Makalah Rancob Kelompok 1

 

EIHINIJ VIDMIDOID RLVMGFIID „HNI]ACAHI]AA VIDMIDOID RLVMGFIID― „HNI]ACAHI]

@A]\]\D GNLJ ; HLNGERGH 9 

VIJEAQIDI



VAHI

 

JILV\DA]I

RVGOVIE ]P\@A RLD@A@AHID FAGNGOA CIH\NPI] HLO\V\ID @ID ANE\ RLD@A@AHID \DASLV]API] E\JIEEI@AQIJ F\N\H\EFI PIJ\D 6262

 

HIPI RLDOIDPIV 

Ruka `id syuhur hiea umiphid hlpi`i Innij yido eiji huisi hirldi  flrhit Hirudai-Dyi hiea `ipit eldylnlsiahid tuois eihinij tldtido Vidmidoid Rlrmgfiid Rlrmgf iid yido `a flrahid flrahid hlpi`i `gsld hiea Rih Ciuzid Ihfir,].R`,E Ihfir,].R`,E.R`. .R`. slnihu slni hu pldoik pldoikir ir eiti eiti hunaij hunaij Vidmid Vidmidoid oid Rlrmgfi Rlrmgfiid. id. hiea hiea ihid ihid eldyik eldyikahi ahid d eihinij hiea yido flrku`un „Hnisacahisa Vidmidoid Rlrmgfiid― slmiri sl`lrjidi ioirr `ipit ioi `ipit eu`ij eu`ij `a pijiea pijiea.. @a hirldi hirldihid hid wihtu yido sidoit sidoit sadohit sadohit `id  pldoltijuid hiea tldtido eitlra ada sidoit sl`ahat sljadooi hiea ta`ih `ipit eldy el dyik ikah ahid id eihi eihini nij j ada ada `ldo `ldoid id sl slmi miri ri si sido doit it nl nldo dohi hip p ih ihid id tl tlti tipa pa hi hiea ea eldyikahid eihinij ada `ldoid eihsaein. hiea eldyi`ira winiupud fioiaeidi hiea flrusiji eldyikahid eihinij ada `ldoid eihsaein ihid tltipa pista i`i hlhuridoid. Ki`a hiea jiriphid hratah  `id sirid sirid `ira `ira pih, pih, tleidtleid-tle tleid, id, `id saipipud saipipud yido yido elefim elefimii eihini eihinij j ada, ada, sljad slj adoo ooii `l `ldo doid id sirid sirid `i `id d hr hrat atah ahdy dyii hi hiea ea `i `ipi pitt eldk eldki` i`aa nl nlfa faj j fi fiah ah `i `inie nie  plefuitid eihinij slnidkutdyi `id `inie hlja`upid hiea ioir tltip tlrus  firusiji udtuh nlfaj fiah. ]lhaid hiti pldoidtir `ira hiea ipifani i`i hiti yido sinij hiea egjgd eiic. ]lhina nioa hiea eldoitihid hiea sidoit flrjirip sirid `id hratah ioir  hiea `ipit eldki`a nlfaj fiah nioa.

  Funuhuefi, 63 Kuda 6262

  Hlngepgh 9

 

@ICPIV A]A HIPI RLDOIDPIV ........................................... ................................................................. ....................................... ................. @ICPIV A]A...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................... ......... FIF A RLD@IJ\N\ID ..........................................................................

  I. Nitir Flnihido............................. Flnihido................................................... ........................................................ ..................................   F. Vueusid Eisinij.......................................... Eisinij................................................................................. .......................................   M. Pukuid pldunasid......................................... pldunasid................................................................................... ..........................................   @. Eidciit........................................... Eidciit................................................................. ................................................. ................................ ..... FIF AA RLEFIJI]ID................... ......................................... ............................................ ..................................... ...............

  I. Hnisacahisa ridmidoid plrmgfiid.................................................... plrmgfiid.......................................................... ......   F. Paoi jin pldtado yido jirus `aplrjitahid `inie suitu plrmgfiid....... M. Rradsa-pradsap `isir `inie plridmidoid plrmgfiid..............................   @. Eg`ln tltip `id eg`ln imih................................................................ imih................................................................ FIF AAA RLD\P\R.................... .......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ......................

  I. Hlsaepunid..................................... Hlsaepunid........................................................... ................................................. ................................ .....   F. ]irid........................................... ]irid................................................................. ............................................ ..................................... ............... @ICPIV R\]PIHI

 

FIF A RLD@IJ\N\ID I.

NIPIV FLNIHIDO

Rlri Rlridm dmid idoi oid d pl plrm rmgf gfiid iid i` i`ini inij j su suit itu u ri ridm dmid idoi oid d yi yido do `a `afu fuit it ud udtu tuh  h  eld`ipithi eld`i pithid d adcgreisa adcgreisa yido `aplrnuhid yido flrjufudo flrjufudoid id `ldoid `ldoid plrsginid plrsginid yido yid o sl`ido sl`ido `aslna `aslna`ah `aha, a, yido yido elrupi elrupihid hid nidohi nidohij-n j-nido idohij hij nldohi nldohip p slflnu slflnue e  plrmgfiid `anihuhid sljadooi ihid elefiwi pldlnataid hlpi`i idinasas `id hlsaepunid yido gfklhtac. Rlridmidoid plrmgfiid itiu ridmidoid plrmgfiid (@lsaod gc Lxplraeldt) i` i`in inij ij hi hika kaid id eldo eldold ldia ia pl pldl dldt dtui uid d hl hlrid ridoh ohii `i `isir sir hl hloa oait itid id pl pldo doue uepu puni nid d adcgreisa tlrji`ip adcgreisa tlrji`ip gfklh yido eleanaha eleanaha viraisa (stghistah), (stghistah), flr`isirhid flr`isirhid pradsap pradsap stitastahi. Fa`ido ada elrupihid sinij situ mifido pldtado `inie stitastahi adclrldsain `id `aikirhid `a fidyih mifido aneu pldoltijuid `a plrouruid tadooa hirldi flrhiatid lrit `ldoid plnihsidiid plrmgfiid (lhsplraeld). Rlridmidoid Rlridm idoid plrmgfiid `ipit `ahitihid `ahitihid slfioia slfioia "klefitid" "klefitid" fioa pldlnata udtuh flrolrih `ira japgtlsas elduku pi`i lhsplraeld ioir eleflrahid jisan yido yid o vina` vina` slmiri slmiri aneaij aneaij.. @ldoid @ldoid `leaha `leahaid, id, plridm plridmido idoid id plrmgf plrmgfiid iid `ipit `ipit `ahitihid slfioia sinij situ adstrueld `inie eltg`l aneaij.

