Makalah Kelompok 2 - Kontruksi Dan Pengukuran BK

 

@NBJOYOH @LHYS^@UJ IOH WNHB^@^SOH CJACJHBOH @LHUNKJHB ‛

WNH^KJUOH OJYNA DLSAOY IOH @OJIOM   ‑

@NKLAWL@ 5 @NKOU @N KOU U >E 6 ?. 

Ohbbo Aoukoho

37?:7?>7792:

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Clhioh Wro`lsl

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Imnrjhy Rukohsorj 9.  Fjmoh Hur Mokjzo

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Flmoh Uutrjshl

DO@^KYOU JA^ WNHIJIJ@OH IOH WNHBNYOM^OH ULUJOK WSLBSOA UY^IJ CJACJHBOH IOH @LHUNKJHB ^HJTNSUJYOU JHISOWSOUYO WBSJ

 

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@OYO WNHBOHYOS

Unboko pufj mohyo cobj Okkom URY yohb tnkom anacnrj`oh `nsnapotoh, `naoapuoh, ioh `nsnmotoh snrto `nhj`aotoh yohb tnkom ijcnrj`oh `npoio `oaj, snmjhbbo `oaj iopot anhynknsoj`oh ao`okom jhj yohb Jhsyo Okkom cnraohdoot cobj `jto. Yufuoh ao`okom jhj ijcuot uhtu` ananhumj tubos aoto `ukjom ‛@nbjotoh @lhtru`sj ioh Wnhbu`uroh Cjacjhboh @lhsnkjhb‑ @lhsnkjhb‑  ij cowom  cjacjhboh Jcu Yotj Jhirjohj, U.Wi., A.A., A.A., A. A.O O Wnhukjs cnrmorop ao`okom jhj iopot anacnrj`oh aohdoot cobj  pnhukjs prjcoij ioh pnacoeo, snrto iopot anacnrj`oh wowosoh yohb kncjm kuos ioh pnhbntomuoh `jto tnhtohb Wnrsnpsj ioh pnhbu`urohhyo. Wnhukjs anhyoiorj comwo ao`okom jhj aosjm tnriopot `n`urohboh ao`o inhboh jhj `rjtj` ioh soroh yohb cnrsjdot anacohbuh sohbot  pnhukjs morop`oh. O`mjr `oto pnhukjs almlh aood fj`o oio `oto yohb `urohb cnr`nhoh.

Fo`orto, Unptnacnr 373?

Wnhyusuh

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IODYOS JUJ @OYO WNHBOHYOS ........................ ...................................... .......................... ...................... .......... j IODYOS JUJ ................... ................................. .......................... ......................... .......................... ................ ... jj COC J WNHIOM^K^OH O.  Kotor Cnko`ohb Aokosom ............ ........................ ......................... .......................... ............... ? C.  Suausoh Aosokom ............ ........................ .......................... .......................... ...................... .......... ? E.  Yufuoh Wnacomosoh ........................ ...................................... .......................... .................... ........ ? COC JJ WNACOMOUOH

O. Wnhukjsoh Ojtna  ........................................................ C.  Dlraot Ojtna .............. .......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ................ ... E.  Dlraot Snsplh ................ ............................ .......................... .......................... ........................ ............ I.  @ojiom Wnhukjsoh Ojtna ............. ......................... ......................... .......................... ...............

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COC JJJ WNH^Y^W O.  @nsjapukoh ............ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ..................... ........ ?3 C.  Uoroh ............ ........................ .......................... .......................... ........................ .......................... ................... ..... ?3 IODYOS W^UYO@O ............ ........................ .......................... .......................... ...................... .......... ?5

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COC J WNHIOM^K^OH O.  Kotor Cnko`ohb Aosokom Wnrslokoh okot u`ur yohb ijbuho`oh nvokuotlr `ntj`o anko`u`oh `nbjotoh nvokuosj snrjhb ijmoiop`oh poio pnrslokoh o`urosj, `lhsjstnh ioh

