Makalah Kel 3 Dampak Bencana THD Kesehatan

 

BAFAIAJ FG[G_ATA^AM OGMCAMA @@ ’Nabpaf Ogmcama ^grjanap Fgsgjatam‒

EIGJ < Fgiebpef 3

Bgi`za Giia Qanr`ma

(1:331;:1>)

_`ta Admgs Ma`mddeiam

(1:331;:?;)

X`cfy Amnrga Baiv`me

(1:331;:?0)

Payamd But`ara _ajba

(1:331;:3?)

NESGM [GBO@BO@MD <

^asbam,S. fgp, B. fgp, Sp. Feb

[_EN@ SA_LAMA ^G_A[AM FG[G_ATA^AM [EI^GFFGS FGBGMFGS _@ [ANAMD ^.A ?;?1/?;??

 

FA^A [GMDAM^A_ 

Assaiabu‐aia`fub warajbatuiiaj` waoarafatuj Sgdaia pul` oad` Aiiaj ST^ yamd tgiaj bgbogr`fam fab` fgbunajam sgj`mdda fab` napat bgmygigsa`fam bafaiaj `m` ngmdam tgpat waftu. ^ampa pgrteiemdam-Mya tgmtumya fab` t`naf afam samddup umtuf bgmygigsa`fam bafaiaj `m` ngmdam oa`f. Sjaiawat sgrta saiab sgbeda tgri`bpaj curajfam fgpana oad`mna tgrc`mta f`ta ya`tu Mao` Bujabban SAT yamd f`ta mamt`mat`fam syaha‐atmya n` afj`rat mamt`. [gmui`s bgmducapfam syufur fgpana Aiiaj ST^ atas i`bpajam m`fbat sgjat-Mya, oa`f  `t `tu u ogrupa ogrupa sgjat sgjat h`s`f h`s`f baupum baupum afai afai p`f`ra p`f`ram, m, sgj`md sgj`mdda da pgmui` pgmui`ss babpu babpu umtuf umtuf bgmygi bgmygigsa gsa`fa `fam m  pgbouatam bafaiaj sgoada` tudas nar` bata fui`aj Fgpgrawatam Ogmcama @@. [gmui`s tgmtu bgmyanar` oajwa bafaiaj `m` bas`j lauj nar` fata sgbpurma nam bas`j  oamyaf tgrnapat fgsaiajam sgrta fgfuramdam n` naiabmya.Wmtuf `tu, pgmui`s bgmdjarapfam fr`t`f  sgrta saram nar` pgboaca umtuf bafaiaj `m`, supaya bafaiaj `m` mamt`mya napat bgmlan` bafaiaj yamd igo`j oa`f iad`. Fgbun`am apao`ia tgrnapat oamyaf fgsaiajam pana bafaiaj `m` pgmui`s bejem baah yamd sgogsar-ogsarmya. Ngb`f`am, Sgbeda bafaiaj `m` napat ogrbamhaat.^gr`ba fas`j.

[anamd, : Adustus ?;?1

Fgiebpef 3

 

OAO @ [GMNAJWIWAM A. Iata Iatarr Ogia Ogiafa famd md Saiaj satu

fuai`tas

nabpaf

j`nup

pgmnunuf

 pgrbasaiajam yamd

basaiaj

n`awai`

eigj

dgbpa

jub`,

jaml`r,

jgrap`,

naiab

lamdfa

ferjam bgbgriufam

yamd

s`stgb Erdam`zat`em,

?;;8).

ia`m

jgraf`jat

pana

sam`tas`

([am

nar`

i`mdfumdam

ngralat

awai

nar`

fgsgjatam

yamd

bgbpgmdaruj` ~gjutujam

sgcara d`z`

ttmddai

(sjgitgr)

a`r

syarat

fgsgjatam

n`r`,

t`naf nam

iamdsumd j`ia

t`naf

ana

napat sgdgra

pamlamd

n`tamdduiamd`

tgbpat

t`naf

bgbgmuj`

iamdsumd naya afam

afam

pgbgmujam

[gmdumds`am

sgr`md

bgmurumfam

luda pgmurumam

t`mdfat

sgcara

nar`

bgmcufup`

jgmcama.