Hikaid Hika id plr lrid idmi mido doid id plrm plrmgf gfii iid d i` i`in inij ij pl plni nihs hsid idii iid d pl plrm rmg gfii iid d (lhsplraeld) (lhspl raeld) tlrhld`ina. tlrhld`ina. @inie plrmgfiid sleimie ada, pldlnata eleflrahid eleflrahid slkueni slku enij j tad`ih tad`ihid id (`ipit (`ipit kuoi kuoi "plnif "plniflni lnid" d" slsuia slsuia `ldoid `ldoid mara-mar mara-maraa gfklhd gfklhdyi, yi, `aastanijhid slfioia plrnihuid itiu trliteldt) pi`i slkuenij gfklh yido eleanaha viraisa pi`i `lrikit tlrtldtu. Gfklh ada `aastanijhid slfioia situid plrmgfiid itiu lxplraeldtin udat, yido `ipit flrwuku` jlwid, tuefujid, eidusai, itiu firido. Ipifani plrnihuid yido siei `ahldihid tlrji`ip slkuenij gfklh, gfklh-gfklh ada elrupi elr upihid hid unido unidoid id (rlpnam (rlpnamitl) itl) `ira `ira plrnih plrnihuid uid ti`a. ti`a. Rldoie Rldoieitid itid `anihu `anihuhid hid tlrji`ip slkuenij hirihtlrastah yido `aeadita sido pldlnata tlrji`ip gfklh-gfklh 

 

ti`a. Japgtlsas stitastas `atldtuhid ("japgtlsas dgn") udtuh eleihdia pldoiruj  plrnihuid-plrnihuid yido `aflrahid tlrji`ip jisan pldoieitid (`iti) yido i`i. Flflripi Flflri pi pustihi pustihi eldooudihi eldooudihid d astanij lxplraeldtin lxplraeldtin `lsaod fioa udtuh  udtuh  ridmidoid-ridmidoid yido `afuit udtuh hloaitid pldouepunid adcgreisa ta`ih  tlrhld`ina, slplrta survla, kikih pld`ipit (pgnnado), pldlnataid pldoieitid (diturin lxplraeldt), `id quisa-lxplraeldt. Elshapud jin ada eleanaha `isir stitastahi, hi hika kaid id hnisa hnisah h pl plri ridm dmid idoi oid d pl plrm rmgf gfiid iid ta`i ta`ih h eldm eldmih ihup up tapl tapl-ta -tapl pl pl pldl dlna nata taid id sleimie atu. F.

V\E\]ID EI]INIJ

9. Fioiae Fioiaeidi idi hnisaca hnisacahis hisaa ridmidoi ridmidoid d plrmgfii plrmgfiid7 d7

M. P\K\ID 9. \dtuh eldoltijua hnisacahisa ridmidoid plrmgfiid. @.

EIDCIIP

I`ipud I`ipu d eidciit eidciit yido `ipit hati iefan `ira eihinij ada yiatu eijisaswi eijisaswi `ipit eldoltijua `id eleijiea hnisacahisa ridmidoid plrmgfiid.

 

FIF AA RLEFIJI]ID I.

Hnisacahisa Vi Vidmidoid Rl Rlrmgfiid

Elshapud pleflraid plrnihuid tlnij `atldtuhid `id hli`iid nadohudoid tlnij `aitur `ldoid mlreit, pldlniijid eldoldia rlspgds ada ta`ih ihid nuput `ira oidoouid hlrioieid iniea yido hjis `aeanaha gnlj sltaip gfklh slrti flrfioia  pldoiruj cihtgr nuir yido eleido ta`ih `ipit `afuit plrsas siei fioa sltaip gfklh `inie plrmgfiid. @inie jin ada, stitastahi `ipit elefidtu pldlnata udtuh  eleasijhid `id eldousut ipi siki yido eldaefunhid hlrioieid rlspgds yido tlrki`a tlrk i`a,, flripi flripi fioaid fioaid yido yido `a slfifh slfifhid id gnlj gnlj plrnih plrnihuid uid,, flripi flripi fioaid fioaid yido yido `aslfifhid gnlj nadohudoid, `id flripi fioaid yido `ataefunhid gnlj flrfioia  pldoiruj yido ta`ih `ipit `ausut `ldoid `ldoid klnis. 9. Vidmidoi Vidmidoid-ri d-ridmid dmidoid oid plrmgf plrmgfiid iid `asusu `asusud d flr`isir flr`isirhid hid ;  

Adtldsatis/tadohit jltlrgoldatis `id kuenij cihtgr yido eldylfifhid hl hlrio rioie ieid id hg hgd` d`asa asa pi pi`i `i nado nadohu hudo doid id tl tlrj rji` i`ip ip tlepi tlepitt pl plrm rmgf gfii iid d `anihsidihid (oinit). Vidmidoid-ridmidoid jisandyi `aslfut ridmidoid nadohudoid (Lmgngoam @lsaods).