stocjkjtos snmjhbbo mosjk pnhbu`uroh yohb ijpnrlknm cjso anhbu`ur inhboh o`urot snsuotu yohb sniohb iju`ur. Jhstruanh jhj anaohb morus anajkj`j o`urosj `ntj`o ijbuho`oh. @lhsjstnh ioh stocjk iokoa ortj tjio` anhbokoaj  pnrucomoh iorj wo`tu pnhbu`uroh pnhbu`uroh sotu `n pnhbu`uroh pnhbu`uroh yohb kojh. Okot u`ur otou jhstruanh yohb coj` morus ananhumj iuo syorot yojtu vokjijtos ioh rnkjocjkjtos. Uuotu okot u`ur yohb tjio` rnkjocnk otou o tou tjio` vokji o`oh anhbmosjk`oh `nsjapukoh yohb cjos, `urohb snsuoj inhboh yohb snmorushyo, ioh o`oh anacnrj`oh jhdlraosj yohb `nkjru anhbnhoj `noiooh sucfn` otou jhijvjiu yohb ij`nhoj tns jtu. Opocjko O pocjko jhdlraosj yohb `nkjru jtu inhboh soior otou tjio` inhboh soior ijbuho`oh sncoboj iosor  pnrtjacohboh iokoa pnhboacjkoh suotu `nputusoh, ao`o `nputusoh jtu tnhtu cu`oh anrupo`oh suotu `nputusoh yohb tnpot Okot u`ur otou jhstruanh yohb o`oh ijsusuh snkojh morus anajkj`j vokjijtos Fubo morus anajkj`j rnkjocjkjtos yohb coj` ioh fubo morus anhbnrtj tnhtohb Kohb`om-kohb`om ioh tomopoh iokoa pnhyusuhoh okot u`ur .Iokoa ao`okom jhj `oaj o`oh anacomos ioh anhfnkos`oh tnhtohb Kohb`om ―  Kohb`om  ―  Kohb`om  Kohb`om ioh Yomopoh iokoa pnhyusuhoh okot u`ur. C.  Suausoh Aosokom ?. Opo jtu ojtna 3. Cobojaoho pnhukjsoh ojtnh< 5. Cobojaoho rnsplh iokoa pnhukjsoh ojtna< 9. Cobojaoho dlraot pnhukjsoh ojtna< >. Cobojaoho `ojiom iokoa pnhukjsoh ojtna< E.  Yufuoh Wnacomosoh Ao`okom jhj ijtukjs inhboh tufuoh uhtu` anhins`rjpsj`oh6 ?.  Fnhjs pnhukjsoh ojtna 3.  Dlraot pnhukjsoh ojtna 5.  Dlraot rnsplh pnhukjsoh ojtna  9.  @laplhnh opkj`osj jhstruanhtosj, >.  Dlraot `ojiom iokoa pnhukjsoh ojtna

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COC JJ WNACOMOUOH O. Wnhukjsoh Ojtna

Wnrcohijhboh prlplsjlhok clclt ospn` tnrsncut sniopot auhb`jh ijiosorj lknm tnlrj otou mosjk ohokjsjs doetlr yohb tnkom pnrhom ijko`u`oh sncnkuahyo .Opocjko tjio` ijpnrlknm koplroh mosjk ohokjsjs doetlr,ao`o doetlr, ao`o pnaclcltoh ospn` `npnrjko`uoh iopot ij`nacokj`oh poio pnhjkojoh poro omkj cnriosor`oh `npotutoh o`ok (elaalh snhsn) .Iokoa cohyo` `osus ,cjko tjio` ijpnrlknm okos oh uhtu` anhbbohbop oiohyo sncobjoh ospn` yohb kncjm sjbhjdj`oh ijscohijhb ospn` kojhyo,ao`o pnrcohijhboh prlplsjlhok ojtna ijcuot anhbj`utj sofo pnrcohijhboh cohyo`hyo jhijeotlr sntjop ospn`,otou iopot  fubo snauo ospn` ijcnrj clclt soao. Wnhyofjoh auotoh otou clclt ospn` sneoro prlplsjolhok iokoa cnhtu`  pnrsnhtosn inhboh auiom iopot ijntnrfnaom`oh `n iokoa cjkohboh yohb anhuhfu`oh cohyo`hyo cohyo`hyo ojtna poio aosjhb-aosjhb a osjhb-aosjhb ospn` yohb cnrsohb`utoh  cjkoaoho fuakom fu akom ojtna sneoro `nsnkurumoh tnkom ijtntop`oh lknm spnsjdj`osj s`oko. Com`oh tocnk `jsj-`jsj iopot ijcuot kncjm anhintojk inhboh anauot prlplsj otou pnrsnhtosn ojtna yohb morus ijtukjs iokoa orom dovlrockn (dovlrockn) ioh ojtna yohb morus ijtukjs iokoa orom uhdovlrockn (tjio` dovlrockn) ,`neuokj `oku suiom ijtnhtu`oh kncjm iomuku comwo fuakom ojtna dovlrockn ioh tjio` dovprocnk ijcuot `urohb kncjm soao cohyo` poio aosjhb-aosjhb jhijeotlr. Ojtna Dovlrockn ioh Ojtna Yjio` Dovlrockn

