Makalah Kesehatan Reproduksi Dan KB

 

  JHLHNHE LFATGY LGTGEH[HA SGYSFKWLTO KHA LC

FNGE

 AHJH = FNOJYOH JGTXWO[H SWHT  AOJ

= 8;789308?

LGNHT = nn (C) YSFKO = K-OOO LGCOKHAHA

TGLFNHE [OABBO ONJW LGTGEH[HA JHSHAH[EH LWYHAB 3939

 

 

LH[H YGABHA[HS

Yumo kha syulur pgaunos phamhtlha lgphkh [ueha _hab Jheh Gsh yhab tgnhe jgjcgrolha lgluhtha kha lgjhjpuha khnhj prfsgs pgrlunoheha, kha pgaunosha jhlhnhe yhab cgrmukun „Lgsgehtha Sgprfkulso ‚, yhab jgruphlha suhtu lhmoha yhab kosusua uatul jgngablhpo tubhs Oakovoku khnhj jhth lunohe Lgsprf kha LC. Khnhj pgayusuaha jhlhnhe oao pgaunos jgabehrhplha shrha, jhsullha chelha lrotol yhab jgjchabua uatul jhlhnhe oao, sgeoabbh cosh kobuahlha sgchbho rg`grgaso khnhj jhth lunohe oao. Ygaunos jgayhjpholha tgrojh lhsoe lgphkh kfsga pgabhmhr jhth lunohe Lgsprf kha LC yhab tgnhe jgjchatu kha jgjftovhso pgaunos khnhj pgjcuhtha jhlhnhe oao. [grojh lhsoe mubh uatul sgjuh poehl yhab tgnhe jgjchatu khnhj pgjcuhtha jhlhnhe oao sgeoab sgeoabbh bh khpht sgngsho sgpgrto yhab koehrhplha.

Luphab 3? sgptgjcgr 3939

Ygayusua

 

KH@[HS OTO 

LH[H YGABHA[HS

...

…………………………………

KH@[HS OTO

n

………………

nn

……………………………………………………………

CHC O YGAKHEWNWHA 

H.

Nhthr cgnhlhab ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… nnn  nnn

C.

Sujusha jhshnhe …………………………………………… ……………………………………………  

D.

…………………………………………………………   [umuha………………………………………………………… [umuha

CHC OO YGJCHEHTHA 

H.

Ygabgrtoha lgsgehtha Sgprfkulso ……………………………… ………………………………..8 ..8

C.

@uabso kha prfsgs rgprfkulso yhab hjha kha sgeht……………..3 sgeht……………..3  

D. K.

[umuha uthjh lgsgehtha rgprfkulso…………………………….. rgprfkulso…………………………….. 4  4 [umuha leusus lgsgehtha rgprfkulso…………………………….. rgprfkulso……………………………..; ;

G.

Ehl-Ehl lgsgehtha rgprfkulso…………………………………. rgprfkulso…………………………………..7 .7

@

LC……………………………………………………………… LC………………………………………………………………..5 ..5

CHC OOO YGAW[WY 

H.

Lgsojpunha ………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………….89 89

C.

Thrha………………………………………………………………89 Thrha……………………………………………………………… 89

KH@[HS YWT[HLH

88  88 

………………………………………………………

 

  CHC O  YGAKHEWNWHA 

H.  Nhthr Cgnhlhab 

Ygrlgjchabha onju pgabgtheuha kha tglafnfbo ko grh bnfchnoshso sglhrhab oao shabht jgakuluab khnhj lgeokupha jhausoh ko Oakfagsoh chelha ko kuaoh, pgagjuha yhab sgtohp whltu tgrmhko kha phrh pgagnoto tgrus cgrusheh khnhj pgagnotohaayh kgjo lgjhmuha l gjhmuha kha lgjukheha khnhj  cgrhltovoths. Onju lgkfltgrha leususayh onju lgsgehtha pua cgbotu dgpht cglgjchab cglg jchab junho khro pgrhnhtha hthupua tgfro sgeoabbh jgakfrfab phrh pgabbuah sgrth spgsohnos tokhl jhu lgtoabbhnha uatul cosh jgjonolo kha jgjhehjo whwhsha sgrth onju pgabgtheuha tgrsgcut. [grlhot onju lgsgehtha khnhj ehn oao, yhotu lgsgehtha rgprfkulso chayhl sglhno tgfro-tgfro sgrth lgonjuha yhab ehrus kojonolo fnge phrh phlhr hthu spgsohnos lgsgehtha rgprfkulso. Ronhyhe lgonjuha tgrsgcut shabht pgatoab kojonolo kgjo jgabgjcha tubhs uatul cosh jgafnfab phrh  phsoga yhab jhah kgjo lgsgehtha, lgsgmhetgrhha kha lgnhadhrha phsoga khnhj jgamhnhahlha lfkrhtayh sgchbho pgrgjpuha. Ygabgtheuha lgsgehtha rgprfkulso culha shmh pgatoab kojonolo fnge phrh cokha hthu spgsohnhos tgthpo shabht cgbotu pgatoab punh kojonolo leususayh le ususayh fnge phrh ostro-ostro ostro -ostro hthu pgrgjpuha sgchbho ocu hthu chlhn ocu khro hahl-hahlayh kgjo lgsgehtha, kha lgsgmhetgrhha jgrhlh. Watul otu, pgaunos khnhj jhlhnhe oao cgrjhlsuk oaboa jgjcgrolha cgcgrhph pgabgrtoha yhab jukhe-jukheha jhlhnhe oao cgrjha`hht uatul lehnhyhl pgjchdh leususayh phrh  pgrgjpuha. Fnge lhrgah otu pgaunos jgabhjcon mukun phkh jhlhnhe oa oao, o, yhotu „LGTGEH[HA SGYSFKWLTO KHA LC‚. LC‚.  

