Makalah Kel 10
May 15, 2019 | Author: mesa rahmaniah | Category: N/A
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makalah emrio reptil...
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EMBRIOLOGI PADA REPTIL MAKALAH
Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Tugas Mata Kuliah Embriologi
Disusun oleh: Kelompok 10 (3D) Mesa Rahmaniah
152154006
Fitri Hidayatika
152154010
Hana Naura N.
152154011
Iis Siti Rahmawati
152154017
JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS SILIWANGI TASIKMALAYA 2017
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Allah swt., karena atas segala limpahan rahmat dan ridha-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas makalah ini dengan sebaik-baiknya. Shalawat beserta salam semoga senantiasa tercurah limpahkan kepada Nabi Muhammad saw., yang menjadi suri teladan umatnya untuk keselamatan hidup di dunia maupun di akhirat, berikut keluarganya, sahabatnya, dan segenap kaum mukmin yang teguh menaati sunnahnya. Penulis menyusun makalah tentang “Embriologi “Embriologi Pada Reptil” Reptil” untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas dari dosen mata kuliah Embriologi. Makalah ini disusun dengan tujuan untuk menambah wawasan dan memberikan pemahaman lebih mendalam mengenai Embriologi. Selama penyusunan makalah ini, banyak sekali hambatan yang penulis rasakan. Maka dari itu, terdapat pihak-pihak yang sangat membantu dalam penyelesaiannya yang berupa bantuan bimbingan, dorongan, dan doa. Oleh karena itu, dengan kerendahan dan ketulusan hati penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: 1.
Ibu Dr. Purwati Kuswarini, Dra., M.Si. dan Bapak Egi Nuryadin, S.Pd., M.Si. selaku dosen mata kuliah Bioteknologi yang selalu memberikan ilmu, ilmu, bimbingan, arahan, dan nasehat yang bermanfaat kepada penulis.
2.
Orang tua yang telah memberikan do’a serta motivasi baik yang berbentuk moril maupun materil. Mengingat keterbatasan pengalaman dan kemampuan yang penyusun miliki, maka dengan
kerendahan hati penyusun memohon kritik dan saran yang membangun guna perbaikan penulisan
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Tasikmalaya, September 2017
Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI H al
KATA PENGANTAR……………………………………………………………………….
i
DAFTAR ISI………………………… ISI……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… …………………
iii
DAFTAR GAMBAR………………………………… GAMBAR……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………... ...
iv
BAB 1 PENDAHLUAN……………………………………………… PENDAHLUAN…………………………………………………………………….. ……………………..
1
A. Latar Belakang……………………………… Belakang…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………….. …………..
1
B. Rumusan Masalah……………………………………………………………………. 1 C. Tujuan………………………………………………………………………………… 2 D. Manfaat……………………………………………………………………………….. 2 BAB II PEMBAHASAN……………………………………… PEMBAHASAN……………………………………………………………………. …………………………….
A. Karakteristik Reptil……………………… Reptil…………………………………………………… …………………………………………… ………………
3
3
B. Klasifikasi Reptil…...………………………………………………………………… 5 C. Organ Reproduksi Pada Reptil……………………… Reptil………………………………………………… ……………………………….. ……..
8
D. Fertilisasi……………………………………………………………………………... 11 E. Embriologenesis……………………………………………………………………… 13 F. Neurulasi………………… Neurulasi……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………… …… 18 G. Organogenesis………………………………………………………………………… 22 H. Teratologi……………………………………………………………………………... 24 BAB III PENUTUP………………………………………… PENUTUP…………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………...
27
A. Kesimpulan…………………………………………………………………………… 27 B. Saran………………………………………………………………………………….. 28 DAFTAR PUSTAKA………………………………………………………………………..
