Makalah Pneumonia Kel.3

 

=

LCFCKCE ‛ PNDTLHNAC“ Ghsdn 9 _dptacn Luja ]cecyu, Ndrs, L.Fdp

Ga _usun Hkde9 Fdkhlphf ?

Oeah Lafecdk Prctclc. P

=035.O.30c.0123

Oac

=035.O.30c.012=

Idfaodn

=035.O.30c.01:0

Wdtdnac Gaycnta

=035.O.30c.015:

QCQC_CN DFC EC]CP PCKCNJFC ]CQC _DFHKCE WANJJA AKLT FD_DECWCN P]HGA _C]ICNC FDPD]CZCWCN WCETN CFCGDLAF =031/=0=0

 

=

 

3

 

Fctc Pdnjcntcr

Puiaa gcn syufur Pui syufur fcla fcla uocpfc uocpfcn n fdpcgc fdpcgc Wuecn Wuecn Qcnj Qcnj Lcec Lcec Dsc. Dsc. Mdrfct Mdrfct kalpcecn rcelct rcelct gcn fcrunac-Nyc fcla fcla gcpct gcpct ldnydkdscafcn ldnydkdscafcn Lcfckce Wdntcnj Lcfckce ana gasusun gasusun junc ldkdnjfcpa ldkdnjfcpa tujcs tujcs lctc lctc fukace  ‛ PNDTLHNAC ‛ , Lcfckce Fdpdrcwctcn Cncf A. Fcla ldnycgcra mcewc lcfckce ana lunjfan tdrgcpct fdsckcecn gcn icue gcra fctc sdlpurnc. Hkde fcrdnc atu, fcla ldnjecrcpfcn scrcn gcn frataf ycnj ldlmcn ldl mcnju jun n gcra gcra pdlmco pdlmcocc gcn lugcelugce-lug lugcec cecn n kcphrc kcphrcn n ana gcpct gcpct ldnocp ldnocpca ca scscrcn ycnj gaecrcpfcn sdeanjjc gcpct mdrlcnbcct mcja fatc sdluc.

  Pckcnjfc ]cyc, Lcrdt =0=0

 pdnukas

a

 

GCBWC] A_A Fctc Pdnjcntcr.................................................................................................................a GCBWC] A_A.....................................................................................................................aa MCM 3 PDNGCETKTCN .................................................................................................3 3.3.Kctcr Mdkcfcnj.......................................................................................................3 3.=.]uluscn Lcsckce.................................................................................................? 3.?.Wuiucn.....................................................................................................................? MCM = WANICTCN PT_WCFC.......................................................................................7 =.3. Gdbanasa...................................................................................................................7 =.=. Fkcsabafcsa..............................................................................................................7 =.?. Dtahkhja...................................................................................................................4 =.7. Dpagdlahkhja..........................................................................................................: =.4. PCWEZCQ_..........................................................................................................1 =.2. Lcnabdstcsa Fkanas................................................................................................30 =.:. Pdldrafsccn Gacjnhstaf .....................................................................................30 .....................................................................................30 =.5. Pdnctckcfscnccn Pdnctckcfscnccn..................................................................................................33 =.1. Fhlpkafcsa...........................................................................................................33 =.30. Pdnodjcecn........................................................................................................3? MCM ? PDNTWTP ……………………………………………………………………….34 ?.3. Fdsalpukcn……………………………………………………………………....34 ?.=. _crcn....................................................................................................................34 GCBWC] PT_WCFC.....................................................................................................32

aa

 

MCM 3 PDNGCETKTCN 3.3.

Kctcr Mdkcfcnj

Pndu Pn dulh lhna nacc ldru ldrupc pcfc fcn n lcsc lcsckc kce e fd fdsd sdec ectc tcn n ga gu guna nacc fc fcrd rdnc nc cn cnjf jfcc fdlctacnnyc tanjja, tagcf scic gandjcrc mdrfdlmcnj, tcpa iujc ga ndjcrc lciu sdpdrta C_, Fcncgc gcn ndjcrc-ndjcrc Drhpc. Ga C_ lascknyc, tdrgcpct guc  iutc sclpca tajc iutc fcsus pndulhnac pdr tceun gdnjcn iulkce fdlctacn rctcrctc 74.000 hrcnj. Ga Anghndsac, pndulhnac ldrupcfcn pdnydmcm fdlctacn nhlhr tajc sdtdkce fcrgahvcsfukdr gcn tumdrfukhsas. Bcfthr shsack dfhnhla ycnj rdngce ldlpdrtanjja cnjfc fdlctacn. Jdickc Pndulhnac cgckce gdlcl, sdscf ncpcs, ncpcs gcn ncga odpct, gcecf mdrwcrnc fdeaicucn ctcu sdpdrta fcrdt, sdrtc jclmcrcn ecsak rhnsdn ldlpdrkaectfcn fdpcgctcn pcgc mcjacn  pcru. Fdpcgctcn tdricga fcrdnc pcru gapdnuea sdk rcgcnj gcn ocarcn ycnj sdmdncrnyc ldrupcfcn rdcfsa tumue untuf ldlctafcn kulcn. Wcpa cfamctnyc bunjsa pcru tdrjcnjju, pdngdratc ldnjckcla fdsukatcn mdrncpcs, fcrdnc tcf  tdrsasc rucnj untuf hfsajdn. Pndulhnac ycnj cgc ga lcsycrcfct ululnyc, gasdmc gas dmcmf mfcn cn hkde hkde mcftdra mcftdra,, varus varus ctcu ctcu lafhpk lafhpkcsl cslcc (mdntu (mdntuf f pdrcka pdrckaecn ecn cntcrc cntcrc  mcftdra gcn varus). Mcftdra ycnj ulul cgckce strdpthohoous Pndulhnacd, _tcpeykhohoous Curdus, Fkdmsadkkc _p, Psdughlhncs sp, varus lascknyc varus anbkudnzc. Pndulhnac sdmdncrnyc mufcn pdnycfat mcru. Cldraocn Kunj Csshoactahn

lascknyc, lasckn yc, ldnydmutf ldnydmutfcn cn eanjjc eanjjc tceun 31?2 pndulhnac pndulhnac ldnicga ldnicga pdnydmcm pdnydmcm fdlctacnnhlhr sctu ga Cldrafc. Pdnjjunccn cntamahtaf, ldlmuct pdnycfat ana masc gafhntrhk mdmdrcpc tceun fdlugacn. Nclun tceun =000, fhlmancsa  pndulhnac gcn anbkudnzc fdlmcka ldrcickdkc gcn ldnicga pdnydmcm fdlctacn fdtuiue ga ndjcrc atu. Pndulhnac cgckce sckce sctu pdnycfat ycnj ldnydrcnj sckurcn sckurc n ncbcs mcjacn mcwce ycnj tdrmcnycf fcsusnyc gagcpctfcn gagcpctfcn ga prcftdfprcftdf prcftdf ghftdr ctcu rulce scfat gcn sdranj ldnydmcmfcn fdlctacn tdrmdscr   mcja pdnycfat sckurcn ncbcs mcwce ycnj ldnydrcnj cncf-cncf gcn mckatc eclpar ga sdkurue gunac. Gapdrfarcfcn pndulhnac mcnycf tdricga pcgc mcya furcnj gcra = mukcn, hkde fcrdnc atu pdnjhmctcn pdngdratc pndulhnac gcpct

