Makalah Kesehatan Masyarakat

 

JHJ K TBGFHNRLRHG

8.8 Lhthr Lhthr Jblhehg Jblhehg` `

Ebsbnhthg Ebsbnht hg hfhlhn hfhlhn ecgfksk ecgfksk ebsbmhntbrhhg  ebsbmhntbrhhg akske, obgthl, fhg scskhl yhg` lbg`ehp fhg eblbohnhg. Tbohnhohg Tbohnhohg tbgthg` tbgthg` ebsbnhthg ebsbnhthg  juehg sbehfhr tkfhe hfhgyh pbgyhekt hfhgyh pbgyhekt  hthu eblbohnhg. tblhn jbr`bsbr sbkrkg` fbg`hg whetu. Jbrebojhg`gyh tbegclc`k ebsbnhthg jbrjhsks fk`kthl tblhn oboug`ekgehg sbtkhp crhg` ugtue obopblhmhrk fhg obgklhk fkrk obrbeh sbgfkrk, fhg scskhl jbrpbg`hrun  jbrphrtkskphsk hetka fhlho `brhehg prcocsk `brhehg prcocsk ebsbnhthg. Jbrjh`hk ahetcr scskhl jbrpbg`hrun tbrnhfhp ecgfksk ebsbnhthg, sbpbrtk pbrklheu kgfkvkfu, ecgfksk scskhl, `bgbtke fhg jkclc`k,  pbrhwhthg ebsbnhthg, fhg lkg`eug`hg akske. Obgurut PNC ebsbnhthg yhktu suhtu ebhfhhg akske, obgthl, fhg scskhl ebsbmhntbrhhg fhg juehg juehg nhgyh nhgyh tkfhe tkfhe hfhgyh hfhgyh pbgyhe pbgyhekt kt hthu eblboh eblbohnhg nhg.. Ybfhg` Ybfhg`ehg ehg fhlho fhlho Tkh`ho Tkh`ho Ctthwh obg`hthehg jhnwh ebsbnhthg khlhn suhtu suojbr fhyh jh`k ebnkfuphg sbnhrk-nhrk,  juehg sbjuhn tumuhg nkfup. Ebsbnhthg yhktu sbjuhn ecgsbp pcsktka yhg` obgbehgehg  phfh suojbr fhyh prkjhfk,scskhl fhg ebohopuhg akske. Vbrfhpht jbjbrhph hspbe ebsbnhthg yhktu ebsbnhthg akske, ebsbnhthg obgthl (mkwh), ebsbnhthg scskhl, fhg ebsbnhthg begcok. Jbrjkihrh obg`bghk ebsbnhthg tbgtu shg`ht luhs  mhg`ehuhggyh. Ebsbnhthg tkfhe nhgyh obgihg`eup hspbe-hspbe tbrsbjut tbthpk hfh mu`h ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht yhg` tkfhe mhun ehlhn pbgtkg`. Ehrbgh ktulhn phfh ohehlhn kgk ehok tbrthrke ugtue obgmblhsehg obg`bghk shlhn shtu ihjhg` fhrk ebsbnhthg yhktu ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht.

8.: Zuoushg Zuoushg Ohshlh Ohshlhn n

8. Hph yhg` yhg` fkohesuf fkohesuf fbg`hg fbg`hg ebsbnhth ebsbnhthg g ohsyhrheht3 ohsyhrheht3 :. Hph shmh shmh tumuhg tumuhg fhrk fhrk ebsbnhthg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht3 ohsyhrheht3 9. Jh`hkohgh Jh`hkohgh ruhg` lkg`eup lkg`eup ebsbnhthg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht3 ohsyhrheht3 6. Ykhph shshrhg fhrk ebsbnht ebsbnhthg hg ohsyhrheht ohsyhrheht33 2. Jh`hkohgh Jh`hkohgh prkgskp prkgskp fhrk fhrk ebsbnhthg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheh ohsyhrheht3 t3 1. Hph shmh shmh ahetcr-ahetc ahetcr-ahetcrr ebsbnhthg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheh ohsyhrheht3 t3

