Malaysian Studies The expansion and downfall of the Malay Malacca Sultanate
THE MALAY MALACCA SULTANATE
MALACCA AND ITS EXPANSIONS
INTRODUCTION
Malacca Sultanate started in the era of archipelago empires where it came together with a few empires around peninsular on the Land of Melayu Nusantara. They were situate situated d in penins peninsular ular of Tanah Tanah Melayu Melayu (Semen (Semenanju anjung ng Malays Malaysia), ia), Sumate Sumatera ra (Indone (Indonesia sia)) and also Borneo Borneo until the Irianjaya Irianjaya Island. Island. There There were were big and small small empires around the archipelago era in the Nusantara. Those early kingdoms are:
Srivijaya
Tan Tan
Tun Sun
Funan
Gangga Negara
Chih – Tu
Old Kedah
Langkasuka
Mataram
Majapahit
FOUNDER OF THE MELACA SULTANATE.
The The begi beginn nnin ing g of Malac alacca ca Empi Empire re star starte ted d in the the year year of 1400 1400 where here Parameswara and his troops came to Temasek . A short explanation about the founder
of Malacca his commonly known as Parameswara a young prince who ran from the Palembang. There’s a long and different versions of Majapahit Empire. He was from Palembang. this young Javanese man background who wanted to release the Palembang state from the Majapahit Majapahit Empire which which became weaker weaker as its downfall downfall arrived. There are a few information saying that he is from the Hindu Noble family around Srivijaya. They claimed that Parameswara was the rebel leader who tried to release the old Palembang from Majapahit. His rebellion was failed in Majapahit, so that he ran to Temasek. As he
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Malaysian Studies The expansion and downfall of the Malay Malacca Sultanate
ran with his associated army and avoid from the attack by the ruler of Majapahit, he went to a few islands including Temasek. Today the island known as Singapura. He led to Temasek and found Malacca. The rebellion of Parameswara against Majapahit was failed and this is the start of Malacca Sultanate Empire by the great Parameswara (Raja Iskanda Iskandarr Shah) Shah) a Hindus Hindus who conver convertt to Islam Islam after after several several years years of MALAC MALACCA CA Sulanate era.
The Ancient Empire Of Malacca. Malacca.
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Parameswara@Sang Nila Utama@ Raja Iskandar Shah founded Malacca.
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Parameswara was a prince from Majapahit.
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Majap Majapahi ahitt is the empir empiree along along Sume Sumeter tera, a, wher wheree is Palem Palemban bang g one one of its territory.
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Disintergrated among the states under the government asscociates in Majapahit.
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Parameswara took actions (rebellion against Majapahit)
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He failed against the Majapahit Kingdom.
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He fled with his led army to the Temasek (Singapura)
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Arrived in Temasek in 1390.
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Temagi the ruler of Temasek welcomed him.
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Temagi was a representative of Ayuthia, a Siamese Siamese Kingdom.
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Parameswara killed him and siege Temasik.
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He took over Temasik management.
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He was attacked by the Siamese Government in Temasik.
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He fled with his associated army tu Muar.
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He was safe and reached Bertam River.
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The area located between India and China traders routes.
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He named the place Malacca (name of a tree).
Since then the great Empire Of Malacca Sultanate began and spread as Parameswara the Javanese Malay a great pioneer of the Javanese Malay develop an extraordinary in history of colonization in the Kingdom Of the Malays Malacca Sultanate empire.
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Malaysian Studies The expansion and downfall of the Malay Malacca Sultanate
1. FACTORS RISE OF MALACCA
Major Factors Of the Malacca Expansion
THE STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM
THE GOVENRTMENT SYSTEMS
REGIONAL CONTRIES RELATIONSHIP
GEOGRAPHICAL
THE ISLAM
TRADERS
1.1 THE STRUCTURE OF MALACCA SULTANATE SYSTEM. •
The head of highly organized municipal government.
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Four minister system – systematic administration.
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Sultan was assisted by organization that w was as structured with a hierarchy and their respectatives functions.
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Called ‘Sistem Pembesar Empat Lipatan’.
BENDAHARA
PENGHULU BENDAHARI
TEMENGGUNG
LAKSAMANA
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Malaysian Studies The expansion and downfall of the Malay Malacca Sultanate
1.2 1.2 TH THE E GO GOVE VENR NRTM TMEN ENT T SYST SYSTEM EMS S (ROL (ROLES ES OF TH THE E SULT SULTA AN AND AND MINISTER •
The sultan is the leader.
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Chief of arm forced.
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Coordinates the economy.
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Symbol of diplomatic unity.
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Head of diplomatic relations.
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This system contributed the stabilize of internal trader and also the traders came from outside of Malacca. Stability of management in a country ensured the best business oppurtunity in Malacca itself.
1.3 CENTRE OF TRADES / GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION •
Situated in the midway along trade routes between India and China.
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Between Sumatera and Peninsular of Malaysia.
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Control traffic of the traders-Malacca as a port.
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Deep sea contributed foreign vessels from other country.
