Makalah Kelompok Sistem Informasi

 

BADAHAC ‘Dfabakak Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Mak Ftlda Mahab Bfk``ukadak ]fdkihi`l Lkjirbasl _ama Nlskls‒

Mlsusuk Vktud Bfbfkucl ]u`as Bataduhlac ULU]FB LKJI^BAUL

MLUVUVK IHFC 7  

F^A PL^APAK(>1?>?/>?>1

Badahac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk

|1

 

DA]A _FK@AK]A^ 

_ugl Uyudur dabl pakgatdak dfcamlrat ]ucak \ak` Baca Fsa, darfka mfk`ak racbat mak clmayac-Kya dabl mapat bfkyfhfsaldak badahac bata duhlac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk tfktak` ‘Dfabakak Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Mak Ftlda Mahab Bfk``ukadak ]fdkihi`l Lkjirbasl _ama Nlskls‒ Adclr data, Adclr data, sfbi`a sfbi`a badaha badahac c lkl mapat bfbnfr bfbnfrll bakjaa bakjaatt dfpama dfpama sfbua sfbua plcad, plcad, na`l na`l dabl dabl dcususkya mak na`l tfbak-tfbak bacaslswa U]LF _akea Ncadtl _ahu pama ububkya. Dabl samar nacwa badahac lkl nfhub sfbpurka mak baslc bfblhldl nakyad dfdurak`ak. Ihfc darfka ltu, dabl bfk`carapdak drltld mak sarak yak` bfbnak`uk marl sfbua plcad yak` bfbnaea.

Badahac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk

|>

 

MAJ]A^ LUL

DA]A _FK@AK]A^ ............................. ............................................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ........................... ............ > MAJ]A^ LUL............. ............................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .......................................... ...........................5 5 NAN L............. ........................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ....................................... ........................ = _FKMACVHVAK............... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ................................ ..................= = A.

Hatar Nf Nfhadak`............. ............................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................= .............=

N.

^ubus busak Ba Basahac............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. .......................= .........=

E.

]uguakBadahac.............. ............................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................... ............ =

M.

Bakj Bakjaa aatt _fk _fkuhl uhlsak.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ................................................... .................................... =

NAN LL.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .....................................: ......................: ............................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ................................................... .................................... : _FBNACAUAK............. A. Ftld Ftldaa maha mahab b Ulst Ulstfb fb Lkj Lkjir irba basl sl................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ................................. ..................: :

N.

_fhak``ara _fhak``arak k Ftlda Ftlda M Mak ak Birah Birah ]f`kih ]f`kihi`l i`l Lkjirbasl Lkjirbasl Mak Dibukldas Dibukldasll .............................................0

E.

Basaha Basahac c atau atau llsu su ssis islah lah maha mahab b slstfb slstfb lkjirb lkjirbasl asl.............. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ..................... ......< <

M.

Dfab Dfabak akak ak lkji lkjirb rbas asll............... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. .............................. ................ 11

F.

_fktl _fktlk`k k`kya ya _fk _fk`fk `fkma mahla hlak k Ulstf Ulstfb b Lkji Lkjirba rbasl sl.............. ............................ ............................. .............................. ........................................1> .........................1>

J.

]u`as ]u`as _fk`fk _fk`fkmahla mahlak k mahab mahab Ulstfb Ulstfb Lkjir Lkjirbasl basl Nfrnasls Nfrnasls Dibputfr  Dibputfr .................................................15 .................................................15

@.

Dikt Diktri rihh _ _ri risf sfss _fk` _fk`fb fbna nak` k`ak ak............... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................................ ............................. 15

C.

Dikt Diktri rihh Mls Mlsal alk k Uls Ulstf tfb b............... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................15 .............15

L.

Dikt Diktri rihh _fk _fk`i `ipf pfra rasl slak ak Uls Ulstfb tfb.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................... ................ 1=

NAN LLL............... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. .................. ....1: 1: _FKV]V_.............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. .............. 1: A.

Dfslbpuhak............... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ..............................1: ...............1:

N.

Uarak............... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ......................... .......... 1:

MAJ]A^ _VU]ADA............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ...........................10 .............10

Badahac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk

|5

 

NAN L

_FKMACVHVAK  

A.

Hatar Nfhadak`

Dfbagu Dfba guak ak maha mahab b tfhf tfhfdib dibukl ukldas dasll mak mak pfrak pfrak`da `datt hukad hukad mak mak dfras dfras di dibp bput utfr fr sf sfea eara ra sl`kljldak gu`a bfbnfrldak diktrlnusl atas bfklk`datkya dfrfktakak mak `ak``uak tfrcamap slstfb lkjirbasl. Bfhahul garlk`ak tfhfdibukldasl, lkjirbasl mlsfnardak atau mlcunuk`dak df  nfrna`al hidasl. Dfbuk`dlkak Dfbuk`d lkak amakya adsfs yak` tlmad sac, `ak``uak atau dfeurak`ak mapat saga tfrgaml nald ml satu atau nfnfrapa hidasl yak` tfrcunuk`. Ufbadlk dibphfdskya pfrak`dat dfras dfr as gu`a gu`a bfkelp bfkelptad tadak ak dfbuk`d dfbuk`dlka lkak k tfrgam tfrgamlky lkyaa pfhuak pfhuak` ` uktud uktud pfkftr pfkftrasl asl mak baklpu baklpuhas hasll  pfk``ukaak slstfb lkjirbasl. _fk``ukaak yak` pfsat lktfrkft mahab nfrna`al adtlvltas gu`a bfk`ukmak` tlbnuhkya  