3

 

ldnuru ldn urunfc nfcn n cnjfc cnjfc fdlctac fdlctacn n cncf.P cncf.Pndu ndulhn lhnac ac ldnydm ldnydmcmf cmfcn cn anbdfs anbdfsaa pcru pcru ldrcgcnj. Fcntunj-fcntunj ugcrc gckcl pcru ycnj gasdmut ckvdhka gapdnuea ncnce gcn ocarcn sdeanjjc fdlclpucn ldnydrcp hfsajdn ldnicga furcnj. Fdfurc Fdf urcnjc njcn n hf hfsaj sajdn dn ldlmuc ldlmuctt sdk-sdk sdk-sdk tumue tumue tagcf tagcf masc masc mdfdric mdfdric.. Jcrc-jc Jcrc-jcrc rc anakce, anakc e, sdkcan pdnydmcrcn pdnydmcrcn anbdfsa anbdfsa fd sdkurue sdkurue tumue, tumue, pdngdratc pdngdratc pndulhnac pndulhnac masc ldna ld nanj njjc jck. k. Tlul Tlulny nycc pn pndu dulh lhna nacc td tdric ricga ga cf cfam amct ct an anec eckc kcsa sa ct ctcu cu csparc csparcsa sa lafrhh laf rhhrjc rjcnas nasld, ld, sdmcja sdmcjacn cn fdoak fdoak ldkcku ldkckuaa cka ckarcn rcn gcrce gcrce (edlct (edlcthjd hjdn). n). _ukat _ukat ldlmdgcfcn ldlm dgcfcn pndulhnac pndulhnac mcftdra mcftdra gcn varus. varus. Mrhnfhpnd Mrhnfhpndulhn ulhnac ac ldrupcfcn ldrupcfcn  idnas pndulhnac tdrsdranj tdrs dranj pcgc mcya gcn cncf. Pndulhnac khmcras kdmae sdranj s dranj gatdlufcn gdnjcn pdrtclmcecn ulur. Pndu Pn dulh lhna nacc

mdrc mdrctt

masc masc

tdri tdricg cgaa

ea eaph phfs fsdl dlac ac,,

ea eapd pdrf rfcp cpnd ndc, c,

csag cs aghs hsas as

rdsparct rdsp arcthra hraf, f, csaghs csaghsas as ldtcmh ldtcmhkaf kaf,, gcn jcjck jcjck ncbcs, ncbcs, sdeanj sdeanjjc jc pdldnu pdldnuecn ecn fdmutuecn hfsajdncsa pcgc pcsadn ycnj pckanj gautclcfcn (_dtacwcta, =005). Hfsajdncsa Hfsaj dncsa cgckce cgckce sckce sctu fhlphndn fhlphndn jcs jcs gcn unsur unsur vatck gckcl gckcl prhsds ldtcmhkasld ldtcm hkasld,, untuf ldlpdrtcecnfcn ldlpdrtcecnfcn fdkcnjsunjc fdkcnjsunjcn n eagup eagup sdkurue sdkurue sdk tumue. tumue.  Nhrlcknyc dkdldn ana gapdrhkde gdnjcn ocrc ldnjearup ugcrc rucnjcn gckcl sdtacp fcka mdrncbcs. mdrncbcs. Pdnyclpcac Pdnyclpcacn n hfsajdn hfsajdn (H=) fd icranjcn tumue gatd gatdnt ntuf ufcn cn hkde hkde an antd tdrc rcfs fsaa sa sastd stdl l rd rdsp sparc arcsa sa,, fc fcrg rgah ahvc vcsf sfuk ukdr dr gc gcn n fd fdcg cgccn ccn edlcthkhjas (]ubcagce, =004).

Pdldnu Pdl dnuecn ecn fdmutu fdmutuecn ecn hfsajd hfsajdncsa ncsa gcpct gcpct gakcfu gakcfufcn fcn gdnjcn gdnjcn mdmdrcp mdmdrcpcc ldthgd ldt hgd sdpdrta sdpdrta ldnjju ldnjjuncf ncfcn cn fctdtd fctdtdrr ncsck, ncsck, fcnuk fcnuk ncsck, ncsck, sunjfup sunjfup lufc lufc sdgdrecnc, sdgdre cnc, sunjfup sunjfup fcnthnj fcnthnj rdmrdcteanj, rdmrdcteanj,   sunjfup lufc gdnjcn

fcnthnj

nhn rdmrdcteanj  .  . Ndmukazdr iujc gcpct gamdrafcn pcgc hrcnj ycnj ldnjckcla jc jcnj njju jucn cn sa sastd stdl l pd pdrn rncp cpcsc cscn n sdpdr sdpdrta ta mc mctu tuf, f,

pa pakd kdf f lcup lcupun un hm hmstr struf ufsa sa /

 pdnyulmctcn sckurcn pdrncpcscn hkde lufus. Ndmukazdr odngdrunj gamdrafcn  pcgc mcya ctcu cncf-cncf fcrdnc usac tdrsdmut mdkul lclpu ldnjdkucrfcn gcecf gce cf sdocrc sdocrc hptalc hptalckk (]ubca (]ubcagce gce,, =004). =004)._dm _dmdnc dncrny rnycc pndulh pndulhnac nac mufcnk mufcnkce ce  pdnycfat tunjjck. Pdnydmcmnyc masc mdrlcocl-lcocl gcn gafdtceua cgc ?0 sulmdrr anbdfsa, sulmd anbdfsa, gdnjcn gdnjcn sulmdr sulmdr utclc mcftdra, varus, lafrhpkcsl lafrhpkcslc, c, iclur, iclur,  mdrmcjca sdnycwc falac lcupun pcrtafdk.

=

 

3.=.

]uluscn Lc Lcsckce

c. Cpc ycnj ycnj galc galcfsu fsug g gdnjcn gdnjcn gdban gdbanasa asa Pndul Pndulhna hnacc 8  m. Cpc scic pdlydmcm gcra Pndulhnac 8 o. Cpc scic bcfthr bcfthr rdsafh rdsafh pndulh pndulhnac nac 8 g. Mcjcalcnc Mcjcalcnc ldnjdtc ldnjdtceuca euca jdickc jdickc ctcu lcnabdstcsa lcnabdstcsa fkanas fkanas gcra gcra pndulhn pndulhnac ac 8 d. Mcjcalcnc Mcjcalcnc ldnjdtc ldnjdtceua eua fhlpaf fhlpafcsa csa gcn pdnctckcfscn pdnctckcfscnccn ccn gcra gcra pndulhna pndulhnacc 8 b. Mcjcal Mcjcalcnc cnc ldnj ldnjdtc dtceua eua pcth pcthbasa basahkh hkhja ja pndul pndulhna hnacc 8 j. Cpc scic pdnodj pdnodjcec cecn n gcra gcra pndul pndulhna hnacc 8 3.?.