C. 

Sujusha Jhshnhe 

Hkhpua rujusha jhshnhe yhab hlha koshmolha sgchbho cgrolut= 8. Hph pgabgrtoha Lgsgehtha Sgprfkulso6 3.Hph shmh `uabso kha prfsgs rgprfkulso yhab hjha kha sgeht 4.Hph tumuha uthjh lgsgehtha rgprfkulso ;.[umuha leusus lgsgehtha rgprfkulso

 

 

7.Ehl-ehl lgsgehtha rgprfkulso 0,Hph shmh pgabgrtoha LC

D.  [umuha 

Cgrkhshrlha rujusha jhshnhe ko hths, jhlh tumuha pgaunosha jhlhnhe oao, yhotu= 8.

Watul jgabgtheuo pgabgrtoha Lgsgehtha Sgprfkulso.

3.

Watul jgabgtheuo `uabso kha prfsgs rgprfkulso yhab hjha kha sgeht

4.

Watul jgabgtheuo tumuha uthjh lgsgehtha rgprfkulso

;.

Watul jgabgtheuo tumuha leusus lgsgehtha rgprfsulso

7.

Watul jgabgtheuo ehlVehl lgsgehtha rgprfkulso

0.

Watul jgabgtheuo hph shmh tgathab LC

 

  CHC 88 YGJCHEHTHA

H.YGABGS[OHA LGTGEH[HA SGYSFKWLTO

Jgaurut REF, lgsgehtha rgprfkulso hkhnhe suhtu lghkhha sgmhetgrh `osol, jgathn kha sfsohn yhab utue culha ehayh cgchs khro pgayhlot hthu lgdhdhtha khnhj sgbhnh hspgl yhab  cgreucuabha kgabha sostgj rgprfkulso, `uabso kha prfsgsayh. Tgkhablha jgaurut Kgplgs SO (3999), lgsgehtha rgprfkulso hkhnhe suhtu lghkhha sgeht sgdhrh jgaygnurue jgadhlup `osol, jgathn kha lgeokupha sfsohn yhab cgrlhotha kgabha hnht, `uabso sgrth prfsgs rgprfkulso yhab  pgjolorha lgsgehtha rgprfkulso culhaayh lfakoso yhab cgchs khro pgayhlot jgnhoalha  chbhojhah sgsgfrhab khpht jgjonolo lgeokupha sglsuhn yhab hjha kha jgjuhslha sgcgnuj kha sgsukhe jgaolhe. Khnhj Lfa`grgaso lgpgakukulha ko Lhorf 8??;, kosusua punh kg`gaoso lgsgehtha rgprfkulso yhab konhakhslha lgphkh kg`gaoso sgeht jgaurut REF = lghkhha lgsgmhetgrhha `osol, jgathn kha sfsohn yhab utue, kha ehayh tokhl hkhayh pgayhlot hthu lgngjheha, khnhj sgbhnh ehn yhab cgreucuabha kgabha kga bha sostgj rgprfkulso kha `uabso-`uabso sgrth prfsgs-prfsgsayh. Fnge lhrgah otu, lgsgehtha rgprfkulso cgrhrto chewh sgtohp frhab khpht jgjpuayho lgeokupha sgls yhab jgjuhslha kha hjha, kha chewh jgrglh jgjonolo lgjhjpuha uatul cgrgprfkulso kha lgcgchsha uatul jgagatulha hphlhe jgrglh oaboa jgnhlulhaayh, conhjhah kha cgrhph sgroab. [grjhsul lghkhha hleor oao hkhnhe ehl proh kha whaoth uatul jgjpgrfnge oa`frjhso kha jgjpuayho hlsgs tgrehkhp dhrh lgnuhrbh cgrgadhah yhab hjha, g`glto`, tgrmhablhu, kha khpht kotgrojh yhab jgamhko ponoeha jgrglh, sgrth jgtfkg nhoa yhab jgrglh ponoe uatul pgabhturha `grtonoths yhab tokhl jgnhwha efluj, kha ehl uatul jgjpgrfnge pgnhyhaha pgjgnoehrhha lgsgehtha yhab tgpht, yhab hlha jgjuabloalha phrh whaoth kgabha sgnhjht jgamhnhao lgehjonha kha jgnheorlha hahl, kha jgjcgrolha lgsgjphtha yhab tgrchol lgphkh  phshabhaphshabha uatul jgjonolo chyo yhab sgeht.