 nfrna`al `ak``uak tfrcamap slstfb lkjirbasl. Mua cah yak` bfkgaml pfrcatlak ml slkl amahac basahac caedfrs mak vlrus. Caedfr amahac sfsfirak` yak` bfhadudak adsfs yak` tlmad sac df  garlk`ak dibputfr uktud tuguak bfkearl dfuktuk`ak, drlblkah, atau cakya uktud sfdfmar  dfsfkak`akkya. Ufmak`dak vlrus amahac pri`rab yak` bfk``ak``u mak bfrusad jlhf yak` ama mahab mah ab dibput dibputfr, fr, sfrta sfrta suhlt suhlt uktud uktud mlmftf mlmftfdsl dsl.. Ihfc Ihfc darfkak darfkakya, ya, para para pfk``uk pfk``ukaa dibput dibputfr  fr  mlsarakdak uktud sfeara nfrdaha bfbpfrnarul pri`rab aktl vlrus bfrfda N.

^ubusak Ba Basahac

1. Apa saga saga ftl ftlda da mahab mahab slstf slstfb b lkjirb lkjirbasl asl99 >. Apa yak` yak` mlbadsum mlbadsum pfhak``a pfhak``arak rak ftlda ftlda mahab mahab slstfb slstfb lkjirbasl lkjirbasl99 5. Apa saga saga basahacbasahac-basah basahac ac sislah sislah mahab mahab slstfb slstfb lkjirb lkjirbasl asl 9 =. Bfk`apa bakagfb bakagfbfk fk dfabakak dfabakak lkjirbasl lkjirbasl mlnutucda mlnutucdak k mahab tfdkihi`l tfdkihi`l lkjirb lkjirbasl9 asl9 6. Apa yak` yak` mlbadsum mlbadsum mfk`ak pfk`fkmahlak pfk`fkmahlak mak gfkls gfkls pfk`fkmahlak pfk`fkmahlak 9 :. Na`albaka Na`albaka bakagfbfk bakagfbfk dfabakak dfabakak lkjirbasl lkjirbasl nfrhak`suk` nfrhak`suk` pama nlskls nlskls 9 E.

]uguakBadahac

_fkyusukak badahac lkl nfrtuguak uktud bfbnfrldak lkjirbasl bfk`fkal na`albaka eara nlsa bfbnfrdak pfkgfhaak bfk`fkal Ftlda mak Dfabakak Ulstfb Lkjirbasl.Ufbi`a Badahac lkl mapat nfrbakjaat uktud sfbua plcad dcususkya uktud para tfbak-tfbak Bacaslswa. M.

Bakjaat _fkuhlsak  

1. Na`l _f _fkuhls Bfbnaktu bfbfkucl tu`as bata duhlac ‘Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk‒.

Badahac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk

|=

 

>. Na`l _f _fbnaea Badahac lkl mapat bfkabnac pfk`ftacuak bfk`fkal systfb lkjirbasl, ir`aklsasl, bakagfb mak stratf`l mlbaka systfb lkjirbasl bfbpfk`arucl suatu ir`aklsasl mahab bfk`fbnak`dak suatu df`latak uktud bfbpfrbumac ipfraslikah ir`aklsasl.

Badahac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk

|6

 

NAN LL

_FBNACAUAK

A. Ftlda Ftlda mahab mahab Ulstf Ulstfb b Lkjirb Lkjirbasl. asl. Basahac ftlda gu`a bfkmapat pfrcatlakmahab pfk`fbnak`ak mak pfbadalak slstfb lkjirbasl. Basahac lkl mllmfktljldasl ihfc ^lecarm Basik pama tacuk 1? tacuk. e. ^a ^aca casl sla a _frm _frma` a`ak ak`a `ak k Cudub racasla pfrma`ak`ak bfhlkmuk`l dfdayaak lktfhfdtuah bfhahul hlsfksl atau diktrad. _ama hlsfksl pfrak`dat hukad, sfsfirak` yak` bfkakmatak`akl diktrad bfkyftugul uktud tlmad bfkyahlk pfrak`dat hukad tfrsfnut uktud mlsfrcadak pama irak` halk atau mlguah. =) Adsfs Jidus marl basahac adsfs amahac pama pfkyfmlaak adsfs uktud sfbua dahak`ak. ]fdkihi`l lkjirbasl bahac tlmad bfkgaml cahak`ak mahab bfhadudak pfk`adsfsak tfrcamap lkjirbasl na`l dfhibpid irak` tfrtfktu, tftapl gustru uktud bfkmuduk` pfk`adsfsak uktud sfbua plcad.

