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Haahk ^àrgz

 L K H  LK  H D  D @ @ T  TK K I G L @ F @ U TK lk `cl pkrrkd`c  fuugva pk e`kk uf f Bke` sajrg h hkk `cukhd hdkkd dg sgxas

 

Ug`x Jkrrkh

Has Trgs Lufdas

Haahk ^àrgz

Lkhd`tk Lkhd` tk igl`f`stk Bke`k uf fugva pkrkd`clk sajrg hk `cukhdkd dg sgxas

 

© Haahk ^àrgz, :>:> © Gd`tar`kh ^hkfgtk, U. K., :>:>   Ug`x Jkrrkh, Jkrrkh, uf sghha gd`tar`kh gd`tar`kh dg Gd`tar`kh ^hkfgtk, U. K. K.   Kvdk. D`kcafkh, 99:-994 99:-994,, >2>54 Jkreghafk (Gspkûk)   www.sg`x-jkrrkh.gs www.phkfgtkdgh`jras.eal ^r`lgrk gd`e`õf= igjrgra dg :>:> @UJF= 032-24-5::-5957-2 Dgpõs`ta hgckh= J. 037-:>:> Ealpas`e`õf== Zgkh`zke`õf ^hkfgtk Ealpas`e`õf @lprgs`õf y gfeukdgrfke`õf= E^@ (Jkreghafk) ^r`ftgd `f Upk`f - @lprgsa gf Gspkûk

Gh pkpgh ut`h`zkda pkrkcgst`afkdas h k `lprgs`õf hk `lprgs`õfdgdglkfgrk gstg h`jra gstë ekh`i`ekda eala pkpgh geahõc`ea  geahõc`ea  y praegdg dg jasqugs sastgf`jhg. sastgf`jhg .

Fa sg pgrl`tg hk rgpraduee`õf tatkh a pkre`kh dg gstg h`jra, f` su `fearparke`õf k uf s`stglk `fiarlët`ea, f` su trkfsl`s`õf gf eukhqu`gr iarlk a par eukhqu`gr lgd`a, sgk àstg ghgetrõf`ea, lgeëf`ea, par iataeap`k, par crkjke`õf u atras làtadas, s`f gh pgrl`sa prgv`a y par gser`ta dgh gd`tar. Hk `firkee`õf dg has dgrgebas lgfe`afkdas pugdg sgr eafst`tut`vk dg dgh`ta eaftrk hk prap`gdkd `ftghgetukh (Krt. :3> y s`cu`gftgs dgh Eõd`ca ^gfkh). D`rìmksg k EGDZA (Egftra Gspkûah dg Dgrgebas Zgpracrëi`eas) s` fgegs`tk iataeap`kr a gsekfgkr khcýf irkclgfta gstk3>: ajrk. ^ugdg tghàiafa gfdg gh 0; ;0 3> / 05eaftketkr :3: >4 43.eaf EGDZA k trkvàs dg hk wgj www.eafh`egfe`k.eal a par

 

; DGLKU@KDA ËE@DK ^KZK I@ZLKZ WF LKF@I@GUTA

Bkjhkr dg b`stgr`k v`et`l`stk fa s`cf`i`ek qug hks v`ahgfe`ks `fih`c`dks k hks lumgrgs sgkf `lkc`fkr`ks. Has lkhas trktas y hks kcrgs`afgs sgxukhgs saf `ffgckjhgs. C`hhgs C`hhg s H`pavgtsoy H`pavgtsoy,, Hk tgregrk lumgr 

Gh ar`cgf

Dgsdg qug hk gser`tark vgfge`kfk Ebr`st`fg dg ^`zkf pujh`ekrk Hk e`udkd dg hks dklks y Gh tgsara dg hk e`udkd dg hks dklks gf ;4>7 bkf pkskda p kskda lës dg sg`se`gftas kûas. Kufqug hk pr`lgrk iksg u ahk dgh igl`f`sla gurapga sg s`týg k lgd`kdas dgh s`cha xv```; k prapõs`ta dg has dgjk-

;. Gf ar`cgfytgõr`ea dgh igl`f`sla d`st`fcu`r das  v`s`afgs, hk gh gurapgk hk kfchaskmafk. Dgsdg padglas h k pkfarël`ek hk gurapgk, ;7

 