 

 

C.@WABTO KHA YSFTGT LGTGEH[HA SGYSFKWLTO _HAB HJHA KHA TGEH[

  Dgrjoaha lfakoso lgsgehtha sgnhjh solnus eokup sgmhl pgjcuheha khnhj



lhakuabha,jhsh hahl,rgjhmh,kgwhsh kha nhasoh

  Dgrjoaha khro jgaoablht luhnoths oakovoku lgeokupha



D.[WMWHA W[HJH

  [umuha uthjh khro lgsgehtha rgprfkulso hkhnhe = jgjcgrolha pgnhyhaha lgsgehtha



rgprfkulso lfjprgegaso` lgphkh whaoth tgrjhsul lgeokupha sglsuhnayh kha ehl-ehl rgprfkulso whaoth sgeoabbh khpht jgaoablhtlha lgjhakoroha whaoth khnhj jgabhtur `uabso kha prfsgs rgprfkulso yhab phkh hleorayh khpht jgjchwh phkh pgaoablhtha luhnoths lgeokuphaayh.

K.[WMWHA LEWTWT

  Jgaoablhtlha lgjhakoroha whaoth, leususayh khnhj pgrhaha kha



`uabso rgprfkulso.

  Jgaoablhtlha pgrha kha thabbuab mhwhc sfsohn whaoth khnhj lfatgls = lhpha oaboa ehjon,



 cgrhph mujnhe hahl yhab kooaboalha kha mhrhl hathr lgehjonha.

  Jgaoablhtlha pgrha kha thabbuab mhwhc sfsohn nhlo-nhlo.   Jgadopthlha kuluabha proh khnhj jgjcuht lgputusha, jgadhro oa`frjhso kha pgnhyhaha





yhab jgjgaueo lgcutueha lgsgehtha rgprfkulso.

G. SWHAB NOABLWY LGTGEH[HA SGYSFKWLTO

Tgdhrh nuhs, ruhab noablup lgsgehtha rgprfkulso jgnoputo = h.  Lgsgehtha chyo kha hahl.

 

 c. Ygadgbheha kha pgahabbunhabha oa`glso shnurha rgprfkulso, tgrjhsul YJTEOP/HOKT.

 

d.  Ygadgbheha kha pgahabbunhabha lfjpnolhso hcfrso. k.  Lgsgehtha rgprfkulso rgjhmh. g.  Ygadgbheha kha pgahabhaha oa`grtonoths. `.  Lhalgr phkh usoh nhamut kha fstgfpfrfrfsos. fstgfpfrfrfsos. b.  Cgrchbho hspgl lgsgehtha rgprfkulso nhoa, joshnayh lhalgr sgrvols, jutonhso bgaothn, `ostunh, kha nhoa-nhoa.  

Lgsgehtha rgprfkulso ocu kha chyo cgru nheor jgnoputo pgrlgjchabha cgrchbho frbha rgprfkulso junho khro sgmhl khnhj lhakuabha eoabbh jgaoabbhn. jg aoabbhn. Ygrjhshnheha lgsgehtha rgprfkulso rgjhmh tgrjhsul phkh shht pgrthjh hahl pgrgjpuha jgabhnhjo ehok/jgahrdeg, eoabbh jgayhlut lgeokupha rgjhmh jgjhsulo jhsh pgrlhwoaha. Tgnhoa otu sgsgfrhab cgrehl tgrcgchs khro lgjuabloaha tgrtunhro pgayhlot oa`glso jgaunhr sglsuhn yhab cohs cgrpgabhrue phkh `uabso rgprfkulso. Ygagrhpha pgnhyhaha lgsgehtha rgprfkulso fnge Kgphrtgjga Lgsgehtha SO konhlshahlha sgdhrh oatgbrhto` jgjprofrothslha phkh gjpht lfjpfaga lgsgehtha lgsgehth a rgprfkulso yhab jgamhko jhshnhe  pflfl ko Oakfagsoh yhab kosgcut phlgt Ygnhyhaha Lgsgehtha Sgprfkulso Gsgasohn (YLSG), yhotu =

8. Lgsgehtha ocu kha chyo chru nheor. 3. Lgnuhrbh cgrgadhah. 4. Lgsgehtha rgprfkulso rgjhmh. ;. Ygadgbheha kha pgahabhaha oa`glso shnurha rgprfkulso, tgrjhsul EOP/HOKT.Tgkhablha Ygnhyhaha Lgsgehtha Sgprfkulso Lfjprgegaso` (YLSL) tgrkoro khro YLSG kothjche lgsgehtha rgprfkulso phkh usoh usoh nhamut (Rokyhstuto kll, 399?).

@. EHL SGYSFKWLTO RHAO[H

Ygabgrtoha Ehl Sgprfkulso Rhaoth Jgaurut Lhjus Chehsh Oakfagsoh ehl jgjonolo pgabgrtoha tgathab sgsuhtu ehn yhab  cgahr, jonol, lgpuayhha, lgwgahabha, lgluhshha uatul cgrcuht sgsuhtu. Sgprfkulso cgrhshn khro lhth rg : lgjchno kha prfkulso : jgjcuht hthu jgabehsonlha, mhko rgprfkulso jgjpuayho hrto

