Makalah Johnson

 

BKOK@KJ OHSHQKWKYKM GHQNMYEO  BNIH@ ONMVHSYXK@ SHQE@KOX LNJMVNM

InshmShbaebaemg InshmShbaebaem g msnm>

;.6 YulukmSh YulukmShmu`es mu`eskm km

;. Xmtuobhmg Xmtuobhmghtkjue htkjuethmtkm thmtkmgohph gohphrkwktkm rkwktkmghrnm ghrnmteo. teo. 1. Xmtuobhmghtkjue

bnih`

onmshptuk`thmtkmgohphrkwktkmghrnmteobhmurutthnreonmshptuk` onmshptuk`thmtkmgohphrkwktkmghrnmteobhmurutthnreon mshptuk` Lnjmsnm.

9

 

AKA EE SHBAKJKVKM

1.; IhdemeseOhphrkwktkmGhrn IhdemeseOhphrkwktkmGhrnmteo  mteo 

Ohphrkwkt Ohphrk wktkm km ykmg ykmg ahrohk ahrohkj`e j`ekm km ojusus ojusus bhrkwk bhrkwktt `kmsek `kmsek ieahre ieahre mkbk mkbk umtuo phrtkbk ok`emyk shakgke ohphrkwktkm ghrektref ohphrkwktkm ghrektref (Hahrsn`h ht k`, 1338).  Mkbum, pkik tkjum ;574, mkbk thrshaut iegkmte ihmgkm  ghrnmtn`ngefk` . Ghrnmtn`nge ahrksk` ikre oktk ghrns oktk  ghrns ykmg ahrkrte `kmlut usek ikm `ngns `ngns ahrkrte  ahrkrte e`bu. Ghrnmtn`nge kik`kj e`bu ykmg bhbph`klkre thmtkmg `kmlut usek ihmgkm bksk`k bks k`kj-b j-bksk` ksk`kj kj ykmg ykmg thrlkie thrlkie pkik pkik `kmsek `kmsek ykmg ykmg bh`epu bh`epute te kspho kspho aen`ng aen`nges, es, snsen`nges, snsen` nges, pseon`nges, pseon`nges, ikm honmnbe. honmnbe. Ghrnmtn`ng Ghrnmtn`ngee bhrupkokm bhrupkokm phmihoktkm phmihoktkm e`bekj ( sfehmtedef  sfehmtedef kpprnkfj) kpprnkfj) thrjkikp thrjkikp ahrakgke ahrakgke kspho ik`kb prnshs phmukkm (Ykb (Ykbjh jhr& r&Mn Mnnr nrok okse sekme kme,,

13 1335 35). ).

Bhmu Bhmuru rutt

Be`` Be``hr hr

(1 (133 339) 9),,

gh ghrn rnmt mtn` n`ng ngee

bhrupkokm fkakmg e`bu yg bhbph`klkre prnshs bkmukm ikm bksk`kj ykmg bumg bu mgoe oem m thrl thrlki kiee pk pkik ik `kms `kmsek ek.. Ghre Ghrektr ktreo eo ki kik` k`kj kj sk`kj sk`kj sktu sktu fk fkak akmg mg ik ikre re ghrnmtn`nge ikm bhies ykmg bhbph`klkre ojusus kspho ohshjktkm ikre usek `kmlut, `kmlu t, akeo ykmg ietemlku ikre shge prnbntnd, prnbntnd, prhvhmted, prhvhmted, ourkted, bkupum rhjk rhjkae ae`et `etkte ktedd yk ykmg mg bhmf bhmfko koup up oh ohshj shjktk ktkm m ak akik ikm, m, lewk lewk,, ik ikm m snse snsek`, k`, shrtk shrtk  phmykoet fkfkt (Ykbjhr&Mnnroksekme, 1335). Vhikmgokm Vhikm gokm ohphrkwktkm ohphrkwktkm ghrnmteo ghrnmteo kik`kj este`kj ykmg iefeptkokm iefeptkokm n`hj @kureh Gumthr ikm Fkrbhm Hsths pkik tkjum ;575 umtuo bhmggkbakrokm  aeikmg eme. Mkbum este`kj ohphrkwktkm ghrnmteo suikj lkrkmg iethbuokm ie `ethrkturh (Hahrsn`h ht k`, 1338). Ghrnmtef mursemg ahrnrehmtkse mursemg ahrnrehmtkse pkik `kmsek, bh`epute shme, bhrkwkt, ikm bhmgjeaur. Este`kj eme ah`ub iethrebk shfkrk `uks, `uk s, thtkpe thtkpe ahahrkp ahahrkpkk nrkmg nrkmg bhbkmi bhbkmikmg kmg jk` eme `haej `haej sphsede sphsedeo. o. Bhmuru Bhmurutt  Mugrnjn (1334), ghrnmteo kik`kj shgk`k shsuktu ykmg ahrjuaumgkm ihmgkm `kmlut `km lut usek usek ihmgkm ihmgkm shgk`k shgk`k phrbks phrbksk`k k`kjkm jkmmy myk, k, akeo akeo ik`kb ik`kb ohkikk ohkikkm m shjkt shjkt bkupum bku pum skoet. skoet. Bhmuru Bhmurutt pkrk pkrk kj`e, kj`e, este`kj este`kj ykmg ykmg pk`emg pk`emg bhmggk bhmggkba bakro krokm km ohph ohphrk rkwk wktk tkm m pkik pkik `kms `kmsek ek ki kik` k`kj kj  ghrnmtn`ngefk` mursemg okr okrhmk hmk `haej `haej bhmhok bhm hokmok mokm m ohphki ohphkikk ohshjk ohshjktkm tkm ohtebakm ohtebakmg g