 

8.9 Vumuhg Vumuhg

8. Obg`bthnuk Obg`bthnuk pbg`br pbg`brtkhg tkhg ebsbnhthg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht. ohsyhrheht. :. Obg`bthnuk Obg`bthnuk tumuhg tumuhg fhrk fhrk ebsbnhthg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht. ohsyhrheht. 9. Obg`bthnuk Obg`bthnuk ruhg` ruhg` lkg`eup lkg`eup ebsbnhth ebsbnhthg g ohsyhrheht. ohsyhrheht. 6. Obg`bthnuk Obg`bthnuk shshrhg ebsbnhthg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrhe ohsyhrheht. ht. 2. Obg`bthnuk Obg`bthnuk prkgskp prkgskp fhrk ebsbnhth ebsbnhthg g ohsyhrheht. ohsyhrheht. 1. Obg`bthnuk Obg`bthnuk shmh shmh ahetcr ’ ahetcr ebsbnht ebsbnhthg hg ohsyhrheht. ohsyhrheht.

8.6 Ohgah Ohgahht ht

8. Ohgahht Ohgahht sbihrh sbihrh uouo uouo Obgfhphtehg Obgfhp htehg

pbg`bthnuhg pbg`bthnuhg

jhru

tbgthg`

ebsbnhthg

ohsyhrheht ohsyhrheht

fhg

jksh

obg`koplbobgthskehg gyh fhlho ebnkfuphg sbnhrk-nhrk. :. Ohgahht sbihrh enusus enusus Obgkg`ehtehg sbihrh mblhs fhg skstbohtks obg`bghk pbg`bthnuhg Ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht fhg ugtue obopbrluhs pbgblktkhg sblhgmutgyh.

 

JHJ : TBOJHNHYHG

:.8 Tbg`brtkhg Ebsbnhthg Ohsyhrheht

Ebsbnhthg Ohsyhrheht hfhlhn klou fhg prhetbe fhlho oboblknhrh, oblkgfug`k fhg obgkg`ehtehg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht oblhluk ushnh-ushnh pbg`cr`hgkshskhg ohsyhrheht (Kehthg Fcetbr Hobrkeh, HOH, 8;6>). Ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht fhpht fkhrtkehg sbjh`hk eb`khthg yhg` sufhn fkphfuehg hgthrh shgkthsk fhg pbg`cjhthg fhlho obgib`hn pbgyhekt yhg` obgkoph pbgfufue hthu ohsyhrheht. Ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht hfhlhn ecojkghsk fhrk klou (tbcrk) fhg Trhetbe (sbgk) yhg` jbrtumuhg ugtue obgib`hn fhrk hfhgyh pbgyhekt, fhg obgkg`ehte obgkg `ehtehg hg ebsbnhthg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht. ohsyhrheht. Ebsbnhthg Ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht ohsyhrheht obruphehg obruphehg ebtbrphfuhg ebtbrphfuhg hgthrh klou ebfcetbrhg, shgkthsk, fhg klou scskhl fhlho obgib`hn pbgyhekt yhg` tbrmhfk fk lkg`eug`hg ohsyhrheht. :.: Vumuhg Ebsbnhthg Ohsyhrheht Ohsyhrheht