Ospn` `npnrjko`uoh morus snkoku ijruaus`oh iokoa orom dovlrockn (dovlrockn) yojtu cnrjsj `lhsnp `npnrjko`uoh yohb snsuoj otou anhiu`uhb otrjcut yohb iju`ur.Cnbjtu puko mokhyo jhijeotlr `npnrjko`uoh morus snkoku ijruaus`oh iokoa `okjaot dovlrockn yojtu yohb anhbboacor`oh sneoro lpnrosjlhok pnrjko`u yohb anhiu`uhb ejrrj ospn` `npnrjko`uohyo .Mok tnrsncut tjio` cnrko`u iokoa pnhukjsoh ojtna.Ojtna snkojh ijtukjs iokoa orom dovlrockn iopot fubo ijtukjs iokoa orom tjio` dovlrockn ,yojtu yohb jsjhyo  cnrtnhtohbboh otou tjio` anhiu`uhb ejrrj pnrjko`u yohb ij`nmnhio`j lknm jhijeotlr `npnrjko`uohyo. Ojtna-ojtna s`oko yohb cnrupoh pnrhyotooh anaohb iopot ijtukjs iokoa sokom-sotu iorj `niuo orom tnrsncut. Ojtna jhj ijsncut cnrorom dovlrockn opocjko jsjhyo anhbboacor`oh iu`uhboh `ncnrdjmo`oh otou anhuhfu``oh `nsnsuojoh inhboh ins`rjpsj `npnrjko`uoh poio jhij`otlrhyo (iokoa cncnropo  cnhtu` s`oko, dovlrockn cnrortj anhiu`uhb kohbsuhb otrjcut yohb iju`ur). Uncoboj elhtlm,iokoa pnhbu`uroh Unaohbot @nrfo ao`o ojtna yohb  cnrcuhyj.

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Wnhukjsoh Jtna Yjpn Wjkjmoh Bohio

Jtna pjkjmoh bohio uauahyo tnrijrj otos suotu `okjaot pnrhyotooh otou `okjaot pnrtohyooh (yohb ijsncut stnoa) ioh cncnropo pjkjmoh fowocoh yohb ijsncut oktnrhotjd otou lptjlhs. Uokom sotu ijohtoro oktnrhotjd anrupo`oh  fowocoh tnrcoj` yohb ijsncut `ny otou `uhej fowocoh, sniohboh oktnrhotjd kojhhyo oiokom fowocoh yohb sokom yohb ijsncut ijstro`tlr. Uuotu jtna pjkjmoh bohio iopot ij`nacohb`oh iorj suotu prlckna otou iorj suotu prlplsjsj. Ij`oto`oh comwo jtna yohb ijiosor`oh poio suotu prlckna uauahyo anhbu`ur ocjkjtos otou `naoapuoh, sniohb`oh jtna yohb ijiosor`oh poio prlplsjsj uauahyo anhbu`ur pnhbntomuoh. Woio uauahyo jtna tns lcfn`tjd tjpn pjkjmoh bohio cohyo` ijiosor`oh poio prlplsjsj, yojtu suotu `okjaot sninrmoho yohb iopot ijhyoto`oh sncoboj cnhor otou sokom. Wrlplsjsj jhj iopot ij`nacohb`oh sninaj`joh rupo snmjhbbo iokoa tjpn  pjkjmoh bohio fowocohhyo tjio` sn`nior cnhor ioh sokom o`oh tntop cnrupo  pjkjmoh tnrmoiop pnrhyotooh yohb pokjhb cnhor otou yohb pokjhb tnpot. Kohb`om owok iokoa anhbnacohb`oh suotu jtna pjkjmoh bohio yohb ijiosor`oh poio prlplsjsj oiokom anajkjm suotu prlplsjsj yohb pnhtjhb, yojtu suotu prlplsjsj yohb anhyoto`oh jin otou bobosoh tuhbbok yohb cnhor o`ohtntopj iopot ijsohb`o sokom.jtu. @nauijoh ijeorj cncnropo oktnrhotjdiokoa yohb  cnrkowohoh inhboh prlplsjsj Wrlplsjsj yohb o`oh ijpo`oj  pnhukjsoh jtna jhj mnhio`kom prlplsjsj yohb pnhtjhb ioh rnknvoh, `ornho ndn`tjvjtos tns o`oh sohbot tnrbohtuhb poio `uokjtos prlplsjsj yohb ijbuho`oh. Kohb`om cnrj`uthyo oiokom anhnhtu`oh `oto `uhej otou cobjoh `okjaot yohb anhfoij pl`l` prlplsjsj, yohb opocjko ijbohtj inhboh `oto oktnrhotjd, o`oh anacuot prlplsjsj jtu anhfoij sokom. Ijcowom jhj anrupo`oh jkustrosj pnhnropoh eoro pnhukjsoh jtna pjkjmoh bohio.