N. _fhak``arak _fhak``arak Ftlda Ftlda Mak Birah ]f`kihi`l ]f`kihi`l Lkjirbasl Lkjirbasl Mak Dibuklda Dibukldasl sl  Kabuk Cah ltu gu`a bfbnuat bfbnuat pfhak``arak pama pfrd pfrdfbnak`ak fbnak`ak tfdkihi`l tfdkihi`l sfbadlk nfra`ab mahab mukla baya lkl (eynfrwirhm). Dfgacatak yak` mlhadudak puk bfbpukyal bitlj yak`  nfrbaeab-baeab mak nlsa mlhadudak mlhadudak ihfc dahak`ak bakapuk. bakapuk. Cah lkl gu`a bfbnuat pfbfrlktac pfbfrlktac mahab kf`ara baslk`c-baslk` bfbpukyal aturak yak` nfrnfma bfkak``apl cah dfgacatak atau  pfhak``arak lkl. Nfrldut lkl amapuk baeab-baeab _fhak``arak Ftlda mak Birah mahab _fk``ukaak ]fdkihi`l Lkjirbasl mak Dibukldasl 1) Caedlk` Caedfr atau gu`a pfrftas bfrupadak sfnutak uktud pfhadu yak` bfhadudak Caedlk`. Dfgacatak lkl lkl gu`a tfrna`l atas nfrna`al baeab Caedlk` tftapl mfk`ak tuguak yak` saba uktud bfhadudak  pfkadhudak pama sfnuac sfnuac slstfb. Bitljkya mahab bfhadudak bfhadudak dfgacatak lkl lkl nfrbaeab-baeab, pama ubukya df`latak lkl uktud bfkfbudak sfnuac lkjirbasl pfktlk` yak` tfrslbpak pama sfnuac slstfb garlk`ak. >) Eraedlk` Eraedlk` amahac sfnuac dfgacatak uktud bfkmapatdak dfuktuk`ak sfkmlrl atau prlnaml. Cah lkl mlhadudak mfk`ak bfhadudak pfrftasak pama sfnuac slstfb dfabakak dirnak nfrupa pfrftasak tfrcamap mata pfrusacaak, passwirm dartu drfmlt, mak gu`a bfhadudak pfk``ukaak lmfktltas irak` halk uktud tuguak tfrtfktu. _fhadu Dfgacatak lkl gu`a mlsfnut mfk`ak eraedfr (erlblkah blkmfm Caedfr). Eraedlk` gu`a mlhadudak mfk`ak bfhadudak pfkgfnihak pama sfnuac slstfb A]B mahab sfnuac Nakd  5) _i _ihl hltl tlea eahh Caed Caedlk lk` ` _ihltleah Caedlk` amahac sfnuac tlkmad dfgacatak atau pfhak``arak bfrftas pama sfnuac sltus  pama sfnuac wfn yak` mlbaka mlbaka bfbpukyal tuguak uktud uktud nlmak` pihl pihltld. tld. Cah lkl uktud bfhadudak bfhadudak  pfrftasak pama sfnuac slstfb slstfb dfabakak sltus yak` yak` mlbaka uktud bfhadudak bfhadudak pfkyumutak pama

Badahac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk

|0

 