 

Kuenij cihtgr `id eltg`l plnihsidiid/pldlripid plrnihuid-plrnihuid  pi`i udat-udat plrmgfiid. Vidmidoid-ridmidoid jisandyi adanij yido `aslfut slfioia ridmidoid plrnihuid (trliteldtin `lsaods).

6. Rldieiid Rldieiid suitu suitu ridmi ridmidoid doid plrmgfii plrmgfiid d `a`isirh `a`isirhid id pi`i pi`i ;  

Egtg`l Egt g`l pldlpi pldlpitid tid plrnih plrnihuid uid-plr -plrnih nihuid uid slmiri slmiri imih imih itiu itiu riefid riefido o (rid`ge) pi`i udat-udat plrmgfiid.

 

Vidm Vi dmid idoi oidd-ri ridm dmid idoi oid d

yido yido

`a `afl flra ra

di diei ei

fl flr` r`is isir irhi hid d

eltg eltg`l `l

 plnihsidiid itiu pldlripid plrnihuid-plrnihuid pi`i situid-situid  plrmgfiiddyi, sljadooi `aslfut ridmidoid plrnihuid.

 

=. Itis Itis `isir `isir kuenij kuenij ciht cihtgr gr yido `atlnata `atlnata,, rid ridmid midoid oid plrmgfi plrmgfiid id `ipit `ipit `apanajhid eldki`a ; 

Vidmidoid dgd cihtgrain, kahi yido `atlnata jidyi 9 cihtgr pldlnataid. Vidmid Vid midoid oid ada elnapu elnaputa ta ridmid ridmidoid oid imih nldoh nldohip ip (VIN), (VIN), rid ridmid midoid oid imih hlngepgh (VIH), ridmidoid imih hui`rit nitad (VIHN).



Vidmid Vid midoid oid cihtgr cihtgrain, ain, kahi kahi yido yido `atlnat `atlnataa tlr`ar tlr`araa `ira `ira flflri flflripi pi cihtgr  cihtgr   pldlnataid. Vidmidoid ada elnaputa ridmidoid cihtgr tudooin yido `acihtgrainhid `id yido `aeg`acahisahid.

0. Eimie Eimie-ei -eimi mie e Vidmido Vidmidoid id Rlrm Rlrmgfi gfiid id

Flr`isirhid kuenij olnit yido `aoudihid yido kuoi eldudkuhhid `lrikit hl hlpl pldt dtad adoi oid d cihtg cihtgr-c r-cih ihtg tgrr utie utieii `i `id d ad adtl tlrih rihsa sa yi yido do `a `atl tlna nata ta,, ridmid ridmidoi oid d  plrmgfiid yido ueue `aoudihid `aoudihid tlrslfut `ipit `apanajhid eldki`a; 

Vidm Vi dmid idoi oid d

fl flro roini initt

tudo tudooi oin, n, ridmi ridmido doid id-ri -ridm dmid idoi oid d

cihtg cihtgra rain in ad adaa

eldudkuhhi eldud kuhhid d fijwi fijwi pldlnataid pldlnataid flrtukuid flrtukuid udtuh udtuh eldlnata eldlnata pldoirujpldoiruj pldoiruj cihtgr utiei `id adtlrihsa `ldoid `lrikit hltlnataid yido siei. 

Vidmid Vid midoid oid flroin flroinit it oid`i, oid`i, elrupi elrupihid hid ridmid ridmidoid oid yido yido `aoudi `aoudihid hid udtuh plrmgfiid yido elepudyia sinij-situ cihtgr (F) `id adtlrihsa nlfaj pldtado `ira cihtgr utiei niaddyi (I). Vidmidoid ada `aslfut ridmidoid pltih tlrfioa (VRF).



Vidmid Vid midoid oid flroin flroinit it trapln trapln,, elnapu elnaputa ta ridmid ridmidoid oid yido yido earap earap `ldoid `ldoid VRF, jidyi siki kuenij cihtgr yido `atlnata i`i taoi, sl`idoihid VRF jidyi `ui. Vidmidoid ada `aslfut `aslfut ridmidoid ridmidoid pltih fioaid fioaid oid`i itiu spnat-s spn at-spna pnatt pngt pngt `lsaod `lsaod.. Vidmid Vidmidoid oid nia niaddy ddyii i`inij i`inij ridmid ridmidoid oid pltih  pltih  tlrin tlr inur ur `i `id d ridmid ridmidoi oid d hl hlng ngep epgh gh tl tlrf rfio ioaa yi yido do `a `aou oudi dihi hid d ud udtu tuh  h   plrmgfiid yido nlfaj eldgdkgnhid pldoiruj adtlrihsa `irapi`i  pldoiruj cihtgr-cihtgr utieidyi.

 

F.