Wuiucn

c. Ldnjdt Ldnjdtceu ceuaa gdbdn gdbdnasa asa gcra gcra Pndul Pndulhna hnac. c.  m. Ldnjdtceua pdnydmcm gcra Pndulhnac. Pndulhnac. o. Ldnjdt Ldnjdtceu ceuaa bcfth bcfthrr rdsaf rdsafh h pndu pndulhn lhnac. ac. g. Ldnjdtceua Ldnjdtceua jdickc ctcu lcnabdstcsa lcnabdstcsa fkanas fkanas gcra Pndulhnac. Pndulhnac. d. Ldnjdtceua Ldnjdtceua fhlpkafcsa fhlpkafcsa gcn mcjcalc mcjcalcnc nc ocrc pdnctckcfscn pdnctckcfscnccn ccn (tedrcpy (tedrcpy))

gcra Pndulhnac. b. Ldnjdt Ldnjdtceu ceuaa pcthba pcthbasah sahkhj khjaa pndulh pndulhnac nac.. j. Ldnjdt Ldnjdtceu ceuaa pdnctckc pdnctckcfsc fscncc nccn n pndulh pndulhnac nac

?

 

MCM =

WANICTCN PT_WCFC

=.3. Gdbanasa

Pndulh Pnd ulhnac nac ldrupc ldrupcfcn fcn pdrcgc pdrcgcnjc njcn n cfut cfut pcrdnf pcrdnfal al pcru pcru ycnj ycnj macscn macscnyc yc  mdrcsck gcra suctu anbdfsa. (Praod, 3114). Pndulhnac Pndul hnac cgckce pdrcgcnjcn pdrcgcnjcn ycnj ldnjdnca ldnjdnca pcrdnfal pcrdnfal pcru, gastck gcra  mrhnfahkus tdrlanckas ycnj ldnocfup mrhnfahkus rdsparcthraus, ckvdhka, sdrtc ldnalmukfcn fhnshkagcsa icranjcn pcru gcn ldnalmukfcn jcnjjucn pdrtufcrcn jcs sdtdlpct. (Yuk, =003). Mrhnfhpndu Mrhnf hpndulhnac lhnac gajuncfcn gajuncfcn untuf untuf ldnjjclmcrf ldnjjclmcrfcn cn pndulhnac pndulhnac ycnj ldlp ld lpun unyc ycaa ph phkc kc pd pdny nydm dmcrc crcn n md mdrm rmdro drocf cf,, tdrct tdrctur ur gc gckc kcl l sctu sctu ct ctcu cu kd kdma mae e crdc crdc tdrkhfckascsa gagckcl mrhnfa gcn ldkucs fd pcrdnfal pcru ycnj mdrgdfctcn ga sdfat sdf atcr crny nyc. c. Pcgc Pcgc mr mrhn hnfh fh pn pndu dulh lhna nacc

tdric tdricga ga fh fhns nshk hkag agcsa csa crdc crdc

md mdrm rmdro drocf cf..

(_ldktzdr,=003). =.=. Fkcsabafcsa

Fkcsabafcsa ldnurut Yuk Gcekcn (=003) 9 3.

Mdrgcs Mdrgcscrf crfcn cn oara rcgahk rcgahkhja hjass gcn gcn jdic jdickc kc fkan fkanas, as, gamcja gamcja ctcs ctcs 9

7

 

c.

Pndulhnac tapafck, mdro roaarafcn tcngcc-ttcngc pndulhnac khmcras gdnjcn hpcsatcs khmus ctcu khmukcras.

 m.

Pndulhnac ctapafck, gatcngca jcnjjucn rdsparcsa ycnj ldnanjfct kclmct gdnjcn jclmcrcn anbaktrct pcru makctdrck ycnj gabus.

=.

Mdrg Mdrgcs cscr crfc fcn n bcf bcfth thrr kkan anjf jfun unjc jcn n9 c.

Pndulhnac fh fhlunatcs

?.

 m.

Pndulhnac nhshfhlack

o.

Pndulhnac rdfurdns

g.

Pndulhnac csparcsa

d.

Pndulhnac pcgc jcnjjucn alun

b.

Pndulhnac eaphstctaf  

Mdrg Mdrgcs cscr crf fcn sa san ngr grh hl fka fkan nas 9 c.

Pndu Pndulh lhna nacc mcf mcftd tdra rack ck mdru mdrupc pc 9 pnd pndul ulhn hnac ac mc mcft ftdr drac ackk tap tapdd tap tapaf afck ck yc ycnj nj tdrutclc ldnjdnca pcrdnfal pcru gckcl mdntuf mrhnfhpndulhnac gcn  pndulhnac khmcr sdrtc pndulhnac mcftdrack tapd oclpurcn ctapafck ycatu  pdrickcncn pdnycfat ranjcn gcn icrcnj gasdrtca fhnshkagcsa pcru.

 m.

Pndulhnac nhn mcftdrack, gafdnck pndulhnac ctapafck ycnj gasdmcmfcn Lyohpkcslc, Oekclygac pndulhnacd ctcu Kdjahndkkc.

Fkcsabafcsa mdrgcscrfcn ]ddvds (=003) 9 3. Ohllu Ohllunat naty y Coquar Coquardg dg Pndunh Pndunhlac lac galukca galukca sdmcjc sdmcjcaa pdnycf pdnycfat at pdrncb pdrncbcscn cscn ulul gcn masc mdrfdlmcnj ldnicga pndulhnac. Pndulhnac _trdpthohock ldrupc ldr upcfcn fcn hrjcna hrjcnasld sld pdnydm pdnydmcm cm ulul. ulul. Wapd Wapd pndul pndulhna hnacc ana macscn macscnyc yc ldnalpc fckcnjcn cncf-cncf ctcu fckcnjcn hrcnj tuc. =. Ehspat Ehspatck ck Coquar Coquardg dg Pndul Pndulhna hnacc gafdnc gafdnckk sdmcjc sdmcjcaa pndulh pndulhnac nac nhshfhla nhshfhlack. ck. Hrjcna Hrj cnasld sld sdpdrta sdpdrta ana cdruja cdrujanas nascc psdughl psdughlhnc hncs. s. Fkamsd Fkamsdakk akkcc ctcu ctcu curdus curdus

4

 

stcpakh stcp akhoho ohoous ous,, ldrupc ldrupcfcn fcn mcftdr mcftdraa ulul ulul pdnydm pdnydmcm cm eh ehspa spatck tck coquar coquardg dg  pndulhnac. ?. Khmcr Khmcr gcn Mrhnfhp Mrhnfhpndu ndulhn lhnac ac gafctd gafctdjhr jhrafc afcn n mdrgcs mdrgcscrf crfcn cn khfcsa khfcsa cncthl cncthlaa anbdfs anb dfsa. a. _dfcrcn _dfcrcnj j ana pndulh pndulhnac nac gafkcsa gafkcsabaf bafcsa csafcn fcn ldnuru ldnurutt hrjcna hrjcnasld sld,,  mufcn ecnyc ldnurut khfcsa khfcsa cncthlanyc scic.

