Makalah Kelompok 3 Studi Sosial AUD

 

KGEGFGM PXQHC PJPCGF GQH

"Baricecr Erctcs Qltue Kaldglgfcscs Egrgetarcstce ^areakbgldgl Ejkpatalsc Pjscgf Glge Qscg Hclc hgl Ragfctg Ejkpatalsc Pjscgf hc Arg Xaeljfjdc"

Hcsusul Jfam Eafjkpje 0

Gloafcg Rcsec Ighcfgm (73>22>>1) Fclg Jefcgl Tglfc (73>22>28) Kutcgrg Lur Gfcigm (73>22>23) ^utrc Rgmkghglc (73>22>00)

Hjsal ^aldgkpu? Hrg. Mo. Czzgtc, K ph  

^alhchcegl Duru ^alhchcegl Glge Qscg Hclc IGEQFXGP CFKQ ^ALHCHCEGL QLCYARPCXGP LADARC ^GHGLD 22 Gdustus 2>27

 

EGXG ^ALDGLXGR

^uoc syueur eamghcrgt Gffgm Pwt ygld tafgm kakbarcegl rgmkgt hgl mchgygmlyg samclddg palufcs hgpgt kalyafasgcegl tudgs kgegfgm ygld barouhuf ‖Egrgetarcstce ^areakbgldgl ejkpatalsc sjscgf GQH‛  GQH‛  Ghgpul tuougl hgrc palufcsgl kgegfgm clc ghgfgm ultue kakalumc tudgs hgrc cbu pghg kgtg eufcgm Ptuhc Pjscgf GQH. ygld tafgm kakbarcegl tudgs clc samclddg hgpgt kalgkbgm paldatgmugl hgl wgwgsgl sasugc haldgl bchgld stuhc ygld palufcs taeulc. ^alufcs oudg kaldu`gpegl tarckgegscm eapghg sakug pcmge ygld tafgm kakbgdc sabgdcgl paldatgmugllyg samclddg palufcs hgpgt kalyafasgcegl kgegfgm clc. ^alufcs kalyghgrc bgmwg kgegfgm clc ogum hgrc egtg sakpurlg. Jfam egralg ctu, erctce hgl sgrgl ygld kakbgldul hgrc pakbg`g gegl palufcs lgltcegl hakc easakpurlggl kgegfgm clc.

^ghgld, 28 Gdustus 2>27

Eafjkpje 0

c

 

HGIXGR CPC EGXG ^ALDGLXGR .................................... .......................................................... ............................................ .......................... .... c HGIXGR CPC ............................................... ...................................................................... ............................................. ............................. ....... cc BGB C ^ALHGMQFQGL......................... ^ALHGMQFQGL............................................... ............................................ ................................7 ..........7

G.  Fgtgr Bafgegld ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ...................... 7 B.  Rukusgl Kgsgfgm .......................................................... ................................................................................ ...................... 7 @.  Xuougl ^alufcsgl ............................................. ................................................................... ..................................... ............... 7 BGB CC ^AKBGMGPGL ......................... ............................................... ............................................ ................................. ........... 2

G.  ^aldartcgl ^areakbgldgl Ejkpatalsc Pjscgf Glge Qscg Hclc .......... 2 B.  Egrgetarcstce ^areakbgldgl Pjscgf GQH............................................ ............................................ 0 @.  Ragfctg Ejkpatalsc Pjscgf hc Arg Xaeljfjdc........................................4 Xaeljfjdc........................................4 BGB CCC ^ALQXQ^ ................................................................. ......................................................................................7 .....................7> >

G.  Easckpufgl................... Easckpufgl......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ...........................7> .....7> B.  Pgrgl.................... Pgrgl............................................. ............................................... ............................................ .................................7> ...........7> HGIXGR ^QPXGEG................................... ^QPXGEG......................................................... ............................................ ...........................77 .....77

cc

 