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DAFTAR GAMBAR H al
Gambar 2.1 Struktur Tubuh Buaya Jantan…………………..………………………………………………… 9 Gambar 2.2 Sistem urogenitalia pada buaya jantan …………………………………………………….. 9 Gambar 2.3 Organ Reproduksi Betina …………………………………………………………………………… 11 Gambar 2.4 Perkembangan embrio pada reptil…………………………………………………………….. 14 Gambar 2.5 Proses Pembelahan Meroblastik ………………………………………………………………. 14 ………………………….. 15 Gambar 2.6 Pembelahan Meroblastik dengan tipe telur telolechital …………………………..
Gambar 2.7 Daerah yang terbentuk pada telur tipe telolecital ……………………………………. 16 Gambar 2.8 Neural Tube ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19 Gambar 2.9Pembentukan Neural Tube…………………………………………………………………………… 19 Gambar 2.10 Tahapan perkembangan Neural ………………………………………………………………. 20 Gambar 2.11 Pembentukan Neural tube.……………………………………………………………………….. 21 Gambar 2.12pembentukan organogenesis pada hewan hewan buay…………………………………………… 23
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang Masalah
Tahap awal perkembangan makhluk hidup terutama hewan di awali dengan peristiwa pertemuan/peleburan sel sperma dengan sel ovum yang di kenal dengan den gan peristiwa p eristiwa fertilisasi. Fertilisasi akan menghasilkan sel individu baru yang di sebut dengan zigot da n akan melakukan pembelahan diri/pembelahan sel (cleavage) menuju pertumbuhan dan perkembangan menjadi embrio. Tahapan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan embrio dibedakan menjadi 2 tahap yaitu: (1) Fase Embrionik, yaitu fase pertumbuhan dan perkembangan makhluk hidup selama masa embrio yang diawali dengan peristiwa fertilisasi sampai dengan terbentuknya janin di dalam tubuh induk betina. (3) Fase fertilisasi, yaitu fase pertemuan antara sel sperma dengan sel ovum yang akan menghasilkan zigot kemudian zigot akan melakukan pembelahan sel (cleavage (cleavage). ). Hewan mengalami proses pertumbuhan dengan melalui fase embrionik yang ini terdiri dari fase morulasi, blastulasi dan gastrulasi. Adapun pada tahapannya, untuk morulasi dan blastulasi pada reptil hakikatnya sama saja dengan fase morulasi dan blastulasi pada p ada manusia maupun hewan lainnya. Namun pada fase gastrulasi ada sedikit perbedaan dikarenakan adan ya tahap pembentukan lapisan germinal yang disesuaikan dengan jenis ataupun tipe telur hewan tersebut. Dan untuk reptil, tipe telur yang dimiliki adalah jenis telolesithal. Sehingga pembentukan embrio akan berbeda dengan perkembangan embrio tipe telur yang lain. Reptil yang akan kami bahas ini merupakan hewan dengan karakteristik khas, sehingga ada beberapa hal berkaitan dengan organ reproduksi, proses fertilisasi, proses pembelahan, sampai organogenesis yang tentunya harus dipahami secara mendalam. Oleh karena itu, dalam makalah ini, penulis bermaksud untuk mengupas lebih dalam materi mengenai embriologi pada reptil. B. Rumusan Masalah
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1. Apa saja karakteristik pada reptil? 2. Bagaimana proses gametogenesis pada reptil? 3. Bagaimana proses fertilisasi dan pembelahan pada reptil? 4. Bagaimana proses neurolasi dan organogenesis pada reptil? 5. Apa saja kelainan yang terjadi pada reptil?
C. Tujuan
Berdasarkan permasalahan yang telah dikemukakan di paragraf sebelumnya, maka tujuan dalam penulisan makalah ini adalah: 1. Mengetahui karakteristik pada reptil. 2. Mengetahui proses gametogenesis pada reptil. 3. Mengetahui proses fertilisasi dan pembelahan pada reptil. 4. Mengetahui proses neurolasi dan organogenesis pada reptil. 5. Mengetahui kelainan yang terjadi pada reptil.
D. Manfaat
Penulisan makalah ini diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat terhadap pihak-pihak sebagai berikut: 1. Bagi pembaca Memberikan informasi untuk menambah pengetahuan mengenai embriologi pada hewan khususnya pada reptil.
