Makalah Kristalografi & Mineralogi

 

E@B@C@O B^AY]@CLH^@GA & EAKF^@CLHA

LCFO4 MA@K]^A XAMA@ YAZ@QVKH 069:8:>7

AKY]A]V] ]FBKLCLHA EFM@K

 

B^AY]@CLH^@GA @. ZF ZFK KHF HF^ ^]A ]A@ @K Brast`clhr`ga `m`c`o su`tu i`n`kh m`ra eakfr`clha y`kh efepfc`d`ra sastfe-sa sastfe-sastfe stfe brast` bra st`c. c. Bra Brast` st`cc sfi sfi`r` `r` sfm sfmfro fro`k `k`` m`p m`p`t `t mamfga mamfgakas kasab` ab`k k sfn`h sfn`h`a `a z`t p`m p`m`t `t y`k y`kh h efepuky`a susuk`k `tle `t`u elcfbuc y`kh tfr`tur. Bftfr`tur`kky` tfrifreak m`c` m`c`e e pf pfre reub ub`` ``k k br bras ast` t`cc y` y`kh kh nf nfru rup` p` nam` nam`kh kh-n -nam am`k `kh h m` m`t` t`rr m`k m`k r`t` r`t` y`kh y`kh efkhabuta plc`-plc` tfrtfktu. Nam`kh-nam`kh m`t`r aka masfnut sfn`h`a nam`kh eub` brast`c. Yumut `kt`r` nam`kh-nam`kh eub` brast`c y`kh s`cakh nfrpltlkh`k nfs`rky` sfc`cu tft`p p`m` su`tu brast`c. Nam`kh eub` brast`c atu n`ab cft`b e`upuk `r`oky` matfktub`k matfk tub`k lcfo pfrpl pfrpltlkh` tlkh`kky` kky` mfkh mfkh`k `k suenu suenu-suen -suenu u brast brast`c. `c. M`c M`c`e `e sfnu sfnu`o `o brast`c, suenu brast`c nfrup` h`ras n`y`kh`k y`kh curus y`kh efkfenus brast`c efc`cua pus`t brast`c. Yuenu brast`c tfrsfnut efepuky`a s`tu`k p`kd`kh y`kh masfnut sfn`h`a p`r`eftfr.

N. BA BAEA EA@ @ B^A B^AY] Y]@C @C Bleplsasa baea` su`tu eakfr`c efrup`b`k o`c y`kh s`kh`t efkm`s`r, nfnfr`p` sag`t-sag sag` t-sag`t `t eakfr eakfr`c/br `c/brast ast`c `c tfrh tfrh`ktuk `ktukh h bfp`m bfp`m`ky`. `ky`. Yag` Yag`t-sag t-sag`t `t eakf eakfr`c/ r`c/brast brast`c `c tam`b  o`ky` tfrh`ktukh bfp`m` bleplsasa tft`pa duh` bfp`m` susuk`k efru`kh m`ra `tle-`tle pfkyusuk m`k ab`t`k `kt`r `tle-`tle pfkyusuk brast`c/eakfr`c brast`c/eakfr`c.. Yfd`b pfkfeu`k sak`r _, pfkyfcamab`k brast`clhr`ga sak`r _ tfc`o efkhfen`khb`k  pfkhfrta`k bat` tfkt`kh ounukh`k `kt`r` baea` m`k strubtur. ]udu`kky` `m`c`o uktub efkhft`oua ounukh`k `kt`r` susuk`k `tle m`k bleplsasa baea` m`ra su`tu  dfkas brast`c duh` m`c`e nam`kh hflbaea` nfrtudu`k uktub efeprfmabsa strubtur  brast`c m`ra bleplsasa baea` mfkh`k manfrab`k tfepfr`tur m`k tfb`k`k

I. Matakd`u NFK NFK]V ]VB B B^A B^AY]@ Y]@C C mu` maefksa mabfk`c tah` nfktub brast`c, y`atu m`ra p`km`kh`k   

Fuofmr`c, `p`nac` n`t`s m`ra eakfr`c `m`c`o nfktub `sca m`ra nam`kh brast`c. Yunofmr`c, `p`nac` sfn`ha`k m`ra n`t`s brast`cky` sum`o tam`b tfrcao`t c`ha. @kofmr`c, `p`nac` eakfr`c sum`o tam`b efepuky`a nam`kh brast`c `sca.