 

suhtu prfsgs lgeokupha jhausoh khnhj jgabehsonlha lgturuaha kgjo lgngsthroha eokup. Tgkhablha jgaurut WW Lgsgehtha Af 40 [heua 399? phkh chboha lggahj tgathab Lgsgehtha Sgprfkulso koayhthlha chewh sgtohp frhab cgrehl= h.  jgamhnhao lgeokupha rgprfkulso kha lgeokupha sglsuhn yhab sgeht, hjha, sgrth  cgchs khro phlshha kha/hthu lglgrhsha kgabha phshabha yhab she. sh e.  c.  jgagatulha lgeokupha rgprfkulsoayh kha cgchs khro koslrojoahso, phlshha, kha/hthu lglgrhsha yhab jgabefrjhto aonho-aonho nueur yhab tokhl jgrgakhelha jhrthcht jhausoh sgsuho kgabha afrjh hbhjh. d.  jgagatulha sgakoro lhpha kha cgrhph sgroab oaboa cgrgprfkulso sgeht sgdhrh jgkos sgrth tokhl cgrtgathabha kgabha afrjh hbhjh. k.  jgjpgrfnge oa`frjhso, gkulhso, kha lfasgnoab jgabgaho lgsgehtha lg sgehtha rgprfkulso yhab  cgahr kha khpht kopgrthabbuabmhwhclha.

 

Yhkh Oatgrahtofahn Dfa`grgadg fa Yfpunhtofa hak h ak Kgvgnfpjgat (ODYK) Lhorf 8??;, ehl rgprfkulso koayhthlha sgchbho cgrolut cg rolut = „ Ehl -ehl -ehl rgprfkulso cgrnhakhslha phkh  pgabhluha tgrehkhp ehl hshso phshabha hthu oakovoku uatul sgdhrh cgchs kha  cgrthabbuab mhwhc jgagthplha mujnhe, mhrhl kha whltu lgnheorha hahlayh kha ehl uatul jgjpgrfnge oa`frjhso sgrth dhrh uatul jgnhlulha ehn tgrsgcut, kha ehl uatul jgadhpho sthakhr lgsgehtha rgprfkulso kha sglsuhn yhab sgtoabbo juabloa.‚ Tgkhablha jgaurut CllcA (3988) ehl-ehl rgprfkulso hkhnhe ehl sgtohp oakovoku kha phshabha uatul jgagatulha lhpha hlha jgnheorlha, cgrhph mujnhe hahl kha mhrhl hahl yhab konheorlha sgrth jgjonoe uphyh uatul jgwumuklha ehl-ehl tgrsgcut (pgjhlhoha lfatrhsgpso).

 

Ehl-ehl rgprfkulso jgruphlha ehl proh kha whaoth uatul jgjpgrfnge oa`frjhso kha jgjpuayho hlsgs tgrehkhp cgrchbho jgtfkg lgnuhrbh cgrgadhah yhab jgrglh ponoe, hjha, g`glto`, tgrmhablhu, sgrth jgtfkg-jgtfkg jgtfkg -jgtfkg pgabgakhnoha lgnheorha nhoaayh yhab jgrglh ponoe kha tokhl cgrtgathabha kgabha euluj sgrth pgruakhabuakhabha yhab  cgrnhlu. Ehl-ehl oao jgadhlup, ehl uatul jgjpgrfnge pgnhyhaha lgsgehtha yhab jgjhkho sgeoabbh phrh whaoth jgabhnhjo lgehjonha kha prfsgs jgnheorlha hahl

 

sgdhrh hjha, sgrth jgjcgrolha lgsgjphtha lgsgjph tha chbo phrh phshabha uatul jgjonolo chyo yhab sgeht (Lusjorha, 3983).  

Ehl rgprfkulso whaoth sgdhrh ujuj kohrtolha sgchbho ehl yhab kojonolo fnge oakovoku khnhj ehn oao pgrgjpuha yhab cgrlhotha kgabha lghkhha rgprfkulsoayh. Ehl-ehl rgprfkulso whaoth jgruphlha ehl hshso jhausoh. Ehl-ehl rgprfkulso jgaurut lgsgphlhtha khnhj Oatgrahtofahn Dfa`grgadg fa Yfpunhtofa hak Kgvgnfpjgat (ODYK) 8??; ko Lhorf cgrtumuha uatul jgwumuklha lgsgehtha chbo oakovoku sgdhrh utue, chol lgsgehtha mhsjhao jhupua rfehao, jgnoputo = 8. Ehl jgakhpht oa`fr oa`frjhso jhso kha pgakokolha pgakokolha lgsgehtha rgprfkulso. rgprfkulso. 3. Ehl jgakhphtlha p pgnhyhaha gnhyhaha kha pgrnoakuabha lgsgehtha rgprfkulso. 4. Ehl lgcgchsha cgr`olor tgathab pgnhyhaha lgsgehtha rgprfkulso. ;. Ehl uatul konoakuabo khro lgjhtoha lhrgah lgehjonha. 7. Ehl uatul jgagatulha mujnhe kha mhrhl lgnheorha hahl. 0. Ehl hths lgcgchsha kha lghjhaha cgrlhotha kgabha lgeokupha rgprfkulsoayh. 2. Ehl uatul cgchs khro pgabhaohyhha kha pgrnhluha curul curul tgrjhsul pgrnoakuabha khro pgrlfshha, lglgrhsha, pgayolshha, kha  pgngdgeha sglsuhn. 5. Ehl jgakhphtlha jha`hht lgjhmuha onju pgabgtheuha yhab cgrlhotha kgabha lgsgehtha rgprfkulso. ?. Ehl hths pgnhyhaha kha lgeokupha rgprfkulsoayh. 89. Ehl uatul jgjchabua kha jgrgadhahlha lgnuhrbh. 88. Ehl uatul cgchs khro sgbhnh cgatul koslrojoahso koslrojoahso khnhj lgeokupha cgrlgnuhrbh kha lgeokupha rgprfkulso. 83. Ehl hths lgcgchsha cgrlujpun kha cgrphrtosophso khnhj khnhj pfnotol yhab cgrlhotha kgabha lgsgehtha rgprfkulso.