tgs sajrg hk fkturkhgzk dg hk lumgr, ^`zkf gs eafs`dgrkdk dgftra dg hk b`star`acrkiìk eala hk prgeursark dg hk `cukhdkd dg sgxas. Uu ajrk, gflkrekdk gf has dgjktgs kekdàl`eas y h`tgrkr`as qug tuv`graf huckr gftrg has s`chas x`v y xv```, eafae`das eala hk qugrghhk dg hks lumgrgs, eafst`tuyõ tkfta hk `fkucurke`õf dg ufk gseughk dg pgfskl`gfta eala pas`jhglgftg pas`jhglgf tg hk pr`lgrk rgspugstk ghkjarkdk dg ufk lu mgr kftg kftg gh lgfasprge`a lgfasprge`a dg hk àpaek kh sgxa iglgf`fa. iglgf`fa. ^`zkf sg ki`feõ gf Irkfe`k eukfda su pkdrg ealgfzõ k trkjkmkr eala kstrõhaca gf hk eartg dg Ekrhas Y Gh Ukj`a. Gf gsg eaftgxta, sg eafvgrt`rìk eafvgrt`rìk durkftg hk Jkmk Gdkd Lgd`k gf ufk lumgr prahìi`ek y rgspgtkdk gftrg has skj`as pkr`s`fas. Uus ar`c`fkhgs ealpas`e`afgs tgfìkf uf gst`ha pgdkcõc`ea y eaftglphkjkf ufk vkr`gdkd dg tglks. Tkfta gf pagsìk eala gf prask, sg pugdgf kprge`kr sus `fqu`gtudgs eaf rgspgeta k hk e`gfe`k, hk trkd`e`õf, trkd`e`õf, hk h`tgrkturk, hk b`star`k, hk gsp`r`tukh`dkd a hk s`tuke`õf pahìt`ek gf Irkfe`k.:  ^gra kdglës dg par su tkhgfta y ekrëetgr prgbulkf`stk, ^`zkf bk pkskda k hk b`star`k par sus khgcktas k ik var dg hks lu lumgrgs. mgrgs. Gf Hk e`udkd dg hks dklks rgeacg uf hk pr`lgrk ahk a iksg dgh igl`f`sla gs `fd`sae`kjhg dg hk @hustrke`õf. Ug eafstruyg jkma gh `fihuma dg ajrks eala hk Dgehkrke`õf dg hk lumgr  y hk E`udkdkf E`udkdkfk k (;32;), dg Ahylpg dg Caucgs, hk Y`fd`eke`õf dg has   (;30:), dg Lkry Sahhstafgerkit, y Hk Gsehkv`Dgrgebas dg hk lumgr  (;30:), tud dg hks lumgrgs (;290), dg Utukrt L`hh. ^ar su pkrtg, dgsdg hk l`rkdk kfchaskmafk, hk pr`lgrk ahk a iksg dgh igl`f`sla sg `f`e`k eaf hk pujh`eke`õf dg hk Dgehkrke`õf dg Ugfgek Ikhhs gf ;242, qug `fstkjk k rgeafaegr has dgrgebas e`v`hgs dg hks lumgrgs y k gh`l`fkr khcufas pr`fe`p`as qug rgcuhkjkf hk larkh y hks eastuljrgs. Hk dgehkrke`õf, qug ajtuva hk i`rlk dg 92 lumgrgs y 5: baljrgs, iug h`dgrkdk h`d grkdk par hks ket`v`stks Gh`zkjgtb Ekdy Utkftaf, Huergt`k Latt y Uuskf J. Kftbafy. Kftbafy. gmglpha dg ghha saf sus ajrks H`jra:.dgWf hk ^kz  . ;9

H`jraa dgh Eugrpa pahìt`ea a H`jr

 

eafmufta dg lumgrgs `eõf`eks y gmglphkrgs eaf gh dajhg ajmgt`va dg pafgr sajrg hk lgsk hk fgegs`dkd dg hk gdueke`õf dg hks iàl`fks y hk dglah`e`õf dg has prgmu`e`as qug bke`k àstks lkf`igstkjkf lkf`igst kjkf gf sus rgihgx`afgs luebas kutargs y grud`tas dg hk àpaek. Ha bkeg dgsdg ufk daetr`fk dae tr`fk y larkh er`st`kfks, gftgfd`gfda s`glprg kh sgr bulkf bulkfaa eala ufk ergke`õf dg D`as g `ftgrprgtkfda qug hk lumgr fke`õ dg hk east`hhk dg Kdëf. Fa pkrk gstkr k sus p`gs, s`fa k su hkda. ^krt`gfda dg gstk `fihugfe`k y dg sus eafehus`afgs trkfscrgsarks, ^`zkf eahaek k hk Y`rcgf Lkrìk eala rg`fk dg hk e`udkd, pgra ks`l`sla, rgfufe`kfda k ufk eaffatke`õf gxehus`vklgftg rgh`c`ask, rgsgûk k atrks lumgrgs k hks qug rgeafaeg pasggdarks dg hk v`rtud. Àstg gs gh eksa dg Ukia, @s`s, Mukfk dg Jarjõf, Krkefg, hk rg`fk dg Ukjk a hk glpgrktr`z j`zkft`j`zkft`fk Tgadark, gftrg atrks. Hk e`udkd dg hks dklks fa saha sg ealpafg dg uf ektëhaca dg lumgrgs. ^`zkf ut`h`zk trgs i`curks khgcõr`eks pkrk gd`i`ekr gsg gspke`a y pgri`hkr hk fkturkhgzk bulkfk dgh sgxa iglgf`fa. iglgf`fa. Ug trktk dg hk h k Zkzõf, hk Dgrgeburk y hk Must`e`k. Kdglës, gf gh h`jra @@ dg gstk ajrk ajrk faljrk gmglphas dg vkrafgs k ikvar dg hk gdueke`õf dg hks lumgrgs eala [u`fta Bartgfs`a (iklasa pahìt`ea y eõfsuh ralkfa eaftglparëfga dg E`egrõf) a su prap`a pkdrg, gh kstrõhaca `tkh`kfa Tallksa dk ^`zzkfa. ^ar su pkrtg, Gh  tgsara dg hk e`udkd dg hks dklks5 gs uf trktkda sajrg hk gdueke`õf dg hks lumgrgs gf sae`gdkd, `fdgpgfd`gftglgftg dg su eafd`e`õf sae`kh y gstktus. ^krk ghhk, qug sg dgi`fìk k sì l`slk eala «b`mk dgh gstud`a¿, àstk grk ufk eugst`õf iufdklgftkh pkrk hk h`jgrke`õf dgh sgxa iglgf`fa. 5. Hk ajrk gs tklj`àf eafae`dk eala Hg H`vrg dgs tra`s vgrtus.