Matakd`u m`ra p`km`kh`k tah` maefksa, mabfk`c fep`t nfktub brast`c, y`atu Fquamaefksalk`c,, `p`nac` nfktub brast`c bftah` maefksaky` s`e` p`kd`kh. Fquamaefksalk`c ]`nuc`r, `p`nac` nfktub brast`c mu` maefksa cfnao p`kd`kh m`ra s`tu maefksa y`kh c`ak. Zraseatab, `p`nac` nfktub brast`c s`tu maefksa cfnao p`kd`kh m`ra mu` maefksa y`kh c`ak. Arrfhuc`r, `p`nac` nfktub brast`c tam`b tfr`tur. 







 

Matakd`u m`ra i`r` i`r` pfkh`e`t`kky` pfkh`e`t`kky`,, mabfk`c tah` nfktub bra brast`c st`c Brast`cak, uktub brast`c yh m`p`t ma`e`ta sfi`r` n`ab mhk e`t` tfc`kd`kh Eabrlbrast`cak, uktub brast`c y`kh pfkh`e`t`kky` n`ru tfrcao`t nac` mfkh`k  n`ktu`k eabrlsblp Braptlbrast`cak, uktub brast`c ykh n`ru m`p`t ma`e`ta mfkh`k n`ktu`k magr`bsa 





sak`r _

M. YAY YAY]FE ]FE B^A B^AY]@ Y]@C C 0. YAY]FE AYLEF]^AB  Yastfe aka duh` masfnut sastfe brast`c rfhuc`r, `t`u mabfk`c puc` mfkh`k sastfe brast`c bunus `t`u bunab. Duec`o ssuenu uenu brast`cky` `m` 9 m`k s`cakh s`cakh tfh`b curus s`tu s`t u mf mfkh` kh`k k y`k y`kh h c`a c`akky kky`. `. Mfk Mfkh`k h`k pfr pfrn` n`kma kmakh` kh`k k p`k p`kd`k d`kh h y`kh y`kh s`e` s`e` ukt uktub  ub  e`sakh-e`sakh suenuky`.

`0 5 `> 5 `9 sumut `kt`r` `> m`k `9 5 1:

Yumut `kt`r` `9 m`k `0 5 1: Yumut `kt`r` `0 m`k `> 5 1: `04 `> 4 `9 5 0 4 9 4 9 Yumut `kt`r` `0 m`k ’`> 5 9:   Yastfe asleftrab man`ha efkd`ma 6 Bfc`s ]ft`lam`c Hyrlam`c Mapclam`c Ofxtftr`ofmr`c Ofxlit`ofmr`c Nfnfr` Nfn fr`p` p` ilk ilktlo tlo eak eakfr` fr`cc mfk mfkh`k h`k sys systfe tfe bra brast` st`cc Asl Asleft eftrab rab aka `m` `m`c` c`o o  hlcm,  pyratf, h`cfk`, o`catf, o`catf, Gculratf.     

>. YAY] YAY]FE FE ] ]F] F]^@ ^@HL HLK@ K@C C Y`e` mfkh`k systfe Asleftrab, sastfe brast`c aka efepuky`a 9 suenu brast`c y`kh e`sakh-e`sakh s`cakh tfh`b curus. Yuenu ` m`k n efepuky`a s`tu`k

 

 p`kd`kh s`e`. Yfm`khb`k suenu i nfrc`ak`k, m`p`t cfnao p`kd`kh `t`u cfnao  pfkmfb. ]`pa p`m` ueueky` ueueky` cfnao p`kd`kh p`kd`kh..

`0 5 ` > ≪ `9 sumut `kt`r` `0 m`k `> m`k `9 5 1: `0 4 `> 4 `9 5 0 4 9 4 7 sumut `kt`r` `0 m`k -`> 5 9:

  Yastfe tftr`hlk`c man`ha efkd`ma 8 bfc`s Zar`eam Napar`eam Nasgfklam       

]r`pfzlofmr`c Matftr`hlk`c par`eam Yb`cfklofmr`c Matftr`hlk`c napar`eam

Nfnfr`p` Nfnfr` p` ilk ilktlo tlo eak eakfr` fr`cc mfk mfkh`k h`k sas sastf tfe e bra brast` st`cc ]ft ]ftr`h r`hlk` lk`cc aka `m` `m`c`o c`o rutac, `utukatf, pyrlcusatf, Cfuiatf, si`plcatf 9. YAY] YAY]FE FE O OF_ F_@H @HLK LK@C @C Yastfe aka efepuky`a = suenu brast`c, mae`k` suenu i tfh`b curus tfro`m`p bftah` suenu c`akky`. Yuenu `, n, m`k m e`sakh-e`sakh efenfktub sumut 0>:˔ tfro`m`p s`tu s`e` c`ak. Yuenu `, n, m`k m efeacaba p`kd`kh s`e`. Yfm`khb`k

 p`kd`kh i nfrnfm`, m`p`t cfnao p`kd`kh `t`u cfnao pfkmfb (ueueky` cfnao  p`kd`kh). ` ≪ n≪i  sumut `kt`r` `,n, i 5 1:  ` 4n 4 i 5 sfen`r`kh  sumut `kt`r` ` m`k ’n 5 9:

  Yastfe ofx`hlk`c man`ha efkd`ma 8 bfc`s 

Ofx`hlk`c par`eam

 

     

Ofx`hlk`c napar`eam Maofx`hlk`c par`eam Maofx`hlk`c napar`eam ]rahlk`c napar`eam Matrahlk`c napar`eam Ofx`hlk`c tr`pfzlofmr`c

Nfnfr`p` ilktlo eakfr`c mfkh`k sastfe brast` Nfnfr`p` brast`cc Ofx` Ofx`hlk`c hlk`c aka `m`c `m`c`o `o qu`rtz, ilrukmue, ofe`tatf, i`ciatf, mlcleatf, `p`tatf.

=. YA YAY] Y]FE FE L^ L^]O ]OL^ L^LE LENA NAB  B  Yastfe aka masfnut duh` sastfe ^olenas m`k efepuky`a 9 suenu saeftra brast`c y`kh y`k h s`c s`cakh akh tfh tfh`b `b cur curus us s`t s`tu u mfk mfkh`k h`k y`k y`kh h c`a c`akky kky`. `. Bf Bftah tah`` sue suenu nu tfrsf tfrsfnut nut efepuky`a p`kd`kh y`kh nfrnfm`.

` ≪n≪i sumut `kt`r` `,n, i 5 1: ` 4n 4 i 5 sfen`r`kh sumut `kt`r` ` m`k ’n 5 9:

 

Yastfe Lrtolrlenab man`ha efkd`ma 9 bfc`s Nasgfklam Zar`eam Napar`eam   

Nfnfr`p` ilktlo eakfr`c mfkh` sastfe brast`c Lrtolrolenab aka `m`c`o stankatf, `m`c`o  stankatf, ioryslnfryc,, `r`hlkatf m`k watofratf. ioryslnfryc

6. YAY AY] ]FE ]^ ]^AH AHLK LK@ @C

 

Dab` bat` efen`i` nfnfr`p` rfgfrfksa cu`r, sastfe aka efepuky`a k`e` c`ak y`atu ^olenlofmr`c, sfc`ak atu nfnfr`p` `oca efe`subb`k sastfe aka bfm`c`e sastfe brast`c Ofx`hlk`c. Mfeaba`k puc` i`r` pfkhh`en`r`kky` duh` s`e`. Zfrnfm``kky` nac` p`m` sastfe ]rahlk`c sftfc`o tfrnfktub nam`kh m`s`r, y`kh tfrnfktub sfhafk`e, bfeuma`k manfktub sfhatah` mfkh`k efkhounukhb`k mu` tatab sumut y`kh efcfw`ta s`tu tatab sumutky`. Yastfe trahlk`c man`ha efkd`ma 6 bfc`s ]rahlk`c par`eam ]rahlk`c tr`pfzlofmr`c Matrahlk`c par`eam Matrahlk`c sb`cfklofmr`c ^lenlofmr`c     

Nfnfr`p` ilktlo eakfr`c mfkh`k sastfe brast`c ]rahlk`c aka `m`c`o tlure`cakf m`k iakk`n`r.

7. YAY AY] ]FE EL ELK KLB LBC CAK Elklbcak `rtaky` o`ky` efepuky`a s`tu suenu y`kh earakh m`ra tah` suenu y`kh maeacabaky`. Yuenu ` tfh`b curus tfro`m`p suenu k, k tfh`b curus tfro`m`p suenu i, tft`pa suenu i tam`b tfh`b curus tfro`m`p suenu `. Bftah` suenu tfrsfnut efepuky`a p`kd`kh y`kh tam`b s`e`, ueueky` suenu i y`kh  p`cakh p`kd`kh m`k suenu suenu n p`cakh pfkmfb. ` ≪ n≪ i sumut `kt`r` n m`k i 5 1: sumut `kt`r` ` m`k n 5 1: sumut `kt`r` ` m`k i ≪ 1: sumut `kt`r` ` m`k ’n 5 =6  ` 4 n 4 i 5 sfen`r`kh

Yastfe trahlk`c man`ha efkd`ma 9 bfc`s Ygfklam Mle` Zrase`   

Nfnfr`p` ilktlo eakfr`c mfkh` Nfnfr`p` mfkh`k k `kif `kifrr brast brast`c `c Elklbcak aka `m`c`o `zuratf, e`c`ioatf, ilcfe`katf, hypsue, m`k fpamlt.

8. YAY AY] ]FE ]^ ]^AB ABCA CAK K

 

Yastfe aka efepuky`a 9 suenu saeftra y`kh s`tu mfkh`k y`kh c`akky` tam`b  s`cakh tfh`b curus. Mfeaba`k duh` p`kd`kh e`sakh-e`sakh suenu tam`b s`e`.  

` ≪ n≪ i ΰ ≪ ξ ≪ ι ≪ 1: sumut `kt`r` ` m`k ’i 5 =6 sumut `kt`r` n m`k ’i 5 ?: ` 4 n 4 i 5 sfen`r`kh

Yastfe ]rabcak man`ha efkd`ma > bfc`s Zfma`c  

Zak`blam`c

Nfnfr` Nfnf r`p` p` il ilkt ktlo lo ea eakf kfr` r`cc mf mfkh kh`k `k `k `kif ifrr bras brast` t`cc ]r ]rab abca cak k aka aka `m `m`c `c`o `o `cnatf, `klrtoatf, c`nr`mlratf, b`lcakatf, eairlicakf m`k `klrtlic`sf

F. OVNV OVNVKH@K KH@K @K]@ @K]@^ ^B B^AY]@ ^AY]@C C Ounukh`k `kt`r brast`c `t`u masfnut duh` rfc`sa mamfgakasab`k sfn`h`a ounukh`k `kt`r` brast`c/eakfr`c y`kh s`tu mfkh`k y`kh c`ak m`c`e su`tu n`tu`k. Yfi`r` h`ras  nfs`r, rfc`sa m`p`t m`p`t man`ha efkd`ma mu mu`, `, y`atu 0. Fqu Fquahr ahr`ku `kuc`r c`r

Fquahr`kuc`r y`atu `p`nac` sfi`r` rfc`tag ubur`k brast`cky` y`kh efenfktub   n`tu`k nfrubur`k s`e` s`e` nfs`r.  Nfrm`s`rb Nfrm` s`rb`k `k bfamf bfamf`c`k `c`k bras brast`c-b t`c-brast rast`cky` `cky`,, e`b` fquah fquahr`kuc r`kuc`r `r man` man`ha ha efkd efkd`ma `ma tah`, y`bka Z`kamalelrgab hr`kuc`r, y`atu `p`nac` sfn`ha`k nfs`r eakfr`c-eakfr`cky` tfrmara m`ra eakfr`c-eakfr`c y`kh fuofmr`c. Oapamalelrgab hr`kuc`r, y`atu `p`nac` sfn`ha`k nfs`r eakfr`c-eakfr`cky` tfrmara m`ra eakfr`c-eakfr`c y`kh sunofmr`c. @ccltralelrgab hr`kuc`r, y`atu `p`nac` sfn`ha`k nfs`r eakfr`c-eakfr`cky eakfr`c-eakfr`cky`` tfrmara m`ra eakfr`c-eakfr`c y`kh `kofmr`c. 





 

>. Akfq Akfqua uahr hr`k `kuc uc`r `r Akfquahr`kuc`r y`atu `p`nac` ubur`k nutar brast`cky` sfn`h`a pfenfktub n`tu`k tam`b s`e` nfs`r. Eakfr`c y`kh nfs`r masfnut gfklbras m`k y`kh c`ak masfnut e`ss` m`s`r `t`u e`trab y`kh nas` nfrup` eakfr`c `t`u hfc`s.

 

EAKF^@CLHA @. ZF ZFKH KHF F^] ^]A@ A@K K Eakfr`clh Eakf r`clhaa `m`c `m`c`o `o stuma baea` baea`   , strubtur brast`c brast`c   , m`k gasab (tfre`sub lptab   sag`t) m`ra m`ra eakfr`c eakfr`c   . bc`sagab`sa Ytuma bousus m`c`emastranusa eakfr`clha efcaputa prlsfssfrt` `s`c pfe`kg``t`k eakfr`c m`k  pfenfktub`k, bc`sagab`sa eakfr`c,  eakfr`c, hflhr`gas eakfr`c, eakfr`c.

N. BA BAEA EA@ @ EA EAKF KF^@ ^@C C Bleplsasa baea` su`t Bleplsasa su`tu u eakfr eakfr`c `c efrup efrup`b`k `b`k o`c y`kh s`kh`t efkm efkm`s`r `s`r,, b`rfk b`rfk``  nfnfr`p` sag`t-sag`t eakfr`c/brast`c tfrh`ktukh bfp`m`ky`. Yag`t-sag`t eakfr` eak fr`c/B c/Bras rast`c t`c tam tam`b `b o`k o`ky` y` tfr tfrh`k h`ktuk tukh h bfp bfp`m `m`` ble blepls plsasa asa tft tft`pa `pa duh duh`` bfp bfp`m` `m` susuk`k efru`kh m`ra `tle-`tle pfkyusuk m`k ab`t`k `kt`r `tle-`tle pfkyusuk brast`c/eakfr`c. M`y` y`kh efkhab`t `tle (`t`u alk, `t`u hrup alk) m`ra z`t p`m` brast`cak `m`c`o  nfrsag`t castrab ma `c`e. ]apf m`k aktfksat`sky` s`kh`t nfrb`at`k mfkh`k sag`t-sag`t gasab m`k bae gasab baea` a` m`r m`raa eak eakfr` fr`c. c. Bf Bfbfr bfr`s `s`k, `k, nfc nfc`o` `o`k, k, m`y m`y`` cfnur cfnur,, bfc bfcas astra trab`k b`k m`k blkmubtavat`s tfre`c, m`k blfgasafk fbsp`ksa tfre`c nfrounukh`k sfi`r` c`khsukh tfro`m`p m`y` ab`t. Zraksap-praksap baea` y`kh nfrounukh`k mfkh`k baea` eakfr`c4 0. Oubue bleplsasa bleplsasa tft`p (] (]of of C`w lg Ilk Ilkst`kt st`kt Ileplsa Ileplsatalk) talk) lcfo Zrlus Zrlustt (0811)4 –Zfrn`kmakh`k e`ss` uksur-uksur m`c`e ta`p sfky`w` `m`c`o tft`p― >. ]flra `tle M`ctlk (0?:6)4 ― Yfta`p uksur tfrsusuk lcfo p`rtabfc y`kh s`kh`t bfiac m`k nfrnfktub sfpfrta nlc` y`kh  masfnut `tle―

I. YA YAG@ G@] ] GA GAYA YAB BE EAK AKF^ F^@C @C Zfkfktu`k k`e` eakfr`c m`p`t mac`bub`k mfkh`k efen`kmakhb`k sag`t-sag`t gasab  eakfr`c `kt`r` eakfr`c y`kh s`tu mfkh`k eakfr`c y`kh c`akky`. Yag`t-sag`t gasab  eakfr` eak fr`cc tf tfrsf rsfnut nut efc efcapu aputa4 ta4 w`rk` w`rk`,, bac bac`p `p (cu (custf stfr), r), bfb bfbfr` fr`s`k s`k (o` (o`rmk rmkfs fss), s), hlr hlrfs fs (strf`b), nfc`o`k (icf`v`hf), pfi`o`k (gr`iturf), strubtur/nfktub brast`c, nfr`t dfkas, sag`t m`c`e (tfk`iaty), m`k bfe`hkft`k. 0. X` X`rk rk` ` X`rk X` rk`` `m `m`c `c`o `o bf bfs` s`k k ea eakf kfr` r`cc da dab` b` tf tfrb rbfk fk`` i` i`o` o`y` y`.. X` X`rk rk`` ea eakf kfr` r`cc m` m`p p `t manfm`b`k efkd`ma mu`, y`atu Am Amal albr brle le`t `tab ab,, na nac` c` w` w`rk rk`` ea eakf kfr` r`cc sfc` sfc`cu cu tft` tft`p, p, ue ueue ueky ky`` madu maduep ep`a `a   p`m` eakfr`c-eakfr`c y`kh tam`b tfenus i`o`y` (lp`b), sfpfrta h`cfk`,

e`hkftat, m`k parat.

 



`c `clb lbrl rle` e`ta tab, b, na nac` c` w` w`rk rk`` ea eakf kfr` r`cc tam` tam`b b tft` tft`p, p, tfrh tfrh`k `ktu tukh kh m` m`ra ra e` e`tf tfra ra`c `c  pfkhltlrky`. Veueky` tfrm`p`t p`m` eakfr`c-eakfr`c y`kh tfenus i`o`y`, sfpfrta bu`rs` m`k b`csat.

>. Ba Bac` c`p p Bac`p Bac` p `m`c `m`c`o `o bfs` bfs`k k eakf eakfr`c r`c `ban`t `ban`t p`ktuc`k p`ktuc`k i`o` i`o`y` y` y`kh mabfk`b` mabfk`b`k k p`m` p`m`ky`. ky`.

Bac`p manfm`b`k efkd`ma mu`, y`atu bac`p clh`e m`k bac`p nub`k clh`e. Bac`p clh`e efenfrab`k bfs`k sfpfrta clh`e nac` tfrbfk` i`o`y`. Bac`p aka na`s`ky` maduep`a p`m` eakfr`c-eakfr`c y`kh efkh`kmukh clh`e `t`u eakfr`c nadao, sfpfrta fe`s, h`cfk`, parat, m`k b`cblparat. Bac`p nub`k-clh`e tam`b efenfrab`k bfs`k sfpfrta clh`e dab` tfrbfk` i`o`y`. Bac`p dfkas aka m`p`t manfm`b`k efkd`ma 4 Bac`p Bac` p b`i` (vatrflu (vatrfluss cust custfr), fr), efen efenfrab` frab`k k bfs` bfs`k k sfpf sfpfrta rta b`i` nac` tfrbf tfrbfk` k` i`o`y`, eas`cky` b`csat, bu`rs`, m`k o`cat. Bac`p akt`k (`m`e`ktakf custfr), efenfrab`k bfs`k ifefrc`kh sfpfrta akt`k, ilktloky` akt`k. Bac`p Bac `p sut sutfr` fr` (sa (sacby cby cu custf stfr), r), ef efenf enfrab rab`k `k bfs`k bfs`k sfpfr sfpfrta ta sut sutfr` fr`,, ueu ueueky eky`` tfrm`p`t p`m` eakfr`c y`kh efepuky`a strubtur sfr`t, sfpfrta `snfs, `btaklcat, m`k hypsue. Bac`p m`e`r (rfsaklus custfr), efenfrab`k bfs`k sfpfrta m`e`r, ilktloky`4 sg`cfrat m`k rfsak. Bac`p euta`r` (pf`rcy custfr), efenfrab`k bfs`k sfpfrta euta`r` `t`u sfpfrta  n`ha`k m`c`e m`ra bucat bfr`kh. Eas`cky` t`cb, mlcleat, eusblvat, m`k trfelcat. Bac`p cfe`b (hrf`sy custfr), efkyfrup`a cfe`b `t`u s`nuk. Ilktloky` t`cb  m`k sfrpfktak. Bac`p t`k`o (f`rtoy) `t`u Bac`p hur`e (mucc), bfk`ep`b`kky` nur`e sfpfrta t`k`o, eas`cky` b`lcak, caelkat, m`k nfktlkat. 













9. Bf Bfbf bfr` r`s` s`k k Bfbfr`s`k `m`c`o bft`o`k`k ea eakfr`c kfr`c tfro`m`p su`t su`tu u hlrfs`k. Yfi`r` rf rfc`tag c`tag sag`t gasab aka matfktub`k mfkh`k efkhhuk`b`k sb`c` Elos (0889 - 0?91), y`kh maeuc`a m`ra sb`c` 0 y`kh p`cakh cuk`b oakhh` sb`c` 0: uktub eakfr`c y`kh  p`cakh bfr`s. Yb`c` Elos tfrsfnut efcaputa (0) t`cb, (>) hapsue, (9) b`csat, (=) gculrat, (6) `p`tat, (7) gfcmsp`r, (8) bu`rs`, (?) tlp`z, (1) blrukmue, m`k (0:) akt`k. =. Hl Hlrrfs Hlrfs @m`c`o w`rk` eakfr`c m`c`e nfktub nunub. Hlrfs / Ifr`t m`p`t s`e` `t`u nfrnfm` mfkh`k w`rk` eakfr`c. Veueky` w`rk` hlrfs tft`p.

 

6. Nf Nfc` c`o` o`k k Nfc`o`k Nfc` o`k `m`c `m`c`o `o bfk` bfk`ep`b` ep`b`k k eakf eakfr`c r`c nfrm` nfrm`s`rb s`rb`k `k bfe`e bfe`epu`kk pu`kky` y` efen efenfc`o fc`o efc`cua nam`kh-nam`kh nfc`o`k y`kh r`t` m`k caiak. Nam`kh nfc`o`k ueueky` sfd`d`r mfkh`k nam`kh tfrtfktu m`ra eakfr`c tfrsfnut. Nfc`o`k man`ha nfrm`s`rb`k n`hus tam`bky` pfreub``k nam`kh nfc`o`k, y`atu Yfepurk` (pfrgfit), nac` nam`kh nfc`o`k s`kh`t r`t`, nac` pfi`o tam`b efc`cua  







 nam`kh nfc`o`k `h`b `h`b sub`r. N`ab (hllm), nam`kh nfc`o`k r`t`, tft`pa tam`b sfn`ab y`kh sfepurk`, e`sao m`p`t pfi`o p`m` `r`o c`ak. Dfc`s (mastakit), nam`kh nfc`o`k dfc`s, tft`pa tam`b nfhatu r`t`, m`p`t mapfi`o  p`m` `r`o c`ak mfkh`k mfkh`k eum`o. ]am`b dfc`s (akmastakit), mae`k` bfeukhbak`k uktub efenfktub nfc`o`k m`k  pfi`o`k `ban`t `m`ky` `m`ky` tfb`k`k `m`c`o `m`c`o s`e` nfs`r nfs`r.. ]am`b ]am `b sfe sfepur purk` k` (ae (aepfr pfrgfi gfit), t), mae mae`k` `k` nam nam`kh `kh nfc`o nfc`o`k `k s`k s`kh`t h`t tam tam`b `b r`t r`t`, `, sfoakh sfo akhh` h` bfe bfeukh ukhbak bak`k `k ukt uktub ub efe efenf nfktu ktub b nfc nfc`o` `o`k k s`kh` s`kh`tt bfi bfiac ac m`r m`rap` ap`m` m` uktub efenfktub pfi`o`k.

7. Zf Zfi` i`o` o`k k Zfi`o`k m`c`o bfe`epu bfe`epu`k `k eakfr`c uktub pfi pfi`o `o efc`cua nam`kh y`kh tam`b r`t` m`k tam`b tfr`tur. Zfi`o`k m`p`t manfm`b`k efkd`ma Zfi`o`k Blkblam`c, nac` efepfrcao`tb`k hfclen`kh y`kh efcfkhbukh ma   pfreub``k. Zfi`o` Zfi `o`k k Nfr Nfrsfr sfr`t/ `t/Ga Ganru nrus, s, nac nac`` efk efkukd ukdubb ubb`k `k bfk bfk`ep `ep`b` `b`k k sfp sfpfrt frtaa sfr sfr`t, `t,  ilktloky` `snfs & `uhat.  Zfi`o`k ]am`b ^`t`, nac` efepfrcao`tb`k pfreub``k y`kh tam`b tfr`tur m`k b`s`r, eas`cky` p`m` h`rkft. Zfi`o`k ^`t`, nac` pfreub``kky` r`t` m`k iubup o`cus, ilktloky`4 eakfr`c  cfepukh. Zfi`o` Zfi `o`k k ^uk ^ukiak iakh, h, nac nac`` pfr pfreub eub``k ``kky` ky` tam tam`b `b tfr tfr`tu `tur, r, b`s b`s`r, `r, m`k udu udukhk khky` y`  

rukiakh- rukiakh, ilktloky` eakfr`c bfcleplb clh`e eurka ]`k`o, nac` bfk`ep`b`kky` sfpfrta t`k`o, ilktloky` eakfr`c cfepukh.

8. Nfk Nfktub tub/Yt /Ytrub rubtur tur Nfktub Nfktu b eakf eakfr`c r`c m`p`t mab`t`b`k mab`t`b`k brast brast`cak `cak,, nac` eakf eakfr`c r`c tfrs tfrsfnut fnut efepu efepuky`a ky`a  nam`kh brast`c y`kh dfc`s m`k masfnut `elrg, nac` tam`b efepuky`a n`t`s-n`t`s brast bra st`c `c y`k y`kh h dfc dfc`s. `s. Eak Eakfr` fr`c-e c-eakf akfr`c r`c ma `c` `c`e e d`r d`r`kh `kh mad maduep uep`a `a m`c m`c`e `e nfk nfktub  tub  brast`cak `t`u `elrg y`kh amf`c b`rfk` blkmasa pfrtuenuo`kky` y`kh na`s`ky` tfrh`khhu lcfo prlsfs-prlsfs y`kh c`ak.

 

Ytrubtur eakfr`c m`p`t man`ha efkd`ma nfnfr`p`, y`atu4 Hr`kuc`r `t`u nutar`k4 tfrmara `t`s nutar`k-nutar`k eakfr`c y`kh efepuky`a maefksa s`e`/asleft s`e`/asleftrab. rab. Ytrubtur blcle, na`s`ky` tfrmara m`ra prase` y`kh p`kd`kh m`k nfktubky` r`epakh. Nac` prase` tfrsfnut efe`kd`kh m`k o`cus, mab`t`b`k efepuky`a strubtur nrus `t`u nfrsfr`t. 







Ytrubtur cfen`r`k `t`u c`efc`r, efepuky`a bfk`ep`b`k sfpfrta cfen`r`k. Ytrubtur aka manfm`b`k efkd`ma4 t`nuc`r, blksfktras, m`k glca`sa. Ytrubtur aeat`sa, nac` eakfr`c efkyfrup`a nfktub nfkm` c`ak, sfpfrta `sabuc`r, caglreas, efenac`o, mcc.