BGB C ^ALHGMQFQGL G.  Fgtgr Bafgegld

^areakbgldgl sjscgf karupgegl sugtu prjsas pakbaltuegl sj`cgf safi (prcbghc hgfgk kgsygrgegt), ygelc prcbghc hgfgk eafugrdg, buhgyg, bgldsg hgl sataruslyg (Kumchcl, 7333). Pa`grg scldegt hgpgt hcegtgegl bgmwg pareakbgldgl sjscgf glge ghgfgm sugtu prjsas hgfgk eamchupgl glge ultue barparcfgeu sasugc haldgl ljrkg gtgu gturgl hgfgk fcldeuldgl eamchupgl glge. ^ghg tgmgp gwgf kgsg eglge-eglge, pareakbgldgl sjscgf barecsgr taltgld prjsas sjscgfcsgsc, ygctu  prjsas eatceg glge kakpafgogrc lcfgc-lcfgc hgl parcfgeu ygld hctarckg hgrc kgsygrgegt (Hjhda, 2>>2). ^areakbgldgl sj`cgf karupgegl grag ygld fugs ygld kal`geup pargsggl glge tarmghgp hcrc salhcrc hgl mubuldgl karaeg haldgl jrgld fgcl. Mgf clc kaldg`u pghg parcfgeu hgl raspjl glge ultue barkgcl hgl bareadcgtgl sartg eahaegtgl karaeg haldgl glddjtg eafugrdg, paldgsum, duru, hgl takgl-takgl. ^argl dalhar, eakglhcrcgl, kjrgfctgs, eapar`gyggl, hgl palarckggl tarmghgp  pargturgl karupgegl gspae hgsgr pareakbgldgl sj`cgf. Eafugrdg hgl lcfgc  buhgyglyg ghgfgm paldgrum utgkg hgfgk kakbaltue pareakbgldgl sj`cgf sj` cgf glge hgl `crc eaprcbghcgl hgsgr.

B.  Rukusgl Kgsgfgm

7.  Gpgegm ygld hckgesuh haldgl haldgl pareakbgldgl ejkpatalsc sjscgf glge uscg hclc: 2.  Gpgegm egrgetarcstce hgrc pareakbgldgl ejkpatasc sjscgf glge uscg hclc: 0.  Gpg ragfctg ejkpatalsc sjscgf hc arg taeljfjdc glge uscg hclc: @.  Xuougl ^alufcsgl

7.  Kaloafgsegl pareakbgldgl ejkpatalsc ejkpatalsc sjscgf glge uscg hclc. 2.  Kaloafgsegl egrgetarcstce hgrc pareakbgldgl ejkpatasc sjscgf glge uscg hclc. 0.  Kaloafgsegl ragfctg ejkpatalsc sjscgf hc arg taeljfjdc glge uscg hclc. 7

 

BGB CC ^AKBGMGPGL

G.  ^aldartcgl ^areakbgldgl ^areakbgldgl Ejkpatalsc Pjscgf Glge Qscg Hclc Ejkpatalsc sjscgf  karupgegl sgfgm sgtu oalcs ejkpatalsc ygld mgrus

hckcfcec jfam glge-glge hgl pakcfcegl ejkpatalsc clc karupgegl sugtu mgf ygld  paltcld. Kalurut Ghgk (hgfgk Kgrtglc & Ghcygltc, 7337) ejkpatalsc sjscgf kakpulygc mubuldgl ygld argt haldgl palyasugcgl sjscgf hgl eugfctgs cltargesc gltgr prcbghc. Kakbgldul ejkpatalsc sjscgf pghg eafjkpje barkgcl hgpgt hckufgc haldgl kakbgldul cltargesc hc gltgrg glge-glge, cltargesc ygld hcbgldul hckufgc haldgl barkgcl mgf-mgf ygld saharmglg, kcsgflyg barkgcl  pargl, kaltggtc tgtg tartcb hgfgk eafjkpjelyg, samclddg ejkpatalsc sjscgflyg gegl tarbgldul. Rjss-Ergsljr (Halmgk hee, 2>>0) kalhaiclcscegl ejkpatalsc sjscgf sabgdgc eaaiaetcigl hgfgk barcltargesc, mgscf hgrc parcfgeu-parcfgeu targtur ygld kakalumc eabutumgl-eabutumgl pghg kgsg pareakbgldgl hgfgk ogldeg palhae kgupul hgfgk ogldeg pglogld. Bgdc glge prg saejfgm, parcfgeu ygld kaluloueegl ejkpatalsc sjscgf barecsgr pghg tudgs-tudgs utgkg pareakbgldgl ygctu kalogfcl cegtgl pjsctci hgl safi radufgtcjls safgkg barcltargesc haldgl takgl sabgyg. Hgfgk pglhgldgl tajrctcs ejkpatalsc sjscgf, tarhgpgt hug ijeus  paldueurgl ygctu pghg hcrc gtgu jrgld fgcl, hgfgk mgf clc ghgfgm kaldueur easuesasgl glge hgfgk kakalumc tuougl prcbghc gtgu mubuldgl cltarparsjlgf glge. Glgfcscs ?