  Jtna mnhio`kom anhohyo`oh mok yohb oio buhohyo uhtu` ij`ntomuj.   Yukjskom jtna yohb cnrjsj pnrhyotooh postj.   ^toao`oh jtna yohb anhbohiuhb pnrhyotooh uaua yohb cnrtomoh

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koao. Cuotkom jtna yohb cnrjsj mohyo sotu bobosoh sofo. Cuotkom jtna yohb anhyoto`oh jhtj pnrtohyooh inhboh fnkos. Buho`oh `okjaot sninrmoho ioh tjio` cnrkncjm-kncjmoh. Uncoj`hyo jtna tjio` ijiosorj lknm pnrhyotooh hnbotjd. Buho`oh comoso yohb fnkos, `oto yohb sninrmoho, ioh pnrhyotooh yohb kohbsuhb iokoa anhukjs jtna. Jtna morus anhowor`oh oktnrhotjd cobj jsj pnrhyotooh yohb pokjhb  pnhtjhb. Cnrj`oh oktnrhotjd fowocoh yohb fnkos cnrcnio. Oktnrhotjd yohb ijtowor`oh mnhio`hyo anapuhyoj stu`tur ioh ortj yohb snfofor otou iokoa sotu `otnblrj. Wnhbbuhooh oktnrhotjd yohb snaoto-aoto anhjoio`oh otou  cnrtnhtohboh inhboh oktnrhotjd kojh, moruskom ijmjhiorj. ijmjhiorj.

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  Cjkoaoho auhb`jh, susuhkom oktnrhotjd iokoa urutoh cnsorhyo otou

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urutoh klbjshyo.   Wnhbbuhooh oktnrhotjd ‛cu`oh sokom sotu ij otos‑ otou ‛snauo yohb ij otos‑ mohyo coj` opocjko `ncnhoroh cnrsjdot cnrsjdot autko` ioh cu`oh snaotoaoto aosokom kncjm ioh `urohb coj` otou aosokom `ncnhoroh rnkotjd.   Fohboh anhfnco` sucfn` inhboh anhohyo`oh mok yohb tjio` oio  fowocohhyo.   Mjhiorj pnhbbuhooh `oto-`oto yohb iopot ijfoij`oh pntuhfu` anhfowoc lknm sucfn`.

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Wnhukjsoh Yjpn Ojtna Cnhor - Uokom

Jtna tjpn cnhor sokom cnrupo suotu pnrhyotooh anhbnhoj lcfn` u`ur yohb ijufj`oh yohb ijj`utj lknm iuo oktnrhotjd fowocoh, yojtu cnhor ioh sokom. @nsjapukoh anhbnhoj `ncnhoroh pnrhyotooh o`oh ijtuhfu``oh poio pjkjmoh yohb ijoacjkyo poio oktnrhotjdn yohb tnrsnijo. Ynrbohtuhb poio tjhb`ot `lapntnhsj yohb ijuhb`op lknm jsj pnrhyotooh jtu, ao`o uhtu` iopot anacnrj`oh fowocoh cnhor otou sokom o`oh ijtuhtut `naoapuoh anhurut tjhb`ot pnhbuosooh yohb cnrcnio-cnio. Jtna-jtna tns yohb anapuhyoj tjpn cnhor-sokom morus ananhumj cncnropo `rjtnrjo, ijohtorohyo.

  Jtna moruskom anhbuhb`op jin otou bobosoh yohb pnhtjhb.   Jtna mnhio`hyo anhbufj pnaomoaoh, fohboh mohyo anhbuhb`op

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jhbotoh anhbnhoj suotu do`to otou modokoh.   @ncnhoroh otou `ntjio`cnhoroh suotu jtna moruskom autko`.   Jtna morus anhbufj pnhbntomuoh yohb spnsjdj` ioh fowocohhyo tjio`  fnkos cobj snauo lrohb, `ueuokj cobj anrn`o yohb anhbuosoj  pnkoforoh.   Jtna morus ijhyoto`oh inhboh fnkos.

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Wnhukjsoh Ojtna Yjpn Fowocoh Wnhin` Jtna tjpn fowocoh pnhin` cnrupo `okjaot pnrhyotooh yohb morus ijfowoc inhboh fowocoh sjhb`ot, uauahyo tjio` kncjm iorj sotu otou iuo `oto, otou  cnrupo `okjaot pnrhyotooh yohb cnkua snknsoj snmjhbbo sucfn` morus anhbjsj`oh `oto uhtu` anknhb`opj `okjaot tnrsncut.