Vumuhg Ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht fk jkfhg` prcoctka, eurhtka, prbvbgtka fhg rbnhjklkthtka hfhlhn sbtkhp whr`h ohsyhrheht fhpht obgihphk tkg`eht ebsbnhthg yhg` tkg``k jhke akske, obgthl, scskhl fhg fknhrhpehg jbruour phgmhg`. Hfhpug tumuhg uouo fhg tumuhg enusus ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht hfhlhn sbjh`hk jbrkeut= 8. Rouo Rouo Obgkg`ehtehg tkg`eht ebsbnhthg fhg ebohopuhg ohsyhrheht jhke sbihrh obgyblurun fhlho oboblknhrh ebsbnhthg ugtue obgihphk tkg`eht ebsbnhthg sbihrh ohgfkrk. :. Enus Enusus us h. Obgkg`ehtehg kgfkvkfu, ebluhr`h, eblcopce fhg ohsyhrheht fhlho obohnhok  pbg`brtkhg sbnht hthu shekt.  j. Obgkg`ehtehg ebohopuhg kgfkvkfu, ebluhr`h eblcopce fhg ohsyhrheht fhlho obg`hthsk pbrohshlhnhg ebsbnhthg. i. Vbrthg`hgk/tbrlhyhgk eblcopce eblcopce ebluhr`h rhwhg, eblcopce eblcopce enusus fhg ehsus yhg` yhg` obobrluehg pbghg`hghg tkgfhe lhgmut fhg pblhyhghg ebsbnhthg Jh`hkohgh  pbgfhpht Hgfh tbgthg` tumuhg tbrsbjut3 Hphehn fbg`hg obojhih tumuhg ktu Hgfh sufhn fhpht obojhyhg`ehg tu`hs yhg` hehg fklheshghehg3 Hphehn Hgfh sufhn fhpht obgmblhsehg, tumuhg fhrk ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht fhg jh`hkohgh ihrh obgihphkgyh ebsbnhthg tbrsbjut. Mkeh pbrthgyhhg tbrsbjut sufhn fhpht Hgfh

 

 mhwhj, jbrhrtk Hgfh sufhn fhpht obgmblhsehg tumuhg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht. Ybjbluo oblhgmutehg eb eb`khthg pbojblhmhrhg jbrkeutgyh hfh jhkegyh Hgfh obopblhmhrk “sbmhrhn ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht‟. [hg` obruphehg hwhl fktbouehggyh pbgyhekt fhg ihrh pbg`cjhthggyh‟. Jbrfhshrehg ehlkoht tbrsbjut, ougiul pbrthgyhhg hph yhg` fkohesuf fbg`hg sbmhrhn ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht3. Rgtue obgmhwhj pbrthgyhhg tbrsbjut, oheh urhkhg fk jhwhn kgk hehg obgmblhsehg sbmhrhn ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht fhg jh`hkohgh pbrebojhg`hg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht fk Kgfcgbskh. :.9 Zuhg` Lkg`eup Lkg`eup Ebsbnhthg Ebsbnhthg Ohsyhrheht Ohsyhrheht

Zuhg` lkg`eup ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht tbrfkrk hths : fkskplkg pcece ebklouhg,yhegk= klou jkc obfks fhg klou scskhl, sbmhlhg fbg`hg pbrebojhg`hg klou ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht yhg` tbrfkrk hths= Klou Jkclc`k, ebfcetbrhg, ekokh, akskeh, lkg`eug`hg, scskhl, hgtrcpclc`k,  pbgfkfkehg fhg sbjh`hkgyh. Ybihrh `hrks jbshr klou ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht fkjhgtu fbg`hg kllou lhkg yhg` fkhgthrhgyh sbjh`hk jbrkeut= 8. Bpkfbokclc`k :. Jkcsthtkstke/sthtkstke ebsbnhthg 9. Ebsbnhthg lkg`eug`hg 6. Tbgfkfkehg ebsbnhthg/klou Tbrklheu 2. Hfokgkstrhsk Ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht 1. @kzk ohsyhrheht 0. Ebsbnhthg ebrmh Ohshlhn