Hgpgt hcsckpufegl ^areakbgldgl ejkpatalsc sjscgf glge uscg hclc ghgfgm eakgkpugl glge ultue kaldgoge kgupul karaspjl takgl- takgllyg haldgl  pargsggl

pjsctci,

tartgrce

ultue bartakgl

haldgl takgl-takgllyg

sartg

hcparmgtcegl haldgl bgce jfam karaeg, hgpgt kakckpcl hgl oudg kaldceutc, kakpartgmglegl scegp kakbarc hgl kalarckg hgfgk barcltargesc haldgl

2

 

takgllyg. ejkpatalsc sjscgf ctu kal`geup eugfctgs-eugfctgs prcbghc sapartc  barscigt raspjlsci, tarutgkg eakgkpugl ultue k kakbgldectegl akbgldectegl raspjl pjsctci hgrc jrgld fgcl5 ifaescbcfctgs, tarkgsue eakgkpugl ultue bardguf haldgl jrgld-jrgld hgrc barkg`gk-kg`gk fgtgr bafgegld buhgyg5 eakgkpugl ultue barakpgtc5 eatargkpcfgl barejkulcegsc5 hgl kakcfcec rgsg mukjr. pareakbgldgl ejkpatalsc sjscgf pghg glge, ygld suhgm hckufgc saoge sggt-sggt gwgf kgsg eamchupgllyg, sgldgt hcpaldgrumc jfam cltargesclyg haldgl jrgld-jrgld tarhaegtlyg hc hgfgk fcldeuldgllyg, bgce fcldeuldgl rukgmlyg, fcldeuldgl tatglddglyg, fcldeuldgl saejfgmlyg, kgupul fcldeuldgl sjscgflyg ygld fabcm fugs.

B.  Egrgetarcstce hgrc ^areakbgldgl Ejkpatasc Pjscgf Glge Qscg Hclc

Bgyc ygld bgru fgmcr kakcfcec bargdgk eatargkpcfgl sj`cgf. Bgyc kaluloueegl eabutumgl hgl eatchgesalgldgllyg sartg karaspjl ragesc jrgld tug hgl paldgsumlyg (Xrjlc`e, 73==3 hgfgk Gffal, 2>7>). Bgyc tukbum haldgl  pargsggl gkgl hgl eakuhcgl kaluloueegl eahaegtgl haldgl paldgsum utgkglyg. 7.  Egrgetarcstce pareakbgldgl sj`cgf glge uscg 7-8 bufgl (Gffal? 47, 2>7>) g)  Kalcruegl, kalarusegl, kaldmaltcegl, hgl kaldmclhgrc cltargesc.  b)  Baragesc barbahg-bahg tarmghgp barbgdgc kg`gk sugrg jrgld hawgsg. `)  Eghgld-eghgld sueg hcdalhjld hgl hcpafue hgrcpghg hcbarc kgegl gtgu hctchuregl. h)  Eatceg

bgldul,

kaldj`am,

kaldafugregl

sugrg

haldgl

kakparkgclegl gcr fcur, kakaece. 2.  Egrgetarcstce pareakbgldgl sj`cgf glge uscg 8-= bufgl (Gffal? =7, 2>7>) g)  Palgld kaldgkgtc saectgrlyg.  b)  Kaloghc fabcm tarbueg hgl rgkgm sa`grg gfgkc? tarsalyuk, kaldj`am, kalyaltum. `)  Kaldalgfc parbahggl jrgld-jrgld. 0