;3

 

Eala padglas `figr`r dg su ealpas`e`õf ealpas`e`õf k trkvàs dg tadk ufk sgr`g dg eafsgmas prëet`eas, dafdg kpkrgegf dg fugva hks trgs dklks khgcõr`eks (Zkzõf, Dgrgeburk y Must`e`k), Mu st`e`k), hk gdueke`õf sg pgri`hk pgri`h k eala hk jýsqugdk dg ufk fugvk `dgft`dkd pkrk hks lumgrgs. Ksì, ^`zkf rg`v`fd`ekjk qug grk D`as qu`gf eafegdìk hk d`cf`dkd k hks lumgrgs, pgra ufk vgz rge`j`dk grkf ghhks hks qug ketukjkf gf gh lufda. Has phkftgkl`gftas dg Gh tgsara dg hk e`udkd dg hks dklks phkftgkjkf ufk crkf d`igrgfe`k eaf atras trktkdas lgd`gvkhgs sajrg hk `fstruee`õf iglgf`fk. ^`zkf fa rgspafdìk eaf su ajrk saha k uf `ftgràs rgh`c`asa. rgh`c`as a. KdghkftëfKdghkftëfdasg k su t`glpa y pkrt`gfda dg su prap`k gxpgr`gfe`k, kf`lkjk k tadk hk h k ealuf`dkd dg hks lumgrgs k kprgfdgr k gser`j`r y hggr, k hkjrkrsg ufk v`dk praigs`afkh, g `fehusa prgd`ekjk qug gh skjgr fa grk uf ajmgta dg earrupe`õf pkrk ghhks, s`fa gh keegsa k hk h k vgrdkd y kh eafae`l`gf eafae`l`gfta. ta. U` j`gf pugdg sgr qug gh gst`ha dg ^`zkf, lumgr dg su s`cha, fa sgk ktrket`va pkrk luebks eaftglparëfgks, fa dgmk dg rgsuhtkrlg `fsp`rkdar qug ufk mavgf v`udk lgd`gvkh gxpus`grk uf khgckta tkf i`rlg sajrg hk eafd`e`õf sgxukh y hk h k dgigfsk dg hk gdueke`õf iglgf`fk. iglgf`fk. ^krk ghhk, has baljrgs fa saf dg Lkrtg f` hks lumgrgs dg Ygfus s`fa qug, eafegj`das gf `cukhdkd, v`gfgf dg D`as y f`fcufa sg sujyuck k has `ftgrgsgs y iugrzk dgh atra. ^krk lì, pkskdas ufas s`chas, eafse`gftg dg hks d`igrgfe`ks eralasõl`eks y dg qug has f`vghgs dg `ftgh`cgfe`k gftrg ufas y atrks saf s`l`hkrgs, sastgfca qug bglas gvahue`afkda dg hk l`slk gspge`g y qug fugstra ar`cgf gstë gf Ëir`ek. Bgebk gstk d`igrgfe`k, gh pr`fe`p`a qug ealpkrt`las eal pkrt`las s`cug s`gfda gh l`sla= hk `cukhdkd dg dgrgebas y apartuf`dkdgs gftrg has sgxas.

;2

 

Wfk `cukhdkd, das igl`f`slas

Ugcýf gxph`ek hk i`hõsaik gstkdauf`dgfsg Ebr`st`fk igl`f`sla1  f`sla1   Baii Uallgrs gf su ajrk  ±[u`àf rajõ gh igl` (;004), sg pugdgf d`st`fcu`r das trkd`e`afgs eaf rgspgeta kh pr`fe`p`a dg hk `cukhdkd dg has sgxas= gh igl`f`sla dg hk `cukhdkd (a dg hk gqu`dkd) y gh igl`f`sla dg càfgra. Dg gstks das crkfdgs trkd`e`afgs surcgf surcgf k crkfdgs cr kfdgs rkscas gh rgsta dg earr`gftgs igl`f`stks. Erga `lpartkftg bkegr gstk d`st`fe`õf par das rkzafgs. Gf pr`lgr huckr, pkrk s`stglkt`zkr tgõr`eklgftg ha qug eafaeglas k crkfdgs rkscas eala igl`f`sla. P fa lgfas `lpartkftg, `lpartkftg, y bg kquì hk sgcufdk rkzõf, pkrk phkftgkr par quà gh igl`f`sla ketukh dgskh`gftk ekdk vgz lës k pkrtg dg hk e`udkdkfìk. Kftg hk d`i`euhtkd y ealphgm`dkd dg rgpkskr dg iarlk klph`k y lkt`zkdk kljks trkd`e`afgs (gh igl`f`sla dg hk `cukhdkd y gh igl`f`sla dg càfgra), trktkrà dg dgstkekr has kspgetas ekrketgrìst`eas dg su i`hasaiìk y praduee`õf tgõr`ek. P k pkrt`r pkrt `r dg kbì, s`tukrà hks earr`gftgs dg pgfskl`gfta pgfskl`gfta qug bkf kpkrge`da h`ckdks k gsks das trkd`e`afgs y qug, gf e`grta lada, bkf supugsta hk rgiarluhke`õf dg pastuhkdas, hk `fehus`õf dg fugvas d`seursas a hk prajhglkt`zke`õf dg hk ektgcarìk dgh càfgra eaf atras kspgetas rghgvkftgs eala hk fkturkhgzk bulkfk, hk sgxukh`dkd, has praegsas dg gxehus`õf-d`ser`l`fke`õf a hks pahìt`eks `dgft`tkr`ks. `dgft`tkr`ks. Uallgrs kpuftk qug gh igl`f`sla dg hk `cukhdkd, dg trkd`e`õf h`jgrkh y bulkf`stk, bulkf`stk, huebk eaftrk hk d`ser`l`fke`õf y hk `fmust`e`k gf rkzõf dg sgxa kftg bgebas tkfc`jhgs. ^ar tkfta, sus pr`fe`pkhgs rg`v`fd`eke`afgs sg d`r`cgf k hk `cukhdkd y pratgee`õf kftg hk hgy, gs dge`r, k hk `cukhdkd iarlkh.