@nuhbbukoh jtna tjpn jhj sncntukhyo tnrknto` poio `nauiomoh anhukjshyo snrto cohyo`hyo fuakom jtna yohb iopot ijeo`up iokoa sntjop pnhbnhooh tns. Mohyo sofo cjosohyo jtna tjpn fowocoh pnhin` sukjt utu` ijbuho`oh anhbuhb`op torod `lapntnhsj yohb tjhbbj ioh `ornhohyo kncjm elel` uhtu` ij`nho`oh poio sjswo iorj tjhb`ot pnhijij`oh iosor. Wntuhfu` pnhukjsoh jtna tjpn fowocoh pnhin` oiokom6

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  Wnrtohyooh otou pnrhyotooh jtna morus itukjs inhboh motj-motj

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snmjhbbo iopot ijfowoc inhboh sotu fowocoh postj.   Uncoj`hyo pj`jr`oh fowocohhyo kncjm iomuku coru `nauijoh anhukjs  pnrtohyoohhyo.   Buho`oh pnrtohyooh kohbsuhb, `neuokj cjkoaoho alink `okjaot to` snknsoj o`oh anauhb`jh`oh fowocoh yohb kncjm fnkos.

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^somo`oh obor iokoa tnriopot pntuhfu` yohb auhb`jh ijbuho`oh lknm pnrtohyooh sucfn` iokoatjio` anhfowoc jtna.   Fohboh anhbbuho`oh `oto otou `okjaot yohb kohbsuhb ij`utjp iorj  cu`u.

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Wnhukjsoh Ojtna Yjpn Wosohboh

Jtna tjpn posohboh obo` anhynrupoj jtna tjpn pjkjmoh bohio iokoa ortj tubos  pnhfowoc oiokom anajkjm ijohtoro cncnropo pjkjmoh yohb elel` uhtu` ijposohb`oh inhboh stjaukus yohb oio. Jtna tjpn posohboh ijsofj`oh iokoa iuo `nklapl` otou iuo cobjoh, yohb sncnkom `jrj oiokom `uapukoh stjaukus yohb ijsncut prnajs ioh ijsncnkom `ohoh oiokom `uapukoh `oto yohb morus ijposohb`oh inhboh prnajs yohb ijsncut sncoboj rnsplh. Cncnropo pntuhfu` pnhukjsoh jtna posohboh oiokom sncoboj cnrj`ut.

  Wrnajs ioh rnsplh mnhio`hyo ijcuot iokoa fuakom yohb tjio` soao.   Coj` prnajs aoupuh rnsplh mnhio`hyo aosjhb-aosjhb cnrjsj mok

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yohb mlalbnh, yojtu iorj snfnhjs `otnblrj jsj.   ^somo`oh obor prnajs ioh rnsplhhyo cnrjsj `okjaot-`okjaot otou `oto yohb pnhin`.   Cuotkom pntuhfu` pnaosohboh yohb fnkos snmjhbbo sucfn` anhbntomuj iosor opo`om yohb morus ijbuho`oh iokoa anaosohb`oh prnajs ioh rnsplh.   Uusuhkom prnajs ioh rnsplh aosjhb-aosjhb sneoro okdocntjs.

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Wnhukjsoh Ojtna Yjpn @nrohb`o

Jtna tjpn `orohboh, iorj snbj pnacnrjoh s`lrhyo, cjosohyo tjio` ijblklhb`oh ijblklhb`oh sncoboj jtna lcfn`tjd. Yjpn jhj sohbot plpuknr ij`ornho`oh auiomhyo ijtukjs, ioh cobj sncobojoh lrohb ijohbbop sncoboj eoro tnrcoj` uhtu` anhbuhb`op `naoapuoh anhblrbohjsjr dj`jroh ioh anhyoto`oh pnhbntomuoh sneoro knhb`op. Jtna tjpn `orohboh cnrcnhtu` suotu pnrtohyooh, cjosohyo pnhin`, yohb anhuhtut sucfn` uhtu` anacnrj`oh fowocoh yohb tnruroj. Ij`ornho`oh  fowocoh yohb ijcnrj`o snkoku iokoa cnhtu` n`prnsj n`prnsj tukjs yohb pohfohb, ao`o  cjosohyo suotu tns yohb ijtukjs iokoa tjpn `orohboh tjio` iopot cnrjsj cohyo` jtna. Lknm `ornho jtu, pnrku pnrtjacohboh iorj pjmo` pnhukjs jtna obor mohyo

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anhohyo`oh mok-mok pnhtjhb yohb `jrohyo iopot anhbuhb`op pnaomoaoh sucfn` sneoro `laprnmnhsjd. Cncnropo pntuhfu` pnhukjsoh jtna tns `orohboh.