7. Pndulhnac  varck, varck, mcftdra mcftdrack ck gcn bunja bunja gafctdj gafctdjhra hrafcn fcn mdrgcs mdrgcscrf crfcn cn pcgc pcgc cjdn pdnydmcmnyc, fuktur sdnsabatcs gakcfufcn untuf ldnjagdntabafcsafcn hrjcnasld pdruscf. =.?. Dtahkhja

Ldnurut _ldktzdr gcn Mcrd (=00=), dtahkhja pndulhnac cgckce c. Mcftdra

Mcftdra cgckce pdnydmcm pckanj sdranj pndulhnac ga lcsycrcfct gcn nhshfhlac nhshfhlack. k. Mdrafut Mdrafut ana cgckce mcftdra-mcftdra mcftdra-mcftdra ycnj ldnicga ldnicga dtahkhja dtahkhja  pndulhnac ga lcsycrcfct gcn nhshfhlack9 nhshfhlack9 

Khfcsa sulmdr lcsycrcfct Mcft Mc ftdr dran anyc yc

cgck cgckce ce

 pndulhnacd,

_trd _trdpt ptho hoho hoou ouss

Kdjahndkkc

pndulhnacd,

pn pndu dulh lhna nacd cd,,

Lyoh Lyohpk pkcs cslc lc

Oekclygagc pndulhnacd,

Cncdrhm hrck (csparcsa), gcn Anbkudnzc tapd C gcn M. 

Khfcsa sulmdr nhshfhlack Mcft Mc ftdr dran anyc yc cg cgck ckce ce Mcsa Mcsakk usus usus jr jrcl cl nd ndjc jcta tabb (Dso (Dsoed edra raoe oeac ac oh ohka ka,, Fkdmsadkkc pndulhnac Fkdmsadkkc pndulhnacd), d), Psdughlhn Psdughlhncs cs cdrhjanhsc, cdrhjanhsc, _tcpeykhoh _tcpeykhohoous oous curdus, gcn Cncdrhm hrck (csparcsa).

m. Rarus

_dtdnjce gcra fdicgacn pndulhnac gapdrfarcfcn gasdmcmfcn hkde varus. Rarus ycnj tdrsdranj ldnydmcmfcn pndulhnac cgckce ]dsparcthry _ynoack Rarus (]_R). Ldsfapun Ldsfapun varus-varus varus-varus ana fdmcnycfcn fdmcnycfcn ldnydrcnj sckurcn  pdrncpcscn mcjacn ctcs, pcgc mckatc jcnjjucn ana masc ldlaou pndulhnac. pndulhnac. Mdra Md rafu futt

ana ana

cgck cgckce ce varu varuss

yc ycnj nj gc gcpc pctt

 pndulhnac9 

Anbkudnzc varus

2

 



Cgdnhvarus



Rarus rdsparcthry

ldny ldnydm dmcf cfcn cn td tdri ricg cgan anyc yc



_ynoytack rdparcthry varus



Pndulhnac varus

o. Lafhpkcslc

Lafhpkcslc cgckce pdnydmcm pndulhnac ctapafck praldr ycnj pckanj ulul. ulu l. Lafhpk Lafhpkcsl cslcc ldrup ldrupcfc cfcn n hrjcna hrjcnasld sld fdoak fdoak ycnj ycnj gafdka gafdkakan kanja ja hkde hkde ldlmrcn mdrkcpas tajc tcnpc gaganj sdk. Hrjcnasld ana tulmue pcgc ldgac fuktur feusus tdtcpa mdrmdgc gdnjcn varus. Pndulhnac lafhpkcslc sdranj tdricga pcgc cncf-cncf ycnj sugce mdscr gcn gdwcs lugc. g. Prhthzhc

Pndulhnac ycnj gasdmcmfcn hkde prhthzhc sdranj gasdmut pndulhnac  pndulhsastas. Wdrlcsuf jhkhnjcn ana cgckce Pndulhoystatas Ocranaa Pndulhnac (POP). Mdrafut ana cgckce prhthzhc ycnj gcpct ldnydmcmfcn  pnudlhnac9 

Pndulhsatas fcrana



Pndulhnac pndulhsastas



Pndulhnac pkcslc sdk

d. Pdn dnyd ydm mcm Kcan Kcan

Pdnydmcm Pdnyd mcm kcan ycnj gcpct ldnydmcmf ldnydmcmfcn cn pnudlhnac pnudlhnac cgckce tdrcpa rcgacsa,  mcecn falac, gcn csparcsa. Pndulhnac rcgacsa gcpt ldnydrtca tdrcpa rcgacsa untuf fcnfdr pcyugcrc ctcu pcru, macscnyc 2 lanmmu ctcu kdmae sdtdkce  pdnjhmctcn sdkdsca. Pndulhnac falacwa tdricga sdtdkce ldnodrnc fdrhsan ctcu aneckcsa jcs ycnj ldnjaratcsa. =.7. Dpagdlahkhja

Ansagdnsa tceuncn9 4-33 fcsus pdr 3.000 hrcnj gdwcsc6 34-74% pdrku ga rcwct garulce scfat (3-7 fcsus), gcn 4-30% gahmcta ga AOT. Ansagdnsa pckanj tanjja pcgc pcsadn ycnj scnjct lugc gcn usac kcniut. Lhrtckatcs9 4-3=% pcgc  pcsadn ycnj garcwct ga rulce scfat6 =4-40% pcgc pcsadn AOT (Mufd, =001). Ga Tnatdg _tctds, ansagdnsa untuf pdnycfat ana ldnocpca 3= fcsus tacp 3.000 hrcnj gdwcsc. Fdlctacn untuf pcsadn rcwct ickcn furcnj gcra 3%, tdtcpa fdlctacn pcgc pcsadn ycnj garcwct ga rulce scfat oufup tanjja ycatu sdfatcr 

:

 

37% (Ckmdrtc Ldgaock Csshoactahn, =00=). Ga ndjcrc mdrfdlmcnj sdfatcr 30=0% pcsadn ycnj ldldrkufcn pdrcwctcn ga rulce scfat gcn cnjfc fdlctacn gacntc gac ntcrc rc pcsadn pcsadn tdrsdmu tdrsdmutt kdmae kdmae tanjja tanjja,, ycatu ycatu sdfatcr sdfatcr ?0-70% ?0-70% (_cian (_ciancga cgaycs ycsc, c, =033). Ga Anghndsac sdngara, ansagdnsa pdnycfat ana oufup tanjja sdfatcr 4-?4% gdnjcn fdlctacn ldnocpca =0-40% (Bcrlcoac, =002). 