phmyko phmykoet. et. Bhmurut Bhmurut Onzehr  Onzehr 

(;5:7) (;5 :7),, ohphrk ohphrkwkt wktkm km ghrnmt ghrnmteo eo kik`kj kik`kj prkoth prkotho o phrkwk phrkwktkm tkm ykmg ykmg ahroke ahroketkm tkm ihmg ihmgkm km phmy phmyko koet et pkik pkik pr prns nshs hs bhmu bhmuk. k. Bhmu Bhmuru rutt @uhf @uhfoh ohrn rntt tthh (1 (133 333) 3)

8

 

ohphrkwktkm ghrnmteo kik`kj e`bu ykmg bhbph`klkre thmtkmg phrkwktkm pkik `kmsek `km sek ykmg ykmg ahrdno ahrdnous us pkik pkik phmgok phmgoklek lekm m ohshjk ohshjktkm tkm ikm stktus stktus dumgse dumgsenmk nmk`, `,  phrhmfkmkkm, ebp`hbhmtkse shrtk hvk`ukse.

1.1 Bnih` Onmshptuk`Shre`kouBhmurut Onmshptuk`Shre`kouBhmurut Lnjmsnm

Yhnre Yhn re Inrntj Inrntjy y Lnjmsn Lnjmsnm m thmtkm thmtkmg g ohphrk ohphrkwkt wktkm km (;54:) (;54:) ahrdno ahrdnous us pkik pkik  akgkebkmk o`ehm ahrkikptkse thrjkikp onmiese skoetmyk ikm akgkebkmk strhss kftuk` ktku pnthmsek` ikpkt bhbphmgkruje ohbkbpukm ahrkikptkse. Yulukm ikre ohphrkwktkm kik`kj bhmurumokm strhss shjemggk o`ehm ikpkt ahrghrko  `haej `ha ej buikj buikj bh`hwk bh`hwkte te bksk bksk phmyhb phmyhbauj aujkmm kmmyk yk (Lnjmsn (Lnjmsnm, m, ;54:). ;54:). Yhnre Yhnre Lnjmsnm

ahr hrddnous

pkik

ohautujkm

ikskr

ykmg

bhmgkfu

pkik

 phmgh`nbpnookm phre`kou ahreout< ahreout< k. Shre Shre`k `kou oubh bhmf mfkre kreoh ohkbk kbkmk mkm m  a. Shre`koubhmfkrephrkwktkm f. Bhmgukskeie Bhmgukskeiereshmi reshmiereikm ereikm`emgo `emgoumgkm umgkmshsukei shsukeihmgkm hmgkmstkmik stkmikremthrm remthrmk`esksep k`eskseprhst rhst kse i. Bhmgkonbn Bhmgkonbnikse ikse ieht ieht ihmgkmfkr ihmgkmfkrkk ykmg iethreb iethrebkshfkrsn kshfkrsnsek`ik sek`ikmfu`tu mfu`turk` rk` h. Bhmgh` Bhmgh`ukr ukrokm okmskbp skbpkjt kjtuau uaujih jihmgk mgkmfk mfkrk rk ykmg ykmg iethrebkshfkrksnsek`ikmfu`turk` d. Shre Shre`k `kou ousho shosu suk`i k`ikm kmei eihm hmte tetks tksph phrkm rkm g. Shre`k Shre`koub oubh`e h`emiu miumge mgeier ieresh eshmie miere re Bhmuru Bhm urutt Lnjmsn Lnjmsnm, m, phrkwkt phrkwkt bhmgok bhmgokle le ohautu ohautujkm jkm o`ehm o`ehm ahriks ahrikskro krokm km okthgn okt hgnre re phre`k phre`kou ou iektks, iektks, ykmg ykmg ieshau ieshautt  suasesthb phre`kou. phre`kou. Ik`kb onmiese mnrbk` o`ehm ahrdumgse shfkrk hdhoted ieik`kb `emgoumgkmmyk.Kokm thtkpe ohteok strhs bhmggkmggu kikptkse mnrbk`, phre`kou o`ehm bhmlkie teiko ikpkt ieiugk ikm teiko lh`ks.Shrkwkt bhmgeihmteokse ohteikobkbpukm ahrkikptkse shphrte eme ikm bhbahreokm ksujkm ohphrkwktkm umtuo bhmgktkse bksk`kj ik`kb bhbhmuje ohautujkm thrshaut. Bnih` onmshp ikm thnre ohphrkwktkm bhmurut Lnjmsnm kik`kj ihmgkm  phmihoktkm systhb phre`kou, iebkmk emieveiu iepkmikmg shakgke sethb  phre`kou ykmg sh`k`u emgem bhmfkpke ohshebgkmgkm ikm stkae`etks, akeo ie `emgou `em goumg mgkm km emthrm emthrmk` k` bkupu bkupum m hosthrm hosthrmk`, k`, lugk lugk bhbe`e bhbe`eoe oe ohemge ohemgemkm mkm ik`kb ik`kb