  Cnrj`oh pnrtohyooh otou tubos yohb anhbmnhio`j obor sucfn`

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anhuhfu``oh pnhbuosooh pnhbntomuoh yohb pnhtjhb.

 

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Cuotkom pnrtohyooh yohbfowocoh orom fowocohhyo postj,iorjpoio snmjhbbokojhhyo. poro omkj iopot sntufu comwo sotu o`oh kncjm coj` Uncoj`hyo tjio` anhohyo`oh sj`op otou pnhiopot. Uncoj`hyo pnrtohyooh ijowokj inhboh `oto-`oto snpnrtj6 cohijhb`oh,  cnrj`oh okosoh, fnkos`oh anhbopo, cnrj elhtlm, ioh ioh snaoeoahyo. Fohboh cnrj `nsnapotoh sucfn` uhtu` anajkjm mohyo sncobjoh ijohtoro pnrtohyooh yohb ijsnijo`oh uhtu` ijfowochyo. Uncoj`hyo tukjs iomuku suotu fowocoh jinok, coru `nauijoh anhyusuh  pnrtohyoohhyo.

C. Dlraot Ojtna

Woio iosorhyo dlraot ojtna iokoa pnhyusuhoh s`oko psj`lklbj ijcnio`oh  cnhtu`hyo anhfoij iuo iuo aoeoa, yojtu6

   cnhtu` pnrhyotooh 6 dlraot pnrhyotooh cnrupo snrohb`ojoh `okjaot

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in`korotjd yohb ijiomukuj lknm cncnropo corjs `okjaot/boacor sncoboj stjaukus `nauijoh ijj`utj lknm pnrhyotooh cnr`nhooh inhboh stjaukus tnrsncut.    cnhtu` pnrtohyooh 6 ijcuot iokoa snrohb`ojoh `okjaot tohyo otou ijiomukuj lknm stjaukus cnrupo cncnropo `okjaot/boacor.

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Wnhukjsoh ojtna iopot ijko`u`oh opocjko `laplhnh-`laplhnh otrjcut tnkom  fnkos jinhtjdj`osjhyo otou cjko jhij`otlr-jhij`otlr pnrjko`u tnkom ijruaus`oh inhboh cnhor. Cjosohyo `laplhnh-`laplhnh otrjcut ioh jhij`otlr-jhij`otlr  pnrjko`u ijsofj`oh sncoboj cobjoh iorj ckun-prjht s`oko. Ij soapjhb anacnrj`oh boacoroh anhbnhoj jsj ioh ijanhsj `owosoh u`ur, ckun-prjht o`oh anhfoij oeuoh iokoa pnhukjsoh ojtna. Wnhukjsoh ojtna snhijrj morus  puko snkoku anapnrmotj`oh `ojiom-`ojiom pnhukjsoh yohb suiom ijtnhtu`oh. Woio tomopoh owok pnhukjsoh ojtna, uauahyo ijcuot ojtna yohb fuakomhyo  foum kncjm cohyo` iorjpoio fuakom yohb ijspnsjdj`osj`oh lknm ckun-prjhthyo. ?. Dlraot Ojtna Cnhtu` pnrhyotooh inhboh pjkjmoh

Ijsofj`oh iokoa `okjaot pnrhyotooh (`okjaot in`korotjd) anhbnhoj otrjcut yohb iju`ur otou `okjaot pnrhyotooh anhbnhoj sjtuosj yohb anhbohiuhb jhij`osjpnrjko`u tnrsncut. Elhtlm6 Anroso bnkjsom ij `ohtlr anaj`jr`oh `noiooh oho`-oho` ij ruaom

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PYWQ P@IQ PUSQ PUKQ @nt6 Wnrhyotooh ij otos elhtlm s`oko `lhdkj` pnroh bohio YW1 Yjio` Wnrhom @I1 @oiohb-`oiohb US1 Unrjhb UK1 Unkoku Cnhtu` pnrtohyooh

Ijsofj`oh iokoa `okjaot tohyo, ioh sucfn` anajkjm sj`op sj `op otou fowocoh snsuoj `lhijsjhyo.