Bcfthr ]dsafh

Mdrafut ana cgckce bcfthr rdsafh pndulhnac ldnurut Praod gcn Zakshn, =0049 

Tsac ga ctcs 24 tceun



Csparcsa sdfrdt hrhbcranjdck



Anbdfsa pdrncpcscn hkde varus



_cfat ycnj pcrce pcrce gcn cfcn ldnydmcmfcn ldnydmcmfcn fdkdlcecn, fdkdlcecn, lascknyc lascknyc gacmdtds lakatus gcn urdlac



Pdnycfat pdrncpcscn frhnaf, lascknyc OHPG, cslc, fastaf bamrhsas



Fcnfdr, tdrutclc fcnfdr pcru



Warce mcranj ycnj kclc



Wrcsdfthla ctcu pdlcfcacn sdkcnj dnghtrcfdck



Mdgce cmghlanack gcn thrcfs



Brcftur tukcnj ajc



Pdnjhmctcn gdnjcn alunhsuprdsab 



CAG_

 

]awcyct ldrhfhf  Ckfhehkasld



Lcknutrasa Cgcpu Cgc pun n bcfthr bcfthr ycnj ycnj ululny ululnycc ldnicg ldnicgaa prdgas prdgasphs phsasa asa angava angavagu gu tdrecgc tdrecgcp p

 pndulhnac, ycatu sdmcjca mdrafut9 

_dtacp _dt acp fhngas fhngasaa ycnj ycnj ldnjec ldnjecsak sakfcn fcn kdngar kdngar ctcu hmstru hmstrufsa fsa mrhnfa mrhnfack ck gcn ldnjcnjju grcancjd nhrlck pcru. Ldnannjfctnyc rdsafh pndulhnac gcpct tdric tdricga ga pc pcgc gc pd pdny nycf cfat at fc fcnf nfdr dr gc gcn n pd pdny nycf cfat at hm hmstr struf ufsa sa pcru pcru ldnc ldnceu eun n (PPHL).



Pcsa Pcsadn dn alun alunhs hsup uprds rdsab ab gc gcn n ldrd ldrdfc fc gd gdnj njcn cn iu iulk lkce ce nd ndut utrh rhba bakk rd rdng ngce ce (ndutrhpdna) cfcn mdrdsafh pnudlhnac.

5

 



Anga Angava vagu gu yc ycnj nj ldrh ldrhfh fhf f cf cfcn cn md mdrd rdsaf safh h pd pdul ulhn hnac ac fc fcrdn rdncc cscp cscp rh rhfh fhf  f  ldnjcnjju cftavatcs lufhsakacras gcn lcfrhbcj.



_dtacp pcsadn ycnj gapdrmhkdefcn mdrmcranj sdocrc pcsab gckcl wcftu ycnj kclc, rdkctab alhmak, gcn mdrncpcs gcnjfck lcfc cfcn mdrdsafh tdrecgcp  mrhnfhpndulhnac.



_dtacp angavagu ycnj ldnjckcla gdprdsa rdbkdfs mctuf (fcrdnc ldgafcsa, fdcgccn fdcgcc n ycnj ldkdlcefcn, ldkdlcefcn, ctcu htht-htht pdrncpcscn ldkdlce), ldkdlce), tdkce ldnjcs ldn jcspar parcsa csa mdngc mdngc csanj csanj lcsuf lcsuf fd gckcl gckcl pcru

sdkclc sdkclc pdrahgd pdrahgd tagcf 

scgcr (odgdrc fdpckc, cncstdsac), ctcu ldfcnasld ldndkcn ycnj cmnhrlck gcpct gafctcfcn eclpar pcsta mdrdsafh mrhnfhpdnulhnac. 

_dtacp pcsadn ycnj garcwct gdnjcn NPH (gapucscfcn) ctcu ldrdfc ycnj ldngcpct cntamahtaf ldnjckcla pdnanjfctcn fhkhnascsa hrjcnasld (mcftdra jrcl ndjctab) bcranj gcn mdrdsafh pndulhnac.



Angava Ang avagu gu ycnj ycnj sdranj sdranj ldnjck ldnjckcla cla anthfs anthfsanc ancsa sa tdrutc tdrutclc lc rdntcn rdntcn tdrecgc tdrecgcp p  pndulhnac, fcrdnc ckfhehk ldndfcn rdbkdfs-rdbkdfs tumue, lhmakascsa sdk gcrce putae, gcn jdrcfcn sakacras trcfdhmrhnfack.



_dtacp _dt acp angava angavagu gu ycnj ycnj ldndral ldndralcc sdgcta sdgctabb ctcu ctcu hpahag hpahag gcpct gcpct ldnjck ldnjckcla cla gdprdsa gdp rdsa pdrncp pdrncpcscn cscn,, ycnj ycnj fdluga fdlugacn cn cfcn cfcn tdricga tdricga pdnjul pdnjulpuk pukcn cn sdfrdsa sdfrdsa  mrhnfack gcn sdkcniutnyc ldnjckcla pdnulhnac. pdnulhnac.



Pcsadn Pcs adn tagcf tagcf scgcr scgcr ctcu ctcu ldlpun ldlpunyca yca rdbkdfs rdbkdfs mctuf mctuf ycnj ycnj muruf muruf cgckce cgckce ldrdfc ycnj mdrdsafh tdrfdnc pnudlhnac cfamct pdnulpufcn sdfrdsa ctcu csparcsa.



_dta _dtacp cp hr hrcn cnj j yc ycnj nj ldnd ldndral ralcc pd pdnj njhm hmct ctcn cn gd gdnj njcn cn pd pdrck rckct ctcn cn tdrcp tdrcpaa  pdrncpcscn gcpct ldnjckcla pdnulhnac iafc pdrckctcn tdrsdmut tagcf  gamdrsaefcn gdnjcn tdpct.

1

 

 =.4. PCWEZCQ_

30

 

=.2. Lcnabdstcsa Fkanas

Gdlcl gcn mctuf (cwcknyc nhnprhguftab) ldrupcfcn jdickc ulul. Masc iujc tdricga nydra gcgc gcn sdscf ncpcs. Jclmcrcn sastdlaf (kdmae sdranj tdricga) ga cntcrcnyc cgckce nydra fdpckc, ohnbusahn, lyckjac, gcn lckcasd. Pcgc pdldrafsccn pdldrafsccn basaf masc gatdlufcn gatdlufcn tcngc-tcngc tcngc-tcngc fhnshkagc fhnshkagcsa sa khfck gcn rhnfa fcscr (orcofkds) pcgc khmus ycnj tdrfdnc. (Pctraof Gcvdy, =002) Pcgc cncf-cncf, anbdfsa varus (]_R) gcn varus pcrcanbkudnzcd cfcn gasdrt gas drtca ca reanhr reanhrd, d, sucrc sucrc sdrcf, sdrcf, gcn htatas htatas ldgac. ldgac. Wdrgdn Wdrgdnjcr jcr rhnfa rhnfa fdranj fdranj ga sdkurue kcpcnjcn pcru gcn gasdrtca gdnjcn ldnja ansparcsa gcn dfsparcsa. Iafc gasdmcmfcn hkde lyohmcotdraul pndulhnac, lcfc cfcn ldnalmukfcn rhnfa tdrmct tdr mctcs, cs,

gcn jdickc jdickc prhsds prhsds fhnshkag fhnshkagcsa, csa, tdtcp tdtcpaa pcgc pcgc bhth bhth pcru, pcru, jclmcr jclmcrcn cn

 prhsdsnyc ldnydmcr. Wdrfcgcnj iujc tdrgdnjcr masanj jdsdf pdkurc. (Gcrlcnth Gihihgamrhth, =005) =.:. Pdldrafsccn Gacjnhstaf 