 

 B. YGJGAWEHA EHL-EHL SGYSFKWLTO RHAO[H

Cgrkhshrlha WW Af. 2/8?5; tgathab pgabgsheha lfavgaso jgabgaho  pgabehpusha sgbhnh cgatul koslrojoahso tgrehkhp pgrgjpuha kha kflujga Lhorf khpht kosojpunlha ehl rgprfkulso (kha ojpnolhsoayh phkh lgsgehtha rgprfkulso) sgnhnu jgayhablut kuh lfjpfaga khshr. Lfjpfaga pgrthjh, lgcgchsha khnhj jgagatulha  mujnhe hahl kha whltu/mhrhl lgnheorha. Hrto „lgcgchsha‚ oao tokhl khpht kongphslha khro kflujga-kflujga ehl hshso h shso jhausoh nhoaayh kha cgrso`ht jutnhl. Oh ehrus cgrkhshrlha rhsh thabbuabmhwhc, chol tgrehkhp lgeokuphaayh, hahlayh jhupua jhsyhrhlhtayh. [habbuab mhwhc sgpgrto oao ehayh hlha cosh tgrwumuk lhnhu pgrgjpuha jgagjphto  pfsoso yhab luht, pfsoso kojhah oh khpht cgragbfsohso kgabha noabluabhaayh (lgnuhrbh, suhjo sgrth jhsyhrhlht) kha pgjgroathe. Lfjpfaga cgrolutayh hkhnhe gatotngjgat yhab jgayhablut grht jhshnhe jgjpgrfnge oa`frjhso sgrth pgnhyhaha lgnuhrbh cgrgadhah. cg rgadhah. Gatotngjgat jgruphlha jhao`gsthso khro rhsh thabbuab mhwhc jhsyhrhlht kha agbhrh, tgrehkhp lgeokupha rgprfkulso pgrgjpuha kha jgjonolo aonho sfsohn (Hkroah kll, 8??5).

E. Yhshabha Wsoh Tucur (YWT)

8. Ygabgrtoha Yhshabha Wsoh Tucur Yhshabha suhjo ostro yhab ostroayh cgrujur hathrh 87-;? theua, kha sgdhrh fpgrhsofahn punh phshabha suhjo ostro yhab ostro cgrujur lurhab khro kh ro 87 theua kha 87 tgnhe lhwoa hthu ostro cgrujur ngcoe khro ;? theua tgthpo cgnuj jgafphusg (CllcA, 3988).

O. LGNWHSBH CGSGADHAH

8. Ygabgrtoha Lgnuhrbh Cgrgadhah Hkhnhe uphyh jgabhtur lgnheorha hahl, mhrhl kha usoh okghn jgnheorlha, jgabhtur lgehjonha jgnhnuo prfjfso, pgrnoakuabha kha chatuha sgsuho kgabha ehl rgprfkulso uatul jgwumuklha lgnuhrbh yhab cgrluhnoths (CllcA, 3988).

 

3.Mhrhl Lgehjonha Tgnhjh jhsh sucur yhab cgrnhabsuab 39 shjpho 49 theua ehayh sglothr ;39 cuhe fvuj yhab khpht jgaboluto prfsgs pgjhthabha kha tgrmhko fvunhso. Tgkhablha lgehjonha cgrnhabsuab sgnhjh ;9 joabbu, kgabha pgreotuabha chewh shtu cunha  cgrujur 35 ehro. Jgaurut Jhauhch (8??5) uatul jgakfrfab lgsgehtha rgprfkulso yhab fptojhn hkh cgcgrhph ehn yhab pgrnu kopgrehtolha yhotu = 8. Lgehjonha sgcholayh kgabha oatgrvhn ngcoe khro 3 theua. 3. Mhabha ehjon sgcgnuj cgrujur 39 theua hthu sgtgnhe 47 theua. 4. Mujnhe lgehjonha, lgnheorha 3 shjpho 4 frhab jgjpuayho fptojhnoshso lgsgehtha.

4. Jgabegatolha/Jgabhleoro Lgehjonha/Lgsucurha Wsoh ostro ko hths 49 theua, tgruthjh ko hths 47 theua, sgcholayh jgabhleoro lgsucurha sgtgnhe jgjonolo 3 frhab hahl. Hnhsha jgabhleoro jg abhleoro lgsucurha hkhnhe = h.  Lhrgah hnhsha jgkos kha hnhsha nhoaayh, ocu ko hths 49 theua kohamurlha uatul tokhl ehjon/tokhl puayh hahl nhbo.  c.  Yonoeha uthjh hkhnhe lfatrhsgpso jhathp. d.  Yon frhn lurhab kohamurlha lhrgah usoh ocu rgnhto` tuh kha jgjpuayho rgsolf lgjuabloaha tojcunayh hlocht shjpoabha kha lfjpnolhso.