E. Dlraot Snsplh

Woio cnhtu`-cnhtu` s`oko psj`lklbj yohb plpuknr, ojtna-ojtna moapjr snkoku ijsofj`oh iokoa cnhtu` yohb anajhto sucfn` uhtu` anajkjm fowocoh yohb tnkom ijsnijo`oh. U`oko psj`lklbj iopot ijrnsplhs inhboh cnrcoboj cnhtu` pnrjko`u, snpnrtjanhbboacor (poio s`oko prlyn`tjd), anhfowoc inhboh `oto-`oto, anajkjmfowocoh ioh kojhhyo. Hoauh, yohb snrjhb ijbuho`oh oiokom sucfn` ijsurumanajkjm iorj fowocoh yohb tnkom ijsnijo`oh. Oiopuh uhtu` rnhtohb  fowocohijusomo`oh tjio` tnrkoku cohyo` (2 suiom cohyo`), ij`ornho`oh o`ohanhbocur`oh cotos-cotos ohtor fowocoh. • Snsplh hnbotjd ioh rnsplh plsjtjd Snsplh tnrmoiop pnrhyotooh iokoa ojtna pokjhb tjio` oio iuo aoeoa yojtu, rnsplh hnbotjd ioh rnsplh plsjtjd. Snsplh hnbotjd oiokom rnsplh yohb anhnhtohb otou anhnbosj`oh jsj pnrhyotooh sniohb`oh rnsplh plsjtjd oiokom yohb anhiu`uhb anhiu`uhb tnrmoiop jsj pnrhyotooh. pnrhyot ooh. Coj` hnbotjd aoupuh rnsplh plsjtjd iopot ijcuot cnrfnhfohb inhboh anhbuho`oh `oto ‛ obo` ‛ otou `oto ‛ sohbot ‛ snmjhbbo ijpnrlknm ijdnrnhsjosj yohb kncjm tofoa. Untjop pnhoacomoh sotu  fnhfohb rnsplh hnbotjd morus ijj`utj ijj`utj lknm pnhoacomoh pnhoacomoh sotu fnhfohb yohb sntoro ioh sjantrj` poio pjkjmoh rnsplh plsjtjd. Snsplh hnbotjd 6 rnsplh yohb anhnhtohb otou anhnbosj`oh jsj pnrhyotooh. Snsplh plsjtjd 6 rnsplh yohb anhiu`uhb otou odjraotjd poio jsj pnrhyotooh.

I. @ojiom Wnhukjsoh Ojtna

^htu` anhbmosjk`oh ojtna inhboh `uokjtos coj` ,yojtu cnrduhbsj snkoros ioh sjbhjdj`oh sncoboj cobjoh iorj s`oko snrto anhiu`uhb vokjijtos `lhstro` yohb

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ijcohbuh,ao`o ojtna morus ijtukjs anhbj`utj jhijeotlr `npnrjko`uoh yohb suiom ijruaus`oh iokoa `jsj-`jsj ioh cnrpnilaoh poio `ojiom pnhukjsoh. Cncnropo ijohtorohyo `ojiom pnhtjhb iokoa pnhukjsoh yohb pnrku ijpnrmotj`oh ioh ijj`utj lknm pnhukjs ojtna oiokom6 ?.  Buho`oh `oto ioh `okjaot yohb sninrmoho,fnkos ioh auiom ijanhbnrtj lknm rnsplhinh hoauh tntop morus anhbj`utj toto tukjs ioh toto comoso Jhilhnsjo yohb co`u. @okjaot yohb ruajt mohyo o`oh anhyukjt`oh sucfn` iokoa anaomoaj ao`sui ojtna.Uucfn` auiom sokom pomoa ioh o`jcothyo tnhtu sofo fowocoh yohb jo cnrj`oh tjio` o`oh anacnrj`oh boacoroh yohb cnhor anhbnhoj ijrjhyo.@okjaot yohb sukjt ijdomoaj iopot anhburohbj ajhot ioh `nsuhbbumoh sucfn` iokoa anhfowoc. Wnhbbuhooh Comoso Jhilhnsjo co`u oiokom `nmorusoh `neuokj poio s`okos`oko yohb ijtuhfu`oh `musus cobj cuioyo tnrtnhtu yohb anhbuho`oh comoso ionrom yohb ijpomoaj lknm sucyn`. 3.  Yukjs ojtna inhboh cnrmotj-motj snmjhbbo tjio` anhjacuk`oh  pnhodsjroh bohio tnrmoiop `oto ioh jstjkom yoab ijbuho`oh. ijbuho`oh. Mjhiorj pnhbbuhooh pnhbbuhooh jstjkom-jstjkom `musu yohb yohb ij`nhok mohyo iokoa kjhb`uhboh tnrcotos.jstjkom yohb tjio` cnbjtu plpuknr auiom ijsokomortj`oh lknm rnsplhinh. Cnrj`ut jhj oiokom elhtlm ojtna yohb cnrjsj jstjkom jstj kom yohb iopot anhjacuk`oh sokom pnhbnrtjoh6 ‛Uoyo o`oh anhfoij pnhinhbor yohb coj`,cjko oio `oryowoh yohb anhbnkum.‑‑  anhbnkum. Wrlckna poio ojtna ij otos tnrknto` poio ao`ho jstjkom ‛pnhinhbor yohb coj`‑ yohb iopot cnrsjdot tjio` dovlrocnk.Cjko yohb ijao`sui`oh sncoboj  pnhinhbor yhb coj` oiokom snsnlrohb yohb iopot anhfoij tnapot euromoh ioh ioh anaomoaj lrohb kojh inhboh pnhum napotj,tnhtu ojtna tnrsncut tnraosu` ojtna yohb dovlrocnk.sncokj`hyo cjko yohb ijao`sui inhboh pnhinhbor yohb  coj` oiokom snsnlrohb yohb mohyo aou anhinhbor`oh tohpo pnrku anacnrj `lanhtor otou cnrsj`op `rjtjs ,sncobojaoh jstjkom jtu cjosohyo ijbuho`oh iokoa pnrboukoh `nklapl` tnrtnhtu ,ao`o ojtna tnrsncut anhfoij cnrsjdot tjio` dovlrocnk .Inhboh inaj`joh pnrcniooh rnsplh o`oh anhfoij tnrbohtuhb  pnrcniooh jhijvjiuok poio poio ospn` yohb iju`ur. 5.  Jhbot comwo ojtna morus snkoku anhboeu poio jhij`otlr `npnrjko`uoh ,`ornho jtu fohbboh anhukjs ojtna yohb kohbsuhb  cnr`ojtoh inhboh otrjcut yohb iju`ur. Cnrj`ut jhj oiokom sokom sotu ojtna yohb pnrhom ijtukjs lknm snsnlrohb aomosjswo yohb ijao`sui`oh buho anhbuhbop`oh otrjcut @nenaosoh Anhbmoiopj Aoso Wnhsjuh6 ‛Uoyo anroso enaos o`oh `nsnpjoh sntnkom pnhsjuh‑ pnhsjuh ‑ 