yamd

jurufmya

awai

lamdfa

iamdsumd

sgj`mdda

jgrs`j

tgrlan`mya

naiab

yamd

fgsgjatam

bgrupafam

presgs

ferjam

Jgaitj

basaiaj

 pgrfgbjamdj`afam jgjgrapa lgm`s pgmyaf`t bgmuiar. [grsgn`aam pamdam yamd t`naf bgrupafam

nam

Abgr`cam

fgjgrs`jam

yamd

r`s`fe

fgsgjatam

furamdmya

jurufmya

yamd

pgm`mdfatam

^`bjuimya

jgrawai

pana

jgrat

has`i`tas

a`r

dumumd

jgrnabpaf

cgngra

fgrusafam

Ogmcama

igtusam

napat

`mtgms`h,

pgmygn`aam

ia`m.

nam

pgmngf

jgrpetgms` sgjgmabya

j`namd/sgfter

ferjam

bgmuiar,

tgrlan`.

fgsgjatam

iemdser

jgrjada`

yamd pgmdumds`am

pgrawatam

 pgmyaf`t

nar`

ngmdam

basaiaj

bgm`mddai,

bgmurummya

n`i`jat

basyarafat

n``fut`

bgm`bjuifam

tgrjanap

napat

fgsgjatam

Ogmcama

amtara

jgmcama

baupum

tajam

tujuj

bgm`bjuifam

 

basaiaj

n`

 pgbjgr`am

j`namd

pgiayamam

sgr`md

bgmgbu`

has`i`tas

fgsgjatam,

ejat

sgrta

nam

nama

fgsgjatam. fgsgjatam

t`naf

nabpaf

n`tamdam`

([usat

rusafmya

lubiaj

tgrjatasmya

Femn`s` igj`j

jgmcama

af`jat

bgbana`mya

fgsgjatam,

`tu,

femn`s`

fgmnaia

epgras`emai.

bgm`bjuifam

pana

jamyaf

aiat

Sgbgmtara

tgmada

`m`

juruf

lgm`s fgsgjatam

tgmtumya

napat

t`naf

sgdgra

j`ia

[gmamdduiamdam

nam

Basaiaj

Fgsgjatam

Sgfrgtar`at Lgmngrai Ngpartgbgm Fgsgjatam, ?;;1). Nabpaf rgiat`h nam

jgmcama

tgrjanap

jgrjgna-jgna, jgsaram

amtara

jgmcama

bgbgriufam

ia`m

yamd

pgrawatam

pana fasus

dgiebjamd

Sgjai`fmya,

pasamd. naiab

fgrusafam

waftu

s`stgb

bgm`bjuifam  pgmyaf`t-pgmyaf`t

^grfa`t n`pgmdaruj` napat bgm`mddai

bgbpgmdaruj` cgngra

dgbpa, jamyaf af`jat

cgngra

yamd igj`j

jaml`r

napat

nam

jgmcama

lgm`s

dgbpa jub` af`jat jaml`r nam

iaba

sgpgrt`

nar`

rgiat`h

jgmcama

a`r

bgmygjajfam sgrta

o`asa

bgiaiu` n`arg

yamd

ogrs`j,

iuar

n`tuiarfam

fgfuatam

nam

jgmcama cgngra

fglan`am

n`sgasgs) ngmdam

Fasus

b`saimya,

sam`tas`

yamd

(watgr-oermg

tgrlan`.

rgiat`h

petgms`

basyarafat

tgrdamtumd

bgn`s,

jamyaf n`lubpa` n`jamn`mdfam ngmdam

tgrlan`

fgsgjatam

bgn`a

nam

dgbpa

(FIO) a`r

igptesp`res`s.

jub`,

ana

t`da

hafter

sgn`f`tmya jgmcama

sgia`m

`m`,

yamd ferjam

yafm`<

t`pg

rubaj, waftu pana jar` tgrlan`mya dgbpa nam fgpanatam pgmnunuf ([am Abgr`caJgaitj Erdam`zat`em, ?;;8).

 

O. _ubu _ubusa sam m Basa Basaia iaj j

1. Apa nabpaf nabpaf ogmca ogmcama ma tgrj tgrjana anap p fgsgjat fgsgjatam5 am5

C. ^ulu lua am

1. Wmtuf bgmdgtaju` bgmdgtaju` nam nam bgbajab` bgbajab` nabpaf ogmcama tgrjanap tgrjanap fgsgjata fgsgjatam m

 