Gstk hìfgk dg pgfskl`gfta hk padglas gfeaftrkr gf ;0

 

hk pr`lgrk y hk sgcufdk ahks dgh igl`f`sla gf Gurapk y gf GG. WW. ^ar tkfta, ealprgfdg tkfta gh eaftgxta `hustrkda prap`a dg hk Dgehkrke`õf dg hk lumgr y hk E`udkdkfk  (;32;), hk Y`fd`eke`õf dg has Dgrgebas lumgr (;30:) a Hk Gsehkv`tud gf dg hks lumgrgs (;290) ydgghhksuirkc`sla pkìsgs gurapgas eala @fchktgrrk, a eala hk kpkr`e`õf dgh lav`l`gfta suirkc`stk durkftg hk huebk par has dgrgebas e`v`hgs, e`v`h gs, gf g f GG. GG . WW WW.. ^ar su pkrtg, hk hìfgk dg pgfskl`gfta dgh igl`f`sla dg càfgra, dg trkd`e`õf lkrx`stk y h`ckda kh pasladgrf`sla, sast`gfg qug hks lumgrgs gstëf sujyuckdks sujyuckdks y apr`l`dks par uf s`stglk alf`prgsgftg, ktglparkh y trkfseuhturkh dgfal`fkda  pktr`k  pktr`krek rekda da. Ksì, gh igl`f`sla dg càfgra,, ekrketgr`zkda par su eafstruet`v`sla sae`kh rkd`càfgra ekh, d`st`fcug das crupas= aprgsargs (vkrafgs) y apr`l`dks (lumgrgs). K pr`ar`, gh igl`f`sla dg càfgra fa f`gck gstr`etklgftg qug gh sgxa sgk ufk rgkh`dkd j`ahõc`ek. Ha qug bkeg gs jkskr su iarluhke`õf tgõr`ek gxehus`vklgftg gf gh càfgra, gs dge`r, gf hk dgi`f`e`õf euhturkh qug sg bkeg dg hk eafduetk dg baljrgs y lumgrgs gf ufk sae`gdkd y uf t`glpa dgtgrl`fkdas. Gstks das trkd`e`afgs bkf `da erge`gfda y gvahue`afkfda gf gh t`glpa jkma d`igrgftgs eaftgxtas sae`aeuhturkhgs. Gf eabgrgfe`k eaf gh er`tgr`a ealpkrt`da dg gh`l`fkr hk dgs`cukhdkd dgs`cuk hdkd gftrg baljrgs baljrgs y lumgrgs, gh eugst`afkl`gfta dg hk d`ser`l`fke`õf, hk dgigfsk dg hk glkfe`pke`õf iglgf`fk y hk krt`euhke`õf dg kee`afgs pahìt`eks, bkf `da kpkrge`gfda tadk ufk sgr`g dg earr`gftgs dg pgfskl`gfta. Ghha sg trkdueg gf ufk vkr`gdkd dg gfiaqugs `dgahõc`-

eas, ufk luht`ph`e`dkd dg rg`v`fd`eke`afgs y, y, eala kbark kfkh`zkrglas, tklj`àf e`grtk d`v`s`õf d`v` s`õf dg `ftgrgsgs. K eaf:>

 

t`fuke`õf vklas k kjardkr khcufks dg sus pr`fe`pkhgs earr`gftgs.

Igl`f`sla dg hk `cukhdkd 

I󰁧󰁬󰁠󰁦󰁠󰁵󰁬󰁡 󰁨󰁠󰁪󰁧󰁺󰁫󰁨 Gs dgftra dgh igl`f`sla dg hk `cukhdkd dafdg prapafca s`tukr hk earr`gftg lës pr`l`cgf`k dg gstk trkd`e`õf= gh igl`f`sla h`jgrkh. Glpkrgftkda eaf gh lav`l`gfta suirkc`stk,4 gh igl`f`sla h`jgrkh pugdg haekh`zkrsg x`x trkvàs dg hks ajrks dg Utukrt L`hh, Bkrr`gt gf gh s`cha Tkyhar L`hh a  k Gh`zkjgtb Ekdy Utkftaf, y k pr`fe`p`as dgh s`cha xx dg hk lkfa dg Jgtty Ir`gdkf (Hk lìst`ek dg hk igl`f`dkd , ;095) y crupas eala hk Arckf`zke`õ Arckf`zke`õf f Fke`afkh dg Lumgrgs (FAS). Fa Fa ajstkftg, khcufas khcufas dg sus vgst`c`as vgst`c`as dktkf dgh s`cha xv```  eala lugstrkf, rgspget`vklgftg, hks rgihgx`afgs dg Lkry Sahhstafgerkit y Mud`tb Ukrcgft Lurrky. Gh igl`f`sla h`jgrkh dgi`fg hk s`tuke`õf dg hks lumgrgs eala ufk dgs`cukhdkd, gs dge`r, gv`tk has tàrl`fas aprgs`õf y gxphatke`õf. Gftrg hks eaftr`jue`afgs b`stõr`eks dgh igl`f`sla h`jgrkh padglas e`tkr gh dgrgeba kh vata iglgf`fa, iglgf`f a, hk gh`l`fke`õf dg hks h ks hgygs qug d`ser`l`fkjkf k hks lumgrgs a hk rg`v`fd`eke`õf dg su keegsa k hk gdueke`õf. Eafi`kjkf gf qug ufk vgz qug gstks jkrrgrks iugrkf kjah`dks, hks lumgrgs supgrkrìkf su s`tuke`õf dg sujard`fke`õf y hk glkfe`pke`õf sgrìk pas`jhg.

4. Kufqug gh suirkc`sla fa sgyekrketgr`zõ prgsgftkr uf pgfskl`gfta igl`f`stk gstrueturkda balacàfga,par ut`h`zõ `dgks dgh h`jgrkh`sla eala jksg dg sus pr`fe`pkhgs rg`v`fd`eke`afgs. :;

 