Pa Paoi oi jin jin pldt pldtad ado o yido yido plrn plrnu u `apl `aplrj rjit itah ahid id `in `inie ie sui suitu tu plrm plrmgf gfii iid d

i) Hli`ii Hli`iid d tlrtldt tlrtldtu u yido yido sldoik sldoikii `amapt `amaptihi ihid d udtuh udtuh eldaefun eldaefunhid hid rlspgds rlspgds (Vidmidoid Rlrnihuid)  f) Hli`iid

nadohudoid

slrti

hlrioieid

iniea

gfklh

yido

`ipit

eldoifurh eldoi furhid/eld id/eldoimiuh oimiuhid id pldlniijid pldlniijid eldoldia eldoldia rlspgds rlspgds yido eudmun eudmun (Vidmidoid Rlrmgfiid/Nadohudoid). m) Vlspgds Vlspgds yido `aflrahid `aflrahid gnlj gnlj gfklh (`ahldin (`ahldin `ldoid `ldoid Vidmidoid Vidmidoid Vlspgds) Vlspgds) 9. Vidm Vidmid idoi oid d Rlr Rlrni nihu huid id

Rlrnihuid `ipit `airtahid slfioia suitu hli`iid tlrtldtu yido `aflrahid  pi`i situid plrmgfiid `id flrhiatid `ldoid fioiaeidi plrnihuid-plrnihuid tlrslfut `afldtuh (Cihtgr tudooin, Cihtgrain, ]pnat pngt, ]pnat fngh). \eue \e uedy dyii pl plrni rnihu huid id `arid `aridmid mido o `i `ini nie e fl fldt dtuh uh san sanid ido o (m (mrg rgssl ssl`) `) it itiu iu tlrsirido (dlstl`). Rlrnihuid `aridmido `inie struhtur sanido (mrgssl`) itiu  pgni cihtgrain ipifani sltaip sl taip nlvln `ira sinij s inij situ plrnihuid tiepih pi`i sltaip nlvl nlvlnn pl plrni rnihu huid id niad niaddy dyi. i. Easin Easindy dyi; i; Kahi Kahi Rl Rlrn rnih ihui uid d I i` i`ii 3 nl nlvl vln, n, `i `id d Rlrnihuid F i`i = nlvln, eihi ridmidoid plrnihuid sanidodyi slfioia flrahut; F

I

9

6

=

0

<

3

9

x

x

x

x

x

x

6

x

x

x

x

x

x

=

x

x

x

x

x

x

<

3

Itiu `inie fldtuh eld`itir;  

I 9

6

=

0

 

F

F

F

F

F

F

96=

96=

96=

96=

96=

96=

xxx

xxx

xxx

xxx

xxx

xxx

Ipifani Rlrnihuid I `id Rlrnihuid F kuoi mrgssl` tlrji`ip Rlrnihuid M (easin; 6 nlvln);  

M

 

9

6

 

I

I

9

6

=

0

<

3

9

6

=

0

<

3

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

96=

96=

96=

96=

96=

96=

96=

96=

96=

96= 96= 96=

xx xxx x

xx xxx x

xx xxx x

xx xxx x

xx xxx x

xx xxx x

xx xxx x

xx xxx x

xx xxx x

xx xxx x xx xxx x xx xxx x

Rlrnihuid F flrsirido (dlstl`) `inie Rlrnihuid I kahi nlvln yido flrfl`i `ira  plrnihuid F eudmun `itu hina `inie sinij situ nlvln Rlrnihuid I, slfioia mgdtgj; mgdtgj;  

I

 

9

6

=

0

 

F

F

F

F

9

6

= 0 < 3 ? : 1 92 99 96

x

x

x x x x x x x x

x

x

Rlrnihuid F yido tlr`ara `ira 96 nlvln, tlrsirido `inie 0 nlvln Rlrnihuid I. Ri`i struhtur tlrsirido ada fasi siki ridmidoiddyi ta`ih slaefido, easindyi pi`i nlvln = plrnihuid I jidyi elepudyia 6 nlvln F, sl`idohid yido niaddyi elepudyia = nlvln F.

 

 

I

 

9

6

=

0

 

F

F

F

F

9

6

= 0 < 3 ? : 1 92 99

x

x

x x x x x x x x

x

Rgni tlrsirido ta`ih elepudyia adtlrihsa! 9. Kldas Kldas plrnih plrnihuid uid eldur eldurut ut sacitdy sacitdyi, i, i`i 6, yiatu yiatu;; 

huinatitac8 easindyi kldas pupuh, viraltis, miri pldognijid tidij, `nn



huidtatitac8 easindyi `gsas pupuh, vgnuel plstasa`i, `nn

6. Kldas Rlrnihuid Rlrnihuid eldurut eldurut kuenijdyi, kuenijdyi, i`i 6, yiatu; yiatu; 

Cihtgr tudooin8 jidyi situ cihtgr yido `atlnata.



ihtgrain8 tlr`ara `ira 6 itiu nlfaj plrnihuid.

6. Vidmidoi Vidmidoid d Nadohud Nadohudoid oid (Vidmid (Vidmidoid oid Rlrmgfi Rlrmgfiid) id)

Flrhiatid Flrhia tid `ldoid `ldoid fioiaeidi fioiaeidi plrnihuid-pl plrnihuid-plrnihu rnihuid id tlrslfut tlrslfut `atlepithid `atlepithid  pi`i udat-udat plrmgfiid (VIN, VIH, VIH, VF]N, Nittaml) Vidmidoid plrmgfiid elrupihid pldoiturid pleflraid plrnihuid hlpi`i situid sit uid-sit -situid uid plrmgf plrmgfiid iid `ldoid `ldoid eihsu` eihsu` ioir ioir hlrioi hlrioieid eid rlspgd rlspgdss yido yido `ataefunhi `atae funhid d gnlj hli`iid hli`iid nadohudoid nadohudoid `id hljltlrgold hljltlrgoldid id fijid plrmgfiid yido `aoudihid `ipit `awi`ija `id `asadoharhid. Flflripi jin yido plrnu `ahltijua `inie Vidmidoid Nadohudoid, yiatu; Fijid Fij id Rlrmgf Rlrmgfiid iid;; `ipit `ipit flrupi flrupi groida groidasel sel (jlwid (jlwid,, tuefuj tuefujid, id, eidusai), fld`i itiu sufstidsa niaddyi slplrta pupuh, plstasa`i, tidij.