OAO @@ ^@MLAWAM ^GE_@^@S 1. Fgoa Fgoafa fara ram m juta jutam m

Fgoafaram jutam bgrupafam saiaj satu pgrbasaiajam Fgoafaram pgrbasaiajam i`mdfumdam i`mdfumdam yamd bgb`i`f` bgb`i`f` nabpaf ogsar tgrjanap fgj`nupam basyarafat. basyarafat. Fgoafaram Fgoafaram jutam `m` napat tgrlan` sgcara aiab` aia b` b`saim b`saimya ya af`oat af`oat pgt`r, pgt`r, dgsgfa dgsgfam m amtara amtara pgpejema pgpejemam. m. Sgcara Sgcara iamdsu iamdsumd md nabpaf  nabpaf  bgrud`fam yamd napat n`t`bouifam af`oat fgoafaram jutam `m` amtara ia`m fgrusafam `mhrastruftur sgrta j`iamdmya asgt pgrtam`am, pgrfgoumam nam fgjutamam, sgrta taf sgn`f`t  puia bgmygoaofam feroam l`wa. Sgia`m `tu nabpaf gfeied`s, gfemeb` nam fgsgjatam af`oat ogmcama faout asap yamd tgrlan` luda bgmdamcab af`oat fgoafaram jutam tgrsgout. Asap As ap ya yamd md n`t` n`t`bo boui uifam fam eigj eigj fg fgoaf oafar aram am ju juta tam m ogrna ogrnabp bpaf af ia iamd mdsu sumd md pa pana na fgsgjatam, fjususmya damdduam saiuram pgrmapasam. Asap bgmdamnumd sglubiaj das nam  part`fgi f`b`a yamd bgmddamdu pgrmapasam sgpgrt` sgpgrt` suihur n`efs`na (SE?), faroem bemefs bem efs`na `na (CE), (CE), herbai herbaingj` ngj`n, n, afrgig afrgig`m, `m, ogmzgm, ogmzgm, m`tred m`tredgm gm efs`na efs`na (MEx) (MEx) nam ezem ezem  pgrbufaam (E3). [art`cuiatg Battgr([B) yamd samdat jaius bgrupafam part`fgi yamd  pai`md bgmdfjawat`rfam fargma napat tgrj`rup basuf fg saiuram pgrmahasam nam napat bgmgbo bgm gbous us j`mdda j`mdda fg paru-pa paru-paru. ru. [art`f [art`fgit gitgrs grsgou goutt bgb`cu bgb`cu nabpaf nabpaf ouruf ouruf yamd yamd myata myata tgrutaba pana femn`s` fjusus, sgpgrt` pana bamuia, oay` nam pgmd`nap pgmyaf`t paru. Ngpartg Ngpa rtgbgm bgm Fgsgja Fgsgjatam tam _gpuoi` _gpuoi`f f @mnemgs @mnemgs`a `a bgiaper bgiaperfam fam ogograp ogograpaa damdduam damdduam fgsgjatam yamd n`sgoaofam fgsgjatam n`sgoaofam fargma ogmcama faout asap amtara amtara @mhgfs` @mhgfs` Saiuram Saiuram [gmahasam [gmahasam Atas (@S[A), pgmyaf`t fui`t, pgmyaf`t bata, asba nam pgmubem`a NAB[AF OGMCAMA ^G_JANA[ FGSGJA^AM BASPA_AFA^ Siaj satu nabpaf ogmcam tgrjanap pgmurumamfuai`tas j`nup pgmnunuf napat n`i`jat nr` ogroada`  pgrbasaiajam fgsgjatam basyarfat yamd tgrlan` ogmcama yamd n` `fut` ngmmdam pgmdumds`am  ogrpetgms` bgm`bouifam basafaj fgsgjatam yamd n` awai` ngmdam basaaiaj n` sgfter o`namd ia`m.ogmcama dgbpa oub` oaml`r iemdser nam igtusam dumumd ograp` naiab lamdfa pgmngf napat  ogrnabpaf pana feroam bgm`mddai ,feroam c`ngra ograt ymd bgbgriufam pgrawtam `mtgms`h ,

 