U`f gljkrca, gh rgsuhtkda iug `fsui`e`gftg. Gh prajhglk dg hks lumgrgs gf eukfta k su gxehus`õf pýjh`ek pgrl`t`õ rgihgx`afkr sajrg sajrg atra t`pa dg ajstëeuhas. Eaf gh `f`e`a dg hk ^r`lgrk Cugrrk Lufd`kh, has baljrgs iugraf hhklkdas kh irgftg y hks lumgrgs iugraf rgehutkdks rgehu tkdks pkrk trkjkmkr gf hks iëjr`eks a gf hk kdl`f`strke`õf pýjh`ek. Hks fgegs`dkdgs `fdustr`khgs dgh eafih`eta jàh`ea pravaekraf, pravaekraf, kdglës dg hk h k lks`vk `fearparke`õf dg hk lumgr kh lgrekda hkjarkh, gh dgsglpgûa dgs glpgûa dg iufe`afgs y trkjkmas qug rkrk vgz bkjìkf rgekìda gf i`curks iglgf`fks. Bkstk gftafegs, hk pkrt`e`pke`õf dg hk lumgr gf gh lgrekda hkjarkh sg bkjìk h`l`tkda k has rahgs iglgf`fas (gfigrlgrks, eu`dkdarks y s`rv`gftks) a k glphgas qug grkf gxtgfs`afgs dg hks tkrgks dgh backr, eala has qug sg dgsglpgûkjkf gf hks iëjr`eks tgxt`hgs y gf hks hkvkfdgrìks. Durkftg hk Ugcufdk Cugrrk Lufd`kh, hk `fearparke`õf dg hks lumgrgs kh lgrekda hkjarkh tuva uf pkpgh lueba lës dgtgrl`fkftg, y iugraf tklj`àf ket`vks gf gh irgftg, kufqug eaf h`l`tke`afgs gf gh pugsta dg ealjktg. Hk sae`gdkd sa e`gdkd l`xtk pkrgeìk `lpkrkjhg, pgra ±kekjkjk gsta eaf Eaf has prajhglks lumgrgs1 gh i`fkh dgdghkhkscugrrk, has baljrgs vahv`graf k aeupkr gh lgrekda hkjarkh y hks lumgrgs iugraf dgsphkzkdks dg fugva kh ëlj`ta dalàst`ea. Kufqug ekdk pkìs `lph`ekdaa tuva qug bkegr irgftg, lës khhë dg hks `lph`ekd h ks pàrd`dks bulkfks, k d`igrgftgs eafsgeugfe`ks cgapahìt`eks, buja e`grta pkrkhgh`sla gf khcufks eugst`afgs. ^ar ^ar gmglpha, hks jkmks gf gh ealjktg y hk dgh`ekdk s`tuke`õf geafõl`ek dg luebas pkìsgs dgspuàs dg hk cugrrk pgrl`t`graf qug lu-

ebks lumgrgs eaft`fukrkf trkjkmkfda. U`f gljkrca, hk lgftkh`dkd dal`fkftg dg hk àpaek, gljut`dk gf hk sae`gdkd dg eafsula y k gxpgfsks dgh ::

 

ksegfsa dgh ekp`tkh`sla, `fs`stìk gf qug gh huckr dg hk lu mgr grk hk ikl`h`k y gh backr backr.. Khcufks kegptkjkf hk vughtk vughtk kh stktu qua s`f eaftrkd`ee`afgs, eaftrkd`ee`afgs, pgra atrks ha bkeìkf k rgckûkd`gftgs a sg fgckjkf gf ratufda. Hk `lkcgf trkd`e`afkh dg hks lu lumgrgs mgrgs gstkjk gf phgfk trkfsiarlke`õf sae`kh= f`fcufk pktr`k pktr`k sg padìk pa dìk yk vkhgr s`f ghhks, s`f su iugrzk dg trkjkma, s`f sus ekpke`dkdgs. Hk vughtk k gstg ladgha iglgf`fa iglgf `fa supusa qug luebks luebks lumgrgs sg s`ft`grkf irustrkdks g `fskt`sigebks. Bkjìkf keegd`da k hk gdueke`õf y kh trkjkma iugrk dgh backr, y kbark sg sgftìkf dg fugva rgehu`dks gf gh gspke`a dalàst`ea. Gstks s`tuke`afgs eafiarlkf ha qug Ir`gdkf hhklõ hk lìst`ek dg hk igl`f`dkd .

^ar eafs`cu`gftg, hks lumgrgs gstkjkf s`gfda dgi`f`dks fa eala sumgtas pahìt`eas kutõfalas s`fa par sus rahgs dg gspask, lkdrg a klk dg eksk. P eala sgûkhk Ir`gdkf gf su h`jra, gsta sg kealpkûkjk dg ufk iugrtg prapkckfdk. Hks pujh`eke`afgs d`r`c`dks k lumgrgs `fs`stìkf gf gh rgtarfa kh backr, gh sgrv`h`sla bke`k su lkr`da g b`mas a hk ajsgs`õf par hk jghhgzk. Ks`l`sla, gh ps`eakfëh`s`s, kutar`zkda eala vaz e`gftìi`ek, `fdueìk k hks lu mgrgs k jusekr hk prat pratgee`õf gee`õf lkseuh`fk y k rgstr`fc`r su  v`dk k hks pkrgdgs dg dg su eksk. ^krk fa qugdkr ktrkpkdks gf gstg ladgha, hk ýf`ek khtgrfkt`vk grk `fearparkrsg kh lufda hkjarkh y kdqu`r`r su prap`k kutafalìk. ^krk bkegr gsta pas`jhg, Ir`gdkf ergìk qug hk sahue`õf k hk lìst`ek dg hk igl`f`dkd pkskjk par rggduekr k hks lumgrgs, par rgeupgrkr has vkhargs dg hk @hustrke`õf @hustrke`õ f y gfta gftafegs fegs eugst`afkr gsk pgh`crask lìst`ek.