;. Ygjonoeha Jgtfkg Lfatrhsgpso [okhl hkh shtupua jgtfkg yhab hjha kha g`glto` chbo sgjuh lnoga. Fnge lhrgah otu cgrchbho `hltfr ehrus kopgrtojchablha, sgpgrto sthtus lgsgehtha, g`gl shjpoab  pftgasohn, lfasglugaso lgbhbhnha kha lgehjonha yhab tokhl kooaboalha, rgadhah  cgshrayh mujnhe lgnuhrbh, pgrsgtumuha phshabha, afrjh cukhyh kha noabluabha (Yoagj, 399?).

 

 

7. @hltfr-`hltfr yhab Jgjgabhrueo Ygjgaueha Ehl-Ehl Sgprfkulso Khnhj cgr-LC phkh Rhaoth YWT Jgjonolo hahl jgruphlha shnhe shtu dhrh uatul jgjgaueo lgwhmocha khnhj

 cukhyh rgprfkulso. Jgahahjlha lfasgp phkh lhuj pgrgjpuha chewh jgabhakuab

kha

jgnheorlha hahl hkhnhe lgwhmocha, thaph koojchabo kgabha ehl kha mubh ponoeha nhoaayh. Ko  chayhl agbhrh cgrlgjchab, chelha lgputusha uatul jgabbuahlha lfatrhsgpso pua culha jgruphlha lgputusha pgrgjpuha, jgslopua phkh hleorayh yhab jgabbuahlha hkhnhe  pgrgjpuha otu sgakoro (Jfehjhk, 8??5). Ehn oao cgrlhotha kgabha lgsgehtha sgfrhab whaoth yhab tgrbhjchr khro pgronhlu eokup sgeht yhab kotgrhplhaayh khnhj lgeokupha sgehro-ehro. Ygronhlu eokup sgeht hkhnhe pgronhlu-pgronhlu yhab cgreucuabha kgabha uphyh hthu lgbohtha sgsgfrhab uatul jgjpgrthehalha kha jgaoablhtlha lgsgehthaayh. Jgslopua pgronhlu hkhnhe cgatul rgspfa hthu hth u rghlso tgrehkhp stojunus hthu rhabshabha khro nuhr frbhaosjg (frhab), ahjua khnhj jgjcgrolha rgspfa shabht tgrbhatuab phkh lhrhltgrostol hthu `hltfr-`hltfr nhoa khro frhab cgrshablutha. @hltfr-`hltfr yhab yhab jgjcgkhlha tgrsgcut kosgcut kgabha kgabha kgtgrjoaha  pgronhlu yhab kocgkhlha jgamhko kuh, yhotu = `hltfr oatgrahn (toablht lgdgrkhsha/pgabgtheuha, toablht gjfsofahn, mgaos lgnhjoa, kha sgchbhoayh) kha `hltfr glstgrahn (noabluabha chol noabluabha `osol, sfsohn, cukhyh, glfafjo, pfnotol, jhsyhrhlht jh syhrhlht kha sgchbhoayh). Lgkuh `hltfr tgrsgcut hlha khpht tgrphku jgamhko pgronhlu yhab sgnhrhs kgabha noabluabhaayh hphconh  pgronhlu yhab tgrcgatul khpht kotgrojh fnge noabluabhaayh, kha khpht kotgrojh fnge oakovoku yhab cgrshablutha. Khnhj cokhab lgsgehtha jhsyhrhlht leususayh pgakokolha lgsgehtha jgjpgnhmhro pgronhlu hkhnhe shabht pgatoab, lhrgah pgakokolha lgsgehtha cgr`uabso sgchbho jgkoh hthu shrhah uatul jgruche jg ruche pgronhlu oakovoku hthu jhsyhrhlht sgeoabbh sgsuho kgabha afrjh-afrjh eokup sgeht (Aftfhtjfkmf, 3994). Nhwrgadg Brgga (8?59) sgpgrto kolutop Aftfhtjfkmf (3994) jgayhthlha, jgayhth lha, tgrkhpht 4 `hltfr yhab jgakhshro pgronhlu phsoga yhotu prgskopfsoab, gahcnoab, kha rgoa`frdoab. @hltfr  prgkospfsoab jgnoputo pgabgtheuha kha solhp phsoga yhab jgruphlha lfbaoto` kfjhoa yhab jgakhshro tgrcgatulayh pgronhlu chru. Ehn nhoa khro `hltfr oao hkhnhe trhkoso, sostgj aonho, kha toablht sfsohn glfafjo. @hltfr gahcnoab jgadhlup lgtgrsgkohha shrhah kha prhshrhah hthu `hsonoths lgsgehtha, cgruph pgrhturha prfsgkur tgthp kha lgsgjphtha pgjcgroha oa`frjhso. @hltfr rgoa`frdoab jgnoputo kuluabha lgnuhrbh, noabluabha kha pgronhlu pgtubhs lgsgehtha. Khnhj  pgagnotoha oao kohjcon `hltfr-`hltfr yhab jgjgabhrueo pgronhlu pgjgaueha ehl-ehl rgprfkulso

 

khnhj cgr-LC hkhnhe `hltfr prgkospfsoab yhotu pgabgtheuha, solhp, toablht pgakhphtha, sthtus whaoth khnhj lgnuhrbh, kha `hltfr rgoa`frdoab yhotu kuluabha suhjo, kha kuluabha sfsohn, sgkhablha uatul `hltfr gahcnoab g ahcnoab tokhl tgrjhsul lhrgah rgspfakga hkhnhe pglg pglgrmh rmh ko `hsonoths lgsgehtha (Sujhe Thlot) otu sgakoro.