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BAB II PEMBAHASAN A. Karakteristik Reptil Reptilia (dalam bahasa latin, reptil = melata) memiliki kulit bersisik yang terbuat dari zat tanduk (keratin). Sisik berfungsi mencegah kekeringan. Ciri lain yang dimiliki oleh sebagian besar reptil adalah anggota tubuh berjari lima, bernapas dengan paru-paru, jantung beruang tiga atau empat, menggunakan energi lingkungan untuk mengatur suhu tubuhnya sehingga tergolong hewan eksoterm, fertilisasi secara internal, menghasilkan telur sehingga tergolong ovipar dengan telur amniotik bercangkang (membran amniotic). . Reptilia merupakan kelompok vertebrata yang beradaptasi untuk hidup di darat yang lingkungannya kering. Adanya sisik dan kulit yang menanduk mencegah hilangnya kelembaban tubuh dan membantu hewan untuk hidup di permukaan yang kasar. Nama kelas Reptilia menunjukkan cara berjalan (latin: retum=melata). Reptilia tersebar baik di daerah teropis maupun daerah subtropics. Pada daerah-daerah yang mendekati kutub dan tempat-tempat yang lebih tinggi jumlah dan jenisnya makin sedikit. Reptile menempati macam-macam habitat. a) Phyton misalnya terdapat di daerah-daerah tropis, hanya terdapat di rawa-rawa, sungai atau sepanjang pantai. b) Penyu terbesar teradapat dilaut c) kura-kura darat raksasa terdapat di kepulauan. d) Kadal dan ular umumnya menempati karang-karang atau pohon.
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Jantung terdiri dari empat ruang yang belum terpisah sempurna, dua serambi dan
vertikel yang sebagian saling terpisah, satu pasang berkas aorta, sel darah merah oval bikonkaf dengan inti. Resppirasi dengan paru-paru, pada kura-kura air dilengkapi dengan respirasi
kloaka. Terdapat 12 pasang saraf cranial. Suhu tubuh berubah-ubah bergantung suhu lingkungan (poikilothermis). Fertilisasi internal, menggunakan organ kopulasi, telurnya besar mengandung
kuning telur yang terbungkus cangkang licin atau berkulit, biasanya telur ditetaskan tetapi pada beberapa jenis ular dan kadal embrio berkembang didalam tubuh betina. Hewan Reptilia lebih maju dibanding amphibi karena memiliki diantaranya: a. Penutup tubuh yang kering dan bersisik sebagai adaptasi terhadap kehidupan di darat. b. Anggota tubuh memungkinkan hewan untuk berlari.. c. Pemisahan darah bersih dan kotor di jantung. d. Skeleton terdiri dari tulang sejati. e. Telur dilengkapi dengan membrane dan cangkang sebagai pelindung embrio sehingga memungkinkan untuk berkembang di darat.
UKURAN Fosil Reptilia ditemukan dalam ukuran yang bervariasi, dari kecil sampai berukuran besar. Dari Reptilia yang ada pada masa sekarang, anaconda an aconda di Amerika
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dilengkapi cakar dan begitupun ada juga sebagaian subordo yang lain yang tidak memiliki jari. Mulutnya Mulutnya yang panjang dilengkapi dengan gigi. Buaya mialnya di dekat ujung moncong terdapat dua lubang hidung. hidun g. Mata berukuran besar dan terletak lateral, dengan kelopak atas dan bawah, serta membrane nictatin transparan yang dapat bergerak di bawah kelopak mata, telinga berukuran kecil terletak dibelakang mata. Anus terletak longitudinal dibelakang pangkal kaki belakang. B. Klasifikasi Reptil. 1. Ordo Testudinata (Chelonia) Species ada ordo ini memiliki tubuh bulat pipih dan umumnya relatif besar, terbungkus oleh perisai. Perisai sebelah dorsal cembung yang disebut carapace, dan perisai sebelah ventral datar yang disebut plastron. Kedua bagian perisai itu digabungkan pada bagian lateral bawah, dibungkus oleh kulit dengan lapisan zat tanduk tebal. Tidak mempunyai gigi, tetapi rahang berkulit tanduk sebagai gantinya. Tulang kuadrat pada cranium mempunyai hubungan bebas dengan rahang bawah, sehingga rahang bawah mudah digerakkan. Tulang belakng toraks dan tulang costae (rusuk) biasanya menjadi satu dengan perisai. Termasuk hewan ovipar. Telurnya diletakkan dalam lubang pasir atau tanah. Ekstremitas sebagai alat gerak baik di darat maupun di air. 2. Ordo Testudinata terbagi atas dua family yaitu: Familia : Chelonidae
Species : penyu hijau (Chelonia mydas) tubuhnya besar bahkan ada yang berdiameter 1 meter.