 

 

]ituid ]itui d Rlrmgfiid. Rlrmgfiid. ]ituid plrmgfiid i`inij situid/gfy situid/gfylh lh tlrhlman tlrhlman (pltihid, pgt, pgnafio, jlwid, tidieid) yido `atlepithid slmiri imih pi`i plrnihuid. Easindyi; (9) Pidieid yido tuefuj `inie  pgt `aflra plrnihuid taoi tapl pleupuhid yido `aflrahid pi`i eisado eis ado-eis -eisado ado pgt. pgt. Vlspgd Vlspgdss yido yido `auhur `auhur i`inij i`inij fgfgt fgfgt hlrado hlrado tidieid. ]ituid plrmgfiid 5 pgt8 pleupuhid yido `aflrahid pi`i  pgt-pgt plrmgfiid `id fuhid tidieid. (6) Rldlnata adoad elep leplnik lnikir iraa

pld ldo oir iru uj

flr lrf fio ioia ia

kl klda dass

ri rid dsu sue e

tl tlrj rji` i`ip ip

 plrtiefijid fgfgt ahid. Vidsue tlrslfut `atlepithid `inie tidh  tlepit ahid atu flri`i. ]ituid plrmgfiid 5 tidh, fuhid ahid.  

]ituid plrmgfiid i`i 6 eimie, yiatu; g

tud tudoo ooin in88

si situ tu

fij ijid id

plr lrmg mgfi fiid id

`in inie ie

si situ tu

si situ tuid id

 plrmgfiid, easindyi `inie pgnyfio. g

hlngepgh8 situid plrmgfiid `inie pltihid.

=. Vidm Vidmid idoi oid d Vlsp Vlspgd gds. s.

Rlridmidoid Rlridm idoid rlspgds flrhiatid flrhiatid `ldoid `ldoid pleanajid/p pleanajid/pldldt ldldtuid uid sacit itiu hiriht hir ihtlras lrastah tah situid situid plrmgf plrmgfiid iid yido yido ihid ihid `aoudi `aoudihid hid udtuh udtuh eldani eldaniaa itiu itiu eldouh eld ouhur ur pldoir pldoiruj uj plrnih plrnihuid uid slrti slrti miri fioiae fioiaeidi idi miri pldani pldaniaid aid itiu itiu  pldouhuriddyi. Jin-jin yido plrnu `ahltijua `inie Vidmidoid Vlspgds ; i. Jirus eldmlre eldmlreadhid adhid pldoiruj pldoiruj yido yido `aplniki `aplnikira. ra. Easinhid Easinhid id`i id`i elnihuh elnihuhid id  plrmgfiid tldtido pldoiruj pleflraid pupuh hid`ido hgtgrid sipa tlrji`i tlrj i`ip p plrtue plrtuefuj fujid id kioudo kioudo.. Eihi Eihi id`i id`i jirus jirus elefui elefuitt ridmid ridmidoid oid rlspg rls pgds ds yi yido do sl slpl plrt rtaa ip ipii yi yido do fa fasi si eldm eldmlr lrea eadh dhid id pl pldo doir iruj uj pu pupu puh  h  hid`ido tlrslfut tlrji`ip plrtuefujid kioudo. Easidyi tadooa tidieid,  kuenij `iud, nuis `iud, `sf.  f. I`i shini uhur 

 

g

Huinatitac; dgeadin `id gr`adin (ta`ih fasi `aidinasas rioie). ]hini ada flrsacit sufklhtac slrti pl`geid plnihsidiid pldouhuridddyi hlfidyihid flnue fihu.

g

Huidta Hui dtatita titac; c; adtlrv adtlrvin/s in/slnid lnido o `id risag/ risag/das dasfij fij.. ]hini ]hini ada flrsaci flrsacitt gfklhtac `id init uhurdyi su`ij slrado tlrsl`ai.

m. I`i situid situid pldoiei pldoieitid tid,, yiatu yiatu situid situid tlrhlman tlrhlman yido `aplrou `aplroudih dihid id `inie  pldouhurid. `. I`i I`i si situ tuid id lvin lvinui uisa sa,, yiat yiatu u si situ tuid id tl tlrh rhlm lman an sl slfi fioi oiaa pl plwi wiha hann si situ tuid id  plrmgfiid yido `aplroudihid `inie idinasas `iti itiu situid lvinuisa i`inij riti-riti `ira situid pldoieitid M.

Rrad Rradsa sapp-pr prad adsa sap p @isi @isirr `ini `inie e Rlri Rlridm dmid idoi oid d Rlrm Rlrmgf gfii iid d

Vidmidoid Rlrmgfiid yido fiah i`inij yido lclhtac, tlrhlngni `id lclsald slrtii `ipit slrt `ipit `apidt `apidtiu, iu, `ahld` `ahld`ina inahid hid `id `alvin `alvinuis uisa. a. Rldolr Rldolrtai taid d lclhtac lclhtac i`inij i`inij  flrhiatid `ldoid hleiepuid eldmipia tukuid, sisirid `id hloudiid yido `arldm `ar ldmidi idihid hid itiu itiu `aoira `aoirashi shid. d. Plrhln Plrhlngni gni i`inij i`inij flrhld flrhldiid iid `ldoid `ldoid hldyit hldyitiid iid i`idyi i`i dyi flrfio flrfioia ia hltlrf hltlrfiti itisid sid itiu hld`in hld`inii yido yido tlr`ipi tlr`ipitt `inie `inie plnihs plnihsidi idiid id  plrmgfiid eiupud `inie eldoidinasas `iti.