c) _ancr U gcgc 9 ldnjagdnta ldnjagdntabafycn bafycncsa csa gastramusa gastramusa strufturck6 strufturck6 gcpct gcpct iujc iujc ldnyctcfcn cmsds kucs/anbaktrcsa mcaf ldnydmcr ctcupun tdrkhfckascsa, ctcu  pdnydmcrcn/pdrkucscn anbaktrctd nhguk. _dkcan atu iujc gcpct ldnuniuffcn ldnuniuffcn dbusa pkdurc, fastc ugcrc-ocarcn, sclpca fhnshkagcsa.  m) Cnckasas jcs gcrce 9 untuf ldngacjnhsas jcjck ncpcs,sdrtc ldnuniu ldnuniuffcn ffcn eaphfsdlac gcn eapdrfcrmac, pcgc stcgaul kcniut gcpct tdricga csaghsas

rdsparcthraf. o) KDG ldnan dnanj jfct g) Eatunj Eatunj iulkce kdufhsa kdufhsat, t, macscnyc macscnyc kdmae gcra gcra 30.000/´k 30.000/´k fcgcnjfcgcnj-fcgcn fcgcnj j ldnocpca ?0.000/´k d) Pdldrafsccn Pdldrafsccn bunjsa bunjsa pcru pcru 9 vhkuld vhkuld turun, turun, tdfcncn tdfcncn ickcn ickcn ncpcs ldnanj ldnanjfct, fct, gcn fhlpkcan ldnurun. b) Pdldraf Pdldrafsccn sccn dkdf dkdftrh trhkat kat 9 Nc gcn gcn Ok ldna ldnanjf njfct. ct.

33

 

j) Pdldrafsccn Pdldrafsccn makaruman makaruman 9 tdricga tdricga pdnanjfctc pdnanjfctcn n makaruman makaruman.. e) Csparc Csparcsa/m sa/mahp ahpsa sa icran icranjcn jcn pcru pcru a) Fuktur Fuktur sputul sputul 9 pdntanj pdntanj untuf untuf fhrdfsa fhrdfsa tdrcpa cntamahtaf cntamahtaf.. (Lasncgacrky (Lasncgacrky,, =005)

=.5. Pdnctckcfscnccn Pdnctckcfscnccn

Pdnctckcfscnccn untuf pndulhnac mdrjcntunj pcgc pdnydmcm, sdsuca ycnj gatdntufcn hkde pdldrafsccn sputul l ldnocfup dnocfup 9 • Hfsa Hfsajd jdn n 3-= 3-= K/ld K/ldna natt • ARBG gdfstrhsd gdfstrhsd 30%9 30%9 NcOk NcOk 0,1% 0,1% < ?93, ?93, +FOk +FOk 30 30 lDq/400 lDq/400 lk ocarcn ocarcn • Iulkce ocarcn sdsuca mdrct mcgcn,fdnc mcgcn,fdncafcn afcn sueu, stctus eagrcsa eagrcsa •

Iafc Iafc sdscf sdscf tagcf tagcf sdkck sdkcku u mdrc mdrctt gcpc gcpctt ga galu lukc kcaa lcfc lcfcnc ncn n dn dntd tdrc rckk md mdrt rtce cecp cp

ldkckua sdkcnj ncshjcstraf gdnjcn bddganj grap • Iafc sdfrdsa sdfrdsa kdngdr kdngdr mdrkdmaecn mdrkdmaecn gcpct gcpct gamdraf gamdrafcn cn aneckcsa aneckcsa gdnjcn gdnjcn sckan nhrlck nhrlck gcn mdtc cjhnas untuf ldlpdrmcafa trcnsphrt lufhsakadr  • Fhrdfsa Fhrdfsa jcnjju jcnjjucn cn fdsdalm fdsdalmcnjcn cnjcn cscl mcsc gcn dkdftrhkat dkdftrhkat Cnta Cn tama maht htaf af sd sdsu suca ca ec ecsa sakk macf macfcn cn ctcu ctcu ga gamd mdra rafc fcn n un untu tuf f fc fcsu suss pn pndu dulh lhna nacc ohllunaty mcsd9 •

Clpasa Clpasakan kan 300 lj/fj lj/fj MM/ecr MM/ecraa gck gckcl cl 73 fcka fcka pdlm pdlmdrac dracn n

•

Fkhrcl Fkhrclbdn bdnafh afhkk :4 lj/fj lj/fj MM/ecr MM/ecraa gckcl gckcl 7 fcka fcka pdlmd pdlmdracn racn

Tntuf fcsus pndulhnac ehspatck mcsd9

•

_dbcth _dbcthfsa fsal l 300 300 lj/fj lj/fj MM/ MM/ ecra ecra gckcl gckcl = fcka fcka pdlmd pdlmdracn racn

•

Clafcs Clafcsan an 30-3 30-34 4 lj/f lj/fj j MM/ec MM/ecra ra gckcl gckcl = fcka fcka pdlmdr pdlmdracn acn

=.1. Fhlpkafcsa

c. _eho _ehof f gcn gcn jcj jcjck ck ncpc ncpcss Fhlpka Fhl pkafcs fcsaa pcrce pcrce pndulh pndulhnac nac ldkapu ldkaputa ta eaphtd eaphtdnsa nsa gcn syhf syhf gcn fdjcjckcn pdrncbcscn (tdrutclc gdnjcn pdnycfat mcftdra jrcl ndjctab pcgc  pcsadn usac kcniut). Fhlpkafcsa ana gatdlua tdrutclc pcgc pcsadn ycnj tagcf ldndralc pdnjhmctcn feusus ctcu pdnjhmctcn ycnj tagcf ldlcgca ctcu tdrtungc. Fhlpkafcsa Fhlpkafcsa ana iujc gatdlua fdtafc hrjcnasld hrjcnasld pdnydmcm pdnydmcm

3=

 

an anbd bdfs fsaa yc ycnj nj rdsast rdsastdn dn tdre tdrecg cgcp cp tdrcp tdrcpaa gc gcn n fd fdta tafc fc pd pdny nycf cfat at pd pdny nydr drtc tc ldlpdrsukat pndulhnac. Ia Iafc fc pcsa pcsadn dn sc scfa fatt pcrc pcrce, e, td tdrc rcpa pa cj cjrd rdsa sabb td tdrl rlcs csuf uf gu gufu funj njcn cn edlhga edl hgancl nclaf af gcn vdntak vdntakcsa csa untuf untuf ldnodj ldnodjce ce pdocen pdocenyc yc fcpakd fcpakdrr pdrabd pdrabdr, r, ldnicjc tdfcncn gcrce crtdra, gcn ldlmdrafcn hfsajdncsa ycnj ldlcgca. Cjdn vcshprdsshr gcpct gamdrafcn sdocrc antrcvdnc gdnjcn anbus gcn pcgc tanjfct gasdsucafcn sdsuca gdnjcn rdsphn tdfcncn. Fhrtafhstdrhag gcpct gamdrafcn pcrdntdrck untuf ldldrcnja sehof gcn thfsasatcs pcgc pcsadn ycnj ycn j scnjct scnjct scfat scfat gdnjcn gdnjcn pndulh pndulhnac nac gcn mcecyc mcecyc ny nyctc ctc fdlctac fdlctacn n gcra gcra anbdfsa. Pcsadn lunjfan ldldrkufcn antumcsa dnghtrcfdck gcn vdntakcsa ldfc ld fcna naf. f. Jcjc Jcjckk icntu icntunj nj fh fhnj njds dsta tab, b, ga gasra sratl tlac ac ic icnt ntun unj, j, pd pdra rafc fcrg rgat atas, as, lahfcrgatas gcn iujc fhlpkafcsa gcra pndulhnac ycnj gcpct ldnydmcmfcn sehof.  m. Ctdkdftcsas gcn Dbusa pkdurc Ctdkdftcsas (gcra hmstrufsa mrhnfus hkde cfulukcsa sdfrdsa) gcpct tdricga pcgc sdtacp tcecp pndulhnac cfut. Dbusa pkdurc pcrcpndulhnaf  tdric tdricga ga pc pcgc gc sdtag sdtagcf cfny nycc 70 70% % gc gcra ra pn pndu dulh lhna nacc mc mcft ftdr dra. a. _d _dmu muce ce db dbus usaa  pcrcpndulhnaf cgckce sdtacp dbusa pkdurc ycnj mdreumunjcn gdnjcn