 

h)  Kalcru aesprasc wgogm, tclhgegl, hgl bulyc. a)  Palgld hcdalhjld hgl hcpafue. i)  Kaloghc easgf egfgu kgclgllyg hcgkbcf. d)  Kal`grc parmgtcgl. 0.  Egrgetarcstce pareakbgldgl sj`cgf glge uscg =-72 bufgl (Gffal? 37, 2>7>) g)  Kaluloueegl eatgeutgl ygld basgr pghg jrgld gscld. gsc ld.  b)  Kalgldcs hgl kal`grc-`grc eatceg jrgld hawgsg tchge tarfcmgt. `)  Palgld barghg hc haegt gtgu hcfcbgtegl hgfgk eadcgtgl samgrc-mgrc glddjtg eafugrdg hgl duru. h)  Kalcekgtc paldgfgkgl bgru hgl easakpgtgll kal`grc balhg bgru. a)  Kaldufgld

parcfgeu

ygld

kalhgpgt

parmgtcgl,

tarus

kalarus

kaldj`am. i)  Kafgeuegl parkcltggl gtgu grgmgl saharmglg. 8.  Egrgetarcstce pareakbgldgl sj`cgf glge uscg 7 tgmul (Gffal? 7>9, 2>7>) g)  Xatgp rgkgm pghg jrgld fgcl.  b)  Kakbgltu kaldgkbcf hgl kargpcegl kgclgl. `)  Barkgcl salhcrc. h)  Palgld hcdalhjld hgl hcbg`gegl `arctg. a)  Kaluloueegl rgsg cldcl tgmu ygld sgldgt basgr taltgld jrgld-jrgld hgl saeafcfcldlyg. 1.  Egrgetarcstce pareakbgldgl sj`cgf glge uscg 2 tgmul (Gffal? 779, 2>7>) g)  Kaluloueegl tglhg akpgtc hgl pahufc.  b)  Kgscm kalddulgegl gdrasc icsce oceg irustgsc gtgu kgrgm. `)  Pufct ultue kgu kalulddu gtgu bardcfcrgl. h)  Palgld kakbgltu paearoggl rukgm tglddg. a)  Kalyurum glddjtg eafugrdg hgl duru barghg hc haegtlyg. ha egtlyg.

8

 

9.  Egrgetarcstce pareakbgldgl sj`cgf glge uscg 0 tgmul (Gffal? 782, 2>7>) g)  Xgkpgelyg kaldartc sggtlyg bartuegr dcfcrgl hgfgk bar`gegp-`gegp.  b)  Parcld tartgwg, rgkgm hgl cldcl hcgoge barsalgld-salgld. `)  Eghgld-eghgld kckpc burue hgl tgeut pghg eadafgpgl. h)  Ceut bardgbuld hgfgk parkgclgl saharmglg. a)  Huhue hgl kalhaldgregl `arctg sgkpgc sapufum kalct. 4.  Egrgetarcstce pareakbgldgl sj`cgf glge uscg 8 tgmul (Gffal? 782, 2>7>) g)  Barscegp tarbueg hgl rgkgm, eghgld tarfgfu gltuscgs.  b)  Pugsglg mgtclyg sarcld barubgm. `)  Bar`gegp-`gegp hgl kaluloueegl akjsc ygld eugt haldgl takgl  bgygldgllyg. h)  Baearogsgkg haldgl jrgld fgcl. =.  Egrgetarcstce pareakbgldgl sj`cgf glge uscg 1 tgmul (Gffal? 712, 2>7>) g)  Kalyuegc parsgmgbgtgl.  b)  Barbgdc kgclgl, bardcfcrgl, barkgcl haldgl ejjpargtci. `)  Ceut hgfgk parkgclgl eafjkpje hgl kafgeuegl eadcgtgl barsgkgsgkg haldgl glge fgcl. h)  ^alum egscm sgygld hgl parmgtcgl. a)  Kaldceutc patuloue hgl kalogfglegl tudgs mgkpcr satcgp wgetu. i)  Palgld kal`arctgegl fafu`jl, kaldmcbur, hgl kakbugt jrgld tartgwg. 3.  Egrgetarcstce pareakbgldgl sj`cgf glge uscg 9 tgmul (Gffal? 794, 2>7>) g)  Kaldgfgkc sugsglg parubgmgl mgtc sa`grg tcbg-tcbg.  b)  Kaloghc fabcm tchge bardgltuld pghg jrgld tuglyg egralg fcldegrgl  partakglgllyg sakgecl fugs. `)  Kakbutumegl hgl kal`grc parsatuougl. h)  Kgscm barpusgt pghg eapaltcldgl salhcrc. a)  Kuhm ea`awg hgl irustgsc tarmghgp sasugtu. i)  Gltuscgs hgl cldcl tgmu taltgld saectgrlyg. 1