 pgm`mdfatam rgs`fe pgmyaf`t bgmuiara , fgrusfam has`i`tas fgsgjatam nam s`stgb pgmygn`aam a`r (pam abgr`cam jgaitj erdam`sat`em ?;;8) [grsgn`aam pamdam yammd t`naf bgmcufup` luda bgrupafam awai nar` presgs tgrlan`mya  pgmurumam ngrlat fgsgjatam basyarafat yamd naiab lamdfa pamlamd afam bgbpgmdaruj` sgcara iamdsumd t`mdfat pgbgmujam fgoutujam d`z` feroam ogmcama. Sjgitgr yamd ana sgr`md t`naf bgbgmuj` syarat fgsgjatam iamdsumd baupum t`naf iamdsumd napat bgmurumfam naya tajam tuouj nam apao`ia t`naf n` tamdduiamada` afam bgmdaf`oatfam pgrbasaiajam fgsgjatam. Nabpaf ogmcama tgrjanap fgsgjatam basyaraft rgiat`h ogrogna ogna ,amtara ia`m tgrdamtumd nar`  lgm`s nam ogsgram ogmcama yamd tgrlan` fasus cgngraa bgbgriufam pgrawatam bgn`s , b`saimya rgiat`h igo`j oamyaf pana ogmcama dgbpa oub` n` oamn`mdfam fasus c`ngra af`oat oaml`r nam dgieboamd pasamd.tgrfa`t ogmcama dgbpa oub` sgia`m n` pgmdaruj` fgfuatam dgbpa ana 3 hafter yamd bgbpgmdaruj` oamyaf sgn`f`t mya feroam bgm`mddai nam c`ngra af`oat ogmcama yafm`< rubaj, waftu tgrlan` dagbpa nam fgpanatam pgmnunuf. Ogmcama bgm`bouifam ogroada` petgms` pgrbasaiajam fgsgjatam oad` basayarafat tgrnabpaf. Nabpaf `m` afam n` rasafam igo`j paraja n` rasafam eigj pgmnunuf rgmtam .sgoada`bama n` sgoutfam naiab pasai 77 (?) WW me ?> tajum ?;;4 tgmtamd pgmdduiamdam ogmcama, fgiebpef rgmtam ya`tu < 1) oay`, oai`ta nam amaf amaf ?) `ou yamda sgnamd bgmdamnumd atau bgmyusu`3)  pgmyamnamd cacat >) eamd iamlut us`a, sgia`m > fgiebpef tgrsgout naiab pgraturam fgpaia OM[O meber 4 tajum ?;;: tgmtamd tata cara pgbgmujam fgoutujam nasar n` taboajfam eramd saf`t sgmoa` oad`a nar` fgiebpef rgmtam naiab femn`s` ogmcama .`ngmt`h`fas` fgiebpef rgmtam pana s`tuas` ogmcama bgmlan` saiaj stu jai yamd pgmt`md umtuf n` iafufam . [af`stam (ab`m nam jam,?;;0) nam `ram (p`mgra, rgan nam l`ru,?;;7 ), oaml`r n` oamdiangsj pana tajum ?;;> (sj`b`,parv`m, o`swas nam sjaw , ?;1;), sgrta dgbpa n`sgrta` tsumab` n` `mnemgsa (w`nyastust` nff,?;;8) nam sr`iamfa (hgmamne,dumapaia, nam layamta, ?;;0).pana aj`r ?;;> bgmumluffam ogogapa basaiajtgrfa`t fgsgjatam i`mdfumdam i`mdfumdam nam sam`tas` . pgrbasaiajam tgrsgout tgrbasuf tgrfa`t pgm`ia`am fgoutujam (asgstbgmt) yamd tnaf bunaj nam cgpat,fgtgrsgn`ama nam fgcufupam sarama, n`str`ous` nam afsgs yamd t`naf bgrata, pr`vas` nam fgmyabamam feroam  ogmcama (fjususmys pgrsbpuam ) sgrta furamd fgsanaram nam pgr`iafu basayarafat tgrfa`t sam`tas` pana femn`s` nraurat ogmcama. Fgsgjatam rgprenufs` bgrupafam saiaj satu pgrbasaiajam fgsgjatam yamd pgriu bgmnapatfam  pgrjat`am, fjususmya ogmcama yamd ornabpaf pana basyarafat naiab waftu rgaiat`h iaba. Stuny

 