dirnak yak` bfkgaml tar`ft. Cah lkl gu`a dlta dftacul sfpfrtl yak` tfrgaml ml Austrahla pama saat tfrgaml upaya _fkyamapak yak` mlhadudak plcad Austrahla tfrcamap plcad Lkmikfsla uktud bfkfbudak sfnuac lkjirbasl yak` nfrnau pihltld pama saat ltu. Cah lkl bfkyfnandak tfrgamlkya  pfrak` aktara Akikybius Akikybius Lkmikfsla mfk`ak plcad plcad Austrahla. =) Mfk Mfklah lah ij sfrv sfrvlef lef attae attaed d (MiU) (MiU) Mfklah ij sfrvlef attaed (Mis) lkl bfrupadak sfnuac tlkmad dfgacatak yak` mlbaka mlhadudak mfk`ak bfhadudak pfk`lrlbak mata yak` sak`at nfsar pama sfnuac sltus yak` mltugu sfna`al tar`ft. ]uguak mlhadudak cah ltu amahac uktud bfbnuat sltus yak` mltugu bfkgaml habnat ataupuk hfnlc  parac ha`l mapat bfbnuat sltus sltus tfrsfnut nfrcfktl nfrcfktl saba sfdahl. Cah lkl sfrlk` sfrlk` mlhadudak pama sltussltussltus yak` eudup tfrdfkah 6) _fky _fkyfn fnar arak ak Zl Zlru russ Dfgacatak yak` dfhlba lkl mlsfnandak ihfc vlrus yak` mlbaka bfbpukyal dfbabpuak uktud bfhadudak pfk``akmaak mlrl. _fkyfnarak vlrus lkl gu`a tfr`aktuk` pama gfkls vlrus yak` mlnuat uktud mlhadudak pfkyfnarak pama sfnuac sltus. Glda vlrus yak` ml`ukadak baslc nfrsljat tfbpirfr, bada tlmad bfklbnuhdak dfru`lak yak` eudup nakyad. Kabuk glda cahkya vlrus tfrsfnut bfbpukyal dfbabpuak uktud bfrusad slstfb dibputfr bada adlnat yak` mltlbnuhdak sak`at bfru`ldak. T:RZlrus dibputfr lkl sak`at bumac uktud bfkyfnar bfhahul sijtwarf yak` nacdak nlsa bfrusad carmwarf glda tlmad mltak`akl mfk`ak efpat. Uahac satu eiktic ububkya nlasakya Akma mldlrlbl sfnuac pfsak yak` nfrupa spab mlahabat fbalh Akma. Cah lkl pfrhu mleurl`al darfka nlsa saga pfsak yak` mldlrbl tfrsfnut nfrupa vlrus mak nlsa bfrusad slstfb dibputfr Akma. :) Jraum Jraum amahac sfnuac nfktud dfgacatak yak` mlbaka bfhadudak baklpuha pama sfnuac lkjirbasl. Lkjirbasl tfrsfnut dcusukya pama lkjirbasl dfuak`ak uktud bfkmapatdak sfnuac dfuktuk`ak. Eiktic yak` mlhadudak amahac bfbaklpuhasl statlstld dfuak`ak atau mata dfuak`ak sfnuac pfrusacaak uktud bfkmapatdak dfuktuk`ak sfeara pfrsikah. 0) _clslk` _clslk` sfnuac dfgacatak yak` bfk``ukadak jaslhltas fbalh. Dfgacatak lkl mlhadudak mfk`ak bfhadudak pfk`lrlbak f-balh sfihac-ihac bfrupadak pfsak marl nakd tfrftktu uktud bfkearl lkjirbasl. ]uguakkya cabplr saba mfk`ak Eraedlk` yaltu uktud bfkmapatdak dfuktuk`ak sfeara  prlnaml bfhahul aeeiukt aeeiukt atau dartu drfmlt sfsfirak`. sfsfirak`. Eatatak pama tlkmad tlkmad dfgacatak lkl, cah yak` yak` carus Akma hadudak amahac bfk`fefd dfnfkarak marl pfsak f-balh tfrsfnut mak nfrcatl-catl uktud bfbnuda pfsak f-balh yak` mleurl`al sfna`al spab.

3) _frgumlak  Dfgatacak yak` nfrldut lkl amahac sfnuac pfhak``arak yak` sfrlk` mlhadudak darfka,  nakyadkya irak` yak` ldut pama sfnuac sl sltus tus pfrgumlak. Bfmla yak` yak` ml`ukadak tfktu saga saga bfmla Lktfrkft ltu sfkmlrl. Df`latak lkl tfktukya sak`at bfru`ldak pama plcad prlnaml baupuk kf`ara.

Badahac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk

|3

 

]ftapl sfyi`yakya dfru`lak tfrsfnut tlmad bfkgamldak pfbnfhagarak na`l yak` bfhadudak  pfrgumlak tfrsfnut. tfrsfnut. _frgumlak yak` mlhadudak nlsakya nfrupa Guml sfpad niha, Guml Uanuk` Ayab mak halkkya. Ufbua tfhac tfrslstfb mfk`ak rapl ihfc sl pfbnuat wfnsltf. Bfdaklsbfkya gu`a sak`at rapl sfclk``a suhlt uktud bfkfbudak pfhadu yak` bfbnuat sltus tfrsfnut. Uahac satu eiktickya nfrupa dfru`lak nfrupa pradtld pfkeuelak uak`. . Dftfrsfmla Dftfrsfmlaak, ak, tuguak tuguak ENLU amahac amahac bfkyfmladak bfkyfmladak mata mata mak lkjirbasl lkjirbasl na`l na`l bfrfda bfrfda yak`  nfrwfkak` uktud bfk``ukadakkya. 5. Lktf`rlta Lktf`rltas, s, sfbua sunslst sunslstfb fb ENLU carus carus bfkyfmladak bfkyfmladak `abnarak `abnarak adurat marl marl slstfb slstfb jlsld yak` mlwadlhlkya Gatuckya lkjirbasl df tak`ak plcad halk mapat bfklbnuhdak dfru`lak na`l pfblhld lkjirbasl. Dfabakak lkjirbasl mlbadsumdak uktud bfkeapal tl`a sasarak utaba yaltu7 a. Bfhlkmuk`l Bfhlkmuk`l mata mata mak lkjirb lkjirbasl asl pfrusacaa pfrusacaak k marl pfkylk`d pfkylk`dapak apak irak`-ira irak`-irak` k` yak` tlmad tlmad  nfrcad. Lktl utaba marl aspfd dfracaslaak amahac usaca uktud bfkga`a lkjirbasl marl irak`-irak` yak` tlmad nfrcad bfk`adsfs. _rlvaey hfnlc dfarac mata-mata yak` sljatkya  prlvat. Ufrak`ak tfrcamap aspfd prlvaey blsahkya usaca uktud bfhadudak pfkyamapak. Vsaca-usaca yak` mapat mlhadudak uktud bfklk`datdak prlvaey amahac mfk`ak bfk``ukadak tfdkihi`l drlpti`rajl. Drlpti`rajl amahac lhbu yak` bfbpfhagarl tfdkldtfdkld batfbatlda yak` nfrcunuk`ak mfk`ak aspfd dfabakak lkjirbasl sfpfrtl dfansacak, lktf`rltas mata, sfrta autfktldasl mata.  n. Dftfrsfmlaak. Aspfd lkl nfrcunuk`ak mfk`ak bftimf uktud bfkyatadak nacwa lkjirbasl nfkar-nfkar ashl, atau irak` yak` bfk`adsfs atau a tau bfbnfrldak lkjirbasl amahac nftuh-nftuh irak` yak` mlbadsum. Basahac pfrtaba uktud bfbnudtldak dfashlak midubfk mapat mlhadudak mfk`ak tfdkihi`l watfrbardlk` mak ml`ltah sl`katurf.Patfrbardlk` gu`a mapat ml`ukadak uktud bfkga`a lktfhfdtuah pripfrty, yaltu mfk`ak bfkakmatak`akl midubfk atau caslh darya pfbnuat. Basahac dfmua nlasakya  nfrcunuk`ak mfk`ak adsfs eiktrih, yaltu nfrdaltak mfk`ak pfbnatasak irak`-irak`