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The harbour sheltered from winds of the southeast and northeast monsoon.
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The monsoon allows Arabic and Indians traders travel to Malacca.
1.4 MALACCA AS THE PORT OF TRADERS •
The harbour master (Syahbandar) supervised and cater needs of merchant.
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They distributed duties depends on the traders’ country. – 4 habour masters managed 4 regions countries)
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Provide warehouse to store their goods.
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Welfare of foreign traders.
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Supervised the merchant nicely.
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Port facilities.
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Role Role of Laksam Laksamana ana control control the fleet fleet and Orang Laut safegu safeguardi arding ng the Malacca straits.
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Malay as lingua franca.
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Malaysian Studies The expansion and downfall of the Malay Malacca Sultanate
1.5 RELATIONS TO REGIONAL REGIONAL CONTRIES •
Pasai – based on marriage of Sultan Malacca Megat Iskandar Shah with Princess of Pasai.
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China – 1404 1404 Admiral Admiral Yin Ching visited visited Malacca. Malacca was a soverign soverign empire.
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Ryukyu – Nowadays known as Japan. Sultan Mansor Shah wrote a letter to King of Ryukyu about the misbehaviour among traders.
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Siam – Supplied teak, rice and food. Represented by Tun Telanai and Jana Putera Siam to Malacca.
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Gujerat – Get silk, spices gold, cloves and ornamental works from china in return of cotton fabrics, incense, medicinal wood. They helped to spread Islam in Malacca.
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Arab – The traders bought gold and spices of South East Asia and tea from China.
1.6 THE COMIN COMING G OF THE ISLAM ISLAM •
Arab traders brought Islam to Malacca.
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Parameswara married the Pasai Princess and convert to Islam.
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He changed his name to Megat Iskandar Shah@Raja Iskandar Shah.
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As the sultan was a muslim Malacca became The Center Of Development Of Islam.
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Spread teachings of Islam in Malacca.
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A few evidence such as – grave stone at Tanjung Inggeris / Inscribed stone in Terengganu. During 13 th century Kedah and Terengganu were the early kingdoms accept Islam from the empire of Parameswara.
FALL OF MALACCA
2. FACTORS FELL OF MALACCA. Major Factors Factors Of the Fall of Malacca Sultanate.
WEAK LEADERHIP
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DISUNTITY
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Malaysian Studies The expansion and downfall of the Malay Malacca Sultanate
WEAKNESS OF DEFENCE
THE ARRIVAL OF PRTUGUESE
2.1 WEAK LEADERSHIP •
The replacement of Tun Mutahir to Tun Perak as Bendahara of Malacca.
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Tun Perak biased during his administration.
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Conspire plot to Sultan Mahmud Shah – Tun Mutahir being accused that he wanted to overthrow the king.
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Sultan Mahmud executed Tun Mutahir and his family.
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Sulta Sultan n Mahm Mahmud ud hande handed d reig reign n to Raja Raja Ahma Ahmad d who who was was weak weak and and inefficient.
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Tun Mutahir successor where Tun Pepatih Putih as very old and ill.
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Traders were not happy with high rate tax and started to divert to other ports.
2.2 DISUNITY •
Tun Mutahir appointed as Bendahara caused jealousy among Malays (Raja Mendeliar and Laksamana Khoja Hassan)
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Execution of Tun Mutahir and his family but exception of Tun Fatimah.
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Contributed disunity among the citizen of Malacca.
2.3 THE WEAKNESS OF MALACCA DEFENCE •
Malacca soldiers used traditional weapons.
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Portuguese used modern weapons.
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Well trained among Portuguese army. Best equipped weapons.
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Mercenary soldiers were attacked by the Portuguese.
2.4 THE ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE
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Portuguese wanted to control the spice trade.
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Control the important trade route to the east.
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Discovery of the sea route east through Cape of Good Hope.
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Malaysian Studies The expansion and downfall of the Malay Malacca Sultanate
Since Since 1511 1511 Malac Malacca ca has has fell fell down down and and move moved d into into the the Colo Colonia niall era. era. The The Portuguese Portuguese took over Malacca. The sultans were still there, but they had no power and to rule the Malacca as the traders port. The colonial took over the trader business and controlled the tax. They used many ways. The colonial era started with Portuguese, Dutch and British until the revolution of weapon and the machine revolution. Then, the Malacca Sultanate Empire became smaller until it reached the end of Malacca Sultanate Empire.
CONCLUSSION.
Base Based d on the the assig assignme nment nt topic topic and and resea research rch that that I’ve I’ve done done,, I can make conclusion that the Malacca Sultanate Empire had gone through three phases of era. The phases are the beginning, the middle and the fall of the empire. For those three factors, I can conclude that the smooth and effective of administration and management ensured the best outcomes for an empire. The leader himself is the best role to make the empire whether to be good or worst. The conspiracy of course was the major factors contributed the downfall of Malacca. Traders and merchandise merchandise opinions should be hear by the ruler ruler of the empire. empire. Citizens' Citizens' power influenced influenced the rise rise and the fall fall to any empire empire in the world. End 1551 words
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