 pndulhnac mcftdra, cmsds pcru, mrhnfadftcsas ctcu. _dtdkce dbusa pkdurc tdrgdtd tdrg dtdfsa fsa pcgc pcgc gcgc gcgc x-rcy, x-rcy, tehrcod tehrcodntd ntdsas sas ycnj ycnj gcpct gcpct gakcfu gakcfufcn fcn untuf  untuf  ldnjdkucrfcn ocarcn tdrsdmut. Ocarcn ana gafaral fd kcmhrcthraul untuf  cn cnck ckas asas. as. Cgc Cgc tajc tajc tcecp tcecp dbusa dbusa pk pkdu durc rc pc pcrc rcpn pndu dulh lhna naf f md mdrg rgcsc cscrf rfcn cn  pcthjdndsas9 tagcf rulat, rulat, gcn dlpadlc thrcfs. _dmuce dlpadlc tdricga fdtafc tdmck, ocarcn purukdn tdrcfulukcsa gckcl rucnj pkdurc, sdranj gdnjcn gdn jcn pdrfdl pdrfdlmcn mcnjcn jcn bamran bamran gcn khoukc khoukctdg tdg (mdrga (mdrganga nganjnj-hbb hbb)) gcd gcdrce rce ga lcnc anbd lcnc anbdfs fsaa md mdrc rcgc gc.. _dmu _dmuce ce tcmu tcmunj nj gc gcgc gc gc gcpc pctt ga galc lcsu suff ffcn cn un untu tuf  f  ldnjhm ldn jhmcta cta anbdfs anbdfsaa pkdurc pkdurc gdnjcn gdnjcn ldngar ldngarafc afcn n grcanc grcancsd sd ycnj ycnj tdpct tdpct gcra gcra dlpadlc tdrsdmut. _tdrakascsa rhnjjc dlpadlc ldlmutuefcn 7 sclpca 2 lanjju cntamahtaf. Fcgcnj-fcgcnj lcncidldn mdgce gapdrkufcn. o. _updranbdfsa _updran _up dranbdf bdfsa sa gcpct gcpct tdricga tdricga gdnjcn gdnjcn pdlmdr pdlmdracn acn ghsas ghsas ycnj ycnj scnjct scnjct  mdscr cntamahtaf, sdpdrta pdnasakan, ctcu gdnjcn fhlmancsa cntamahtaf.

3?

 

_updranbdfsa iujc gcpct tdricga pcgc pcsadn ycnj tdkce ldndralc mdrmcjca fursus gcn idnas cntamahtaf. Gckcl fcsus tdrsdmut, mcftdra gcpct ldnicga rdsastdn rdsa stdn tdrecg tdrecgcp cp tdrcpa tdrcpa cntama cntamahta htaf. f. Iafc Iafc pcsadn pcsadn ldlmca ldlmcaf f gcn gdlcl gdlcl  mdrfurcnj sdtdkce tdrcpa cntamahtaf cwck, tdtcpa fdlugacn cgc fdncafcn sueu sue u gdnjcn gdnjcn ldnanj ldnanjfct fctnyc nyc mctuf mctuf gcn mufta mufta mcewc mcewc pndulh pndulhnac nac tdkce tdkce ldnydmcr, ldnyd mcr, supdranbdfs supdranbdfsaa lunjfan lunjfan tdricga. tdricga. Cntamahtaf Cntamahtaf gcpct gaumce ctcu gaedntafcn sclc sdfcka gckcl mdmdrcpc fcsus.

=.30. Pdnodjcecn

Mdrafut cgckce upcyc untuf ldnodjce tdricganyc pdnycfat pndulhnac9 c. Pdrc Pdrcwc wctcn tcn sdk sdkcl clcc lcsc lcsc fdecl fdeclak akcn cn Tntuf ldnodjce rasafh mcya gdnjcn mdrct mcgcn kcear rdngce, pdrku jaza amu sdkclc fdeclakcn gdnjcn ldnjfhnsulsa zct-zct mdrjaza ycnj

oufup mcja fdsdectcn amu gcn pdrtulmuecn icnan gckcl fcngunjcn sdrtc  pdnodjcecn tdrecgcp eck-eck ycnj ldlunjfanfcn tdrfdncnyc anbdfsa sdkclc fdeclakcn.  m. Pdrmcafcn jaza mckatc Tntuf ldnodjce rasafh pndulhnac pcgc mckatc ycnj gasdmcmfcn fcrdnc lcknutrasa, sdmcafnyc gakcfufcn gdnjcn pdlmdracn C_A pcgc mcya ndhnctck sclpca ulur = tceun. Fcrdnc C_A tdriclan fdmdrsaecnnyc, tagcf  tdrfhntclancsa sdrtc ldnjcngunj bcfthr-bcfthr cntamhga sdeanjjc gcpct ldlmdr ldl mdrafc afcn n pdrkan pdrkangun gunjcn jcn gcn fdtcec fdtcecncn ncn tdrecg tdrecgcp cp anbdfsa anbdfsa varus varus gcn  mcftdra. Hkde fcrdnc atu, mckatc ycnj ldngcpct C_A sdocrc dfskusab kdmae tcecn anbdfsa gamcnganj mckatc ycnj tagcf ldngcpctfcnnyc. o. Ldlmdr Ldlmdrafc afcn n aluna alunascsa scsa kdnjfc kdnjfcp p pcgc pcgc cncf  cncf  Tntuf ldnodjce pndulhnac gcpct gakcfufcn gdnjcn pdlmdracn alunascsa ycnj ldlcgca, ycatu alunascsa cncf oclpcf pcgc cncf ulur 1