Badahac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk

| 11

 

yak` mapat bfk`adsfs lkjirbasl. Mahab cah lkl pfk``uka carus bfkukguddak nacwa bfbak` mla amahac pfk``uka yak` sac atau yak` nfrcad bfk``ukadakkya. e. Aspfd lkl bfkfdakdak bfkfdakdak nacwa nacwa lkjirbas lkjirbasll tlmad tlmad nihfc mlunac mlunac takpa takpa sflglk sflglk pfblhld pfblhld lkjirbasl. Amakya vlrus, trigak cirsf, atau pfbadal halk yak` bfk`unac lkjirbasl takpa lzlk. Ulstfb lkjirbasl pfrhu bfkyfmladak rfprfsfktasl yak` adurat marl slstfb jlsld yak` mlrfprfsfktasldak. Amapuk,Ufpuhuc Eara Bfkga`a Dfabakak Ulstfb L], sfna`al nfrldut lkl7 1.  _ritfet wltc passwirms. Ufbua adsfs df garlk`ak baupuk mata, sak`at sfksltlj mak carus mlga`a mfk`ak kaba pfk``uka mak data dukel yak` ukld. Uakml yak` duat nfrlsl ak`da, curuj mak slbnih. >.  Mfsl`k sajf systfbs . Clhak`dak adsfs yak` tlmad pfrhu df carmwarf baupuk sijtwa sij twarf rf Akma, Akma, mak natasl natasl cad adsfs adsfs pfk``uk pfk``ukaa cakya cakya uktud uktud pfraha pfrahatak tak mak  pri`rab yak` mlnutucdak saga. Eikm kmuet uet se serf rffkl fklk` k` ak akm m naed` naed`riu riukm km ecfed ecfedss . Bf 5. Ei Bfha hadu duda dak k sdrl sdrlkl klk` k` ma mak k  pfbfrldsaak hatar nfhadak` pama daryawak pfrhu mlhadudak. =.  _rivlmf nasle tralklk` . _fhak``arak dfabakak yak` tad tfrcltuk` gubhackya dfrap tfrgaml sfna`al adlnat dfsahacak mak dfefrinicak bakusla. 6.  Avilm ukdkiwk fbalh attaecfbfkts. Gak`ak pfrkac bfk`dhld habplrak fbalh yak` tlmad mldfkah, yak` dfbuk`dlkak nlsa nfrlsl vlrus dibputfr. :.  Cak` up akm eahh naed . Glda Akma bfkfrlba pak``lhak marl irak` yak` tlmad  mldfkah yak` tlna-tlna lk`lk bfbnfrldak camlac mak nfrpura-pura camlac ltu mlnfrldak ihfc pfrwadlhak marl nakd atau bltra halkkya, sf`fra adclrl pak``lhak yak` tlmad mldfkah tfrsfnut. 0. ]clkd nfjirf ehledlk` . Vktud bfk`clkmarl pfklpuak yak` tfrgaml bfhahul fbalh yak` bfblkta lkjirbasl kaba pfk``uka, data sakml atau lkjirbasl prlnaml, Akmaa carus Akm carus bfbpfr bfbpfrtlb tlbnak` nak`dakk dakkya ya dfbnah dfbnahll a`ar a`ar Akma Akma tlmad tlmad tfrmir tfrmirik` ik` df sfnuac sltus wfn pahsu yak` bfkmirik` eahik dirnak uktud bfbasuddak mata bfrfda sfkmlrl. 3. Vsf a vlrus seakkfr, akm dffp ahh sijtwarf up-ti-matf . Bfkga`a pfrak`dat hukad a`ar tfrus up-ti-matf gu`a babpu bfkef`ac vlrus basud mak bfbnuat dfabakak slstfb L] tfrga`a.