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Ojtna snpnrtj ij otos ,opocjko ijfowoc lknm sucyn` inhboh rnsplh plsjtjd snpnrtj UNU^OJ otou ZO ao` morus kohbsuhb ijsjapuk`oh comwo sucyn` anroso enaos ,cnbjtu puko opocjko ijpnrlknm fowocoh hnbotjd YJIO@ morus ijortj`oh comwo sucyn` tjio` anroso enaos.Koku opo buho ojtna-ojtna yohb kojh.  Elcokom anhbufj pjkjmoh-pjkjmoh fowocoh yohb yohb tnkom ijtukjs .Oio`om pnrcniooh ortj ioh ao`ho ohtoro iuo pjkjmoh yohb cnrcnio snsuoj inhboh jhij`otlr `npnrjko`uohhyo,opocjko tjio` oio cnio ao`ho yohb fnkos ao`o ojtna yohb cnrsohb`utoh tjio` anajkj`j ioyo cnio. Duhbsj ojtna sncnhorhyo oiokom anacnio`oh jhijvjiu poio ospn` yohb iju`ur cnriosor`oh rnsplhhyo tnrmoiop ojtna tnrsncut.Wnrmotj`oh elhtlm ojtna yohb pnrhom ijtukjs uhtu` anhbuhbop`oh Unaohbot @nrfo,cnrj`ut jhj6 ‛Wn`nrfooh soyo anhuhtut cnrcoboj aoeoa `naoapuoh.‑ `naoapuoh.‑  Ijpohiohb iorj snbj tjhbbjhyo snaohbot `nrfo yohb mnhio` ijuhb`op,op`om  pnrcniooh jhijvjiu yohb anhfowoc ZO ioh yohb anhfowoc YJIO@ YJIO@ tnrmoiop tnrmoiop ojtna ij otos). Yns prnstosj6 Duhbsj pnhbnacohboh pnhbu`uroh  prnstosj cnkofor, Nijsj `niuo. Zlbyo`orto6 Wusto`o Wusto`o Wnkofor. Ozwor, U. (37?3). Wnhyusuhoh s`oko psj`lklbj. Nijsj `niuo. Zlbyo`orto6 Wusto`o Wnkofor. Ozwor, U. (37?3). Snkjocjkjtos ioh vokjijtos. Nijsj `nnapot. Zlbyo`orto6 Wusto`o Wnkofor. mttps6//vnhjorajyotj59>.wlriprnss.ela/37?9/72/72/ mttps6//www.oeoinajo.niu/545>=5:>/WNHZ^U^HOH\U@OKO  \WUJ@LKLBJ mttp6//s`rjpsj-`lhsuktosj.cklbsplt.ela/37?9/7=/pnhukjsoh-ojtnas`oko-psj`lklbj.mtak