japsar` nff (?;;0) bmd`ngmt`h`fas` pgmgbuam bgmar`f bgmar`f ogrfa`tam ngmdam fgoutujam pgiayamam fgiuarda ogrgmcama (FO).pasca ogmacama dgbpa oub` n` oamtui (yedyafarta) pana tajum ?;;8. Satu tajum pasca dgbapa ,bgrgfa bgmddumafam aiat FO sumt`f nsm `bpiamt cgmngrumd bgmurum ,sgoai`fmya bgrgfa yamd bgmddumafam p`i FO nam bgteng patamtamd ogrfaia cgmngrumd bgm`mdfat .stun` `m` bgmumluffam pgrvaigms` fgjab`iam t`naf n` rgmcamafam igo`j tumdd` n` lubpa` pana bgrgfa yamd sui`t bgmdafsgs pgiayamam FO n` oamn`mdfam bgrgfa yamd bgmdaiab` fgmanaia . Eigj fargma `tu , pgram pgmt`md pgtudas fgsgjatam pgriufam, t`naf jamya umtuf bgbogr`fam pgiayamam Fo pana s`tuas` ogmcama ,tgtap` luada umtuf bgmdgnufas` pasamdam umtuf bgmdgnufas` pasamdam umtuf bgmcgadaj fglan`am fgajab`aiam yamd ta`naf n` rgmcamafam . [GMAMDDWIAMDAM BASAIAJ FGSGJA^AM NAIAB FEMN@S OGMCAMA Ogmcama aiab bgrupafam fglan`am iuar o`asa yamd n`sgoaofam eigj pgr`st`wa / hafterr aiab atau  pgr`iafu bamuas`a yamd bgmygoaofam fgrud`am ogsar oad` bamus`a nam aiab n`abama jai tgsgout n` iuar fgmnai` bamus`a umtuf bgmdgmnai`famammya. Bgmd`mdat ogmcama aiab yamd cufup ogradab nam sgbaf`m t`mdd` `mtgms`tasmya, pgbgr`mtaj bgmdgiuarfam WmnamdWmnamd Me ?> tajum ?;;4 tgmtamd pgmadduiamdam ogmcama .ngmdam tgro`tmya WW tgrsgout bgmduoaj  paran`dba pgmamdamam ogmacama n` `mnemgs`a ,ya`tu pgmamdamam pgmamdam am ogmacama t`naf bgmdacu pana aspgf tamddap narurat , tgrjanap tgtap` igo`j bgmgfamafam pana fgsgiurujam bamalgbgm  pgmadduiamdam ogmcama buia` nar`b`t`das` , fgs`aps`adaam, tabddap narurat sbapa` ngmdam rgjao`i`tas`, ogrnasarfam uu me?a> tajum ?;;4 tgrsgout tajapam bgmdduiamd` ogmcama bgi`put`< 1. [ra ogmcama, ogmcama, pana pana tajapam tajapam `m` n` iafufam iafufam fgd`atam fgd`atam pgrgmcamaam pgrgmcamaam pgmamddui pgmamdduiamdam amdam  ogamcama ,pgmduramdam rgs`fe ogmcama ,pgmcgdajam ,p gmcgdajam , pgbanuam naiab pgrgmcamaam  pgboamdumam ,pgrsartaam amai`s`s rgs`fe ogmcama, pgmgdaffamrgmacama tata ruamd ,  pgmn`n`nfam nam pgiat`jam sgrta pgmgmtuam stamnar tgfm`s pgmadduaiamdam ogmcama (fgs`aps`adaam, pgr`mdatam n`m` nam b`t`das` ogmcama ). ?. ^amddap narura naruratt , tajapam tajapam `m` bgmcafup bgmcafup pgmdfal` pgmdfal`am am tgrjanap tgrjanap iefas` iefas` , fgrusafa fgrusafam m nam subogr naya , pgmgmtuam status fgaanaam narurat , pgmygiabatam nam gvafuas` feroam ,  pgbgmujam fgoutujujam nasar , pgiayamam ps`feses`ai nam fgsgjatam. 3. [asfa ogmcama ogmcama , tajapam tajapam `m` bgmcafup bgmcafup fgd`ata fgd`ata rgjao`i`t rgjao`i`tas`(p as`(pgbui` gbui`jam jam nagraj ogmcama ogmcama ,prasarama nam srama ubub, oamtuam pgroa`fam rubaj ,ses`ai, ps`feied`s, pgiayamam

 