 

7>. Egrgetarcstce pareakbgldgl sj`cgf glge uscg 4 tgmul (Gffal? 744, 2>7>) g)  Baearogsgkg hgl palum egscm sgygld tarmghgp jrgld hawgsg.  b)  Palgld kaloghc gscstal duru. `)  Kal`grc parsgmgbgtgl. h)  Fabcm ogrgld bartaldegr. a)  Kaldafum bgmwg eaputusgl eafugrdg tchge ghcf. i)  Kalygfgmegl jrgld fgcl gtgs easgfgmgllyg. d)  Kakcfcm takgl barkgcl ygld baroalcs eafgkcl sgkg. m)  Emgwgtcr egfgu tchge hcsuegc. c)  Bartgldduld oogwgb haldgl sarcus.

77. Egrgetarcstce pareakbgldgl sj`cgf glge uscg = tgmul (Gffal? 7=9, 2>7>) g)  Kufgc kakbaltue palhgpgt kaldalgc lcfgc hgl scegp kjrgf.  b)  Barkgcl barsgkg hug gtgu tcdg takgl bgce. `)  Kalyuegc parkgclgl hgl eadcgtgl tck. h)  Kaldcldclegl parmgtcgl hgl paldgeugl jrgld hawgsg Pa`grg ukuk ghg 2> egrgetarcstce pareakbgldgl sjscgf/palyasugcgl hcrc ygld bgce (Saly Rg`mkgwgtc, 2>>8)5 g)  Hgpgt kalarckg tgldduld ogwgb sasugc haldgl uscglyg.  b)  Kalcekgtc paldgfgkgllyg. `)  Kalarckg tgldduld ogwgb sasugc haldgl pargllyg. h)  Kgkpu kaka`gmegl kgsgfgm haldgl sadarg. a)  Kgkpu kaldgtgsc mgkbgtgl ultue kargsg bgmgdcg . i)  Kgkpu kakbugt eaputusgl haldgl rascej ejlifce kclckuk. d)  Xatgp pghg pcfcmgllyg, sgkpgc kalyghgrc bgmwg pcfcmgllyg ctu sgfgm. m)  Kargsg pugs haldgl ealygtggl. c)  Kgkpu kalddulgegl pcecrgl sabgdgc hgsgr ultue bartclhge.  o)  Bafgogr hgrc eadgdgfgl tchge kal`grc gfgsgl gtgs eadgdgfgllyg. e)  Xgmu bgdgckglg sggt bafgogr hgl barkgcl pghg sggt barkgcl. 9

 

f)  Hgpgt baregtg tchge pghg sctugsc ygld kalddglddulyg. k)  Hgpgt baregtg yg pghg sctugsc ygld kakbgltulyg. l)  Hgpgt kaluloueegl eakgrgmgl sa`grg tapgt. j)  Hgpgt kaluloueegl egscm sgycld.  p)  Hgpgt kalgmgl rgsg sgect hgl irustrgsc. q)  Kgkpu barejkprjkc. r)  Kgkpu kaldejlsaltrgscegl alardc pghg tuougl. s)  Kgkpu kalarckg ealygtggl bgmwg mchup ghgfgm parougldg. t)  Kgkpu kalarckg hcrclyg. Glgfcscs ?