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Perkembangbiakannya mulai pada bulan Februari sampai Mei.
Perkembangbiakannya ovovivipar.
Memiliki leher yang panjang untuk menggapai daun yang terdapat di ranting pohon dengan ketinggian 1 meter, sebagi makanan utamanya.
Habitat di tempat yang berumput, semak belukar, dan di rawa-rawa di pinggiran pantai Aldabran, Zanzidar di Samudra Hindia.
3. Ordo Squamata Ordo ini memiliki tubuh yang ditutupi sisik epidermis bertanduk yang secara periodik mengelupas sebagian atau keseluruhan. Osteoderm biasanya tidak ada tapi pada beberapa jenis Squamata terdapat pada kepala dan tempat lain. Kepala pada dasarnya tipe diapsid, arkade bawah tidak sempurna atau tidak ada dan arkade atas juga sering demikian. Tidak memiliki tulang kuadratojugal (penghubung tulang kuadrat dan jugal) sehingga memungkinkan terjadinya gerakan kinesis (pergerakkan tengkorak akibat posisi tulang kuadrat). Lubang hidung berpasan gan. Sering memiliki mata pineal pada kelompok kadal tapi pada kelompok ular tidak ditemukan. Memiliki lubang kloaka transversal dan pada yang jantan terdapat dua hemipenis. Organ Jacobson berkembang baik dan terpisah sempurna dari rongga hidun g. Ordo ini terbagi atas dua sub ordo yaitu Sauri/Lacertalia dan Serpentes/Ophidia. a. Sub Ordo Sauria/Lacertalia Sub ordo ini memiliki tubuh berbentuk silindris, mempunyai dua pasang extremitas. Cingulum anterior (pectoral girdle) dan cingulum posterior (pelvic girdle) tumbuh baik. Chameleo chameleon Makanannya berupa insecta atau
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1. Memiliki kemampuan untuk mengubah warna tubuhnya(mimikri) yang berfungsi untuk melindungi diri diri dari musuhnya 2. Mempunyai lidah yang panjang dan lengket yang berfungsi untuk menangkap mangsanya. 3. Mempunyai kaki yang bisa mencengkeram seperti tangan sehingga bisa mencengkram dengan kuat. 4. Mempunyai mata yang bisa bisa berputar serta bisa melihat ke segala arah. 5. Mempunyai ekor yang bisa bisa menggulung yang berguna untuk bergantung di pohon b. Sub ordo 2 Serpentes/ophidae (ular) Tubuh tidak memiliki extremitas, walaupun sisanya ditemukan pada spesies tertentu. Mandibula (rahang bawah) terikat seluruhnya dengan ligament;gigi bulat panjang. Diantara spesies yang berbisa memiliki gigi taring, taring, taring atas berfungsi alat penyuntik bisa. Anggota sub ordo kurang lebih 2500 spesies. Contoh : Lampropeltis bovlii (ular Weling) dan Phyton molurus (ular Sa wah) Ciri Morfologi Python Morfologi Python molurus: molurus:
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Kepalanya cukup besar dan mempunyai sepasang tepi di sepanjang dari mata ke tengah
hidung. Sisiknya berbentuk oval dan biasanya lebih kecil daripada spesies lain. Pada Buaya Muara berwarna kuning pucat dengan garis-garis hitam dengan bintik-
bintik yang ditemukan di tubuh dan ekor. Pada buaya dewasa berwarna lebih gelap dengan warna abu-abu kehitaman. Pada permukaan bawah (ventral) berwarna kuning atau putih, dan garis-garis
dihadirkan pada sisi lebih bawah pada tubuh tetapi tidak memperluas sampai bagian perut. Ekor berwarna abu-abu. Mempunyai sepasang rahang yang berat dan kuat dengan jumlah gigi antara 64-68
buah. Pada permukaan atas (dorsal) tubuh terdapat seperti duri.