]l`idohid lclsald

i`inij

 flrsidohut-piut `ldoid pldorisagdinid `inie pldooudiid pldooudiid sueflr `iyi, `idi `id wihtu `inie eleplrgnlj hltlridoid `ira plrmgfiid. Vidmid Vid midoid oid Rlrmgf Rlrmgfiid iid `afuit `afuit flrhld flrhldiid iid `ldoid `ldoid tlhdah tlhdah-tlh -tlhdah dah `inie `inie eldoit eld oitisa isa `id eldold eldold`in `inahi ahid d hlrioi hlrioieid eid/pl /plufi ufij-p j-pluf lufij ij yido yido eldooi eldooidoo doou u  pldoiruj slfldirdyi `ira plrnihuid itiu cihtgr yido hati tlnata itiu tltiphid `aslfut Vidmidoid Nadohudoid (Ldvargeldtin @lsaod). Plr`ipit `ui eimie sueflr hlrioieid `inie ridmidoid plrmgfiid ; Cihtgr utiei yiatu cihtgr-cihtgr yido ihid `atlnata `id sldoiki `aflrahid. @a nuir  cihtgr-cihtgr yido ihid `atlnata (cihtgr lhstlrdin). Cihtgr-cihtgr ada `ajiriphid  pldoirujdyi slhlman eudohad. Cihtgr-cihtgr Cihtgr-cihtgr ada tlr`ara `ira ;

 

i. Cihtgr Cihtgr yido `ipit `ipit `aa`ld `aa`ldtaca tacahisa hisa `id `aplrhar `aplrharihi ihid d pldoir pldoirujd ujdyi yi slflnue slflnue  plrmgfiid. Easin `inie hisus adoad `ahltijuadyi plrfl`iid hl`ui viraltis kioudo `a itis, kahi tlrdyiti hl`ui viraltis tlrslfut eleflrahid jisan yido flrfl`i, eihi flrfl`iid jisan tlrslfut slniad `aslfifhid gnlj  plrfl`iid viraltis eudohad kuoi `aslfifhid gnlj plrfl`iid hlsufurid tidij. tid ij. \dtuh \dtuh eldoit eldoitisa isa jin ada faisid faisidyi yi `anihu `anihuhid hid pldoln pldolngep gepghi ghid, d, sljadooi hlrioieid `a idtiri hlngepgh `ipit `auhur `id `ahlnuirhid `ira oinit plrmgfiid.  f. Cihtgr yido `ipit `aa`ldtacahisa tltipa pldoirujdyi ta`ih `ipit `a`uoi. Easindy Easi ndyii `inie `inie hisus hisus pg pgadt adt `a itis, itis, Ipifan Ipifanii nijid nijid elepud elepudyia yia irij hl hlsu sufu furi rid d slmiri slmiri fl flrt rtij ijip ip `i `ira ra ha hara ra hl hi hidi did d sl slja jado dooi oi ji jisa sann ih ihid id  flrhurido `ira hara hl hidid, kahi viraltis I slninu `atidie `a slflnij hidid viraltis F, eihi `inie jin ada viraltis F ihid `audtudohid hirldi slmiri rlnitac `ai flri`i flri`i pi`i nijid yido nlfaj sufur `irapi`i viraltis I. Ki`a `inie jin ada pldiepanid jisan viraltis I `id F ihid flrfais `id nlfaj eldoudtudohid F `id kahi hati adoad elefid`adohid viraltis I `id F, flrfl`iid yido tlrki`a fuhid sleiti-eiti `aslfifhid gnlj plrfl`iid viralt vir altis is ihid ihid tltipa tltipa kuoi kuoi `aslfi `aslfifhi fhid d gnlj gnlj plrfl` plrfl`iid iid hlsufur hlsufurid id tidij. tidij. \dtuh eldoitisa jin ada `anihuhid pldoimihid. m. Cihtgr Cihtgr yido ta`ih ta`ih `ipit `aa`ldt `aa`ldtaca acahis hisa. a. \dtuh eldoit eldoitisa isa jin ada `anihu `anihuhid hid  pldounidoid. Flr` Fl r`is isirh irhid id ur uria iaid id `a itis itis ud udtu tuh h elea eleada daeu eueh ehid id oi oini nitt pl plrm rmgf gfii iid d (lxplraeldti (lxplr aeldtinn lrrgr) oudi eldadohithid eldadohithid hltlnataid hltlnataid plrmgfiid plrmgfiid `aplrnuhid `aplrnuhid i`idyi Rldo Rldoun unid idoi oid d

(r (rlp lpna nami mitag tagd) d),,

pl pldo doimi imihi hid d

(rid` (rid`ge geaz azita itagd gd))

`i `id d

Rl Rldo dol` l`in inaid aid

nado nadohu hudo doid id sl sltl tlep epit it (Ngm (Ngmin in mg mgdt dtrg rgn) n) yi yido do elru elrupi pihi hid d is isis is pg pghg hgh h `i `inie nie  plridmidoid plrmgfiid. Isis hlgrtgogdinid, pleuitid (mgdcgud`ado) `id hllcasaldid elrupihid isis tiefijid. i. Rldol` Rldol`inai inaid d nadohu nadohudoi doid d sltlepi sltlepitt (Ngmin (Ngmin mgdtrg mgdtrgn), n), pldold pldold`in `inaid aid hg hgd`a d`asasahgd`asa nadohudoid yido flrpgtldsa elepldoiruja rlspgd `ira plrnihuid.