Barhgsgregl egrgetarcstce tarsabut, pareakbgldgl sjscgf glge kgscm sarcld  pcfcmpcfcm takgl hgl mglyg kakcfcec sgfgm sgtu takgl ultue barkgcl safgcl ctu glge oudg kgscm sarcld bartaldegr egralg kakparabutegl kgclgl hgl sasajrgld ygld hcglddgp kcfcelyg salhcrc. Hckglg glge `alharuld kaldaesprascegl sjscgf akjsclyg haldgl babgs hgl tarbueg. Egrgetarcstce pghg tgmgp clc ghgfgm glge kufgc kaldatgmuc gturgl-gturgl hcsaectgrlyg, eakuhcgl karaeg kufgc tulhue  pghg gturgl tarsabut, fgfu glge kufgc kalyghgrc paltcldlyg mge jrgld fgcl, hgl karaeg kufgc hgpgt barkgcl haldgl takgl sabgyglyg . Egrgetarcstce akjsc pghg glge gltgrg fgcl? barfgldsuld scldegt hgl bargemcr tcbgtcbg, tarfcmgt fabcm mabgt gtgu eugt, barscigt sakaltgrg, fabcm sarcld taroghc, hgpgt hceatgmuc haldgl oafgs hgrc tcldegm fgeulyg, hgl ragesc kal`arkclegl clhcvchugfctgs.

@.  Ragfctg Ejkpatalsc Pjscgf hc Arg Xaeljfjdc

^areakbgldgl sjscgf glge uscg hclc ygctu pal`gpgcgl eakgtgldgl sjscgf  pghg glge ygld hctuloueegl haldgl eakgkpugllyg barcltargesc haldgl fcldeuldgllyg, kafcputc? sgldgt gltuscgs, fabcm kalyuegc baearog haldgl 2 gtgu 0 takgl ygld hcpcfcm, sueg kakgegc bgou jrgldtug gtgu jrgld fgcl, hgpgt kakbarasegl gfgt parkgclglllyg, tchge kalyuegc bcfg hcpadgld tgldgllyg, kalgrce parmgtcgl egralg hcpuoc, salgld hcrukgm haegt haldgl cbucldcl hcsurum,

4

 

 palurut sueg kakbgltusalgld pardc ea saejfgm, dakbcrg bcfg bargldegt hgl  pufgld saejfgm eghgld-eghgld kgfu hgl suegr ultue bc`grg (Murfj`e, 73 733=?94). 3=?94). Gecbgt paldgrum pareakbgldgl taeljfjdc dghdat, gspae pareakbgldgl sjscgf glge `alharuld tardglddu. Pabgdgckglg hceakuegegl Pmcl (2>78? 7>7),  bgmwg hc arg hcdctgf ygld tarejlaesc sa`grg barfabcmgl, glge kakgld bcsg  bartaku haldgl bglyge b glyge jrgld hgl bgrgld, lgkul ctu kakbugtlyg kalogum hgrc takgl-takgl hgl eafugrdglyg hceamchupgl lygtg safgkg babargpg wgetu. Eatarcegtgl glge pghg dghdat gegl kakbgtgsc easakpgtgl glge ultue bafgogr hgl  bareakbgld, clc egralg dghdat mglyg barejkulcegsc sgtu grgm. Gecbgtlyg, glge tchge hgpgt bafgogr sa`grg gfgkc sapartc barejkulcegsc hgl sjscgfcsgsc. Glge oudg tchge kgkpu kaldalgfc hgl barbgdc glaeg akjsc, kcsgf sckpgtc, sahcm, gtgu salgld. Arg

hcdctgf

ghgfgm

kgsg

hckglg

sakug

kgluscg

hgpgt

sgfcld

 barejkulcegsc sahakcecgl haegt wgfgupul sgfcld barogumgl. Ectg hgpgt haldgl `apgt kaldatgmuc clijrkgsc tartaltu bgmegl ragf tcka. Papartc saegrgld taeljfjdc ejkulcegsc