 

mapat mlna`l bfkgaml diktrih-diktrih yak` nfrcunuk`ak mfk`ak pfk`fbnak`ak, mlsalk mak ipfrasl. Bakagfr mapat bfbpfrihfc diktrih mahab dftl`a arfa sfeara hak`suk` bfhahul achl halk, sfpfrtl aumltir.

J. ]u`as _fk`fkmahlak _fk`fkmahlak mahab mahab Ulstfb Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Lkjirbasl Nfrnasls Nfrnasls Dibputfr Dibputfr _ama Ulstfb dlta mapat bfk`fbnak`dakak bfk`fbnak`dak atau bfbastldak apa saga yak` mlnutucdak mlnutucdak mahab ENLU maklkjirbasl na`albaka eara bfk`lbphfbfktasldak bfk`lbphfbfktasld ltu mapat bfbfkucl sfnuac dfnutucak  pfbadal. _fbadal mlslkl artlkya artlkya irak` yak` tfrhlnat tfrhlnat atau irak` yak` bfk`ipfrasldak bfk`ipfrasldak ENLU tfrsfnut.

@. Dik Diktrih trih _risf _risfss _fk`fb _fk`fbnak` nak`ak ak





 





]uguak marl diktrih pfk`fbnak`ak amahac uktud bfbastldak nacwa ENLU yak` mllbphfbfktasldak mapat bfbfkucl dfnutucak pfbadal. \ak` tfrbasud mahab diktrih  pfk`fbnak`ak 7 Bakagfbfk pukead bfkftapdak diktrih priyfd sfeara dfsfhurucak sfhaba jasf pfrfkeakaak mfk`ak eara bfbnfktud dibltf BLU. Bakagfbfk bfbnfrltacu pfbadal bfk`fkal irlfktasl ENLU*Bakagfbfk bfkfktudak b fkfktudak drltfrla  pfkabplhak yak` ml`ukadak ml`ukadak mahab bfk`fvahuas bfk`fvahuasll ipfrasl ENLU. Bakagfbfk mak na`lak pfhayakak lkjirbasl bfkyusuk mlsalk mak stakmar ENLU Bakagfbfk mak pfhayakak lkjirbasl sfeara nfrsaba-saba bfkmfjlklsldak pri`rab pfk`uglak yak` mapat mltfrlba Bakagfbfk bfhadudak pfklkgauak sfnfhub lkstahasl yak` mlhadudak tfpat sftfhac pfk``aktlak mak sfeara nfrdaha bfklkgau ENLU uktud uktud bfbastldak apadac la bfbfkucl bfbfkucl drltfrla pfkabplhak. pfkabplhak. Na`lak pfhayakak lkjirbasl bfkftapdak prisfmur uktud bfbfhlcara mak bfbimljldasl ENLU mak  prisfmur yak` mlsftugul ihfc ihfc bakagfbfk.

C. Diktrih Diktrih Mlsalk Mlsalk Ulstf Ulstfb b ]uguakkya uktud bfbastldak nacwa mlsalkkya nlsa bfblklbahdak dfsahacak, bfkmftfdsl dfsahacak mak bfk`irfdslkya. Diktrih tlmad nihfc mltfrapdak glda nlayakya hfnlc nfsar marl bakjaatkya. Klhal atau bakjaat amahac tlk`dat pfk`urak`ak rfsldi. L. _frbuhaak ]raksadsl (]raksaetlik Irl`lkatlik) _frfdabak satu fhfbfk mata/hfnlc pama midubfk subnfr  1. _frbuh _frbuhaak aak Midub Midubfkt fktasl asl Uubnf Uubnfr  r  _frakeak`ak midubfktasl i i

_fbfrihfcak midubfktasl

i

Dfpastlak dfabakak midubfk

>. Dfwfkak`ak 7 Na`albaka fktry mata adak mlnuat bfkgaml bfkgaml midubfk mak ihfc slapa 5. _fbnuatak Lkput Dibputfr 7 Bfk`lmfktljldasl rfeirm lkput yak` sahac mak bfbastldak sfbua mata lkput mlprisfs

Badahac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk

| 15

 

=. _fkak`akak Dfsahacak Dfsahacak 7 Bfk`irfdsl Bfk`irfdsl dfsahacak dfsahacak yak` tfhac mlmftfdsl mlmftfdsl mak bfk``anuk`dak rfeirm y` tfhac mldirfdsl df rfeirm fktry 6. _fkylbpakak Midubfk Midubfk Uubnfr 7 Bfkfktudak na`albaka midubfk midubfk adak mlslbpak mlslbpak mak mahab dikmlsl na`albaka mapat mldfhuardak LL LL.. Fktr Fktrll ]ra ]raks ksad adsl sl Fktrl traksadsl bfk`unac mata midubfk subnfr bfkgaml nfktud yak` mapat mlnaea ihfc eibputfr. Diktrih iki nfrusaca uktud bfkga`a dfaduratak mata yak` adak mltraksblsldak df  garlk`ak dibukldasl dibukldasl atau yak` adak mlbasudak mlbasudak sfeara hak`suk` df m mahab ahab eibputfr. Arfa diktrihkya bfhlputl atas7 1. Fktrl Ma Mata Diktrih mahab nfktud prisfmur tfrtuhls mak mahab nfktud pfrahatak lkputkya sfkmlrl. Mapat mlhadudak mfk`ak prisfs ijjhlkf/ikhlkf >. Zfr frlljl jlda dassl Mata Mata