Pada setiap sela jari pada kakinya terdapat selaput
5. Ordo Rhynchocepholia Yang masih hidup sampai sekarang mempunyai bentuk serupa kadal, berkulit tanduk
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Gambar 2. 1:StrukturTubuhBuayaJantan
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anterior
ventral
pada
sekat
kloaka.
1
pada buaya, organ genitalia jantan terdiri atas testis yang berbentuk oval, relatif kecil, berwarna keputih-putihan, berjumlah sepasang, terletak di dorsal rongga abdomen yang di gantung oleh mesorchium. Testis akan membesar saat musim kawin. Buaya memiliki alat kopulasi yang disebut penis. Sedangkan pada p ada reptil lain berupa hemipenis. Penis pada buaya tersusun dari jaringan ikat dan jaringan spons yang memungkinkan darah melaluin ya. Sel-sel sperma pada buaya sebenarnya hanya merupakan inti yang berflagelum. Sperma dihasilkan dalam testis oleh sel-sel khusus yang disebut spermatogonia. Spermatogonia yang bersifat diploid ini dapat membelah diri secara mitosis membentuk spermatosit primer. Selanjutnya membelah secara meiosis I membentuk spermatosit sekunder. Pembelahan secara meiosis II dari spermatosit sekunder menghasilkan empat sel haploid, yakni yang sering dikenal d ikenal dengan nama spermatid. Spermatid ini dalam proses tersebut, kemudian kehilangan banyak sitoplasma dan berkembang menjadi sel sperma. Sebuah sel sperma terdiri atas kepala yang mengandung kromosom dalam suatu keadaan kompak dan inaktif, dua sentriol dan ekor. Salah satu dari sentriol, merupakan badan basal dari flagelum, yang merentang sepanjang ekor. Mitokondrion mengelilingi bagian atas flagelum dan
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glanduler, bagian anterior menghasilkan albumin yang berfungsi untuk membungkus sel telur. Bagian posterior sebagai shell sebagai shell gland akan gland akan menghasilkan cangkang kapur
Gambar 2.3 : Organ Reproduksi Betina
D. Fertilisasi Pada musim kawin dan bertelur buaya dapat menjadi sangat agresif dan mudah menyerang manusia atau hewan lain yang mendekat. Di musim bertelur buaya amat buas menjaga sarang dan telur-telurnya. Induk buaya betina umumnya menyimpan telur-telurnya
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terjadi reduksi unsur genetik dari diploid menjadi haploid, maka pada proses fertilisasi kemungkinan terjadi pemulihan kembali unsur genetiknya, sehin gga diperoleh individu normal 2n. Pada fungsi fertilisasi sebagai fungsi perkembangan, fertilisasi ini menyebabkan rangsangan pada sel telur untuk menyelesaikan proses meiosis kemudian membentuk pronukleus betina yang akan melakukan zyngami dengan pronukleus jantan, dan akan membentuk zigot akhirnya akan berkembang menjadi embrio dan fetus. Kelompok reptil pada buaya merupakan hewan yang fertilisasinya terjadi di dalam tubuh (fertilisasi internal). Buaya jantan memiliki alat kelamin khusus yang disebut hemipenis. Buaya jantan juga
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Pada saat buaya melakukan kopulasi, hanya satu hemipenis saja yang dimasukkan ke dalam saluran kelamin betina 3. Proses peleburan inti sel telur dan inti sel sperma Peleburan atau penggabungan inti sel telur dan inti sel sperma buaya ini akan menghasilkan zigot yang diploid (sesuai dengan individu yang mewariskan). Faktor yang memengaruhi fertilisasi pada buaya diantaranya adalah buaya tidak memiliki kromosom seksual pada embrionya (yakni kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin anak buaya yang akan ditetaskan). Berbeda den gan manusia, penentuan jenis kelamin anak buaya tidak ditentukan secara genetik. Jadi, penentuan jenis kelaminnya yaitu ditentukan oleh suhu pengeraman atau suhu sarang tempat telur ditetaskan. Pada buaya muara, suhu
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Gambar.2.4. Perkembangan embrio pada reptil 1. Morulasi Zigot yang terbentuk dari hasil fertilisasi akan menjadi teraktivasi dan beberapa reaksi sintetis akan segera terjadi dan zigot akan siap untuk melakukan pembelahan. Proses pembelahan ini dimulai dari zigot 1 sel menjadi 2 sel embrionik, 2 sel menjadi 4 sel
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Pembelahan meroblastik menghasilkan sel-sel yang akan tumbuh embrio di bagian tengah atau disebut sel formatif. Sel-sel yang akan menjadi selaput embrio berasal dari sel marginal. Pembelahan terjadi di sekitar inti dan ooplasma yang berbentuk cakram yang disebut blastodisk Bidang pembelahan pertama adalah meridional yang memotong blastodisk tetapi tidak mencapai kutib vegetal. Bidang pembelahan kedua juga meridional dan tegak lurus pada bidang pertama. Bidang pembelahan ketiga, meridional di sisi kanan dan kiri bidang bidan g kedua. Pembelahan keempat adalah pembelahan vertikal yang sejajar dengan bidang pertama dan memotong bidang kedua. Setelah bidang keempat, pembelahan sudah tidak teratur lagi, kemudian diorientasikan ke dalam tiga pola pembelahan yaitu:
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Distribusi yolk pada setiap jenis telur pada suatu spesies berpengaruh terhadap bentuk-bentuk blastula. Blastulasi pada buaya sama dengan proses blastulasi yang terjadi pada aves dan pisces. Buaya memiliki tipe telur megalesital (termasuk telolesital) yaitu yolk banyak mendesak embrio kea rah animal. Karena yolk Karena yolk bersifat menghambat pembelahan maka pembelahan hanya terjadi di daerah diskus. Sehingga rongga blastocoel juga terbentuk pada bagian kutub animal. Buaya juga memiliki tipe pembelahan diskoidal, yaitu pembelahan yang hanya terjadi pada daerah keping lembaga. Tipe pembelahan discoidal memiliki ciri-ciri: yolk ciri-ciri: yolk terpisah dari sitoplasma aktif, pembelahannya tidak lengkap dengan semua blastomere
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Diantara kedua lapisan ini terdapat rongga yang disebut blastosol. Bakal pembentukan organ pada buaya berupa epiblast yang akan menjadi bakal ectoderm, mesoderm dan notochord. Bakal endoderm berasan dari hipoblast, yang sel-selnya tumbuh
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Endoderm
mata, sistem saraf, medula adrenal, enamel gigi, epitelium kelenjar pineal dan kelenjar pituitari. Epitelium yang melapisi saluran pencernaan (kecuali mulut dan rektum), epitelium yang melapisi
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perubahan kromosom dan pola proteinnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membandingkan morfologi kromosom dan pola protein.
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Ektoderm adalah lapisan yang paling atas dan akan membentuk sistem saraf pada janin tersebut yang seterusnya membentuk otak, tulang belakang, kulit serta rambut.
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Karena pertumbuhan ectoderm epidermis lebih cepat, maka akan semakin mendorong lipatan neural yang telah terbentuk, mengakibatkan fusi anatara neural fold bagian kanan serta neural fold pada bagian kiri. Pada akhirnya terbentuk tabung/bumbung
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