fgsgjatam ,fgabamam nam fgtgrt`oam ) pgboamdf`tam nam pgm`mdfatam srama nam  prasarama. [gmdduiamdam basaiaj fgsgjatam bgrupafam fgduatam yamd jarus sgdgra n` ogr`fam oa`f saat tgrlan` ataupum pasca ogmcama n` sgrta` pgmdumds`am ,upaya pgmdduiam ogmcama pgriu n` iafufam umtuf bgbpgrjat`fam bgbpgrjat`fam jafjaf basyarafat ,amatara ,amatara ia`m jaf umtuf bgbgmuj` fgoutujam nasar,pgri`mnumdam ses`ai, pgmn`n`nfam nam fgtgrabp`iam naiab pgmyigmdaraam  pgmamdduaiamdam ogmcama sgrta jaf umtuf um tuf ogrpart`spas` naiab pgmdabo`aiam fgputusam. Sgoada`bama tgrcmtub naiab asai a73 WW ME ?> tajum ?;;4, pgiayamam fgsgjatam bgrupafam saiaj satu fgoutujam nasar ysmd jarus n` pgmuj` naiab femn`s` ogmcama n` sabp`md fGoutujam nasar ia`mmya< 1) a`r ogrs`j nam sam`tas` ?) pamdam 3) smanamd >)  pgiayamam ps`f`ses`ai 7) pgmabpumdam nam tgbpat jum`am. [gmadduiamdam basaiaj fgsgjatam niab femn`s` ogmcama n` tulufam umtuf bgmlab`m tgrsgimddarammya pgiayamam fgsgjata oad` feroam af`oat ogmcama sgsua` stamnar b`m`bai.sgcara fjusus upaya `m` n` tulufam ymtuf bgbast`fam 6 1)tgrpgmuj`mmya pgiayamam fgsgjatam oad` feroam ogmcama sgsua` stamnart b`m`bai ?) tgrpgmuj`mya pgbogramtasm  pgmyaf`t bgmuiar oad` feroam ogmcama sgsua` stamnart b`m`bai 3) ^grpgmuj`mmya fgoutujam d`z` sgsua` sytamnar b`m`bai >)tgrpgmuj`mya fgsgajatam i`mdfumdam oadu` feroam ogmcama sgsua` stamnart b`m`bai 7)tgrpgmuj`mmya fgoutujam samnamd papam sgsua` stamnart b`m`bai. Naiab upaya bgbafs`baifam pgram lalaram fgsgjatam pana pgmadduiamada ogmcama tagrbasuf n` naiabaya pusfgsbas, fgbgmtr`am fgsgjatam tgiaj bgmgro`tfam surst fgputusam (SF) bgmtgr` fgsgjatam me.1>7/bgmfgs/SF/1/?;;4 ^gmtamd pgnebam pgmadduiamdam  ogmcama o`namd fgsgjatam. Nefubgm tso bgmdataur ogroada` jai , tgrbasuf fgo`lafma ,  pgmerdam`sas`amnam fgd`ataam fgsgjatam yamd n` iafufam n` bas`md bas`md lalaram.naiab fgp bgm fgs tgrsgout luada n` sgoutfam oajwa pana pr`ms`pmya naiab pgmamdduiamadam ogmacama  o`namd fgsgjatam t`naf ana fgo`lafam umtuf bgbogmtuf sarama prasarama fjusus.upaya n` hefusfam ngmdam bgbamhaatfam srama prasarama yamd tgiaj ana ,jamy a`mtgms`tas fgrlamya igo`j n` t`mdfatfam ngmadam bgbogrnayafam sgbua subogrnya pgbgr`mtaj basyarafat nam umsur swata tgrfa`t (Ngpartgbgm Fgsgjatam ?;;4).

 

[gmderdam`sas`am sgfter fgsgjatam n` iafuafam ogrlgmlgmd buia` nar` pusat , prev`ms` , fao feta sabpa` fg iefas` fglan`am , b`saimya pgmamddumd lawao pgiayamam fsgiamlutmya gsgjatam aanaiaj anaiaj fgpaia n`mas fao feta, sgnamdfam yamd ogrt`mnaf sgoada` pgiafsama tudas anaiaj fgpaia pusfgsbas.sgiamlutmmya pgiafsaama fgd`ata n` fgiebpeffam pana hasg  pra ogmcama,saat ogmcama , nam pasca ogmcam ogm cam pana bas`md bas`md hasg tgrsgout tgiaj n` fgiebpeffam fgd`atam fgd`atam yamd pgriu n` iafufam eigj t`mdfat pusat prev`ms` , fao feta nam fgcabatam. [gram pusfgsbas ogradab pana sgt`ap hhasg asg ogmscma nam bgbgriufam feern`mas` fgd`atam ngmdam `mstasms` ia`m sgrta fgiebpef basyarafat,

