` gs mjom gs 4; p`rd`it V8; V8;U. N`dgus` bh tm` mjom m`rijg rgt`, njblbojd e`sm r`jihbrd`e`it aurjio prjegry hgsdjgl dlbsur` js sbe`tje`s us`a. _m`i us`a, jt js ebst bht`i plgd`a gs gi uia`rlgy, gltmbuom gi jilgy (br "nrjao`") egy n` i``a`a wm`i prjegry hgsdjgl gppbsjtjbi dgiibt n` bntgji`a. [`regi`it e`sm js dbitrgjiajdgt`a jh tm`r` gr` rjsf hgdtbrs hbr e`sm jih`dtjbi (`o, wbuia sbjlgo`). G dbepbi`it dbepbi`it s`pgrgtjbi bh tm` gnabejigl wgll lgy`rs dgi glsb n` us`a tb

 

87-84U. U. Q`dmijqu`s hbr v`itrgl m`rijg r`pgjr gr` ajsduss`a prbvja` hgsdjgl gppbsjtjbi VV87-84 `ls`wm`r`. (T`` "Bv`rvj`w bh gnabejigl wgll m`rijgs ji gaults" gaults" gia  gia "Dbepbi`it s`pgrgtjbi r`pgjr bh lgro` br dbepl`x gnabejigl wgll a`h`dts".) a`h`dts".) Huidtjbigl dlbsur` ‑ dlbsur` ‑ Huidtjbigl dlbsur` r`h`rs tb tm` nrjaojio bh g r`sjaugl hgsdjgl a`h`dt wjtm g njblbojd e`sm (jilgy t`dmijqu`). Qm` njblbojd e`sm s`rv`s gs g sdghhbla tmgt js r`pbpulgt`a wjtm mbst d`lls, wmjdm dr`gt`s i`w igtjv` hgsdjgl tjssu` V81-88 V 81-88U. U. Bid` tm` njblbojd e`sm js plgd`a, tm` sfji js dlbs`a bv`r surojdgl argjis plgd`a jitb tm` sundutgi`bus spgd`. Huidtjbigl dlbsur` js ibt r`dbee`ia`a jh tm` sfji dgiibt n` dlbs`a bv`r tm` njblbojd e`sm lgy`r, n`dgus` `xpbs`a e`sm js gt rjsf hbr gdd`l`rgt`a a`orgagtjbi gia jih`dtjbi uitjl g orgiulgtjbi tjssu` lgy`r hbres bv`r tm` njblbojd e`sm, wmjdm js g slbw prbd`ss tmgt dgi tgf` w``fs. Qm` lgt` jidja`id` bh v`itrgl m`rijg hbr huidtjbigl gnabejigl dlbsur` tb egigo` bp`i gnabe`i mgs ibt n``i a`t`reji`a. Bi` stuay tmgt us`a gd`llulgr a`regl egtrjx hbr  v`itrgl m`rijg r`pgjr ibt`a gi =; p`rd`it m`rijg jidja`id` bv`r g e`gi hbllbw-up bh >7.1 ebitms V8? V8?U. U. Ji g r`vj`w bh 4? pgtj`its, gnabejigl dlbsur` usjio g muegi gd`llulgr a`regl egtrjx wgs pbssjnl` ji gll pgtj`its wmb mga gi bp`i gnabe`i hbr agego` dbitrbl jiajdgtjbis V8= V 8=U. U. Qm`s` gutmbrs ibt`a ib dbepljdgtjbis wm`i dlbsur` wgs p`rhbre`a "`grly"6 `grly wgs ibt a`hji`a ajr`dtly ny tm` gutmbrs, nut tm` e`gi aurgtjbi bh bp`i gnabe`i ji tmjs stuay wgs >7 agys. [lgii`a v`itrgl m`rijg ‑ m`rijg ‑ Jh prjegry hgsdjgl dlbsur` br huidtjbigl dlbsur` dgiibt n` gdmj`v`a, tm`i plgii`a v`itrgl m`rijg js tm` bily bptjbi. Tfji dbv`rgo` bv`r gnabejigl vjsd`rg dgi n` gddbepljsm`a ji bi` bh twb wgys3 !

Tfji-bily dlbsur` — G sfji-bily dlbsur` gpprbxjegt`s tm` sfji bv`r tm` hgsdjgl a`h`dt, l`gvjio g v`itrgl m`rijg. [rjegry sfji dlbsur` r`qujr`s dlbs` bns`rvgtjbi tb wgtdm hbr  wbuia ajsruptjbi tmgt ejomt l`ga tb `vjsd`rgtjbi. Tfji-bily dlbsur` egy glsb n` gssbdjgt`a wjtm gi jidr`gs`a rgt` bh surojdgl sjt` jih`dtjbi gssbdjgt`a wjtm tm` us` bh  agego` dbitrbl t`dmijqu`s V8: V8:U. U. (T`` "[rjidjpl`s bh gnabejigl wgll dlbsur`", s`dtjbi bi 'Tfji'.) 'Tfji'.)

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Tpljt-tmjdfi`ss sfji orght — Jh tm` sfji dgiibt n` gpprbxjegt`a, tm` vjsd`rg wjtmji tm` wbuia gr` gllbw`a tb gam`r` tb `gdm btm`r gia tb tm` gnabejigl wgll. Bid` tm`

 

gnabejigl dbit`its mgv` "sbljajhj`a" gia tm`r` js g m`gltmy n`a bh orgiulgtjbi tjssu` bv`rlyjio tm` nbw`l (pjdtur` (pjdtur` =), =), g spljt-tmjdfi`ss sfji orght dgi n` plgd`a (pjdtur` 7) 7) V?; ?;U. U. Bddgsjbiglly, Bddgsjbiglly, gi gnsbrngnl` (`o, Xjdryl) e`sm js sutur`a tb tm` sfji tb pr`v`it `vjsd`rgtjbi wmjl` gwgjtjio orgiulgtjbi. N`hbr` `l`dtjv` m`rijg r`pgjr js gtt`ept`a, 8 tb 7> ebitms gr` o`i`rglly gllbw`a tb `lgps` hbllbwjio plgd`e`it bh g spljt-tmjdfi`ss sfji orght. Qm` jit`rvgl bh tje` gllbws egturgtjbi gia ajssblutjbi bh gnabejigl gam`sjbis wjtm g lbw`r jidja`id` bh `it`rbtbey aurjio m`rijg r`pgjr V?7 V ?7U. U. (T`` "Ngsjd prjidjpl`s bh wbuia egigo`e`it", s`dtjbi bi '_buia dbv`rgo`'.) dbv`rgo`'.)  ‑ @grly hgsdjgl dlbsur`, rgtm`r tmgi lgt`r dlbsur`, gpp`grs tb n` dlbsur` ‑ Qjejio bh dlbsur` jepbrtgit hbr prbvjajio tm` n`st huidtjbigl butdbe` ji tm` lbio t`re V?>,?4 V?>,?4U. Ji g stuay tmgt dbepgr`a `grly dlbsur` (