37

 

 mukcn, alunascsa GPW (Gabtdra, Pdrtusas, Wdtcnus) sdmcnycf ? fcka ycatu  pcgc ulur = mukcn, ? mukcn mukcn gcn 7 mukcn. g. Ldldrafscfcn Ldldrafscfcn cncf sdgana sdgana lunjfa lunjfan n cpcmakc cpcmakc tdrsdrcnj tdrsdrcnj mctuf  mctuf  Mckatc ycnj ldngdratc mctuf ecrus sdjdrc gamdra pdnjhmctcn ycnj sdsuca untuf ldnodjce tdricganyc pdnycfat mctuf pakdf macsc ldnicga  mctuf ycnj gasdrtca gdnjcn ncpcs odpct/sdscf odpct/sds cf ncpcs.4. Ldnjurcnja phkusa ga gckcl gcn ga kucr rulce. Tntuf ldnodjce pndulhnac gascrcnfcn cjcr  fcgcr gdmu gcn cscp gaturunfcn gdnjcn ocrc ldnjjcnta mcecn mcfcr fcyu gcn tagcf ldlmcwc mckatc fd gcpur sdrtc ldlmuct kumcnj vdntakcsa ycnj oufup. _dkcan atu cscp rhfhf, kanjfunjcn tagcf mdrsae, oucoc pcncs, oucoc

ganj ganjan an,, pd pdru rumc mcec ecn n ou ouco cocc gc gcn n gc gcn n lcsu lcsuf f cn cnja jan n sdmcj sdmcjca ca bcfth bcfthrr yc ycnj nj ldlmdra fdodngdrunjcn untuf tdrfdnc pdnycfat pndulhnac. d. Ldnicu Ldnicuefc efcn n mckat mckatcc gcra gcra pdng pdngdrat dratcc mctuf  mctuf 

Mckatc scnjct Mckatc scnjct rdntcn rdntcn tdrsdrcn tdrsdrcnj j pdnycf pdnycfat at tdrutcl tdrutclcc pdnycf pdnycfat at pcgc pcgc sckurcn pdrncpcscn, fcrdnc atu icuefcnkce mckatc gcra hrcnj ycnj tdrsdrcnj  pdnycfat mctuf. Tgcrc ncpcs sdpdrta mctuf gcn mdrsan-mdrsan gcpct ldnukc ldn ukcrfc rfcn n pndulh pndulhnac nac pcgc pcgc hrcnj hrcnj kcan. kcan. Fcrdnc Fcrdnc mdntuf mdntuf pdnycf pdnycfat at ana ldny ld nydm dmcr cr gd gdnj njcn cn gr grhp hpkd kdt, t, an anbd bdfs fsaa cf cfcn cn ldny ldnydm dmcr cr gd gdnj njcn cn lugc lugce. e. Pdrmca Pdr mcafcn fcn rulce rulce cfcn cfcn ldnydm ldnydmcmf cmfcn cn mdrfur mdrfurcnj cnjnyc nyc pdnycf pdnycfat at sckurcn sckurcn nc ncpc pcss yc ycnj nj md mdrc rct. t. _dlu _dlucc cn cncf cf yc ycnj nj sd sdec ectt sdsdf sdsdfck ckaa cf cfcn cn ldng ldngdr drat atcc sckdslc (rcgcnj sdkcput kdngar pcgc eagunj), tdtcpa sdmcjacn mdscr ldrdfc ldnicga pndulhnac fcrdnc lcknutrasa. b. Ldnj Ldnjur urcn cnja ja lanu lanul l ckfh ckfheh ehkk Ldnjur Ldn jurcnj cnjaa lanul lanul ckfheh ckfhehkk gcpct gcpct ldlmcn ldlmcntu tu gckcl gckcl ldnjct ldnjctcsa csa eagrcsa eag rcsa.. Eck ana iujc iujc ldlmcn ldlmcntu tu ldkcwc ldkcwcn n pndulh pndulhnac nac.. Hmct Hmct pdnuru pdnurun n gdlcl, gdl cl, ohnthe ohnthenyc nyc codtcla codtclanhp nhpedn edn (Wykdn (Wykdnhk) hk) ctcu ctcu amuprh amuprhbdn bdn (Cgvak (Cgvak)) lunjfan iujc gcpct ldlmcntu cjcr kdmae mcaf. j. Kctae ctaecn cn Ncbc Ncbcss

34

 

Tntuf Tnt uf hrcnjhrcnj-hrc hrcnj nj ycnj ycnj rdntcn rdntcn tdrecgc tdrecgcp p pndulh pndulhnac nac,, kct kctaec aecn n  mdrncbcs gckcl gcn tdrcpa untuf ldlmucnj gcecf, masc ldlmcntu ldnodjce tdricganyc pndulhnac. (Idrdly, =004)

MCM ? PDNTWTP ?.3. Fdsalpukcn

Pndu Pn dulh lhna nacc cg cgck ckce ce an anbdf bdfsa sa sckur sckurcn cn pd pdrn rncb cbcsc cscn n cf cfut ut mc mcja jacn cn mc mcwc wce e yc ycnj nj ldnjdnca pcrdnfal pcru. Pndulhnac pcgc cncf gamdgcfcn ldnicga9

32

 

3. Pndu Pndulh lhna nacc khmc khmcra rass =. Pndulh Pndulhnac nac antdrs antdrstasa tasack ck (mrhnfa (mrhnfahka hkatas tas)) ?. Mrhn Mrhnfh fhpn pndu dulh lhna nac. c. Pndulhnac cgckce sckce sctu pdnycfat ycnj ldnydrcnj sckurcn ncbcs mcjacn

 mcwce ycnj tdrmcnycf fcsusnyc gagcpctfcn ga prcftdf-prcftdf ghftdr ctcu rulce scfat gcn sdranj scfat sdranj ldnydm ldnydmcmf cmfcn cn fdlcta fdlctacn cn tdrmds tdrmdscr cr mcja mcja pdnycf pdnycfat at sckurc sckurcn n ncbcs ncbcs  mcwce ycnj ldnydrcnj cncf-cncf gcn mckatc eclpar ga sdkurue gunac. Gapdrfarcfcn pndulhnac mcnycf tdricga pcgc mcya furcnj gcra = mukcn, hkde fcrdnc atu pdnjhmctcn pdngdratc pndulhnac gcpct ldnurunfcn cnjfc fdlctacn cncf. ?.=. _crcn

Pdnycfat Pdnyc fat pndulhnac pndulhnac sdmdncrnyc sdmdncrnyc ldrupcfcn ldrupcfcn lcnabdstcsa lcnabdstcsa gcra rdngcenyc rdngcenyc gcycc tcecn gcy tcecn tumue tumue sdsdhrc sdsdhrcnj nj cfamct cfamct cgcnyc cgcnyc pdnanj pdnanjfct fctcn cn fulcn fulcn pcthjd pcthjdn n sdpdrta sdpdrta  mcftdra ycnj ldnydrcnj sckurcn pdrncpcscn.Gckcl fdcgccn sdect pcgc pcru tagcf  cfcn tdricga pdrtulmuecn lafrhhrjcnasld, fdcgccn ana gasdmcmfcn hkde cgcnyc ldfcnasld pdrtcecncn pcru. Wdrgcpctnyc mcftdra ga gckcl pcru ldrupcfcn fdtagcf  sdalmcnjcn cntcrc gcyc tcecn tumue, sdeanjjc lafrhhrjcnasld gcpct mdrfdlmcnj  macf gcn mdrcfamct talmuknyc anbdfsa pdnycfat.

3: