Makalah KL 4 (09 - 10) Ebp Dalam Keperawatan Jiwa

 

–IUFMGKOIM @G_IM ^PGO]FOI MGCGD AI^IPGXG]GK LFXG— DGAYC< AI^IPGXG]GK LFXG

MF _Y_YK JCIB AICJD^JA FU< 7. KF ^Y]Y GVY _YOF]G MIXF

(>6)

0. KF ^Y]Y FKMGB ^PG_]FAG MI MIXF

(7>)

AICG_ @

AIDIK]IPFGK AI_IBG]GK PI^Y@CFA FKMJKI_FG ^JCF]IAKFA AI_IBG]GK MIK^G_GP  ^PJHPGD _]YMF ^PJEI_F ^PJEI_F KIP_ ]GBYK 0>0>

AG]G ^IKHGK]GP 

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^ulf syuaur mgk tirfdg agsfb agdf pgklgtagk aibgmfrgt ]ubgk Vgkh Dgbg Isg, agrikg gtgs rgbdgt mgk agrukfg-Kyg pikucfs mgpgt dikyicisgfagk Dgagcgb Aipirgwgtgk Aipirg wgtgk Lfwg ygkh `irlumuc `irlumuc –Ivfmgkoim –Ivfmgkoim @gsim ^rgotfo Mgcgd Aipirgwgtgk Aipirgwgtgk Lfwg—. ^ikucfs dikhuogpagk tirfdg agsfb ygkh si`isgr-`isgrkyg aipgmg sidug  pfbga ygkh sumgb tiragft mgcgd pikyusukgk tuhgs dgagcgb fkf agrikg ticgb did`irfagk aisidpgtgk aipgmg pikucfs uktua pikyusukgk dgagcgb fkf. Mikhgk Mik hgk sihgcg sihgcg airikm airikmgbg gbgk k bgtf bgtf pikucf pikucfss dikygm dikygmgrf grf sipiku sipikubky bkygg `gbwg `gbwg mgcgd pikyusukgk dgagcgb fkf dgsfb lgub mgrf agtg sidpurkg `gfa mgrf sihf  pikgdpfcgk dgupuk mgrf sihf augcftgs pikucfsgk. Jcib si`g` ftu, pikucfs dikhbgrgpagk arftfa mgk sgrgk ygkh mgpgt did`gkhuk lfag tirmgpgt aisgcgbgk, aiaurgkhgk aiaur gkhgk,, mgk agtg ‟ agtg ygkh aurgkh `iraikgk mgcgd dgagcgb fkf, mgk tiktu sglg mikhgk ai`gfagk `irsgdg mgk uktua `irsgdg. Gabfr agtg pikucfs dikhuogpagk tirfdg agsfb aipgmg sidug pfbga ygkh ticgb did`gktu mgcgd pikyusukgk dgagcgb fkf mgk sidjhg dgagcgb fkf mgpgt  `irdgkeggt `ghf sidug pfbga mgk pid`gog.

Mikpgsgr, >9 Lucf 0>0>

^ikucfs

ff

 

MGE]GP F_F

AG]G ^IKHGK]GP.......................... ^IKHGK]GP................................................ ............................................ ............................................ .......................ff .ff MGE]GP F_F............................................ F_F.................................................................. ......................................................... ........................................fff .....fff @G@ F.......................................... F................................................................ ............................................ .......................................................7 .................................7 ^IKMGBYCYGK...................................................................................................7 G. Cgtgr @icgagkh.. @icgagkh....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .............. ..................7 .........7 @. Pudusgk Pudusgk Dgsgcgb.... Dgsgcgb......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .............. ................7 .......7 O. ]ulugk ]ulugk ^ikucfsgk. ^ikucfsgk...... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............ ...........0 ....0 @G@ FF........................................... FF................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...............................? .........? ^ID@GBG_GK............................. ^ID@GBG_GK....... ............................................ ............................................ ................................................... .............................? ? G. Ajksip Ivfmgkoi Ivfmgkoi @gsim ^rgotfoim ^rgotfoim (I@^).. (I@^)....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............ ................? .........? 7.

Miefkfsf Miefkfsf Ivfmgkoi Ivfmgkoi @gsim @gsim ^rgotfoim ^rgotfoim (I@^)... (I@^)........ .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ........... .......? .?

0.

]ulugk ]ulugk Ivfmgk Ivfmgkoi oi @gsim @gsim ^rgotfoi ^rgotfoim m (I@^)... (I@^)........ .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............... ................9 .......9

?.

Dgkeggt Dgkeggt Ivfmgkoi Ivfmgkoi @gsim ^rgotfoim ^rgotfoim (I@^)>), I@^ gmgcgb pikhhukggk tijrf mgk fkejrdgsf ygkh ygk h mfpirj mfpirjcib cib `irmgs `irmgsgra gragk gk bgsfc bgsfc pikicft pikicftfgk fgk siogrg siogrg ticftf, ticftf, lic licgs gs mgk `flgas `flgasgkg gkg mgcgd mgc gd pid`ug pid`ugtgk tgk aiputu aiputusgk sgk tiktgk tiktgkh h pid`ir pid`irfgk fgk gsubgk gsubgk aipirg aipirgwgt wgtgk gk pgmg pgmg fkmfvfmu gtgu siaicjdpja pgsfik mgk mikhgk didpirtfd`gkhagk ai`utubgk mgk  pfcfbgk mgrf pgsfik tirsi`ut. _imgkhagk dikurut (Duccbgc 7662), I@^ dirupgagk  pikhhg`ukhgk `uatf ygkh mfpirjcib mgrf bgsfc pikicftfgk mgk prgatia acfkfs mftgd`gb mikhgk pfcfbgk mgrf pgsfik ai mgcgd aiputusgk acfkfs. Bgykiss it gc (7665) did`ugt sugtu djmic aiputusgk acfkfs `irmgsgragk Bgyki `irmgsgragk  `uatf fcdfgb.

^gmg djmic tirsi`ut, tirmgpgt = ajdpjkik ygkh mgpgt

didpikhgrubf pikhicjcggk dgsgcgb ygkh mfbgmgpf pgsfik ygftu < g. Aigb Aigbcf cfgk gk

acfk cfkfs

Aigb Aigbcf cfgk gk

acfk acfkfs fs

diru dirup pga gagk gk

ic icid idik ik

pik iktf tfk kh

mg mgcg cgd d

dikhgpcfag dikh gpcfagsfagk sfagk gturgk-gturgk gturgk-gturgk mgk pgkmugk pgkmugk ygkh gmg mgcgd did`irfagk gsubgk aipirgwgtgk.  `. @uatf/bgsfc pikicftfgk Aukof pikhhukggk `uatf/bgsfc pikicftfgk gmgcgb mikhgk didgstfagk `gbwg misgfk pikicftfgk ygkh tipgt mfhukgagk uktua diklgwg`  pirtgkyggk pikicftfgk. Dgsfkh-dgsfkh misgfk pikicftfgk didpukygf tulugk, aiaugt aia ugtgk gk mgk aicidgbg aicidgbgk. k.

^ikicf ^ikicftfgk tfgk augktft augktftgtfe gtfe (rgkmjdf (rgkmjdfzim zim trfgcs mgk

rivf rivfiw iw sfsti sfstidg dgtf tfa) a) diru dirupg pgag agk k mi misgf sgfk k pi piki kicf cftf tfgk gk yg ygkh kh ti tir` r`gf gfa a uk uktu tua  a  dikhivgcug dikh ivgcugsf sf fktirviksf fktirviksf aipirgwgtgk. aipirgwgtgk. diru di rupg pgag agk k

misg misgfk fk tir` tir`gf gfa a

Mf cgfk pfbga, pikicftfgk pikicftfgk augcftgtfe  augcftgtfe 

ygkh ygkh mg mgpg pgtt

mf mfhu hukg kgag agk k

uk uktu tua a

didg didgbg bgdf df

 pikhgcgdgk, tfkhagb cgau mgk aipirogyggk pgsfik. pgsfik. o. ^f ^fcf cfbg bgk k pg pgsfi sfik k ^fcf ^fcfbg bgk k pg pgsfi sfik k tirb tirbgm gmgp gp gs gsub ubgk gk pi pirg rgwg wgtg tgk k mg mgpg pgtt dicf dicfpu putf tf  prjsis didfcfb pirgwgtgk gctirkgtfe mgk dikogrf siojkm jpfkfjks. Miwgsg fkf pgsfik ticgb didpukygf gasis ygkh cugs tirbgmgp fkejrdgsf acfkfs mgk

=

 

diklgm dik lgmff ci`fb ci`fb sgmgr tibgmgp tibgmgp ajkmfsf ajkmfsf aisibg aisibgtgk tgkkyg kyg..

^gmg ^gmg `i`irgp `i`irgpgg bgc, bgc,

 pfcfbgk pgsfik dirupgagk gspia piktfkh mgcgd prjsis pikhgd`fcgk aiputusgk acfkfs. m. _ud` _ud`ir ir - su sud` d`ir ir Vgkh Vgkh mfdg mfdgas asum um mikhgk mikhgk sud` sud`irir-su sud` d`ir ir mf sfkf sfkf gm gmgc gcgb gb sud`ir-sud` sud`i r-sud`ir ir tirbgmgp tirbgmgp pirgwgtgk pirgwgtgk aisibgtgk. aisibgtgk. Bgdpfr Bgdpfr sicurub sicurub aiputusgk aiputusgk mgcgd pirgwgtgk aisibgtgk didpukygf fdpcfagsf tirbgmgp sud`ir-sud`ir, dfsgckyg pgmg sggt sugtu fktirviksf didpukygf pjtiksf ygkh dikhuktukhagk  `ghf pgsfik, kgduk tfmga mgpgt sihirg mfcgasgkgagk agrikg aitir`gtgsgk  `fgyg.

0. ]ulugk Ivfmgkoi @gsim ^rgotfoim (I@^)

g. Did Did`ir `irfag fagk k mgtg mgtg pgmg pgmg pirgwg pirgwgtt prgatf prgatfsf sf `irmgs `irmgsgra gragk gk `uatf `uatf fcdfgb fcdfgb ghgr  ghgr 

mgpgt did`irfagk pirgwgtgk siogrg ieiatfe mikhgk dikhhukgagk bgsfc  pikicftfgk ygkh tir`gfa, dikyicisgfagk dgsgcgb ygkh gmg mf tidpgt  pid`irfgk picgygkgk tirbgmgp pgsfik, dikogpgf aisidpurkggk mgcgd  pid`irfgk gsubgk aipirgwgtgk mgk lgdfkgk stgkmgr augcftgs mgk uktua  didfou gmgkyg fkjvgsf (Hrfkspuk, Ufrgkf & @glkja, 0>>c / 0>>0). `. Dik Dikuru urutt _tjut _tjut & Bgyis Bgyis (0>>9 (0>>9), ), I@^ I@^ `irtul `irtulugk ugk uktua uktua did`ir did`irff gcgt, gcgt,

 `irmgsgragk `uatf-`uatf tir`gfa, uktua dikoihgb, dikmitiasf mgk dikgkhgkf hgkhhugk aisibgtgk grtfkyg mgcgd didfcfb sugtu pikmiagtgk  pikhj`gtgk aftg bikmgakyg siogrg idpfrfs dicfbgt aglfgk pikicftfgk ygkh dikukl dik ukluaa uaagk gk aiieia aiieiatfeg tfegk k sugtu sugtu pikmia pikmiagtg gtgk k tirgpf tirgpf tirtik tirtiktu tu pgmg pgmg mfrf mfrf fkmfvfmu tirtiktu.

9

 

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Dgkeggt Ivfmgkoi @gsim ^rgotfoim (I@^)<

g. Diklgmf Diklgmf lid`gtgk lid`gtgk gktgrg pikicftfgk pikicftfgk mgk prgatfa prgatfa aipirgwg aipirgwgtgk. tgk.  `. Dikhicfdfkgsf pikicftfgk mikhgk augcftgs pikicftfgk ygkh `urua. o. Diko Dikoih ihgb gb tirl tirlgm gmfk fkyg yg fkej fkejrd rdgs gsff yg ygkh kh jv jvir ircj cjgm gm tirag tiragft ft bg bgsfc sfc-b -bgsf gsfcc  pikicftfgk. m. Dikhicfdfkg Dikhicfdfkgsf sf `umgyg `umgyg cgygkgk cgygkgk aisibgtg aisibgtgk k mfdgkg mfdgkg prgatfa prgatfa ygkh ygkh tfmga tfmga i. `ir ir` `gs gsfs fs `u `uat atff e. Dikfkh Dikfkhagt agtagk agk aipiro aipirogyg gyggk gk mfrf mgcgd mgcgd dikhgd` dikhgd`fc fc aiputus aiputusgk gk h. Fktihr Fktihrgsf gsf I@^ mgk prgatfa prgatfa gsubg gsubgk k aipirgwgt aipirgwgtgk gk sgkhgt sgkhgt piktfk piktfkh h uktua  dikfkhagtagk augcftgs pirgwgtgk pgmg pgsfik =. ^irsygrgt ^irsygrgtgk gk mgcgd ^ikirgpgk I@^ Mgcgd dikirgpagk I@^, pirgwgt bgrus didgbgdf ajksip pikicftfgk mgk tgbu tgbu `ghgfd `ghgfdgkg gkg siogrg siogrg gaurgt gaurgt dikhiv dikhivgcu gcugsf gsf bgsfc bgsfc pikicf pikicftfg tfgk. k. Ajksip Ajksip  pikicftfgk dicfputf gktgrg cgfk prjsis/cgkhagb-cgkhagb mgcgd pikicftfgk augktftgtfe mgk pikicftfgk augcftgtfe, itfag pikicftfgk, misgfk pikicftfgk, mgk si`ghgfkyg. Aigaurgtgk mgcgd dikhivgcugsf bgsfc pikicftfgk gktgrg cgfk mgpgt mftfkhagtagk mikhgk dikhhukgagk pgkmugk ygkh sisugf mikhgk misgfk mgk  likfs pikicftfgk ygkh mfcgauagk. ]fkhagtgk Bfrgraf mgrf pikirgpgk I@^ ]fkhagtgk bfrgraf mfhukgagk uktua ukt ua dikhua dikhuaur ur aiaugt aiaugtgk gk sugtu sugtu ivfmik ivfmikoi oi mgrf mgrf riktgk riktgkh h tfkhag tfkhagtgk tgk rikmgb rikmgb dikulu ai tfkhagtgk tfkhhf < g. Cgpjrgk Cgpjrgk eikjdikg eikjdikg gtgu gtgu ailgmfgk ailgmfgk - ailgmfgk ailgmfgk ygkh aftg tidugf tidugf sibgrf sibgrf ‟ bgrf bgrf  `. _tumf agsus o. _tumf _tumf cgpgk cgpgkhgk hgk gtgu gtgu cgpj cgpjrgk rgk misa misarfp rfptfe  tfe 

5

 

m. _tumf _tumf piroj`gg piroj`ggk k tgkpg tgkpg pikhhukg pikhhukggk gk tiakfa tiakfa pikhgd pikhgd`fc `fcgk gk sgdpic sgdpic siogrg siogrg goga (rgkmjd) i. _t _tum umff pi piro roj` j`ggk ggk yg ygkh kh dikh dikhhu hukg kgag agk k sitfm sitfmga gaky kygg gm gmgg sgtu sgtu ai aicj cjdp dpja  ja   pid`gkmfkh mgk dikhhukgagk dikhhukgagk sgdpic siogrg goga e. _ystid _ystidfo fo rivfiw rivfiwss uk uktua tua aicjdpja aicjdpja `flga `istgrf `istgrf gtg gtgu u ditggk ditggkgcfs gcfsgg ygftu ygftu  pikhaglfgk `ir`ghgf pikicftfgk ygkh gmg mikhgk tfkhagt aipirogyggk ygkh tfkhhf. 9. Djmic Fdpcdiktgsf Ivfmikoi @gsim ^rgotfoi g. Djmic _ittcir

Dirupgagk Dirup gagk sipirgkhagt sipirgkhagt pircikhagpgk pircikhagpgk gtgu dimfg pikicftfgk uktua  uktua  dikfkhagtagk pikirgpgk Ivfmikoi @gsim. 9 cgkhagb mgcgd Djmic sittcir< 7) Egsi Egsi 7 < ^ir ^irsf sfgp gpgk gk.. 0) Eg Egsi si 0 < Ugc Ugcfm fmgs gsf. f. ?) Egsi ? < ^ir`gkmfkhg ^ir`gkmfkhgk k ivgcugsf ivgcugsf mgk mgk pikhgd`fc pikhgd`fcgk gk aiputusg aiputusgk. k. =) Egsi = < ]rgk ]rgkscgs scgsff mgk mgk gpcfa gpcfagsf. gsf. 9) Eg Egsi si 9 < Ivg Ivgcu cugs gsff `. Djmic FJXG Djmic je Ivfmikoi @gsim ^rgotfoi tj ^rjdjti Wugcfty Ogri

Djmic I@^ FJXG mfaid`gkhagk jcib Dgrftg H. ]ftcir, ^bM, PK, EGGK, Djmic FJXG mfgwgcf mgrf pidfou gtgu dgsgcgb. ^idfou / dgsgcgb fkf si`ghg si`ghgff ejous ejous dgsgcg dgsgcgb. b. Lfag Lfag dgsgcgb dgsgcgb dikhik dikhikgf gf prfjrf prfjrftgs tgs mgrf mgrf sugtu sugtu jrhgkfsgsf tfd sihirg mf`iktua. ]fd tirmfrf mgrf stgaibjcmirs, acfkfsfgk, stge   pirgwgt mgk tikghg aisibgtgk cgfk ygkh mfrgsgagk piktfkh uktua mfcfgtagk mgcgd mgc gd I@^. I@^. Cgkhag Cgkhagb b sicgklu sicgklutky tkygg gmgcgb gmgcgb diksfst diksfstisfs isfs I@^. I@^. ^iru`g ^iru`gbgk bgk tirlgmf mgk mfcgauagk lfag tirmgmgt ouaup `uatf ygkh dikmuaukh uktua 

8

 

tirlgm tir lgmfky fkygg piru`g piru`gbgk bgk.. aidumf aidumfgk gk mfcgau mfcgauagk agk ivgcug ivgcugsf sf mgk mffaut mffautff mikhgk mikhgk mfsidfkgsf (Ljkis mgk @grtcitt, 0>>= < @irkgmitti Dgzuria Dickya, 0>77). o. Djmic ajksiptugc Pjsswurd mgk Cgrrg`ii

Djmic fkf mfsi`ut luhg mikhgk djmic Ivfmikoi @gsim ^rgotfoi Obgkhi ygkh tirmfrf mgrf 5 cgkhagb ygftu < 7) ]gbgp 7 < dikhaglf dikhaglf ai`utu ai`utubgk bgk uktua uktua piru`g piru`gbgk bgk prgatfs prgatfs 0) ]gbgp ]gbgp 0 < tiktu tiktuaag aagk k ivfmik ivfmikoi oi tir`gf tir`gfa a ?) ]gbgp ]gbgp ? < arftf arftfagc agc gkgcf gkgcfsfs sfs ivfmi ivfmikoi koi =) ]gbgp ]gbgp = < misfhk misfhk piru piru`gb `gbgk gk mgcgd mgcgd prgat prgatia ia 9) ]gbgp 9 < fdpcidiktgsf fdpcidiktgsf mgk ivgcugsf ivgcugsf piru`gb piru`gbgk gk 5) ]gbgp 5 < fktihrgsf fktihrgsfagk agk mgk dgfktgfk dgfktgfk piru`gbgk piru`gbgk mgcgd prgatia prgatia Djmic Djm ic fkf diklicg diklicgsag sagk k `gbwg `gbwg pikirg pikirgpgk pgk Ivfmi Ivfmikoi koi @gsim @gsim ai cgbgk cgbgk  prgatia bgrus didpirbgtfagk cgtgr `icgagkh tijrf ygkh gmg, aivgcfmgk mgk airicfg`fcftgsgk ditjmi ygkh mfhukgagk sirtg pikhhukggk kjdikacgtur ygkh stgkmgr. 5. Cgkhagb ‟ Cgkhagb Mgcgd I@^ g. Cgkhag Cgkhagb b 7< Aid`g Aid`gkha khagk gk sidgkh sidgkhgt gt pikic pikicftfg ftfgk k _i`icud diducgf mgcgd tgbgpgk ygkh si`ikgrkyg mfmgcgd I@^, bgrus mftud` mft ud`uba ubagk gk sidgkh sidgkhgt gt mgcgd mgcgd pikicft pikicftfgk fgk sibfkh sibfkhhg hg acfkfa acfkfagk gk gagk gagk ci`fb ci`fb kygdgk kyg dgk mgk tirtgrf tirtgrfa a dikhik dikhikgf gf pir pirtgk tgkygg yggk k - pirtgk pirtgkygg yggk k `iragf `iragftgk tgk mikhgk mikhgk  pirgwgtgk pgsfik.  `. Cgkhagb 0< Gluagk pirtgkyggk acfkfs acfkfs mgcgd ejrdgt ^FOJ] ^irtgkyggk acfkfs mgcgd ejrdgt ^FOJ] uktua dikhbgsfcagk ivfmikoi ygkh ci`fb `gfa mgk ricivgk.

2

 

7) ^jpu ^jpucg cgsf sf pg pgsf sfik ik (^) (^) < _fgp _fgpgg yg ygkh kh dikl diklgm gmff pj pjpu pucg cgsf sf yg ygkh kh dikm dikmirf irftg tg dgsgcgb : 0) Fk Fkti tirv rvik iksf sf (F) < Fk Fkti tirv rvik iksf sf ai aipi pirgw rgwgt gtgk gk si sipi pirt rtff gp gpgg yg ygkh kh afrg - af afrg rg dikyi`g`agk dgsgcgb `ghf pgsfik, `ghf jrhgkfsgsf, `ghf pirgwgt: ?) ^ir`gkmfkhg ^ir`gkmfkhgk k fktirviksf fktirviksf / Ojdpgrfsjk Ojdpgrfsjk fktirvik fktirviksf sf (O) < fktirviksf fktirviksf stgkmgr  stgkmgr  gtgu fktirviksf ygkh `fgsg mfcgauagk. =) Bgsfc Bgsfc ygkh mfbgrgp mfbgrgpagk agk / Jutojd Jutojdii (J) < `irupg `irupg pikhit pikhitgbu gbugk, gk, prgatfa prgatfa /  prjsis mgk pgsfik. 9) @gtgs wgatu wgatu / ]fdi ]fdi (]) < `irgpg `irgpg wgatu wgatu ygkh ygkh mfpircuag mfpircuagk k o. Cgkh Cgkhag agb b ? < Ogrf Ogrf `u `uat atff tir` tir`gf gfa  a  Dikogrf `uatf uktua dikhfkejrdgsfagk prgatia acfkfs gmgcgb sgkhgt iefsfik aitfag pirtgkyggk mfdfktg mgcgd ejrdgt ^FOJ] lfag pirgwgt mgcgd saikgrfj rispjk oipgt ftu bgkyg dikhitfa ‒‖ gpg mgdpga mgrf didfcfaf tfdi rispjk risp jk oipgt: oipgt: ai mgcgd mgcgd ajcjd ajcjd pikogr pikogrfgk fgk mgrf mgrf mgtg mgtg `gsi `gsi bgsfck bgsfckyg yg gagk gagk dikl di klgm gmff rg rgtu tusg sgk k g`st g`strg rga a si si`g `ghf hfgk gk `i `isg sgrr mg mgrf rf diri diriag ag tfmg tfmga a ri rici civg vgk. k. Dikhhukgagk ejrdgt ^FOJ] did`gktu uktua dikhfmiktfefagsf agtg aukof gtgu ergsi ygkh aitfag dgsua `irturut - turut mgk aidumfgk mfhg`ukhagk, didpircgkogr cjagsf grtfaic ygkh ricivgk mgcgd mgtg `gsi pikicftfgk `isgr. m. Cgkhag Cgkhagb b =< =< Arft Arftfs fs dikf dikfcgf cgf `uatf `uatf _iticgb grtfaic ygkh mfpfcfb uktua mfrivfiw diriag bgrus oipgt mfkfcgf uktua dikiktuagk ygkh pgcfkh ricivgk, vgcfm, tirpirogyg, mgk `ircgau uktua   pirtgkyggk acfkfs. _tumf - stumf fkf gmgcgb stumf afpir. _gcgb sgtu gcgsgk  pirgwgt abgwgtfr `gbwg diriag tfmga pukyg wgatu uktua dikirgpagk I@^ gmgcgb gmg cgb `gkyga `gkyga tic ticgb gb mfglgr mfglgragk agk prjsis prjsis dikhar dikharftf ftfsf sf dicicg dicicgbag bagk, k, tirdgsu tirdgsua  a 

6

 

 pikhhukggk `ir`ghgf pirtgkyggk ygkh mfrgkogkh uktua dikhukhagpagk sitfgp icidik mgrf si`ugb pikicftfgk. Ojktjb pirtgkyggkkyg < 7) Gpgagb Gpgagb bgsfc bgsfc piki pikicft cftfgk fgk vgcfm vgcfm : 0) Gpgagb Gpgagb bgsfc bgsfckyg kyg mgpg mgpgtt mfajkef mfajkefrdg rdgsf sf : ?) Gagkagb Gagkagb bgsfc bgsfc mgpgt mgpgt did`gk did`gktu tu sgyg sgyg dirgwgt dirgwgt pgsfik pgsfik sgyg sgyg : i. Cgkhag Cgkhagb b 9 < Dikhfkti Dikhfktihrg hrgsfa sfagk gk `uatf `uatf mikhgk mikhgk aigbcfgk aigbcfgk acfkfs acfkfs mgk prieiriksf prieiriksf  pgsfik mgk kfcgf ‟ kfcgf @uatf @ua tf pikicf pikicftfgk tfgk sglg tfmga tfmga ouaup ouaup uktua uktua did`ik did`ikgra gragk gk piru`g piru`gbgk bgk mgcg mgcgd d pr prga gati tia. a. Aigb Aigbcf cfgk gk acfk acfkfs fs `i `irm rmgs gsgr grag agk k pi pikf kfcg cgfg fgk k

pg pgsf sfik ik,, mg mgtg tg

cg`jrgtjrfud, mgk mgtg mgrf prjhrgd dgkglidik bgsfc, sirtg rieiriksf mgk kfcgf - kfcgf pgsfik gmgcgb ajdpjkik piktfkh mgrf I@^. ]fmga gmg ejrducg glgf glgf` ` uktu uktua a `ghg `ghgfd fdgk gkgg uktu uktua a dikf dikfd` d`gk gkh h dgsf dgsfkh kh - dgsf dgsfkh kh ic icid idik ik  picgasgkggk I@^ sgkhgt mfpikhgrubf jcib vgrfg`ic aicid`ghggk mgk acfkfs. Lfag augcftgs ivfmikoi `ghus mgk fktirviksf sgkhgt did`irfagk dgkeggt, gagk titgpf lfag bgsfc mfsausf mikhgk pgsfik dikhbgsfcagk sugtu gcgsgk ygkh did`ug did `ugtt pgsfik pgsfik dikjcg dikjcga a trigtdi trigtdikt, kt, dgag dgag fktirv fktirviks iksff tirsi` tirsi`ut ut tfmga tfmga `fsg `fsg mfgpcfagsfagk. e. Cgkhag Cgkhagb b 5 < Ivgcug Ivgcugsf sf bgsfc bgsfc aiputu aiputusgk sgk prgatia prgatia gtgu piru`g piru`gbgk bgk `irmgsgr `irmgsgragk agk  `uatf siticgb dikirgpagk I@^. ^iktfkh ^iktf kh uktua uktua didgktgu didgktgu mgk dikhivgcugsf dikhivgcugsf sitfgp piru`gbgk bgsfc sibfkhhg ieia pjsftfe mgpgt mfmuaukh mgk ygkh kihgtfe mfpir`gfaf. Bgkyg agrikg fktirviksf ieiatfe mgcgd ulf aitgt mfaikmgcfagk tfmga `irgrtf fg gagk  `iairlg mikhgk ogrg ygkh sgdg mgcgd pikhgturgk acfkfs. ^idgktgugk ieia   piru`gbgk I@^ pgmg augcftgs pirgwgtgk aisibgtgk mgk bgsfc mgpgt

7>

 

did` id`gk gkttu

mjatir

dicfbgt

aiaurgk gkh hgk

mgcgd

picga gasg sgk kggk

mgk

dikhfm dik hfmikt iktfef fefagsf agsf ci`fb ci`fb tipgt tipgt pgsfik pgsfik dgkg dgkg ygkh ygkh pgcfkh pgcfkh dukhaf dukhafk k uktua  uktua  dikmgpgtagk aiuktukhgk. Aitfag bgsfc `img mgrf ygkh mfcgpjragk mgcgd cftirgtur pikicftfgk, pidgktgugk mgpgt did`gktu dikiktuagk bgc ygkh gagk mfcgauagk h. Cgkhag Cgkhagb b 8 < Diky Dikyi`g i`grcu rcugsag gsagk k bgsfc bgsfc I@^ I@^ ^irgwgt mgpgt dikogpgf bgsfc ygkh sisugf `ghf pgsfik diriag dicgcuf I@^, titgpf diriag sirfkh hghgc uktua `ir`ghf pikhgcgdgk mikhgk riagk riagk mgk jrhgkfsgsf pirgwgtgk aisibgtgk diriag sikmfrf gtgu cgfkkyg. Bgc fkf diklicgsagk pircu mupcfagsf usgbg, mgk dicgauagk pikmiagtgk acfkfs ygkh tfmga `irmgsgragk `uatf ‟ `uatf. Mf gktgrg ogrg uktua dikyi`gragk fkfsfgtfe suasis gmgcgb putgrgk I@^ mf fkstftusf, prisiktgsf mf ajkeiriksf cjagc, rihfjkgc, mgk kgsfjkgc, mgk cgpjrgk mgcgd lurkgc piir rivfiw, kiws cittir prjeisfjkgc, pu`cfagsf uktua abgcgyga udud. 8. ^ikirgpgk I@K mgcgd ^rjsis Aipirgwgtgk

^r ^rjs jsis is ai aipi pirgw rgwgt gtgk gk diru dirupg pgag agk k og ogrg rg `i `irp rpfa fafr fr pi pirgw rgwgt gt ti tikt ktgk gkh h  `ghgfdgkg

dikhjrhgkfsfr

pirgwgtgk

tirbgmgp

fkmfvfmu,

aicugrhg

mgk

ajdukftgs. @gkyga dgkeggt ygkh mgpgt mfpirjcib mgcgd p prjsis rjsis fkf, gktgrg cgfk did`gktu dikfkhagtagk ajcg`jrgsf mikhgk tfd aisibgtgk, dikurukagk `fgyg  pirgwgtgk, did`gktu jrgkh cgfk uktua dikhirtf gpg ygkh mfcgauagk jcib  pirgwgt,  pgrtfsfpgsf

mfpircuagk acfik

uktua

mgcgd

stgkmgr pirgwgtgk,

prgatia

prjeisfjkgc,

dikfkhagtagk

dikfkhagtagk

jtjkjdf

pgsfik,

dikf di kfkh khag agta tagk gk pi pirg rgwg wgtg tgk k yg ygkh kh spisf spisfef efa a uk uktu tua a dgsf dgsfkh kh-dg -dgsfk sfkh h fk fkmf mfvf vfmu mu,,

77

 

dikfkhagtagk iefsfiksf, diklghg ai`ircgkhsukhgk mgk ajjrmfkgsf pirgwgtgk, mgk dikfkhagtagk aipugsgk airlg (Xfcafksjk, 0>>8).

Mgcgd prjsis aipirgwgtgk aipirgwgtgk,, tirmgpgt tirmgpgt `gkyga `gkyga gatfvftgs gatfvftgs pikhgd`fcg pikhgd`fcgk k aiputusgk mgrf sggt tgbgp pikhaglfgk, mfghkjsfs, pirikogkggk, fdpcidiktgsf mgk ivgcugsf ivgcugsf..

^gmg ^gmg sitfgp sitfgp egsi prjsis prjsis aipirg aipirgwgt wgtgk gk tirsi`ut, tirsi`ut, bgsfc-b bgsfc-bgsfc gsfc

 pikicftfgk mgpgt did`gktu pirgwgt mgcgd did`ugt aiputusgk mgk dicgauagk tfkmgagk ygkh didpukygf mgsgr/rgsfjkgc bgsfc pikicftfgk ygkh augt.

Ivfmikoi-`gsim prgotfoi dirupgagk prfjrftgs utgdg `ghf pidfdpfk aipirgwgtgk mf jrhgkfsgsf picgygkgk aisibgtgk mf kihgrg dglu (Bgrt it gc., 0>>2). 0>> 2). ^irgwgt ^irgwgt mgcgd mgcgd tgt tgtgkg gkgk k acfkfs acfkfs bgrus bgrus dikhhu dikhhukga kgagk gk ivfmik ivfmikoi-` oi-`gsi gsim m  prgotfoi mgk pikicftfgk uktua didpirtglgd aitirgdpfcgk acfkfs diriag, dikhid`gkhagk mgk dikirgpagk stgkmgr jpirgsfjkgc prjsimur, dicgasgkgagk fktirviksf fktirv iksf aipirgwgtgk aipirgwgtgk ygkh ieiatfe, mgk dikhid`gkh dikhid`gkhagk agk rikogkg rikogkg pirgwgtgk pirgwgtgk uktua dikhjptfdgcagk ai`irbgsfcgk pirgwgtgk pgmg pgsfik. Jcib agrikg ftu, mg mgcg cgd d

pi piki kirg rgpg pgk k

iv ivfm fmik ikoioi-`g `gsim sim

pr prgo gotf tfoi oi

mg mgcg cgd d

pi pid` d`ir irfg fgk k

gsubg gsubgk k

aipirgwgtgk mfpircuagk pirgwgt ygkh prjeisfjkgc mgk ajdpitik.

^gmg aikygtggkkyg, pikirgpgk ivfmikoi-`gsim prgotfoi tgdpga dgsfb  `irejaus mf ajtg-ajtg `isgr `gfa mf mgcgd dgupuk mf cugr kihirf. @irmgsgragk stumf stu mf pi pikm kmgb gbuc ucug ugk k yg ygkh kh mfcg mfcgau auag agk k mf ^usa ^usaisd isdgs gs Lg Lgtf tfkg kgkh khjr jr Ag`u Ag`upg pgti tik k _udimg _ud imgkh kh,, pid`ir pid`irfgk fgk gsubgk gsubgk aipirgw aipirgwgtgk gtgk jcib jcib pirgwg pirgwgtt mgk `fmgk `fmgk `icud `icud dikirgp dik irgpagk agk ivfmik ivfmikoi oi `gsim `gsim prgotfo prgotfoi. i. @i`irg @i`irgpg pg egatjr egatjr diklgm diklgmff pikmua pikmuaukh ukh gmgkyg eikjdikg tirsi`ut. Kgduk mgrf `ir`ghgf egatjr ygkh tiraglf, tirmgpgt

70

 

sgcgb sgtu egatjr utgdg ygkh dikmuaukh eikjdikg pgmg pikicftfgk fkf ygftu  pirgwgt mgk `fmgk aurgkh tirpgpgr mikhgk ajksip ajksip ivfmikoi-`gsim prgotfoi.

Mgcgd ajksip pikmfmfagk aipirgwgtgk mf Fkmjkisfg, silga dikidpub  liklgkh pikmfmfagk aipirgwgtgk, pirgwgt mgk `fmgk sumgb mftuktut uktua   `irpirgk sirtg mgcgd aihfgtgk pikicftfgk mgcgd `fmgkh aipirgwgtgk mgk dikhhu dik hhukga kgagk gk bgsfc bgsfc pikicft pikicftfgk fgk sirtg sirtg piraid piraid`gk `gkhgk hgk fcdu fcdu pikhit pikhitgbu gbugk gk mgk tiakjcjhf tiakj cjhf uktua dikfkhagta dikfkhagtagk gk dutu mgk lgkhagugk lgkhagugk picgygkgk picgygkgk gtgu gsubgk aipirgwgtgk (_fdgdjrg, 0>>6). Gagk titgpf, ajkmfsf cfkhaukhgk airlg ygkh tfmg tfmga a

diki dikirg rgpa pagk gk

iv ivfm fmik ikoi oi-` -`gs gsim im

pr prgo gotf tfoi oi

mg mgcg cgd d

pi pid` d`ir irfg fgk k

gs gsub ubgk gk

aipirgwgtgk, mgpgt dikyi`g`agk pirgwgt mgk tikghg aisibgtgk cgfkkyg cupg mikhgk ajdpitiksf pikirgpgk ivfmikoi-`gsim prgotfoi. g. ]gbg ]gbgp p ^i ^ikh khag aglf lfgk gk ^gmg tgbgp fkf, pirgwgt dikhudpucagk fkejrdgsf uktua dikhaglf ai`utubgk pgsfik mgrf `ir`ghgf sud`ir. Fkejrdgsf mgpgt mfpirjcib dicgcuf dicgcuf wgwgko wgw gkogrg grg mikhgk mikhgk pgsfik pgsfik,, gkhhjt gkhhjtgg aicugr aicugrhg, hg, pirgwg pirgwgtt ygkh ygkh cgf cgfk, k, gtgu gtgu tikghg tik ghg aisibg aisibgtgk tgk ygkh ygkh cgfk cgfk mgk luhg mgpgt mgpgt dicgcu dicgcuff riagd riagd dimfs, dimfs, mgk j`sirv j`s irvgsf. gsf.

Dgsfkh Dgsfkh-dg -dgsfk sfkh h sud`ir sud`ir tirsi`ut tirsi`ut `irajk `irajktrf trf`us `usff siogrg siogrg uk ukfa  fa 

tirbgmgp bgsfc pikhaglfgk pikhaglfgk siogrg aisicurubgk. aisicurubgk. Bgsfc pikicftfgk ygkh ygkh mgpgt mfhu mfhukg kgag agk k mg mgpg pgtt `i `iru rupg pg bg bgcc yg ygkh kh ti tira ragf gftt mi mikh khgk gk og ogrg rg ti tir` r`gf gfa a uk uktu tua  a  dikh di khud udpu puca cagk gk fkej fkejrd rdgsf gsf,, tfpi tfpi fk fkej ejrd rdgsf gsf gp gy gygk gkh h pi pirc rcu u mf mfpi pirj rjci cib, b,  `ghgfdgkg

dikhhg`ukhagk

sicurub

 `ghgfdgkg

dikfkhagtagk gaurgsf

`ghfgk

mgtg

pikhaglfgk,

pikhudpucgk fkejrdgsf.

mgk Bgsfc

 pikicftfgk luhg mgpgt did`gktu pirgwgt mgcgd didfcfb gctirkgtfvi

7?

 

ditj di tjmi mi gtgu gtgu `i `ikt ktua ua uk uktu tua a tfpi tfpi pg pgsf sfik ik,, sftug sftugsf sf dgup dgupuk uk pg pgmg mg ti tidp dpgt gt  picgygkgk tirtiktu. ^ikhag ^ik haglfg lfgk k sggt pgsfik pgsfik dgsua dgsua mfrudg mfrudgb b sgaft sgaft dikhfm dikhfmikt iktfefa fefagsf gsf ai`u ai`utu tubg bgk k

pgsf pgsfik ik,,

did` did`gk gktu tu

pi pid` d`ir irff

cg cgyg ygkg kgk k

j` j`st stik iktr trff

mg mgcg cgd d

dikiktuagk mfghkjsfs ygkh tipgt, mgk didgstfagk gsubgk pirgwgtgk ygkh tipgt mf`irfagk. Xgatu ygkh mf`utubagk uktua dicikhagpf pikhudupucgk mgtg pgsfik dgsua rudgb sgaft mgk aimgcgdgk mgtg ygkh mfaudpucagk bgrus `irmgsgragk ajkmfsf pgsfik. Dfsgckyg, lfag f`u sikgkh `ir`fogrg, tirsikyud, mgk tfmga mgcgd aigmggk kyirf, pikhaglfggk ajdpribiksfe mgrf aipgcg ai agaf bgru mfcgauagk. Lfag f`u dikhicub mgk dikhhirutu mgk did`ir did `irff tgbu tgbu `gbwg `gbwg `gyfkk `gyfkkyg yg gagk gagk cgbfr, cgbfr, pikhag pikhaglfg lfgk k mgpgt mgpgt dicfpu dicfputf tf  pidirfasggk mgcgd mgk dikhbu`ukhf `fmgk sggt didpirsfgpagk sihgcg sisugtu uktua prjsis dicgbfragk. Lfag pirgwgt dikirfdg ticipjk ygkh did`irf tgbu pirgwgt `gbwg  pgsfik gagk mgtgkh, gkmg bgrus ducgf dikhudpucagk mgtg mikhgk dik di kfklg fklgu u

ria ri agd

dimf dimfss

pri rik kgtgc gtgc

pgs gsfi fik. k.

Mgtg Mgtg

ti tid d`g `gb bgk

mg mgpg pgtt

mfaudp mfa udpuca ucagks gksitic iticgb gb pgsfik pgsfik tf`g, tf`g, lfag lfag wgatu wgatu didukh didukhafk afkagk agk,, dicgcu dicgcuff sarfkf sar fkfkh kh efsfa, efsfa, psfajc psfajcjhf jhfs,m s,mgk gk sjsfgc sjsfgc.. Xgatu Xgatu ygkh ygkh mf`utu mf`utubag bagk k uktua  uktua  dicikhagpf mgk dikmjaudiktgsfagk pikhaglfgk mgpgt `irhgktukh pgmg  prjtjojc rudgb sgaft. Aidumfgk, rikogkg pirgwgtgk mfaid`gkhagk  `irmgsgragk mfghkjsi dimfs, mfghkjsi aipirgwgtgk, mgk ai`utubgk ygkh mfukha mfu khagpa gpagk gk pgsfik pgsfik.. Pikogk Pikogkgg aipirgw aipirgwgtg gtgk k fkf bgrus bgrus mfivgc mfivgcugsf ugsf mgk mfrivf mfr ivfsf sf siogrg siogrg ajktfk ajktfku u uktua uktua dikhhg dikhhgd`g d`grag ragk k piru`g piru`gbgk bgk ai`utu ai`utubgk bgk  pgsfik.

7=

 

 `. ]gbgp pikihgaagk mfghkjsfs aipirgwgtgk Bgsfc pikicftfgk ygkh mgpgt mfhukgagk gktgrg cgfk gmgcgb bgc ygkh tiragftt did`ugt tiragf did`ugt mfghkjsfs mfghkjsfs aipirgwgtgk siogrg ci`fb gaurgt gaurgt mgk eriauiksf tirlgmfkyg tirlgm fkyg dgsfkh-dgsfkh dgsfkh-dgsfkh `gtgsgk agrgatirsftf agrgatirsftfa a ygkh tiragft mikhgk mikhgk sugtu mfghkjsfs aipirgwgtgk. o. ]gbg ]gbgp p piri piriko kogk gkgg ggk k ^gmg tgbgp fkf, bgsfc pikicftfgk ygkh mgpgt mfhukgagk gktgrg cgfk bgsfc pikicftfgk pikicftfgk ygkh dikhfkmfa dikhfkmfagsfagk gsfagk fktirviksf fktirviksf aipirgwgtgk aipirgwgtgk tirtiktu tirtiktu ygkh ygk h ieiatfe ieiatfe uktua uktua mfgpcf mfgpcfags agsfag fagk k pgmg pgmg sugtu sugtu `umgyg `umgyg tirtikt tirtiktu, u, tfpi tfpi mgk dgsgcgb tirtiktu, mgk pgmg pgsfik tirtiktu. m. ]gbgp fktirviksf / fdpcidiktgsf

Fm Fmigc igcky kyg, g, pi pirg rgwg wgtt yg ygkh kh `i `irt rtgk gkhh hhuk ukh h lgwg` lgwg` ga gagk gk dicg dicgau auag agk k fktirviksf aipirgwgtgk ygkh si`gkyga dukhafk mfmgsgragk pgmg bgsfcbgsfc pikicftfgk. i. ]gbgp ivgcugsf

^gmg tgbgp fkf, ivgcugsf mfcgauagk uktua dikfcgf gpgagb fktirviksf fktirviksf ygkh ygk h mfcgau mfcgauagk agk `irmgs `irmgsgra gragk gk piriko pirikogkg gkggk gk sumgb sumgb `irbgs `irbgsfc fc mgk gpgagb gpgagb ieiatfe mgrf sihf `fgyg. `fgyg. Bgsfc pikicftfgk ygkh mgpgt mfhukgagk pgmg tgbgp fkf gmgcgb bgc ygkh tiragft ai`irbgsfcgk gtgupuk aihghgcgk mgcgd sugtu  pid`irfgk gsubgk aipirgwgtgk. 2. Bgd`gtgk Yktua Dikhhukgagk I@^

Bgd`gtgk mgrf pirgwgt pirgwgt uktua dikhhukgagk I@^ pikicftfgk mgcgd  prgatfa sibgrf-bgrf si`ghgf `irfaut mfautfp mgcgd `ir`ghgf pikicftfgk, mfgktgrgkyg (Ocfeejrm &Durrgy, 0>>7) gktgrg cgfk <

79

 

g.

Aurgkh Aurgkhkyg kyg kfcgf kfcgf uktu uktua a piki pikicft cftfgk fgk mgcgd mgcgd prga prgatia  tia 

 `.

Aisucftgk mgcgd dikhu`gb prgatia 

o.

Aurg Aurgkh khky kygg muau muaukh khgk gk gm gmdf dfkf kfstr strgtf gtfe  e 

m.

Aurg Aurgkh khky kygg dikt diktjr jr `ir `irpi pikh khit itgb gbug ugk k

i.

Aurgkh Aurgkhkyg kyg wgatu wgatu uktua uktua dicgau dicgauagk agk pikicf pikicftfgk tfgk

e.

Aurgkh Aurgkhkyg kyg pikmfm pikmfmfag fagk k tiktgk tiktgkh h prjsis prjsis pikicf pikicftfg tfgk k

h.

Aurgkhkyg Aurgkhkyg aisgmgrgk aisgmgrgk tiktgkh tiktgkh prgatia prgatia pikicftfgk pikicftfgk gtgu `ir`gsfs `ir`gsfs `uatf

b.

Cgpjrg Cgpjrgk k ^ikicf ^ikicftfgk tfgk/grt /grtfai faicc tfmg tfmga a tirsimf tirsimfgg

f.

Aisucf Aisucftgk tgk dikhga dikhgasis sis cgpjrg cgpjrgk k piki pikicft cftfgk fgk mgk grtfai grtfaicc

 l.

]fmga gmg wgatu mgcgd `iairlg uktua did`gog did`gog pikicftfgk

a.

Ajdp Ajdpci cias asft ftgs gs cgp cgpjr jrgk gk pi piki kicf cftfg tfgk k

c.

Aurgkh Aurgkhkyg kyg pikhit pikhitgbu gbugk gk tikt tiktgkh gkh I@^ mgk arftfa arftfa mgrf mgrf grtfa grtfaic ic

d. Dirg Dirgsg sg aiwg aiwgcg cgbg bgk k k. Cfkhau Cfkhaukhg khgk k airlg airlg tfmga dikmuau dikmuaukh kh mgcgd usgbg usgbg dikogr dikogrff fkejrd fkejrdgsf gsf bgsfc  pikicftfgk

6. Ysgbg ygkh mgpgt mfcgauagk uktua dikfkhagtagk I@^

_iogrg udud, usgbg ygkh mgpgt mfcgauagk uktua dikfkhagtagk I@^ gmgcgb< g. Dikfkhagtagk gasis tirbgmgp bgsfc-bgsfc pikicftfgk `. Dikhglgragk aitrgdpfcgk uktua dikharftfsf bgsfc pikicftfgk o. Dikhgmgagk ajkeiriksf tiragft pikhhukggk bgsfc-bgsfc pikicftfgk m. Did`ugt lurkgc ygkh didugt bgsfc pikicftfgk

75

 

Dikurut ^jcft & Bukhcir (7666) did`ghf usgbg ygkh mgpgt mfcgauagk tirsi`ut `irmgsgragk cgtgr `icgagkh pirgwgtkyg<

g. Jcib Jcib pi pirgw rgwgt gt pi piki kicf cftf tf7?

^iki ^ikicf cftf tf

]ftfa ftfa _uirk uirkf, f, @um umff Gk Gkkg Aic Aicfg fgt, t, mgk Kjv Kjvy Bic Bicik ikgg O. O.M (_ui (_uirk rkf, f, Aicfgt gkm O.M, 0>7?)

Pfkhagsgk Aisibgtgk lfwg gmgcgb sugtu ajkmfsf silgbtirg aitfag sisijrgkh  lurkgc

dgdpu dirigcfsgsfagk pjtiksf ygkh mfdfcfaf, didfcfaf ajpfkh ygkh `gfa tirbgmgp strisjr, prjmuatfe mgk dgdpu did`irfagk

72

 

ajktrf`usf tirbgmgp dgsygrgagt (XBJ, 0>>8 mgcgd Ugrogrjcfs & Bgctir, 0>7>). Bgrhg Bgr hg mfrf mfrf rikmgb rikmgb luhg luhg gmgcgb gmgcgb pirgsgg pirgsggk k tfmga tfmga `irbgr `irbgrhg, hg, tfmga  tfmga   `irgrtf mgk rikmgb mfrf ygkh `iraipgklgkhgk gaf`gt ivgcugsf kihgtf kih gtfee tirbgm tirbgmgp gp mfrf mfrf sikmfr sikmfrff mgk aidgdp aidgdpugk ugk mfrf, mfrf, mgk sirfkh sirfkh mfsirtgf mikhgk aurgkhkyg pirgwgtgk mfrf, `irpgagfgk tfmga rgpf, sicirg dgagk dikuruk, tfmga `irgkf dikgtgp cgwgk `fogrg ci`fb  `gkyga dikukmua, `ir`fogrg cgd`gt mgk kgmg sugrg cidgb (Aicfgt, 0>7>). Ypgyg ygkh mfcgauagk uktua dikgkhgkf acfik bgrhg mfrf rikmgb gmgcgb mikhgk did`irfagk tfkmgagk aipirgwgtgk hikirgcfs ygkh mfcgauagk jcib pirgwgt pgmg sidug liklgkh pikmfmfagk (Aicfgt &Gaidgt, 0>7>). 0>7>). ]irgpf ajhkftfe ajhkftfe dirupgagk sgcgb sgu tfkmgagk ygkh `fsg mfcgauagk mgcgd dikgkhgkf acfik bgrhg mfrf rikmgb. ]irgpf ajhkftfe ygftu psfajtirgpf fkmfvfmu ygkh picgasgkggkkyg mikhgk dicgtfb acfik uktua dikhu`gb ogrg acfik dikgesfragk mg mgk k didg didgkm kmgk gkh h si sihg hgcg cg si sisu sugtu gtu pg pgmg mg sg sggt gt ac acfi fik k dikh dikhgcg gcgdf df aiai aiaioi oiwg wggk gk,, si sibf bfkh khhg hg acfi acfik k dirg dirgsg sg ci ci`f `fb b `g `gfa fa mg mgk k mg mgpg pgtt  `irtfkmga ci`fb prjmuatfe (]jwksikm,0>>9). Dicgcuf tirgpf ajhkftfe ajhk ftfe fkmfvfmu fkmfvfmu mfglgragk/ mfglgragk/ mfcgtfb mfcgtfb uktua uktua dikhjktrjc dikhjktrjc mfstjrsf mfstjrsf  pfafrgk/hghgsgk/fmi mikhgk `ikgr-`ikgr

didpirtfd`gkhagk

egatjr mgcgd `iraid`gkhkyg mgk dikitgpkyg hgkhhugk djjm. ]ulugk Yktu Yk tua a ^ikicftfgk

dikh ikhhgd hgd`gra `gragk gk

pik pikir irgp gpgk gk

ti tirg rgp pf

ajhk hkft ftfe fe

mgk

 psfajimuagsf aicugrhg pgmg acfik bgrhg mfrf rikmgb.

Aici`fbgk 7. Aici`fbgk mgk aiaurgkhgk

g. ]iak ]iakfa fa fkf dumgb mfcgauagk mfcgauagk mgk tfmga did`utuba did`utubagk gk gcgt gtgupuk `fgyg 0. Aiaurg rgk khgk  `. ]fmga gmg aicjdpja ajktrjc mgk aicjdpja iaspirfdik

76

 

sibfkhhg tfmga tircfbgt pir`imggkkyg

0. ^id`gbgsgk g. ^rj`cid

Agry Ag rygg Fc Fcdf dfgb gb fkf fkf mi mikh khgk gk dikh dikhhu hukg kgag agk k mi misgf sgfk k stumf stumf ag agsu sus. s. ]iak ]iakfa  fa   pikhgd`fcgk sgdpic gmgcgb sidug acfik mikhgk mfghkjsfs aipirgwgtgk utgdg bgrhg mfrf rikmgb. ^gmg Agryg Fcdfgb fkf rispjkmik `irludcgb ?9 acfik bgrhg mfrf rikmgb mf Pugkh Vumfstfrg Pudgb _gaft Mr. B. Dgrzjiaf Dgbmf @jhjr. @jh jr. Ivgcug Ivgcugsf sf bgsfc bgsfc mikhgk mikhgk did`gk did`gkmfk mfkhag hagk k tgkmg tgkmg mgk hilgcg hilgcg sirtg sirtg aidgdpugk acfik mgk aicugrhg pripjst aicugrhg pripjst mf`irfagk tfkmgagk aipirgwgtgk.. `. Fkti ktirv rviiksf ksf

]fkmgagk aipirgwgtgk pgmg acfik bgrhg mfrf rikmgb mfcgauagk mf Pugkh Vumf Vu mfstf stfrg rg mi mikh khgk gk pi pikm kmia iagt gtgk gk Djmi Djmicc ^rga ^rgatf tfa a Aipi Aipirgw rgwgtg gtgk k ^rje ^rjeis isfj fjkg kgcc (D^A^). (D^A^ ). ]fkmgagk ]fkmgagk aipirgwgtgk aipirgwgtgk ygkh mfcgauagk mfcgauagk gmgcgb pid`irfgk pid`irfgk tirgpf hikirgcfs pgmg ?9 jrgkh acfik ( 7>>%), tirgpf hikirgcfs mgk tirgpf ajhkftfe   pgmg acfik 79 jrgkh acfik (=0,=2%), mgk ajd`fkgsf tirgpf hikirgcfs, tirgpf ajhkftfe mgk psfajimuagsf aicugrhg pgmg 0> acfik (98,7=%). o. Ojpgrgtfjk

7) Lurkgc –  ]bi Ieeiot je Ojhkftfvi @ibgvfjr ]birgpy fk Pimuofkh Miprissfjk Civic Gdjkh Oy`irsix— Oy`irsix— (Bgi`g, 0>77)

  Bgsfc <

0>

 

@irmgsgragk @irmg sgragk pir`gkmfkhgk pir`gkmfkhgk mgrf bgsfck pikhuaurgk pikhuaurgk ygkh mfcgauagk mfcgauagk pgmg sggt  prgtis mgk pgsogtis mfpirjcib mgtg ygkh dikukluaagk gmgkyg pikurukgk sajr  tfkhagt tfkha gt miprisf miprisf mgk tirlgmf pikurukgk pgmg tfkhgat aiogkmugk oy`irsix mgrf ai aitf tfhg hg su su`l `lia ia pi piki kicf cftf tfgk gk mg mgk k dgsf dgsfb b mg mgpg pgtt `i `irt rtgb gbgk gk sitic siticgb gb mu mugg dfkh dfkhhu hu  pid`irfgk pirfcgau. Bgc fkf mgpgt mfcfbgt mgrf pir`imggk sajr prgtis ci`fb tfkhhf mf`gkmfkhagk sajr pgsogtis mgk mug dfkhhu siticgb pikhuaurgk.

0) Lurkgc – Ojhkftfvi @ibgvfjr ]birgpby Ieeiotfvikiss fk Pimuofkh _tumikts ^u`cfo _pigafkh Gkxfjuskiss— (Eftrf, 0>78)

Bgsfc <

@irmgs @ir mgsgra gragk gk pikicf pikicftfgk tfgk ygkh ygkh ticgb ticgb mfcgau mfcgauagk agk mgpgt mgpgt mfsfdp mfsfdpuca ucagk gk `gbwg `gbwg fktirvi rviksf

Ojhk Oj hkft ftfv fvii

@ib ibg gvfjr vfjr ]bir ]birgp gpyy

(O@] (O@]))

`i `irb rbgsf gsfcc

diku dikuru ruka kagk gk

aioidgsgk   `ir`fogrg aioidgsgk `ir`fogrg mf mipgk udud su`lia. Bgc tirsi`ut  tirsi`ut  mgpgt mfcfbgt pgmg  piru`gbgk sajr _YM ygkh gwgckyg tfkhhf `irgmg pgmg  pgmg  agtihjrf rikmgb.  rikmgb.  Bgsfc ivgcugsf su`lia pgmg sitfgp sisf tirgpf luhg dikukluaagk gmgkyg piru`gbgk ygkh ci`fb `gfa mgcgd bgc pfafrgk, pfafrgk, pirgsggk, pirfcgau mgk ajkmfsf ajkmfsf efsfjcjhfs. Mikhgk `iru`gbkyg `iktua pidfafrgk mgk ajksiauiksf ygkh mftfd`ucagk,

?) Lurkgc< ]bi ieeiot je ojhkftfvi‟`ibgvfjrgc hrjup tbirgpy jk tbi sice-istiid, miprissfjk, gkm sice-ieefogoy je rukgwgy gmjcisoikts fk g sbictir fk _jutb  Ajrig Bgsfc< _tumf fkf dikicftf ieia tirgpf aicjdpja ajhkftfe-pirfcgau (O@]) pgmg bgrhg mfrf,miprisf, mgk aidgklurgk mfrf ridglg ygkh dicgrfagk mfrf ygkh tfkhhgc mf tidpgt tid pgt pikgdp pikgdpukh ukhgk gk mf _ijuc, _ijuc, Ajrig Ajrig _icgtgk _icgtgk.. ^ikicft ^ikicftfgk fgk dikhhu dikhhukga kgagk gk

07

 

aicj icjdpja pja ajktr jktrjc jc  pritist-pjsttist misfhk. misfhk.   Aicjdp Aicjdpja ja iaspir iaspirfdi fdik k mgk aicjdpja ajktrjc tirmfrf mgrf 7= mgk 7? su`lia cgaf-cgaf, dgsfkh-dgsfkh, mikhgk mikh gk su`yia su`yia ygkh ticgb mftuhgsagk mftuhgsagk siogrg goga aicjdpja-aicjd aicjdpja-aicjdpja pja fkf. Aicjdpja iaspirfdik `irpgrtfsfpgsf mgcgd O@] ygkh tirmfrf mgrf micgpgk sisf sicgdg sgtu ^irfjmi 2 dfkhhu1 aicjdpja ajktrjc tfmga `irpgrtfsfpgsf mgcg mgcgd d pr prjh jhrg rgd d fkf. fkf. Yktu Yktua a didi didirf rfas asgg ieia ieia mg mgrf rf O@] O@] pgmg pgmg vg vgrf rfg` g`ic ic mipikmik, ulf pirfkhagt `irtgkmg Xfcojxjk mfhukgagk. _ajr pgmg miprisf dikuruk siogrg sfhkfefagk (z 4 0,?09, p 4 >,>0) mgk diriag ygkh iefagsf mfrf dikfkhagt siogrg sfhkfefagk (z 4 0.>62, p 4 .>?) siticgb fktirviksf pgmg aicjdpja iaspirfdik. ]fmga gmg ygkh sfhkfefagk u`gb bgrhg mfrf (z 4 7,76,  p 4 .0?). ^gmg aicjdpja ajktrjc, sajr pgmg miprisf, bgrhg mfrf, mgk iefagsf mfrf tfmga `iru`gb siogrg sfhkfefagk siticgb pirfjmi fktirviksf (Byuk, Obukh  gkm Cii, 0>>9). =) Lurkgc ]bi ]bi ieeiots je ojhkftf ojhkftfvi-`ib vi-`ibgvfjr gvfjr tbirgpy tbirgpy ejr miprissfj miprissfjk k jk ripitftfvi ripitftfvi kihgtfvi tbfkafkh Bgsfc< ^gmg ^gmg pj pjstst-ti tist st mfti mftidu duag agk k ie ieia ia ua uaur urgk gk simgk simgkh h mg mgrf rf si sitf tfgp gp pi pirc rcga gaug ugk k mf`gkmfkhagk mikhgk aicjdpja ajktrjc pgmg PK] (h 4 >,=21 69% OF< >,?8>,96 >,96). ). O@] O@] yg ygkh kh `i `irej rejau auss pg pgmg mg pi piri riku kukh khgk gk, >,85 85,, 3.>7 3.>711 Ajkt Ajktrj rjcc Ajhkftfe  ^icgtfbgk< h 4 >,50, p 3>,>71 O@]< h 4 >,98, p 3>,>71 ^icgtfbgk ajkarit< h 4 >,9?, p 3>,>91 mgk ]irgpf Ajhkftfe @ir`gsfs ^irbgtfgk< h 4 >,=0, p 3>,>9 didfcfa did fcfaff uaurgk uaurgk simgkh simgkh mgk uaurgk uaurgk ieia siogrg siogrg sfhkfe sfhkfefag fagk k ci`fb ci`fb `isgr  `isgr  mgrfpg mgr fpgmg mg likfs likfs pikhj` pikhj`gtg gtgk k cgfk cgfk (ygftu (ygftu,, j`gt j`gt gktf-m gktf-mipr iprisf, isf, tirgpf tirgpf ogbgyg ogbgyg,,

00

 

ajksicfkh pirtukgkhgk, ucgsgk bfmup, tucfsgk iasprisfe, yjhg) (h 4 >,7=) mf`gkm mf` gkmfkh fkhagk agk mikhgk mikhgk aicjdp aicjdpja ja ajktrj ajktrjc. c. Ieia Ieia pgmg pgmg PK] pgmg pgmg pjst-t pjst-tist ist sgkhgt tiragft mikhgk ieia pgmg aipgrgbgk miprisf mgk bu`ukhgk bu`ukhgk fkf bgkyg sfhkfefagk pgmg O@] ygkh `irejaus pgmg PK]. Bgsfc dikukluaagk `gbwg O@] ygkh `irejaus pgmg PK] dukhafk didfcfaf ieia ygkh ci`fb licgs pgmg PK] mgrfpgmg likfs fktirviksf cgfkkyg (_pfkbjvik it gc., 0>72) 9. Aj Ajdp dpgr grgsf gsf pg pgmg mg lu lurk rkgc gc ^iki ^ikirgp rgpgk gk ]irg ]irgpf pf Ajhk Ajhkft ftfe fe Mgk Mgk ^sfa ^sfaji jimu muag agsf sf

Aicugrhg ^gmg Acfik Bgrhg Mfrf Pikmgb Mf Pugkh Vumfstfrg Pudgb _gaft Mr. B. Dgrzjiaf Dgbmf @jhjr  ]irgpf ajhkftfe `irejaus pgmg pidrjsisgk pfafrgk mikhgk sihirg, ygftu  `ghgfdgkg fkmfvfmu didpirsipsfagk gtgu dikhfktirpritgsf pikhgcgdgkkyg mgk dikiktuagk `ghgfdgkg ogrg mfg dirgsgagk mgk `irpirfcgau (Ufimi`ioa, 0>>2). 0>>2 ). ^id`irfgk ^id`irfgk tirgpf ajhkftfe mgpgt did`gktu did`gktu acfik uktua dikhu`gb dikhu`gb  pirkygtggk mfrfkyg ygkh didpikhgrubf pirgsggkkyg ai grgb pfafrgk ygkh ci`fb pjsftfe. ]irgpf ]ir gpf ajhkft ajhkftfe fe ygftu ygftu psfajt psfajtirgp irgpff fkmfvf fkmfvfmu mu ygkh ygkh picgas picgasgkg gkggkk gkkyg yg mi mikh khgk gk dicg dicgtfb tfb acfi acfik k uk uktu tua a dikh dikhu` u`gb gb og ogrg rg ac acfi fik k dikg dikgesf esfra ragk gk mg mgk k didgkmgkh sihgcg sisugtu pgmg sggt acfik dikhgcgdf aiaioiwggk, sibfkhhg acfik acf ik dirgsg dirgsg ci`fb ci`fb `gfa `gfa mgk mgpgt mgpgt `irtfk `irtfkmga mga ci`fb ci`fb prjmu prjmuatf atfee (]jwks (]jwksikm ikm,, 0>>9). Dicgcuf tirgpf ajhkftfe fkmfvfmu mfglgragk/ mfcgtfb uktua dikhjktrjc mfstjrsf pfafrgk/hghgsgk/fmi mikhgk `ikgr-`ikgr didpirtfd`gkhagk egatjr  mgcgd `iraid`gkhkyg mgk dikitgpkyg hgkhhugk djjm. ]gkmg mgk hilgcg acfik bgrhg mfrf rikmgb siticgb mf`irfagk tfkmgagk aipirgwgtgk hikirgcfs mgk tirgpf ajhkftfe, pgmg rispjk ajhkftfe mgrf 7>>%

0?

 

acfik ygkh `irefafr tfmga `irhukg turuk diklgmf 0>%, pgmg rispjk geiatfe mgrf 7>>% acfik ygkh dirgsg simfb mgk dgcu turuk diklgmf 0>%, pgmg rispjk  pirfcgau mgrf 7>>% acfik ygkh dikharftfa mfrf turuk diklgmf 0>%. ]gkmg mgk

hi hilgc lgcgg acfik acfik bg bgrh rhgg mfrf mfrf ri rikm kmgb gb si sitic ticgb gb mf mf`i `irf rfag agk k tfkm tfkmga gagk gk ai aipi pirgw rgwgt gtgk gk hikirg hik irgcfs, cfs, tirgpf tirgpf ajhkft ajhkftfe fe mgk tirgpf tirgpf psfaji psfajimua muagsf gsf aicugr aicugrhg hg pgmg pgmg rispjk rispjk ajhkftfe mgrf 7>>% acfik ygkh `irefafr tfmga `irhukg turuk diklgmf >%, pgmg rispjk geiatfe mgrf 7>>% acfik ygkh dirgsg simfb mgk dgcu turuk diklgmf >%, pgmg rispjk pirfcgau mgrf 7>>% acfik ygkh dikharftfa mfrf turuk diklgmf >%.

Aidg Ai dgdp dpug ugk k acfi acfik k bg bgrh rhgg mfrf mfrf ri rikm kmgb gb sitic siticgb gb mf mf`i `irf rfag agk k tfkm tfkmga gagk gk aipirgwgtgk hikirgcfs mgk tirgpf ajhkftfe mgrf 7>>% acfik ygkh tfmga dgdpu dikhfmiktfefagsf pfafrgk jtjdgtfs kihgtfe kgfa diklgmf 2>% ygkh dgdpu, mg mgrf rf 7> 7>>% >% acfi acfik k yg ygkh kh tfmg tfmga a dgdp dgdpu u dikh dikhhu hukg kgag agk k tg tgkh khhg hgpg pgk k rg rgsfj sfjkg kgcc tirbgmgp pfafrgk jtjdgtfs kihgtfe kgfa diklgmf 2>% acfik ygkh dgdpu, mgrf 7> 7>>% >% acfi acfik k yg ygkh kh tfmg tfmga a dgdp dgdpu u dikh dikhfm fmik iktfe tfefa fagsf gsf dgke dgkeggt ggt pi pikh khhu hukg kggk gk tgkhhgpgk rgsfjkgc kgfa diklgmf 25,58% acfik ygkh dgdpu, mgrf 7>>% acfik ygkh ygk h tfmga tfmga dgdpu dgdpu dikhhu dikhhukga kgagk gk  suppjrt systid kgfa diklgmf 2>% acfik ygkh dgdpu.

Aidgdpugk acfik siticgb mf`irfagk tfkmgagk aipirgwgtgk hikirgcfs, tirgpf ajhkftfe mgk tirgpf psfajimuagsf aicugrhg mgrf 7>>% acfik ygkh tfmga  dgdpu dikhfmiktfefagsf pfafrgk jtjdgtfs kihgtfe kgfa diklgmf 7>>% acfik ygkh dgdpu, mgrf 7>>% acfik ygkh tfmga dgdpu dikhhukgagk tgkhhgpgk rgsfjkgc rgsfjk gc tirbgmgp tirbgmgp pfafrgk jtjdgtfs kihgtfe kgfa diklgmf diklgmf 7>>% acfik ygkh

0=

 

dgdpu, dgd pu, mgrf mgrf 7>>% 7>>% acfik acfik ygkh ygkh tfmga tfmga dgdpu dgdpu dikhfm dikhfmikt iktfef fefagsf agsf dgkeggt dgkeggt  pikhhukggk tgkhhgpgk rgsfjkgc kgfa diklgmf 7>>% acfik ygkh dgdpu, mgrf 7>>% acfik ygkh tfmga dgdpu dikhhukga dikhhukgagk gk  suppjrt systid kgfa diklgmf 6>% acfik ygkh dgdpu. Aidu Ai dumf mfgk gk mg mgrf rf sihf sihf ri ridg dglg lg,, ^i ^ikm kmia iagtg gtgk k aj ajhk hkft ftfe fe-pi -pirf rfcg cgau au ti ticg cgb b mfpgkmgkh mfpgk mgkh diklgmf diklgmf ieiatfe ieiatfe uktua uktua ridglg (Aikmgcc, (Aikmgcc, 766?). 766?). Ajhkftfe‟t Ajhkftfe‟tirgpf irgpf aicjdpja pirfcgau dirupgagk psfajtirgpf tiakfa mf dgkg tiagkgk psfajcjhfs mgk dgcgmg dgcgmgptf ptfvi vi pirfcg pirfcgau au mfpircg mfpircgaua auagk gk mikhgk mikhgk dikhu` dikhu`gb gb hgyg hgyg `irpfa `irpfafr  fr   pgsfik mgk. Aicjdpja ajhkftfe-pirfcgau tirgpf siagrgkh `gkyga mfhukgagk uktua ukt ua gkga-g gkga-gkga kga mgk ridglg ridglg ygkh ygkh bgmfr bgmfr mikhgk mikhgk dgsgcgb dgsgcgb idjsfj idjsfjkgc kgc mgk  pirfcgau. Piykjcms mgk Ojgts (7625) dikiduagk `gbwg O@] ieiatfe mgcgd  pikicftfgk tirbgmgp ?> su`lia ridglg mikhgk miprisf simgkh. Pjbmi, Ocgrai, Ciwfksjbk, _iiciy, mgk Aguedgk (0>>7) luhg dikiduagk ftu O@] ieiatfe  mgcgd mgc gd dikhur dikhurgkh gkhff hilgcg hilgcg miprisf miprisf pgmg pgmg 65 jrgkh jrgkh ridglg ridglg ygkh ygkh didiku didikubf bf arftirfg M_D-FFF-P uktua hgkhhugk miprisf dgyjr gtgu mfstrjeffg. _icgfk ftu, Agdfkir it gc. (0>>0) dikiduagk `gbwg O@] ieiatfe mgcgd dikhurgkhf aiagd`ubgk fkhagt mgk mgcgd dikfkhagtagk stgtus eukhsfjkgc pgmg ridglg  pikygcgbhukg zgt.

m. Jutojdi

Bgsfcc pikirg Bgsf pikirgpgk pgk pgmg pgmg aicjdp aicjdpja ja acfik acfik mikhgk mikhgk tfkmga tfkmgagk gk aipirg aipirgwgt wgtgk gk hikirgcfs hikir gcfs mgk tirgpf ajhkftfe ajhkftfe dikukluaagk dikukluaagk pikurukgk pikurukgk tgkmg mgk hilgcg rgtgrgtg 9=,6=%, pikfkhagtgk aidgdpugk aidgdpugk rgtg-rgtg 26,98. Bgsfc pikirgpgk pgmg aicjdpja acfik mikhgk tfkmgagk aipirgwgtgk hikirgcfs, tirgpf ajhkftfe mgk

09

 

 psfajimuagsf aicugrhg dikukluaagk pikurukgk tgkmg mgk hilgcg rgtg-rgtg 87,0%, pikfkhagtgk aidgdpugk acfik rgtg-rgtg 7>>%. ]idugk mgrf pikicftfgk fkf dikukluaagk `gbwg O@] ^rjhrgd ygkh agdf aid`gkhagk did`gktu dikfkhagtagk sice-ieefogoy mgk dikhurgkhf miprisf ridglg ygkh dicgrfagk mfrf ygkh `irgmg mf tidpgt pikgdpukhgk mf Ajrig _icgtgk. Ieiatfvftgs prjhrgd O@] mfaid`gkhagk mgcgd pikicftfgk fkf pircu mfvgc fvgcfm fmgs gsff

ci`f ci`fb b

cgkl cgklu ut

jcib jcib st stum umff

ri ripc pcfa fags gsf. f. Agri Agrikg kg pr prj jhr hrgd gd O@] O@]

mfaid`gkhagk mf Fkmjkisfg stumf fkf didfcfaf ajktik tirstruatur mgk spisfefa  uktua sitfgp sisf, dukhafk `irhukg uktua diripcfagsf prjhrgd mf pikhgturgk cgfk. Ftu aiaugtgk pikicftfgk fkf tirdgsua ripcfagsf, pikuhgsgk goga uktua  aicjdpja pircgaugk gtgu aicjdpja ajktrjc, mgk prgatfs aihukggk O@]. _idug likfs pirgwgtgk mfsicfmfaf dikhbgsfcagk ieia ygkh si`gkmfkh mgk simgkh pgmg miprisf. ^ikgrhitgk O@] PK] didgkh didfcfaf ieia djmirgt  pgmg PK] ygkh si`gkmfkh mikhgk ygkh mfprjmuasf jcib ci`fb trgmfsfjkgc Fktirviksf O@], mgk aimug likfs fktirviksf ci`fb ieiatfe mgcgd dikhurgkhf PK] mgrfpgmg likfs pirgwgtgk cgfk (dfs., GMD, tirgpf ogbgyg, ajksicfkh  pirtukgkhgk, ucgsgk bfmup, dikucfs iasprisfe, yjhg), ygkh bgkyg `irmgdpga  aiofc pgmg PK]. Gpgcghf ieia pgmg PK] pgmg pjst-tist sgkhgt tiragft mikhgk ieia pgmg aipgrgbgk miprisf pgmg pjst-tist mgk bu`ukhgk fkf bgkyg sfhkfefagk mgcgd O@] ygkh `irejaus pgmg PK]. Bgsfc ajricgsfjkgc fkf gmg mf silgcgk mikhgk gkhhgpgk `gbwg O@] ygkh `irejaus pgmg PK] mgpgt did`irfagk ieia miprisf mikhgk dikgrhitagk PK]. Bgc fkf dikukl dikukluaa uaagk gk `gbwg `gbwg tirgpf tirgpf ajhkft ajhkftfe fe didfcf didfcfaf af pikhgr pikhgrub ub `isgr  `isgr  tirbgm tir bgmgp gp bgrhg bgrhg mfrf mfrf pgsfik pgsfik.. ]irgpf ]irgpf ajhkft ajhkftfe fe ieiatf ieiatfee mfcgau mfcgauagk agk pgmg pgmg pgsfik pgsfik

05

 

mikhgk bgrhg mfrf rikmgb, pgsfik mikhgk tfkhagt aioidgsgk ygkh tfkhhf, mgk miprisf.

08

 

@G@ FFF ^IKY]Y^ G. _f _fd dpucg pucgk k

Ivfmik Ivf mikoi oi @gsim @gsim ^rgotf ^rgotfoi oi (I@^) (I@^) dirup dirupgag gagk k upgyg upgyg uktua uktua dikhgd dikhgd`fc `fc aiputu aip utusgk sgk acfkfs acfkfs `irmgs `irmgsgra gragk gk sud`ir sud`ir ygkh ygkh pgcfkh pgcfkh ricivgk ricivgk mgk vgcfm vgcfm ygkh ygkh  `irtulugk uktua did`irfagk mgtg pgmg pirgwgt prgatfsf `irmgsgragk `uatf fcdfgb ghgr mgpgt did`irfagk did`irfagk pirgwgtgk pirgwgtgk siogrg ieiatfe mikhgk mikhgk dikhhukgag dikhhukgagk k bgsfc bgs fc pikicf pikicftfg tfgk k ygkh ygkh tir`gf tir`gfa, a, dikyic dikyicisgf isgfagk agk dgsgcg dgsgcgb b ygkh ygkh gmg mf tidpgt tidpgt  pid`irfgk picgygkgk tirbgmgp pgsfik, dikogpgf aisidpurkggk mgcgd  pid`irfgk gsubgk aipirgwgtgk mgk lgdfkgk stgkmgr augcftgs mgk uktua  didfou gmgkyg fkjvgsf mgk `irdgkeggt si`ghgf lid`gtgk gktgrg pikicftfgk mgk  prgatfa aipirgwgtgk. tbirgpy)  dirupgagk ]irgpf pirfcgau ajhkftfe (ojhkftfvi `ibgvfjurgc tbirgpy) dirupgagk sgcgb sgtu prjsimur prjsimur psfajtirgpf psfajtirgpf ygkh `irtulugk dikhu`gb dikhu`gb pjcg pfafr  ygkh tfmga tipgt gtgu kihgtfe, sibfkhhg mgpgt dikhgtgsf pirdgsgcgbgk mikhgk ci`fb ieiatfe. ]irgpf pirfcgau ajhkftfe didfcfaf ejaus pgmg ogrg  `irpf  `ir pfafr afr,, ai aipir pir ogygg og yggk, k, mgk pi pirf rfcg cgau au si sisi sijrg jrgkh kh mgcgd mgc gd didik di dik hgrub hgr ubff  pirgs  pir gsgg ggk k mgk tfkmg tf kmgagk agk kyg. kyg . ^gmg ^g mg bgs fc ti ticg cggb gb lu lurkg rkgcc mf mfgt gtgs gs ]irgpf ajhkftfe  ieiatfe mfcgauagk pgmg pgsfik mikhgk bgrhg mfrf rikmgb, pgsfik mikhgk tfkhagt aioidgsgk ygkh tfkhhf, mgk miprisf. @. _grgk

Midfafgkcgb pjaja `gbgsgk dgagcgb fkf ygkh mgpgt agdf pgpgragk,  `isgr bgrgpgk agdf dgagcgb fkf mgpgt `irdgkeggt uktua agcgkhgk `gkyga. Agrikg aitir`gtgsgk pikhitgbugk mgk rieiriksf, pikucfs dikygmgrf dgagcgb

02

 

fkf fkf dgsf dgsfb b lgub lgub mgrf mgrf si sidp dpur urkg kg.. Jc Jcib ib ag agri rikg kg ftu ftu sg sgrg rgk k mg mgk k ar arft ftfa fa yg ygkh kh did`gkhuk sgkhgt mfbgrgpagk ghgr dgagcgb fkf mgpgt mfsusuk diklgmf ci`fb  `gfa cghf aimipgkkyg.

06

 

MGE]GP ^Y_]GAG

Mwf Bgpsgrf, Icsf _.Ap, D._., M._. ^ikhgktgr M._. ^ikhgktgr Ivfmgkoi @gsim Kursfkh  Kursfkh . Lurkgc @cja 7.7 Icys Icysg` g`it itb, b, Mgdi Mgdi & Hf Hftg tg Cf`r Cf`rgk gkty ty,, _fsa _fsagg Kgtg Kgtgcf cfg. g. (0 (0>7 >7=) =)..  Bu`ukhgk ]fkhagt   ^ikmfmfagk ^irgwgt Mikhgk Ajdpitiksf ^irgwgt Mikhgk Ajdpitiksf  ^irgwgt Dicgauagk Ivfmgkoi @gsim ^rgotfoi. ^rgotfoi. Lurkgc Aipirgwgtgk Gfsyfygb @gkmukh. Ujcudi 7, Kjdjr 0. Ef Eftr trf, f, M. (0 (0>7 >78) 8) ‒Ieia ‒Ieiatf tfvf vftg tgss Ojhk Ojhkftf ftfvi vi @ibg @ibgvf vfjr jr ]bir ]birgp gpy y Yktu Yktua a Dgbg Dgbgsfw sfwgg Ojhkftfvi Ojhk ftfvi @ibgvfjr @ibgvfjr ]birgpby ]birgpby Ieeiotfvikiss Ieeiotfvikiss fk Pimuofkh Pimuofkh _tumikts _tumikts ^u`cfo ^u`cfo _pigafkh Gkxfjuskiss‖, Lurkgc Gkxfjuskiss‖, Lurkgc ^sfajcjhf, ^sfajcjhf, 7>(7), pp. 5=‟8?. Bgi` Bg i`g, g, K. (0 (0>7 >77) 7) ‒t ‒tbi bi Ieei Ieeiot ot je Ojhk Ojhkft ftfv fvii @ibg @ibgvf vfjr jr ]bir ]birgp gpy y fk Pimu Pimuof ofkh kh Miprissfjk Civic Gdjkh Oy`irsix‖, Lurkgc Oy`irsix‖,  Lurkgc Fktirviksf ^sfajcjhf, ^sfajcjhf, ?(0), pp. 0??‟0=?.

?>

 

Bjccidgk H, Icfiks G, vgk Ucfit D, Gobtir`irh ]. ^rjdjtfjk ].  ^rjdjtfjk je ivfmikoi-`gsim  prgotfoi `y prjeissfjkgc kursfkh gssjofgtfjk< cftirgturi rivfiw. Lurkgc rivfiw. Lurkgc Gmvgkoi Kursfkh 9? (5), 8>0-8>6. Byuk, D. _., Obukh, B. F. O. gkm Cii, V. L. (0>>9) ‒]bi ieeiot je ojhkftfvi `ibgvfjrgc hrjup tbirgpy jk tbi sice-istiid, sice-i stiid, miprissfjk, gkm sice-ieefo sice-ieefogoy goy je  rukg rukgwg wgy y gm gmjc jcis isoi oikt ktss fk g sbic sbicti tirr fk _jut _jutb b Ajri Ajrig‖ g‖,,  Gppcfim Kursfkh   Pisigrob,, 72(?), pp. 75>‟755. mjf< 7>.7>75/l.gpkr.0>>=.>8.>>5.  Pisigrob 7>.7>75/l.gpkr.0>>=.>8.>>5. Agdfkir, V., @urcisjk, L. G., & Hjcm`irhir, P. (0>>0). Ojhkftfvi‟ `ibgvfjrgc ojpfkh safccs gkm psyobjimuogtfjk tbirgpfis ejr gmjcisoikt su`stgkoi g`usi. ]bi Ljurkgc je Kirvjus gkm Diktgc Mfsigsi, 76>(77), 8?8 ‟ =9. Aikmgcc, ^. O. (766?). Ojhkftfvi‟`ibgvfjrgc tbirgpfis wftb yjutb< Hufmfkh tbijry, ourrikt stgtus, gkm idirhfkh mivicjpdikts. Ljurkgc je Ojksuctfkh gkm Ocfkfogc ^syobjcjhy, 57(0), 0?9 ‟ =8. Cj`fjkmj Xjjm, Hirf. Ivfmikoi Hirf. Ivfmikoi @gsim ^rgotfoi < ejr Kursfkh gkm Bigctb Ogri Ogri Wugcfty Fdprjvidikt . Obfkg< Icsivfir  Piykjcms, X., & Ojgts, A. (7625). G ojdpgrfsjk je ojhkftfvi‟`ibgvfjrgc tbirgpy gkm ricgxgtfjk trgfkfkh ejr tbi trigtdikt je miprissfjk fk gmjcisoikts. Ljurkgc je Ojksuctfkh gkm Ocfkfogc ^syobjcjhy, ^s yobjcjhy, 9=(9), 59? ‟ 5>. _pfk _p fkbj bjvi vik, k, ^. it gc. gc.  (0>72) (0>72) ‒]bi ‒]bi ieeiots ieeiots je ojhkft ojhkftfvi fvi-`i -`ibgv bgvfjr fjr tbirgp tbirgpy y ejr  mi mipr priss issfj fjk k jk ripitf ripitftf tfvi vi ki kihg hgtf tfvi vi tb tbfk fkaf afkh kh‖, ‖,  @ibgvfjur Pisigrob gkm  ]birgpy,, 7>5(Kjvid`ir), pp. 87‟29. mjf< 7>.7>75/l.`rgt.0>72.>=.>>0. ]birgpy 7>.7>75/l.`rgt.0>72.>=.>>0. _uirkf, ]., Aicfgt, @. G. gkm O.M, K. B. (0>7?) ‒^ikirgpgk ]irgpf Ajhkjtfe Mgk ^sfajimuagsf Aicugrhg ^gmg Acfik Bgrhg Mfrf Pikmgb Mf Pugkh Vumfstfrg Pudgb udgb _ga gaft ft Mr. Mr. B. Dgrz Dgrzj jiaf iaf Dgb Dgbmf @jhj @jhjrr ]gb gbuk uk 0> 0>7 7?‖ ?‖,,  Lurkgc   Aipirgwgtgk Lfwg, Lfwg, pp. 757‟756.

?7