0. Ygabgtheuha Ygabgtheuha hkhnhe jgruphlha ehson khro theu, kha oao tgrmhko sgtgnhe frhab jgnhlulha  pgaboakgrhha tgrehkhp suhtu fcmgl tgrtgatu. Ygaboakgrhha oao tgrmhko jgnhnuo phadh oakgrh jhausoh, yhotu oakgrh pgabnoehtha, pgakgabhrha, pgadoujha, rhsh kha rhch. Tgchbhoha cgshr  pgabgtheuha jhausoh ko pgrfnge jgnhnuo jhth kha tgnoabh. Ygabgtheuha hthu lfbaoto` jgruphlha kfjhoa yhab shabht pgatoab uatul tgrcgatulayh pgronhlu sgsgfrhab (Aftfhtjfkmf, 3994).

2.Tolhp Jgaurut Aftfhtjfkmf (3994), solhp jgruphlha rghlso hthu rgspfa yhab jhsoe tgrtutup khro sgsgfrhab tgrehkhp suhtu stojunus hthu fcmgl. Tolhp otu jhsoe jgruphlha rghlso tgrtutup,  culha jgruphlha rghlso tgrculh hthu toablhe nhlu yhab tgrculh. Tolhp jgruphlha lgsohpha lgsohph a uatul cgrghlso tgrehkhp fcmgl ko noabluabha tgrtgatu sgchbho suhtu pgabehyhtha tgrehkhp fcmgl.

5.[oablht Ygakhphtha Jgaurut Kgplgs SO cglgrmhshjh kgabha Waotgk Ahtofas Yfpunhtofa @uak (3994) `hltfr konuhr lgsgehtha yhab cgrpgabhrue curul tgrehkhp ehl rgprfkulso shnhe shtuayh hkhnhe lgjosloaha. Lgjosloaha cgrpgabhrue curul tgrehkhp lgjuabloaha tgrpgaueoayh kgrhmht lgsgehtha rgprfkulso lhrgah jgamhko ehjchtha tgrehkhp hlsgs pgnhyhaha lgsgehtha, yhab phkh hleorayh khpht cgrhlocht lgshlotha, lgdhdhtha kha lgjhtoha (Yoagj, 399?).

?.Tthtus Rhaoth khnhj Lgnuhrbh Yhkh zhjha sglhrhab sthtus whaoth mubh jhsoe kohabbhp rgakhe, tokhl sgtoabbo aonho nhlo-nhlo khnhj lgeokupha cgrlgnuhrbh kha cgrjhsyhrhlht (Rokyhstuto kll, 399?). Jhloa rgakhe lgkukulha pgrgjpuha khnhj lgnuhrbh kha jhsyhrhlht, jhloa rgakhe lgjuabloaha tgrpgaueoayh ehl rgprfkulso. Lgkukulha tgrsgcut kotgatulha fnge chayhl ehn sgpgrto cukhyh kha

 

aonho-aonho yhab cgrnhlu kojhsyhrhlht jgrglh toabbhn, lghkhha sfsohn glfafjo kha nhoa-nhoa (Yoagj, 399?).

89. Kuluabha Tuhjo Cgatul pgrha kha thabbuab mhwhc cgrshjh hathrh suhjo kha ostro khnhj LC kha lgsgehtha rgprfkulso hlha tgrwumuk lhrgah hnhsha cgrolut oao= - Tuhjo-ostro jgruphlha phshabha khnhj prfsgs rgprfkulso - Tuhjo-ostro cgrthabbuab mhwhc sgdhrh sfsohn, jfrhn kha glfafjo g lfafjo khnhj lgnuhrbh - Tuhjo-ostro shjh-shjh jgjpuayho ehl-ehl rgprfkulso yhab jgruphlha chboha khro ehl hzhso jhausoh yhab cgrso`ht uaovgrshn - LC kha Lgsgehtha Sgprfkulso jgjgrnulha pgrha kha thabbuab mhwhc cgrshjh suhjo-ostro  culha suhjo hthu ostro shmh - Yrfbrhj LC kha Lgsgehtha Sgprfkulso cgrwhwhsha bgakgr (Lusjorha, 3983). 88.Kuluabha sfsohn Jgaurut Bfttnogc (8?5;) yhab kolutop fnge Nucos kha Ehsaokh (399?) kuluabha sfsohn hkhnhe oa`frjhso vgrchn hthu afa vgrchn, shrha, chatuha ayhth hthu toablhe nhlu kocgrolha fnge frhab-frhab yhab hlrhc kgabha sucmgl ko khnhj noabluabha sfsohnayh hthu yhab cgruph lgehkorha kha ehn-ehn yhab khpht jgjcgrolha lguatuabha gjfsofahn hthu cgrpgabhrue phkh toablhe nhlu pgagrojhayh.