Gstg jrgvg rgearr`da fas pgrl`tg gftgfdgr gh pkpgh dgh igl`f`sla gf hk lks`vk `fearparke`õf hk lumgr lu mgr kh trkjkmah`jgrkh y su `lpartkfe`k gf gh eklj`a eklj `a dg ladgha ladg dgha sae`kh. Dgh l`sla lada, pas`j`h`tk pas`j`h`tk qug d`seutklas khcu:5

 

fks dg sus h`l`tke`afgs, eala hk `fekpke`dkd pkrk rgsah vgr hks tgfs`af tgfs`afgs gs gftrg praduee` praduee`õf õf y rgpradu rgpraduee`õf ee`õf a hk eafegpe`õf dg hks lumgrgs eala uf crupa balacàfga. Gs e`grta qug Ir`gdkf bkeg uf `ftgfta par eugst`afkr hks gsigrks pýjh`eks y pr`vkdks k prapõs`t prapõs`taa dgh «prajhgl «prajhglkk qug fa t`gfg faljrg¿. Uu gsiugrza tklj`àf gs fatkjhg kh eafs`dgrkr hk `fskt`sikee`õf dg hks lumgrgs eaf gh ladgha sae`kh dal`fkftg, gftgfd`gfda qug fgegs`tkjkf khca lës qug uf backr y uf lkr`da pkrk sgr igh`egs. Fa ajstkftg, sus krculgftas fa kfkh`zkf gh pkpgh dg hk gstrueturk sae`kh a hks `ljr`eke`afgs dg hk sae`gdkd fartgklgr`ekfk dg hk àpaek eaf gh ekp`tkh`sla. Ksì, pkrgeg kpuftkr qug gh rah dg hks lumgrgs eala lkdrgs, gspasks y klks dg eksk rgspafdg k ufk eugst`õf dgh`jgrkdk, k ufk rgprgs`õf ps`eahõc`ek, y fa k ufk ghgee`õf sae`khlgftg eafd`e`afkdk eafd`e`afkdk qug d`i`euhtkjk a `lpgdìk su `fdgpgfdgfe`k pgrsafkh y praigs`afkh.7  Gf sìftgs`s, hk earr`gftg dgh igl`f`sla h`jgrkh iaekh`zõ sus gfgrcìks gf hks rgiarlks dg t`pa hgckh, eafs`cu`gfda `lpartkftgs kvkfegs gf gh trkjkma, hk gdueke`õf a has dgrgebas sgxukhgs y rgpraduet`vas. ^gsg k ghha, tkh y eala lugstrk hk b`star`k, sg pugdg ki`rlkr qug fa hacrõ dkr rgspugstk rgspu gstk k atrks d`ser`l`fke`afgs qug àstks suirìkf y qug gstkjkf rghke`afkdks eaf hk rkzk, hk ehksg y hk sgxukh`dkd. Gf ha qug rgspgetk k su gvahue`õf, gh igl`f`sla h`jg7. Kûas lës tkrdg, eaf hk pujh`eke`õf dg Hk sgcufdk iksg  (;02;), Ir`gdkf sg ktrgvgrìk k kiraftkr has fugvas rgtas dg hk sae`gdkd l`xtk, kjardkfda d`syuft`vks eala hk dajhg marfkdk a paf`gf-

da gh iaea gf hk rgspafskj`h`dkd dgh baljrg tklj`àf gf gh gspke`a dalàst`ea. Gf gstk ajrk lkft`gfg hk tgarìk dg qug gh igl`f`sla h`jgrkh fa sg bkjìk prapugsta gf f`fcýf lalgfta, eala sì ha bkrìkf atrks earr`gftgs `fsgrtks gf hk trkd`e`õf dgh igl`f`sla dg càfgra, dgrraekr gh padgr pktr`krekh. :4

 

rkh bk skj`da eafsgrvkr su gsgfe`k `hustrkdk y has vkhargs dgh h`jgrkh`sla ehës`ea, lkftgf`gfda su rgebkza kh eafegpta dg dal`fke`õf pktr`krekh g `fearparkfda hk ektgcarìk dg càfgra gftrg sus ghglgftas tgõr`eas pkrk padgr d`igrgfe`kr d`igrgf e`kr gftrg ha j`ahõc`ea y hk eafstruee`õf sae`aeuhturkh dg hk lkseuh`f`dkd y hk igl`f`dkd igl`f`dkd.. Gf gstg t`glpa tklj`àf bkf surc`da khcufks j`iureke`afgs gf su pgfskl`gfta ar`c`fkr`a. Dg lada qug bay padglas `dgft`i`ekr ufk vkr`kftg dgh igl`f`sla h`jgrkh lës kpgckdk k hk sae`khdglaerke`k, qug dgi`gfdg hk `ftgr `ftgr- vgfe`õf  vgfe`õ f dgh Gstkda gf khcufks eugst`afgs geafõl`eks y sae`khgs. U`luhtëfgklgftg, tklj`àf gfeaftrklas uf t`pa dg igl`f`sla h`jgrkh h`jgrkh qug ergg qug gh ekp`tkh`sla bk supugsta ufk h`jgrke`õf y lkyar `fdgpgfdgfe`k pkrk hks lumgrgs. Kutarks eala Fkfey Irksgr ( Lk  Lkf`i`gst f`i`gstaa dg uf igl`f`sla igl`f`sla  pkrk  pkr k gh 00 %, :>;0) bkf er`t`ekda gstk dgr`vk, eafs`dgrkfda qug gh igl`f`sla fa pugdg gstkr kh sgrv`e`a sgr v`e`a dgh ekp`tkh a eafegftrkr sus gfgrcìks gf gh ksegfsa dg uf crupa dg pr`v`hgc`kdks gf hk mgrkrquìk earparkt`vk. earparkt`vk.

I󰁧󰁬󰁠󰁦󰁠󰁵󰁬󰁡 󰁾󰁺󰁡󰁵󰁧󰁲 Gf hk trkd`e`õf dgh igl`f`sla dg hk `cukhdkd, kh lgfas gf ar`cgf, sg gfeugftrk hk earr`gftg dgh igl`f`sla prasgx. Gstk earr`gftg surcg k pr`fe`p`as dg has kûas aebgftk gf dgigfsk dg hk h`jgrtkd sgxukh dg hks lumgrgs y

hks l`farìks sgxukhgs, k ikvar dg hk h`jgrtkd dg gxprgs`õf y gf eaftrk dg hk egfsurk y pgrsgeue`õf dg hk parfacrkiìk qug prapafìk hk earr`gftg igl`f`stk euhturkh y rkd`ekh. Kdglës dg has eahget`vas gf dgigfsk dg has dgrgebas dg hks trkjkmkdarks sgxukhgs, rgprgsgftkdas par i`curks :7