 

Jin ada `ipit `ipit `anihu `anihuhid hid `ldoid `ldoid plridm plridmido idoid id plrmgf plrmgfiid iid,, pldoou pldooudii diid d  plufij pldoarado `id eleplrflsir eleplrflsir uhurid situid plrmgfiid. Rl Rlri ridm dmid idoi oid d plrm plrmgf gfii iid. d. Jin Jin ad adaa fa fais isid idyi yi `a `ani nihu huhi hid d ud udtu tuh  h  eldoitisa eldoi tisa hgd`asa hgd`asa nadohudoi nadohudoid d situid plrmgfiid yido jltlrgold. jltlrgold. Hgd`asa Hgd`asa tlrslfut `aitisa `ldoid miri eldolngepghhid situid-situid plrmgfid `id  pi`i sltaip hlngepgh yido flrasa sleui plrnihuid sljadooi hlrioieid `a `inie hlngepgh `afuit eadaeue `id hlrioieid hlrioieid idtir hlngepgh `afuit eihsaeue.

 f. Rldooudiid plufij pldoarado. Jin ada `anihuhid ipifani tlr`ipit hlrioieid hlrioi eid `aidtiri `aidtiri situid-situid situid-situid plrmgfiid. plrmgfiid. Easindyi Easindyi adoad `ahltijua `ahltijua  plrfl`iid pldoiruj kldas pihid tlrtldtu tlrji`ip plrtiefijid fgfgt iyie. @inie jin ada sacit yido `auhur i`inij fgfgt iyie sltlnij `aflra  pihid. ]lflnue `aflra pihid, iyie-iyie tlrslfut su`ij eleanaha fgfgt yido flrfl`i, sljadooi udtuh eldadohithid tadohit hltlnataid `aoudihid  plufij pldoarado `inie jin ada i`inij fgfgt iyie slflnue `aflra pihid. Idinasas `ldoid eldooudihid plufij ada `inie stitastahi `ahldin `ldoid idinasas plrioie (idinysas gc mgviraidml). m. Elep Eleplrf lrflsi lsirr si situ tuid id pl plrm rmgf gfiid iid.. Ad Adcg cgre reisa isa yi yido do `a `apl plrg rgnlj nlj `i `ira ra suit suitu u  plrmgfiid flrfid`ado tlrfinah `ldoid oinit plrmgfiid, itiu int. @ldoid

 

hi hiti ti niad niad sleih sleihad ad hl hlma mann oi oinit nit pl plrmg rmgfi fiid id (i (int nt)) eihi eihi ad adcg cgre reisa isa yi yido do `apl `aplrg rgnl nlj j (A) ih ihid id sleih sleihad ad fl flsir sir it itiu iu sleih sleihad ad fl flsir sir uh uhur urid id si situ tuid id  plrmgfiid (d) eihi oinit plrmgfiid sleihad hlman `id adcgreisa sleihad  flsir. `. Rldoimihid Rldoimihid.. Jin ada `anihuh `anihuhid id `ldoid `ldoid eleflrahid eleflrahid hlslepi hlslepitid tid yido siei  pi`i taip situid plrmgfiid udtuh `ahldihid plrnihuid Plrhi`ido hgdslp  pldoimihid ada `anihuhid udtuh eldojanidohid fais. Ri`i mgdtgj hisus  plrmgfiid `ui viraltis kioudo slplrta yido `ahleuhihid `a `lpid `ldoid  pldlepitid situid plrmgfid slfioia flrahut ;

Rldlepitid pltih yido ta`ih imih tlrslfut ta`ih eleflrahid pld`uoi oinit plrmgfiid plrmgfiid yido sij `id ihid eleflrahid jisan yido flrfais. Ri`i mgdtgj mgdtgj `aitis, `ai tis, nijid nijid elepud elepudyia yia irij hlsufu hlsufurid rid slmiri slmiri flrtij flrtijip ip `ira `ira hara hara hl hidid hidid sljadooi jisan ihid flrhurido `ira hara hl hidid. Kahi viraltis I slninu `atidie `a slflnij hara viraltis F, eihi `inie jin ada viraltis I ihid `audtudohid hirldi slmiri slmi ri rlnitac rlnitac plrnih plrnihuid uid I flri`i flri`i pi`i pi`i nijid nijid yido yido nlfaj nlfaj sufur sufur `afid` `afid`ado adohid hid `ldoid viraltis F. Ki`a `inie jin ada pldiepanid jisan viraltis I `id F ihid  flrfais `id nlfaj eldoudtudohid I `id kahi hati adoad elefid`adohid viraltis I `id F, plrfl`iid yido tlrki`a fuhid sleiti-eiti `aslfifhid gnlj plrfl`iid viralt vir altis is ihid ihid tlt tltipa ipa kuoi kuoi `aslfi `aslfifhi fhid d gnlj gnlj plrfl` plrfl`iid iid hlsufur hlsufurid id tidij. tidij. \dtuh  \dtuh  eldojad`ira jin tlrslfut pltihid jirus `atlepithid sl`leahaid rupi sljadooi ta`ih ta` ih i`i viralt viraltis is yido yido `audtu `audtudoh dohid id itiu `aruoa `aruoahid hid.. Jin ada `ipit `ipit `anihu `anihuhid hid `ldoid eldlepithid viraltis-viraltis slmiri imih pi`i pltih plrmgfiid.