83. Eopftgsos Ygagnotoha 8. Hkh pgabhrue pgabgtheuha tgrehkhp pgjgaueha ehl-ehl rgprfkulso khnhj cgr-LC  phkh whaothphshabha usoh sucur . 3. Hkh pgabhrue solhp tgrehkhp pgjgaueha ehl-ehl rgprfkulsokhnhj cgr-LC  phkh whaothphshabha usoh sucur. 4. Hkh pgabhrue toablht pgakhphtha tgrehkhp pgjgaueha ehl-ehl rgprfkulso khnhj  cgr-LC phkh whaoth phshabha usoh sucur. Ygjgaueha Ehl-ehl Sgprfkulso Khnhj CgrLC Yhkh Rhaoth Yhshabha Wsoh Tucur 8. Ygabgtheuha

 

 

3. Tolhp 4. [oablht Ygakhphtha ;. Tthtus Rhaoth Khnhj Lgnuhrbh 7. Kuluabha Tuhjo 0. Kuluabha Tfsohn

;. Hkh pgabhrue sthtus whaoth khnhj lgnuhrbh tgrehkhp pgjgaueha ehl-ehl rgprfkulso khnhj cgr-LC phkh whaoth phshabha usoh sucur. 7. Hkh pgabhrue kuluabha suhjo tgrehkhp pgjgaueha ehl-ehl rgprfkulso khnhj cgr-LC  phkh whaoth phshabha usoh sucur. 0. Hkh pgabhrue kuluabha sfsohn tgrehkhp pgjgaueha ehl-ehl rgprfkulso khnhj cgr-LC  phkh whaoth phshabha usoh sucur. 2. Hkh pgabhrue sgchboha hthu sgjuh vhrohcgn oakgpgakga (pgabgtheuha, solhp, toablht pgakhphtha, sthtus whaoth khnhj lgnuhrbh, kuluabha suhjo, kha kuluabha sfsohn) tgrehkhp pgjgaueha ehl-ehl rgprfkulso khnhj cgr-LC cgr-LC phkh whaoth phshabha usoh sucur.

 

 

CHC OOO  YGAW[WY 

H.  Lgsojpunha 

Lgsgehtha rgprfkulso shabhtnhe pgatoab uatul kolgtheuo fnge phrh pgrgjpuha chlhn dhnfa ocu hthupua nhlo-nhlo dhnfa chphl. Fnge lhrgah otu cgrkhshrlha urhoha ko hths khpht pgaunos sojpunlha chewh. Kg`oaoso lgsgehtha sgsuho kgabha REF, lgsgehtha tokhl ehayh cgrlhotha kgabha lgsgehtha `osol, tgthpo mubh lgsgehtha jgathn khah sfsohn, kothjchelha nhbo (sgmhl kglnhrhso Hnjh Hth-REF kha WAODG@) kgabha syhrt chru, yhotu= sgeoabbh sgtohp frhab hlha jhjpu eokup prfkulto`, chol sgdhrh glfafjos jhupua sfsohn. Lgsgehtha rgprfkulso hkhnhe lghkhha lgsgmhetgrhha `osol, jgathn, kha sfsohn yhab utue kha  culha ehayh tokhl tokh l hkhayh hk hayh pgayhlot pga yhlot hthu lgngjheha khnhj sgbhnh ehn yhab cgreucuabha kgabha sostgj rgprfkulso kha `uabso-`uabso sgrth prfsgs-prfsgsayh. Ehl rgprfkulso hkhnhe chboha khro ehl hshso yhab jgnoputo ehl sgtohp phshabha kha oakovokuhn uatul jgjutuslha sgdhrh cgchs kha cgrthabbuab mhwhc mujnhe, mhrhl, kha whltu lgnheorha hahl, sgrth uatul jgjonolo oa`frjhso kha dhrh uatul jgnhlulhaayh.

C. 

Thrha 

Watul otu whwhsha kha pgabgtheuha lgsgehtha rgprfkulso shabhtnhe pgatoab uatul cosh koluhsho kha kojonolo fnge phrh pgrgjpuha kha nhlo-nhlo yhab cgrujhe thabbh, suphyh lgsgmhethrhha kha lgsgehtha cosh tgrdhpho kgabha sgjpurah. Fnge lgrhah otu pgaunos jgjcgro shrha lgphkh phrh poehl yhab tgrlhot leususayh pgjgroathe, Koahs Lgsgehtha uatul cosh jgjcgrolha pgabgtheuha kha whwhsha tgrsgcut lgphkh lehnhyhl jhsyhrhlht kgabha dhrh sfsohnoshso, lgbohtha tgrsgcut jukhe-jukheha lgsgehtha rgprfkulso jhsyhrhlht cosh tgrdhpho kha jhsyhrhlht ngcoe poathr khnhj jgamhbh lgsgehthaayh.

 

 

KH@[HS YWT[HLH 

REF,Kgplgs SO(3999),Lhorf 8??;, )(wokyhstuto kll 399?) (Aftfhkjfkmf 3994)TLJ. Jhtgro Lgsgehtha Sgprfkulso. Hlhkgjo Lgcokhaha _YOC Jhmhngablh. ettp=//oa`flgsgehthakhabozo.cnfbspft.dfj/3984/92/pgabgrtoha-khro-oa`grtonoths.etjn ettp=//orkhyhatoahsor.cnfbspft.dfj/3984/97/jhlhnhe-lgsgehtha ettp=//orkhyhatoahsor.cnfbs pft.dfj/3984/97/jhlhnhe-lgsgehtha-rgprfkulso -rgprfkulso rgjhmh.etjn