 

eala Kff`g Upr`fohg y F`fk Bkrthgy, gf hk earr`gftg prasgx gfeaftrklas k kutarks eala Jgtty Dadsaf, Ckyhg Zuj`f, Ekh`i`k, Ekrah [uggf, qug Sgfdy LeGhray y Fkd`fg ^ktr`eo L. Utrassgf. ^ugdg ki`rlkrsg hks trkygetar`ks tgõr`eks dg tadks ghhks sg bkf irkclgftkda gf d`vgrsks pgrspget`vks sajrg eõla dgigfdgr y gfekmkr gh prasgx. Gs par ghha qug bay rgsuhtk tkf d`iìe`h balacgfg`zkr gstk earr`gftg. ^ar gmglpha, hk kftrapõhack gstkdauf`dgfsg Ckyhg Zuj`f, `fihugfe`kdk par Ehkudg Hàv`-Utrkuss, prapafg uf kfëh`s`s lktgr`kh`stk erìt`ea sajrg hk sgxukh`dkd kfkh`zkfda has s`stglks dg pkrgftgsea y lktr`laf`a. Gf Tbg trki i`e `f `f walgf= walgf= fatgs fatgs af tbg tbg pah`t pah`t`ekh `ekh geafal geafalyy ai sgx  (;037),  (;037),9  Zuj`f s`týk hk aprgs`õf dg hks lumgrgs gf gh lkrea dg has s`stglks sae`khgs y krculgftk qug has arìcgfgs dg hk prast`tue`õf iglgf`fk fa rgspafdgf k hks iugrzks praduet`vks s`fa k hk `fst`tue`õf ikl`h`kr y has s`stglks dg rgpraduee`õf. ^ar atra hkda, gf Dgv`kt`afs (:>;;), rgkh`zk fulgrasas kpartgs pkrk pgfskr hk sgxukh`dkd dgsdg gh ëlj`ta sae`kh y gxpafg uf eafmufta dg rgihgx`afgs ealpkt`jhgs eaf hk tgarìk quggr . Gh gfiaqug dg Zuj`f gs luy d`st`fta kh gxpugsta par Sgfdy LeGhray gf RRR= Gh dgrgeba dgrgeba dg hk lumgr k hk parfacrkiìk (;002). LeGhray, kpks`afkdk dgh kfkrqu`sla `fd`v`dukh`stk, `fd`v`d ukh`stk, gs ufk dg hks erìt`eks lës igrv`gftgs eaftrk hk euhturk dg hk v`ahke`õf y has gxegsas dg hks pahìt`eks p ahìt`eks qug qug pgrs`cugf gh keasa sgxukh.

^as`jhglgftg, hk vaz lës dgseafae`dk gf gh eaftgxta 9. Gs ghhk qu`gf dgi`fg par pr`lgrk vgz gh s`stglk sgxa / càfgra eala «gh s`stglk dg rghke`afgs sae`khgs qug trkfsiarlk hk sgxukh`dkd j`ahõc`ek gf praduetas dg ket`v`dkd bulkfk y gf gh qug sg gfeugftrkf hks rgsuhtkftgs fgegs`dkdgs b`stõr`eklgftg gspgeìi`eks¿. :9

 

gspkûah gs hk dg Fkd`fg Utrassgf, kutark dg Dgigfd`fc ^arfacrkpby= Irgg Upggeb, Ugx kfd tbg I`cbt iar Salgf‐s Z`cbts (;007). Utrassgf egftrk su kfëh`s`s dg has eaftgf`-

das parfacrëi`eas y sgûkhk qug hk parfacrkiìk fa t`gfg uf `lpketa ýf`ea y fae`va eala kpuftkjkf sus pr`fe`pkhgs dgtrketarks, hks igl`f`stks kft`parfa eala Zaj`f Larckf (Tgarìk y prëet`ek= parfacrkiìk y v`ahke`õf, ;034), Kfdrgk Dwaro`f (@ftgreaursg, ;023) a Ektbkr`fg LkeO`ffaf (Bke`k ufk tgarìk igl`f`stk dgh Gstkda, ;020). ^krk Utrassgf Utrassgf hk parfacrkiìk pugdg sgr uf kh`kda pkrk trksegfdgr hk `dgk dg rgspgtkj`h`dkd iglgf`fk a uf vgbìeuha gxpharkr ikftksìks ikftks ìksdgsgxukhgs. E afsgeugftgEafsgeugft glgftg,pkrk eafehuyg qug hks hk egfsurk hk parfacrkiìk gs ufk iarlk dg s`hgfe`kr hks gxprgs`afgs sgxukhgs dg hks lumgrgs.

I󰁧󰁬󰁠󰁦󰁠󰁵󰁬󰁡 󰁤󰁠󰁵󰁠󰁤󰁧󰁦󰁴󰁧 Uujsul`dk gf hk hìfgk dg pgfskl`gfta dgh igl`f`sla dg hk `cukhdkd padglas e`reufser`j`r ks`l`sla ks`l`sla ufk pah`iafìk dg vaegs qug bkf rgkee`afkda eaftrk hk earr`gftg igl`f`stk prgdal`fkftg dgsdg hk dàekdk dg has favgftk, gf phgfk tgregrk ahk dgh igl`f`sla. Gs ha qug sg eafaeg eala igl`f`sla d`s`dgftg. Kquì gfeaftrklas k kutarks pr`fe`pkhlgftg fartgklgr`ekfks eala Ekl`hhg ^kch`k (Ugxukh ^grsafkg, ;00>), Sgfdy Okl`fgr (Igl`f`sl‐s

`dgft`ty er`s`s, ;005) a hk prap`k Ebr`st`fk Baii Uallgrs `dgft`ty (Sba stahg igl`f`sl1 Baw walgf bkvg jgtrkygd walgf,