Saiaj satu nabpaf ogmcama tgrjanap bgmurummya fuai`tas j`nup pgmnunuf napat n`i`jat nar` jgrjada` pgrbasaiajam fgsgjatam basyarafat yamd tgrlan`. Ogmcama yamd n``fut` ngmdam  pgmdumds`am jgrpetgms` bgm`bjuifam basaiaj fgsgjatam yamd sgjgmabya n`awai` eigj basaiaj j`namd/sgfter ia`m. Ogmcama dgbpa jub`, jaml`r, iemdser nam igtusam dumumd jgrap`, naiab  lamdfa pgmngf napat jgrnabpaf pana ferjam bgm`mddai, ferjam cgngra jgrat yamd bgbgriufam  pgrawatam `mtgms`h, pgm`mdfatam r`s`fe pgmyaf`t bgmuiar, fgrusafam has`i`tas fgsgjatam nam s`stgb pgmygn`aam a`r ([am Abgr`cam Jgaitj Erdam`zat`em, ?;;8). ?;; 8). ^`bjuimya basaiaj fgsgjatam amtara ia`m jgrawai nar` furamdmya a`r jgrs`j yamd jgraf`jat pana jurufmya fgjgrs`jam n`r`, jurufmya sam`tas` i`mdfumdam yamd bgrupafam awai nar` pgrfgbjamdj`afam jgjgrapa lgm`s  pgmyaf`t bgmuiar. [grsgn`aam pamdam yamd t`naf bgmcufup` luda bgrupafam awai nar` presgs tgrlan`mya  pgmurumam ngralat fgsgjatam yamd naiab lamdfa pamlamd afam bgbpgmdaruj` sgcara iamdsumd t`mdfat pgbgmujam ~gjutujam d`z` ferjam jgmcama. [gmdumds`am tgbpat ttmddai (sjgitgr) yamd ana sgr`md t`naf bgbgmuj` syarat fgsgjatam sgj`mdda sgcara iamdsumd baupum t`naf iamdsumd napat bgmurumfam naya tajam tujuj nam j`ia t`naf sgdgra n`tamdduiamd` afam bgm`bjuifam basaiaj n` j`namd fgsgjatam. Sgbgmtara `tu, pgbjgr`am pgiayamam fgsgjatam pana femn`s` jgmcama sgr`md bgmgbu` jamyaf fgmnaia af`jat rusafmya has`i`tas fgsgjatam, t`naf bgbana`mya  lubiaj nam lgm`s ejat sgrta aiat fgsgjatam, tgrjatasmya tgmada fgsgjatam nam nama epgras`emai. Femn`s` `m` tgmtumya napat bgm`bjuifam nabpaf igj`j juruf j`ia t`naf sgdgra n`tamdam` ([usat [gmamdduiamdam Basaiaj Fgsgjatam Sgfrgtar`at Lgmngrai Ngpartgbgm Fgsgjatam, ?;;1).

 

Nabpaf jgmcama tgrjanap fgsgjatam basyarafat rgiat`h jgrjgna-jgna, amtara ia`m tgrdamtumd nar` lgm`s nam jgsaram jgmcama yamd tgrlan`. Fasus cgngra yamd bgbgriufam  pgrawatam bgn`s, b`saimya, rgiat`h igj`j jamyaf n`lubpa` pana jgmcama dgbpa jub` n`jamn`mdfam ngmdam fasus cgngra af`jat jaml`r nam dgiebjamd pasamd. Sgjai`fmya, jgmcama jaml`r yamd tgrlan` naiab waftu rgiat`h iaba napat bgmygjajfam fgrusafam s`stgb sam`tas` nam a`r ogrs`j, sgrta bgm`bjuifam petgms` fglan`am iuar o`asa (FIO) pgmyaf`t-pgmyaf`t pgm yaf`t-pgmyaf`t yamd n`tuiarfam bgiaiu` bgn`a a`r (watgr-oermg n`sgasgs) sgpgrt` n`arg nam igptesp`res`s. ^grfa`t ngmdam jgmcama dgbpa jub`, sgia`m n`pgmdaruj` fgfuatam dgbpa, ana t`da hafter yamd napat bgbpgmdaruj` jamyaf sgn`f`tmya ferjam bgm`mddai nam cgngra af`jat jgmcama `m`, yafm`< t`pg rubaj, waftu pana jar` tgrlan`mya dgbpa nam fgpanatam pgmnunuf ([am Abgr`cam Jgaitj Erdam`zat`em, ?;;8). Ogmcama bgm`bjuifam jgrjada` petgms` pgrbasaiajam fgsgjatam jad` basyarafat tgrnabpaf. Nabpaf `m` afam n`rasafam igj`j paraj eigj fgiebpef pgmnunuf rgmtam. Sgjada`bama n`sgjutfam naiab [asai 77 (?) WW Meber ?> ^ajum ?;;4 tgmtamd [gmamdduiamdam Ogmcama, fgiebpef rgmtam bgi`put`< @). Oay`, jai`ta nam amaf-amaf6 ?). @ou yamd sgnamd bgmdamnumd atau bgmyusu`6 3). [gmyamnamd cacat6 nam >) Eramd iamlut us`a. Sgia`m fggbpat fgiebpef pgmnunuf tgrsgjut, naiab [graturam Fgpaia OM[O Meber 4 ^ajum ?;;: tgmtamd [gnebam ^ata Cara [gbgmujam Fgjutujam Nasar n`taboajfam 'eramd saf`t' sgoada` jad`am nar` fgiebpef rgmtam naiab femn`s` ogmcama. Wpaya pgri`mnumdam tgmtumya pgriu n`pr`er`tasfam pana fgiebpef rgmtam tgrsgjut, buia` nar` pgmygiabatam, gvafuas`, pgmdabamam sabpa` ngmdam  pgiayamam fgsgjatam nam ps`feses`ai. @ngmt`htfas` fgiebpef rgmtam pana s`tuas` jgmcama bgmlan` saiaj satu jai yamd pgmt`md umtuf n`iafufam. [gm`ia`am cgpat fgsgjatam (rap`n jgaitj assgssbgmt) pasfa dgbpa oub` ?4 Bg` ?;;8 n` Faoupatgm Oamtui, b`saimya, napat bgbgtafam fgiebpef rgmtam sgrta basaiaj fgsgjatam nam r`s`fe pgmyaf`t af`oat ogmcama. [gm`ia`am cgpat yamd n`iafufam pana tamddai 17 Lum` ?;;8 n` i`ba fgcabatam tgrp`i`j n` w`iayaj Faoupatgm Oamtui ([igrgt, Oamdumtapam, Lgt`s, [umnemd nam Sgwem) `m` bgi`put` aspgf fganaam ubub nam i`mdfumdam, ngralat fgsgjatam, sarama fgsgjatam nam oamtuam fgsgjatam (oemnamfebum`tas. ceb).