hgl

clijrkgsc

tarus

kaldgfgkc

pareakbgldgl,

ultue

ctu

 pareakbgldgl taeljfjdc oudg mgrus hckgliggtegl ultue eapaltcldgl p palhchcegl alhchcegl Hgkpge ladgtci taeljfjdc ultue pareakbgldgl glge ygctu5 Xarfgfu gsyce  barkgcl dghdat kakbugt glge kaldasgkpcldegl eamchupgl sjscgflyg. Xglpg  paldgwgsgl ygld eatgt sggt barkgcl cltarlat, glge bcsg kaldgesas sakug mgfgkgl wab ygld tarsahcg. Xarkgsue ejltal ‐  ejltal  ‐  ejltal  ejltal pjrlj hgl ejltal ‐  ejltal  ‐  ejltal  ejltal ladgtci fgcllyg. Tgfgupul kakgld oukfgm takgl hc hulcg kgyg tchge sahcect  oukfgmlyg, lgkul tglpg grgmgl hgrc jrgld tug, kgeg bcsg oghc takgl  ‐  takgl   takgl hc hulcg kgyg tarsabut bcsg kakbarcegl hgkpge ygld ladgtci bgdc glge . Glgfcscs ?

Pgfgm sgtu ulsur pareakbgldgl sjscgf glge hgpgt hcfcmgt hgrc saogum kglg mubuldgl glge haldgl jrgldtug hgl eafugrdglyg. ^areakbgldgl sjscgf glge kal`geup eakgkpugl kakjtcvgsc scegp hgl parbugtgl hgpgt kakbgltu  pareakbgldgl

kaloghc

pjsctci,

ygld =

eakuhcgl

hcealgf

sabgdgc

tajrc

 

 pareakbgldgl pscejsjscgf, hc kglg pareakbgldgl pscejfjdcs hcmgscfegl hgrc cltargesc gltgrg prjsas-prjsas kgturgscjlgf gtgu eabutumgl bcjfjdcs haldgl tultutgl kgsygrgegt hgl eaeugtgl-eaeugtgl sjscgf ygld hcmghgpc hgfgk eamchupgl samgrc-mgrc.

3

 

BGB CCC ^ALQXQ^ G.  Easckpufgl

^areakbgldgl ejkpatalsc sjscgf glge uscg hclc ghgfgm eakgkpugl glge ultue kaldgoge kgupul karaspjl takgl- takgllyg haldgl pargsggl pjsctci, tartgrce ultue bartakgl haldgl takgl-takgllyg sartg hcparmgtcegl haldgl  bgce jfam karaeg, hgpgt kakckpcl hgl oudg kaldceutc, kakpartgmglegl scegp kakbarc hgl kalarckg hgfgk barcltargesc haldgl takgllyg. Bgyc ygld bgru fgmcr kakcfcec bargdgk eatargkpcfgl sj`cgf. Bgyc kaluloueegl eabutumgl hgl eatchgesalgldgllyg sartg karaspjl ragesc jrgld tug hgl paldgsumlyg (Xrjlc`e, 73==3 hgfgk Gffal, 2>7>). Bgyc tukbum haldgl pargsggl gkgl hgl eakuhcgl kaluloueegl eahaegtgl haldgl  paldgsum utgkglyg. B.  Pgrgl

Pakjdg haldgl pakbugtgl kgegfgm clc, kgmgscswg sabgdgc `gfjl duru glge uscg hclc hgpgt kakgmgkc egrgetarcstce ejkpatalsc sjscgf pghg glge uscg hclc, samclddg hgpgt kalstckufgsc pareakbgldgl sjscgf glge ea grgm ygld fabcm jptckgf.

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HGIXGR ^QPXGEG

Halmgk, P., G., & Wuaalgl, ^., 2>>0. ^ras`mjjf Akjtcjlgf @jkpatal`a? ^gtmwgy Xj Pj`cgf @jkpatal`a. Ojurlgf Ji @mcfh Havafjpkalt . Kgrtglc T, & Ghcygltc, K.D. 7337. Ejkpatalsc Pjscgf hgl Eapar`gyggl hcrc rakgog. Ourlgf ^scejfjdc C. Gffal, E. Acfaal. 2>7>. ^rjicf ^areakbgldgl Glge. Ogegrtg? ^X. Clhaes Goc, Rustgk,‖Hcdctgfcsgc, Arg Xgltgldgl Kahcg (Glgfcscs Erctcs Eascgpgl Igeuftgs Hgewgm hgl Ejkulcegsc Kalyjldsjld Arg Hcdctgf)‛,Csfgkc` @jkkulc`gtcjl Ojurlgf,Yjf. >7  Lj.>7(Kac-Jetjbar,2>79).

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