 

Rldoun Rld ounido idoid. id. \nidoi \nidoid d `anihu `anihuhid hid `ldoid `ldoid eleflr eleflrahi ahid d plrnih plrnihuid uid yido yido siei pi`i situid plrmgfiid nlfaj `ira situ hina. Cudosa `ira unidoid ; 

Rld`uoiid oinit.Kahi suitu plrmgfiid ta`ih eldoid`udo unidoid, eihi oinit plrmgfiid ta`ih `ipit `a`uoi. Hati ta`ih `ipit eldklnishid slmiri tlpit ipihij plrfl`iid yido taefun `aslfifhid gnlj plrfl`iid `aidtiri  plrnihuid itiu plrfl`iid `a idtiri situid-situid plrmgfiid.



Eldadohithid hltlnataid plrmgfiid Rldoouiid tlhdah-tlhdah yido hurido tlnata itiu plodooudiid situid plrmgfiid yido hurido jgegold `ipit `aitisa `ldoid eldiefij kuenij unidoid. @ldoid flrtiefijdyi unidoid, `uoiid elid pgpunisa ihid sleihad tlnata.



Eleplrnuis Elepl rnuis mihupid mihupid hlsaepunid hlsaepunid.. Jin ada `anihuhid `anihuhid elninua pleanajid pleanajid situid plrmgfiid yido nlfaj flrviraisa, easindyi unidoid yido `anihuhid `inie wihtu yido flrfl`i.



Eldol`inahid rioie oinit. @ldoid elefuit hlngepgh slfioia unidoid, eihi ei hi si situ tuid id pl plrmg rmgfi fiid id `a `i `ini nie e hl hlng ngep epgh gh elep elepud udyi yiaa hl hlri rioi oiei eid d eadaeue `id situid plrmgfiid idtir hlngepgh elepudyia hlrioieid eihsaeue, sljadooi usiji udtuh elnajit plrfl`iid plrnihuid `a `inie hl hlng ngep epgh gh ih ihid id nlfa nlfaj j tlna tlnata ta.. @l @ldo doid id mi miri ri ad adaa hl hlri rioi oiei eid d oi oini nitt `i `ipi pitt `ahld`inahid. Jin-jin yido plrnu `aplrjitahid `inie eldldtuhid kuenij unidoid (9)

hlrioieid init, fijid, el`ai, `id nadohudoid plrmgfiid. \dtuh fijid yo su`ij tlr`lshrapsa slmiri klnis slplrta pupuh fuitid, plstasa`i, fldaj viraltis udooun, eihi `aplrnuhid unidoid yido hlman. \dtuh fijid yo flnue tlr`lshrapsa slplrta  pupuh hid`ido, pupuh iniea, fldaj viraltis nghin, eihi plrnu kuenij unidoid yido flsir, (6) faiyi `id tldioi yido tlrsl`ai. @.

Eg`ln Pl Pltip `id Eg`ln I Immih 

 

Rldldt Rld ldtuid uid suitu suitu cihtgr cihtgr ipihij ipihij tlreisu tlreisuh h eg`ln eg`ln tlt tltip ip itiu itiu eg`ln eg`ln imih  sidoit flrhiatid itiu tlroidtudo `ira pldouisiid fa`ido aneu yido sl`ido `atlnata.  Dieud `leahaid pldoltijuid tldtido hnisacahisa eg`ln tltip `id eg`ln imih  sidoit pldtado udtuh eleflrahid oiefirid hlpi`i piri pldlnata sljadooi `ipit eleflrahid hlslrioieid `lcadasa `id plrslpsa. 9. Eg`ln Pl Pltip. Rlrmgfiid Rlrmgf iid yido plrnihuiddyi plrnihuiddyi itiu tiric cihtgrdyi cihtgrdyi `atltiphid `atltiphid slflnue  pldlnataid gnlj pldlnata, `inie jin ada pldlnata tldtudyi elepudyia suitu inisid ini sid flr`is flr`isirh irhid id fa`ido fa`ido aneudy aneudyii eldlti eldltiphi phid d fijwi, fijwi, tiric-ti tiric-tiric ric cihtgr  cihtgr  tlrslfut tlrslf ut elepudyia elepudyia suitu mara tlrtldtu tlrtldtu yido `ipit elefl`ihid elefl`ihid `ldoid tiric  yido niad. Ki`a taip tiric `ipit elwihana pgpunisa yido `ajapgtlsashid itiu `afiyidohid i`i. ]lfioia ]lfio ia tlni`id, tlni`id, pldlnataid pldlnataid pldoiruj plkidtid sipa Fina tlrji`ip flrit nijar idih `ira ad`uh yido `ahiwada. Easindyi `aoudihid 0 lhgr plkidtid yido eisado-eisado `ahiwadhid `ldoid < lhgr sipa fltadi yido slrioie, eihi cihtgr plkidtid fasi eg`ln tltip fasi kuoi eg`ln imih. Rlkidt Rlk idtid id sipa Fina Fina `ahitih `ahitihid id eg`ln eg`ln tlt tltip, ip, kahi kahi tai taip-t p-taip aip plkidt plkidtid id `ipit `ipit `aa`ldtacahisa elepudyia mara-mara tlrtldtu yido `ipit `atltiphid gnlj pldlnata slflnu slf lnue e pldlna pldlnataid taid `anihu `anihuhid hid.. Easind Easindyi yi plkidt plkidtid id plrtie plrtieii ueur ueur 6 tijud tijud,,  plkidtid hl`ui ueur 6,< tijud,plkidtid hltaoi ueur = tijud `id plkidtid hllepit ueur =,< tijud. Fasi kuoi `aa`ldtacahisa flr`isirhid fgfgt tufujdyi  pi`i ueur yido siei, easinhid fgfgtdyi eisado-eisado 6