 

OAO @@@ [GMW^W[ A. Fgs` Fgs`bp bpui uiam am O. Saram

 

NAH^A_ [WS^AFA

1. Bajaram`, Bajaram`, C., Asr`ai Asr`ai,, A. A., [uroa, [uroa, O. A., & B`htajur B`htajurrajba rajbaj, j, B. (?;?;). (?;?;). GNWFAS@ GNWFAS@ NAB[AF FGSGJA^AM NAM W[APA [G_I@MNWMDAM [ G_I@MNWMDAM N@_@ NA_@ OGMCAMA FAOW^ ASA[. Lurmai ASA[. Lurmai BGN@C (Bgn`cai (Bgn`cai Ngn`cat`em) Ngn`cat`em),, 3(1), ??-?8. ?. Hamtem`, Hamtem`, za`mai za`mai & w`n`ayat w`n`ayatum. um. (?;13). (?;13). [G_BASAI [G_BASAIAJAM AJAM FGSGJA^A FGSGJA^AM M NAIAB NAIAB FEMN@S@ OGMCAMA< [G_AM [G^WDAS FGSGJA^AM NAM [A_^@S@[AS@ BASPA_AFA^. Lurmai fgpgmnunufam @mnemgs`a 3. Ngpfgs. Ngpfgs. ?;;4. Fgputus Fgputusam am Bgmtgr` Bgmtgr` Fgsgjata Fgsgjatam m _i Meber Meber 1>7/Bgmfgs 1>7/Bgmfgs/SF/ /SF/1/?;;4 1/?;;4 tgmtamd [gnebam [gmamdduiamdam Ogmcama O`namd Fgsgjatam. Lafarta< Ngpfgs. >. Gbgrdgmcy Gbgrdgmcy amn Jubam`t Jubam`tar`am ar`am Act`em Act`em {GJA), {GJA), TJE @mnemgs` @mnemgs`a. a. ?;1;. Bt. Bt. Bgrap` Bgrap` Xeicame grupt`em, Cgmtrai Lava [rev`mcg, _gpuoi`c _gp uoi`c eh @mnemgs`a< Gbgrdgmcy s`tuat`em rgpert (1) ?4 Ecteogr ?;1;. Lafarta< TJE @mnemgs`a. 7. Hat`baj, Hat`baj, N. ?;;0. ?;;0. [grgbpuam [grgbpuam nam Fgrgia Fgrgiawamam wamam Naiab Naiab Ogmcama. Ogmcama. P edyafarta edyafarta