ebsbnhthg

ohsyhrheht

fhpht

fklknht

fhrk

jbrjh`k

ohiho

ahetcr 

 pbobihnhggyh, sbfhg`ehg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht fklknht sbjh`hk pblheshghhg yhg` obopugyhk ebtbrhg`hg fhrk sbouh eb`khthg jhke sbihrh lhg`sug` hthu tkfhe lhg`sug` ugtue obgib`hn pbgyhekt, obgkg`ehtehg ebsbnhthg, tbrhpk sbpbrtk tbrhpk akske, obgthl, scskhl scsk hl hfhlhn hfhlhn uphyh uphyh fhrk fhrk ohsyhr ohsyhrheh hehtt ugtue ugtue obgmh` obgmh`hh ebsbnht ebsbnhthg, hg, okshl okshl pbgybf pbgybfkhh khhg g hkr   jbrskn, pbojbrsknhg lkg`eug`hg, pbg`hwhshg ohehghg fhg lhkg-lhkg. Tbgbrhphggyh fhlho ruhg` lkg`eup ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht hfhlhn= 8.   Tbojbrhgthshg pbgyhekt, jhke pbgyhekt yhg` obgulhr hthu tkfhe obgulhr :.   Tbrjhkehg ebjbrsknhg lkg`eug`hg lkg`eug`hg fk tbopht-tbopht uouo

lkg`eug`hg fk pbouekohg 9.   Tbrjhkehg lkg`eug`hg 6.   Tbojbrhgthshg jkjkt pbgyhekt 2.   Tbgfkfkehg hthu pbgyulunhg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht 1.   Tblhyhghg kju fhg hghe 

 

:.6 Yhshrhg Ebsbnhthg Ohsyhrheht Ohsyhrheht

Yhshrhg hfhlhn pbgmblhshg obg`bghk tumuhg fhrk suhtu cr`hgkshsk fhg obg``hojhrehg ebphfh ebp hfh nhl-nh nhl-nhll yhg` yhg` kg`kg kg`kg fkihph fkihphkk oblhlu oblhlukk tkgfhe tkgfhehg-t hg-tkgf kgfheh hehg g yhg` yhg` fklheu fklheuehg ehg sbihrh sbihrh babetka babe tka.. Clbn Clbn ehrbgh ehrbghgyh gyh ruoush ruoushg g fhrk fhrk shshrhg shshrhg yhg` yhg` fktbth fktbthpeh pehg g clbn clbn suhtu suhtu cr`hgk cr`hgkshsk shsk fknhrhpehg fhpht obojuht pbgyusughg fhrk prc`rho yhg` babetka fhg eb`khthg pcece  fhrk cr`hgkshsk yhg` jbrskaht spbskake, tbrkgik, fhpht fkueur fhpht fkihphk. Yhshrhg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht hfhlhn kgfkvkfu, ebluhr`h, eblcopce enusus jhke yhg` sbnht ohupug yhg` shekt yhg` obopugyhk ohshlhn ebsbnhthg. 8. Kgfkvk Kgfkvkfu fu Kgfkvkfu obruphehg jh`khg fhrk hg``cth ebluhr`h, yhg` hphjklh kgfkvkfu tbrsbjut obopugyhk suhtu ohshlhn ebsbnhthg ehrbgh tkfhe ohopu obrhwht fkrkgyh sbgfkrk, oheh fhpht obopbg`hrunk hg``cth ebluhr`h lhkggyh jhke sbihrh akske, obgthl fhg scskhl.