Dfy Zfrljleatlik (Zfrljldasl _fbasudak) 7 Mata mlbasuddak df slstfb sfnakyad > dahl Ul`ct Zfrljleatlik (Zfrljldasl _fk`hlcatak) 7 Bfhlcat pama hayar sfnfhub bfbasuddak mata df systfb 5. _fkak`akak _fkak`akak Dfsahac Dfsahacak ak 7 Bfritasl Bfritasl rfeirm yak` yak` tfhac mlmftfds mlmftfdsll df pfrbuhaak pfrbuhaak traksadsl traksadsl uktud  uktud   pfk`irfdslak =. _fkyflbnak _fkyflbnak`ak `ak Natec 7 Bfk`adubuh Bfk`adubuhaslda asldak k titah sftlap sftlap natec uktud uktud mlnakmlk`da mlnakmlk`dak k mfk`ak titah yak` saba yak` mlnuat sfhaba pfrbuhaak traksadsl 



LL LLL. L. Dibu Dibukl klda dasl sl Ma Mata ta Dibputfr yak` ama mahab garlk`ak bfbnfrldak pfhuak` rfsldi dfabakak yak` hfnlc nfsar  marl pama eibputfr yak` ama ml mahab suatu ruak`ak. Arfa eiktrih lkl tfrmlrl marl7 1. Eikt Eiktri rihh pf pfk` k`lr lrlb lbak ak pfs pfsak ak >. Eiktri Eiktrihh sah sahura urak k (ecakkf (ecakkfh) h) dibuk dibuklda ldasl sl 5. Eikt Eiktri rihh pf pfkf kfrl rlbaa baak k pfsa pfsak k =. ^fkeaka ^fkeaka pfk`abakak pfk`abakak mataeib mataeib sfeara sfeara bfkyfh bfkyfhuruc uruc LZ. _fbrisfsa _fbrisfsak k Dibputfr Dibputfr _ama ububkya sfbua fhfbfk eiktrih pama mlsalk systfb sfhahu mldaltdak mfk`ak  pfbasudak mata df mahab eibputfr. eibputfr. Arfa eiktrih pama pfbris pfbrisfsak fsak eibputfr tfrmlrl mar marl7 l7 1. _fkak`ak Mata >. _fkak`ak Dfsahacak 5. Matanasf mak _frpustadaak sijtwarf

L. Diktr Diktrih ih _fk` _fk`ipf ipfra rasla slak k Ulst Ulstfb fb Diktrih pfk`ipfraslak slstfb mlbadsumdak uktud bfkeapal fjlslfksl mak dfabakak. Diktrih yak` bfbnfrldak diktrlnusl tfrcamap tuguak lkl mapat mldhasljldasld mldhasljldasldak ak bfkgaml 6 arfa 7 1. Utrudt Utrudtur ur ir`aklsa ir`aklsasli slikah kah

Badahac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk

| 1=

 

Utaj pfhayakak lkjirbasl mlir`aklslr bfkurut nlmak` spfslahlsasl. Akahlsls, pri`rabbfr, mak  pfrsikfh ipfrasl nlasakya nlasakya mlplsacdak mak cakya bfk`fbnak`dak dftrabplhak dftrabplhak yak` mlpfrhudak mlpfrhudak uktud arfa pfdfrgaakkya sfkmlrl. >. Diktr Diktrih ih pf pfrpu rpusta stadaa daak k _frpustadaak dibputfr amahac saba mfk`ak pfrpustadaak nudu, mlbaka mlmahabkya ama  pustadawak, pfk`ubpuhak pfk`ubpuhak bfmla, arfa tfbpat pfkylbpakak pfkylbpakak bfmla mak prisfmur u uktud ktud bfk``ukadak bfmla tfrsfnut. \ak` nihfc bfk`adsfs pfrpustadaak bfmla cakyahac  pustadawakkya. 5. _fbfhl _fbfhlcar caraak aak _fraha _frahatak tak Irak` yak` tu`askya bfbpfrnaldl eibputfr yak` mlsfnut Eustibfr Fk`lkffr(EF) / Jlfhm Fk`lkffr (JF) / ]fdklsl Hapak`ak bfkgahakdak pfbfhlcaraak yak` tfrgamwah / yak` tad tfrgamwah. =. Diktrih Diktrih hlk`duk` hlk`duk`ak ak mak dfabakak dfabakak jaslhl jaslhltas tas Vktud bfkga`a lkvfstasl mlnutucdak dikmlsl hlk`duk`ak yak` dcusus sfpfrtl ruak` eibputfr carus nfrslc dfabakak jaslhltas yak` carus mlhadudak mfk`ak pfk`ukelak ruak` pfrahatak mak dibputfr. 6. _frfke _frfkeaka akaak ak Mlsas Mlsastfr tfr bfkeadup rfkeaka dfamaak marurat, rfkeaka naedup, rfkeaka rfeirm pfktlk`, mak rfkeaka rfeivfry