;004). Fa ajstkftg, kufqug gf gh eaftgxta gurapga gh igfõlgfa dg hk d`s`dgfe`k t`gfg ufk `fihugfe`k `fi hugfe`k lgfar, lgfar, ekjg dgstkekr k hk i`hõsaik i`hõs aik irkfegsk Gh`skjgtb Jkd`ftgr (^ar lkh ekl`fa, :>>4). Hk d`s`dgfe`k gs ufk rgkee`õf `ftgrfk y supafg ufk :3

 

d`stkfe`k erìt`ek eaf gh d`seursa igl`f`stk gstkjhge`da. ^ar eafs`cu`gftg, eafs`cu`gf tg, gh igl`f`sla d`s`dgftg sg lkf`i`gstk eaftrk hk `dgk dg qug v`v`las gf uf pktr`krekda, dudk sajrg hk gx`stgfe`k dg ufk supugstk euhturk dg hk v`ahke`õf a rgfufe`k k hk erggfe`k dg qug hks d`igrgfe`ks gftrg baljrgs y lumgrgs saf kjsahutklgftg kjsahutklgftg sae`khgs sae` khgs a pgriarlkt`vks. Dgspuàs dg tada, gh igl`f`sla d`s`dgftg prgigr`rìk kiraftkr hks trkfsiarlke`afgs b`stõr`eks y gh `lpketa pahìt`ea dg hk `cukhdkd dg càfgra gf Aee`dgft Aee`dgftg, g, rgeafae`gfda hk prgsgfe`k y v`s`j`h`dkd dg sus kpartke`afgs, k gflkrekr hk prëet`ek pahìt`ek igl`f`stk gf ufk gspge`g dg r`tukh dg hk qugmk. Dgsdg hk d`s`dgfe`k, hgmas dg fgckr has eksas dg v`ahgfe`k eaftrk hks lumgrgs gf hks dglaerke`ks ladgrfks, lastrkr ufk egcugrk kftg hk s`tuke`õf dg hks lumgrgs gf Krkj`k Ukudì a rgtrakh`lgftkr has pktrafgs dgh pgfskl`gftaa pktr`krekh qug `fduegf bke`k hk pks`v`dkd iglgf`l`gft fk, ha qug sg bk bgeba gs ks`l`hkr has eklj`as gf has pkrkd`clks sae`khgs, pahìt`eas, geafõl`eas y sgxukhgs gf phgfa s`cha xx`.3  gh igl`f`sla d`s`dgftg, s`f bk ahv`dkr gh r`car e`gftìi`eaKsì, y gh ealpral`sa igl`f`stk, dgskrrahhkda ufk pkrt`euhkr rgs`stgfe`k tkfta tkfta kh v`rus dg hk earrgee`õf pahì3. U` ktgfdglas ktgfdglas k fugstrk fugstrk b`star`k y bgrgfe`k, qu`zë padklas ealprgfdgr par quà gh igl`f`sla d`s`dgftg fa bk gfeaftrkda su

s`t`a ketukhlgftg gf hk lav`h`zke`õf sae`kh a gf gh ksae`ke`af`sla igl`f`stk gf fugstra pkìs. ^as`jhglgftg ufa dg has lat`vas par has qug fa bk glgrc`da eaf ratufd`dkd gf Gspkûk sg pugdk gfeaftrkr gf has kûas pastgr`args k hk lugrtg dg Irkfea. Ug trktk dg uf pgr`ada pgr`a da dafdg hks rg`v`fd`eke`afgs igl`f`stks, hks eukhgs sg egftrkjkf gf has ëlj`tas dgh trkjkma, hk ikl`h`k a hk sgxukh`dkd, d`iìe`hlgftg padìkf sgpkrkrsg dg hk l`h`tkfe`k pahìt`ek dg `zqu`grdks. ^gsg k qug gx`stìk uf ajmgt`va trkfsiarlkdar, crkf pkrtg dg hk l`h`tkfe`k dg `zqu`grdks sg gfeaftrkjk gfarlglgftg `fihu`dk par hk `dgahacìk lkrx`stk. :2

 

t`ek eala kh c`faegftr`sla c`faegftr`sla.. K su vgz, sg bk lkftgf`da lkftgf`da kh lkrcgf dgh pgfskl`gfta ýf`ea y dg kqughhas d`seursas `dgahõc`eas qug, iufdklgftkdas gf ufk r`strk dg jugfks `ftgfe`afgs, gxph`eke`afgs rgduee`af`stks y pgqugûks lgft`rks, bkf prgtgfd`da a j`gf l`f`l`zkr hk kutadgtgrl`fke`õf iglgf`fk a suse`tkr uf d`stkfe`kl`gfta gftrg has sgxas.

Igl`f`sla dg càfgra

Gf hk gseughk gse ughk dg pgfskl`gf p gfskl`gfta ta dgh igl`f`sla dg càfgra eafihuygf hks earr`gftgs igl`f`stks lës papuhkrgs. Uu praduee`õf tgõr`ek eafst`tuyg gh igl`f`sla bgcglõf`ea, gs dge`r, ufk sgr`g dg d`seursas farlkt`vas, klph`klgftg ealpkrt`das par hk sae`gdkd y krt`euhkdas k trkvàs dgh gftrklkda `fst`tue`afkh. U` j`gf khcufks dg hks earr`gftgs qug kcrupa gf gstk trkd`e`õf pugdgf prgsgftkr eaftrkd`ee`afgs gftrg sì, tadks ghhks surcgf dg hk erìt`ek kftg hks h`l`tke`afgs dg das pr`fe`pkhgs trkd`e`afgs igl`f`stks igl`f`stks y ea`fe`dgf gf hk `fs`stgfe`k dg ufk dal`fke`õf pktr`krekh. [u`gra s`tukr gh igl`f`sla rkd`ekh y gh igl`f`sla euhturkh eala hks pr`fe`pkhgs earr`gftgs dg hk trkd`e`õf dgh igl`f`sla dg càfgra. Dkdks hk `fihugfe`k y hk v`cgf-