:. Eblu Ebluhr` hr`hh Ebluhr`h hfhlhn ugkt tbrebikl fhrk ohsyhrheht, yhg` tbrfkrk fhrk ebphlh ebluhr`h, fhg hg``cth ebluhr`h lhkggyh, yhg` jbreuopul fhg tkg``hl fhlho suhtu ruohn thg``h ehrbgh hfhgyh kehthg fhrhn fhg pbrehwkghg hthu hfcpsk, hgthrh shtu fbg`hg lhkggyh yhg` shlkg` jbrnujug`hg, jklh hfh shlhn shtu hthu jbjbrhph ebluhr`h obopugyhk suhtu ohshlhn ebsbnhthg oheh hehg jbrpbg`hrun tbrnhfhp hg``cth ebluhr`h yhg` lhkggyh. 9. Eblcopce Eblcopce enusus enusus Eblcopce enusus Eblcopce enusus obruphehg obruphehg euopulhg euopulhg kgfkvkfu kgfkvkfu yhg` obopugyhk obopugyhk ebshohhg ebshohhg hgthrh mbgks eblhokg, eblhokg, uour, pbrohshlhnhg pbrohshlhnhg,, eb`khthg eb`khthg yhg` shg`ht sbgsktka tbrnhfhp tbrnhfhp ohshlhn ebsbnhthg, fhg tbrohsue fk hgthrhgyh yhktu= h. Eblcop Eblcopce ce enusus enusus fbg`hg fbg`hg ebjutunh ebjutunhg g eb ebsbnh sbnhthg thg enusus enusus sbjh`h sbjh`hkk hekjht hekjht fhrk fhrk  pbrtuojunhg fhg pbrebojhg`hg sbpbrtk5 kju nhokl, jhyk jhru lhnkr, hghe   jhlkth, hghe uskh sbeclhn, fhg uskh lhgmut.  j. Eblcopce fbg`hg ebsbnhthg enusus yhg` obobrluehg pbg`hwhshg fhg  jkojkg`hg sbrth hsunhg, yhg` fk hgthrhgyh sbpbrtk pbgfbrkth pbgyhekt obgulhr  fhg tkfhe obgulhr.

 

i. Eblcop Eblcopce ce yhg` yhg` obopug obopugyhk yhk rkskec rkskec tbrmhg tbrmhg`ek `ektt pbgyhe pbgyhekt, kt, yhg` yhg` fk hgthrh hgthrhgyh gyh sbpbrtk5 eblcopce pbgyhlhn`ughhg cjht, whgkth tugh susklh, pbgyhlhn`ughhg ghrecjh, eblcopce-eblcopce pbebrmh tbrtbgtu, fhg lhkg-lhkg. f. Lbojh`h Lbojh`h scskhl, pbrhwhthg pbrhwhthg fhg rbnhjklkthsk, rbnhjklkthsk, yhg` fk hgthrhgyh hgthrhgyh sbpbrtk5 phgtk wbrfh, phgtk hsunhg, pusht-pusht rbnhjklkthsk fhg pbgktkphg hghe. :.2 Trkgskp-prkgskp Obopbg`hrunk Obopbg`hrunk Fbrhmht Fbrhmht Ebsbnhthg Ohsyhr Ohsyhrheht heht

Ybsuhk fbg`hg ebohopuhg tbgh`h ohupug ahsklkths, oheh Tcece-pcece eb`khthg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht yhg` fhpht fklheshghehg hfhlhn sbjh`hk jbrkeut= 8. Hsunhg lhg`sug` lhg`sug` ebphfh ebphfh kgfkvkfu, kgfkvkfu, eblcopce eblcopce fhg ohsyhrheht :. Trcocsk Trcocsk Ebsbnhthg Ebsbnhthg 9. Ecgsblkg` Ecgsblkg` fhg pbobihnhg pbobihnhg ohshlhn ebsbnhthg ebsbnhthg ohsyhrhe ohsyhrheht ht 6. Zumu Zumueh ehg g 2. Hsunhg ecougkths ecougkths 1. Tbgbou Tbgbouhg hg ehsus ehsus 0. Tbg`nu Tbg`nujug jug` ` >. Eccrfk Eccrfkghs ghskk ;. Ebrmh Ebrmh sho shohh 84. Hfvcehsk 88. Jkojkg`hg fhg pbojkghhg 8:. Tblkophnhg wbwbghg`/pbg`bojhg`hg pbrhghg 89. Zbgihgh lbphs hsunhg 86. Thguthg/rclb ocfbl 82. Tbgblktkhg5 obojhgtu obg`kfbgtkakehsk obg`bojhg`ehg tbcrk-tbcrk yhg` obruphehg fhrk fkrk prhetke ebsbnhthg ohsyhrheht :.1 Ahetcr-ahetcr Ahetcr-ahetcr yhg` Obopbg`hrunk Fbrhmht Fbrhmht Ebsbnhthg Ohsyhrheht Ohsyhrheht