Badahac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk

| 16

 

NAN LLL

_FKV]V_

A. Dfsl Dfslbp bpuh uhak ak Nfrmasardak badahac badahac yak` nfrgumuh nfrgumuh ‘Dfabakak Ulstfb Ulstfb Lkjirbas Mak Mak Ftlda Mahab Mahab Bfk``ukadak ]fdkihi`l Lkjirbasl _ama Nlskls‒, bada mapat mlabnlhnfnfrapa dfslbpuhak sfna`al nfrldut7 1. Basahac Basahac yak` mapat mapat tlbnuh tlbnuh adlnat pfrdfbna pfrdfbnak`ak k`ak Ulstfb Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Lkjirbasl amahac amahac basahac basahac tfrdalt tfrdalt ftlda yak` bfkeadup prlvasl, adurasl, pripfrty, mak adsfs. >. Basahac Basahac Dfabakak Dfabakak Ulstfb Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Lkjirbasl bfhlpu bfhlputl tl sfsuatu sfsuatu yak` mapat mapat bfk`ake bfk`akeab ab Ulstfb Ulstfb Lkjirbasl. Akeabak tfrcamap slstfb lkjirbasl mapat mlna`l bfkgaml > baeab, yaltuakeabak adtlj mak akeabak paslj. Akeabak adtlj bfkeadup dfeurak`ak mak dfgacatak tfrcamap dibputfr, sfmak`dak akeabak paslj bfkeadup df`a`ahak slstfb, dfsahacak bakusla mak nfkeaka ahab. 5. Mlpfrhuda Mlpfrhudak k pfk`fkmahlak pfk`fkmahlak mak diktrih diktrih tfrcamap tfrcamap Ulstfb Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Lkjirbasl yak`mapat yak`mapat bfk`ura`l bfk`ura`l mabpad marl basahac ftlda mak dfabakak Ulstfb Lkjirbasl. _fk`fkmahlak slstfb lkjirbasl tfrna`l atas pfk`fkmahlak ubub mak pfk`fkmahlak aphldasl

N. Uarak Badahac yak` dabl sagldak lkl uktud atau nfrbadsum mapat bfbnatu dlta sfbua mahab bfbacabl apa yak` yak` mlbadsum mfk`akftlda mak dfabakak tfdkihi`l. Uupaya dlta bfk`ftacul natas-natas mak eara-eara uktud bfk``ukadak garlk`ak dibputfr mahab sfnuac ir`aklsasl/pfrusacaak. Buk`dlk mlmahab badahac lkl baslc nakyad bfk`akmuk` durak`ak atau dfsahacak mahab cah  pfkuhlsak atau pfk`frtlak pfk`frtlak ftlada mak dfabakak tfdkihi`l, tfdkihi`l, uktud ltu ltu dabl bfk`carapdak drltld drltld mak sarak marl saumara-saumarl yak` bfbnaea badahac dabl lkl.

Badahac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk

| 1:

 

MAJ]A^ _VU]ADA

cttps7//unbfrlesarbfkti`lab.wirmprfss.eib/>?13/?3/>5/ftlda-mahab-slstfb-lkjirbasl prlvaey-aeeuraey-pripfrty-aeefsslnlhlty/#7~7tfxt2Ftlda%>?Mahab%>?Ulstfb  prlvaey-aeeuraey-pripfrty-aeefsslnlhlty/#7~7t fxt2Ftlda%>?Mahab%>?Ulstfb %>?Lkjirbasl%>?%5A%>?_rlvaey%>E%>?Aeeuraey%>E%>?_ripfrty%>E %>?Aeefsslnlhlty.,-_istfm%>?ik%>?>5&tfxt2_rlvasl%>?yak`%>?mlbadsum%>?ml %>?slkl,tlmad%>?nfrcad%>?atau%>?yak`%>?mlracasladak. cttp7//maklpfrbaka::.nhi`spit.eib/>?15/11/ftlda-mahab-slstfb-lkjirbasl.ctbh cttps7//jagarbiucabbam>=.wirmprfss.eib/>?16/?:/>5/dfabakak-mak-ftlda-mahabtfdkihi`l-lkjirbasl/ cttps7//www>.shlmfscarf.kft/sltlbafsaric.shlmfscarf.kft/sltlbafsaric?109jribYaetlik2savf cttps7//aeeiuktlk`.nlkus.ae.lm/>?1/??16/?6/dfabakak-lkjirbasl-pama-slstfb.ctbh

Badahac Ulstfb Lkjirbasl Bakagfbfk

| 10