4

 

bhmgkt bhm gktur ur ikm bhmyhs bhmyhsuke ukeokm okm ikre ikre phmgkr phmgkruj uj ykmg ykmg ieteba ietebau`o u`okmy kmyk. k. Vhakge Vhakge suktusysthb, ieik`kbmyk thrikpkt onbpnmhm sua systhb ykmg bhbahmtuo  systhb thrshaut, iekmtkrkmyk onbpnmhm sua onbpnmhm sua systhb ykmg bhbahmtuo systhb  phre`kou bhmurut Lnjmsnmkik`kj< k. Emghsted  yketusubahrik`kbbhbh`ejkrkemthgretksshrtkbhmfkpkeohshmkmgkmik`kb  phmfkpkekmphmgkoukmikre`emgoumgkm.  phmfkpkekmphmgkoukmikre`emgoumg km.  a. Kfjehvhbhmt bhrupkokmtemgoktphmfkpkekmprhstksebh`k`ueohthrkbpe`kmykmg orhkted. f. Kgrhse sed  d  bhrupkokmahmtuobhokmesbhphrtkjkmkmierektkuphr`emiumgkmikmahrakg kekmfkbkm ykmg kik ie`emgoumgkm. i. H`eb H`ebem emks ksee bhrupkokmahmtuophmgh`ukrkmshgk`kshsuktuikreskbpkjktkuakrkmg ykmg teikoahrgumkshfkrkaen`nges h. Vho Vhosu suk` k` iegumkokmik`kbphbhmujkmohautujkmsk`emgbhmfemtkeikmiefemtke d. Gkau Gkaumg mgkm km/t /tkb kbak akjk jkm m bhrupkokmahmtuophbhmujkmohautujkmtkbakjkmik`kbbhbphrtkjkm okm`em okm `emgou goumgk mgkm m sn snfe fek` k`,,

ykmg ykmg

ohkb hkbkm kmkm km,,

bhrupkokmakgekm

onmius onmiusedi edihmg hmgkmp kmphmy hmyhsu hsukek kekmik mik`kb `kbohj ohjeiu eiupkm pkm ikm kmo oh` h`km kmgs gsum umgk gkm mje jei iup up.O .Oht hthr hrgk gkmt mtu umg mgkm km,, ykmg

bhbahmtuo

systhb

 phre`kouik`kbbhmikpktokmakmtukm, ohkbkm ohk bkmkms kmshrtk hrtkohp ohphrf hrfkykk kykkm.A m.Ahri hriksk kskrok rokm m

ohikbkekm, sua

systhb systhb

thrsha thrshauti utiekt ektks, ks,

bkokkokmthra bkokko kmthrahmtuo hmtuoshaukj shaukjsysthb systhb phre`kouem phre`kouemievei ieveiu, u, shjemggk shjemggk Lnjmsnm Lnjmsnm bhbe`eoepkmikmgkmakjwkohphrkwktkmik`kbbhmgktksephrbksk`kjkmthrs hautjkrusik hautj krusikpktah pktahrdumg rdumgseshakg seshakgkephmg kephmgktur ktur kgkr ikpktbhmyh ikpktbhmyhebakmg ebakmgokm okm systhb phre`kouthrshaut. O`ehmik`kbjk`emekik`kjkbkmusek

ykmg

bhmikpktakmtukmphrkwktkmihmgkmohkikkmthrkmfkbktkupnthmsek`n`hjoh skoetkmktkuo skoetk mktkuohteiko hteikoshebakm shebakmgkmph gkmphmyhsuk myhsukekmih ekmihmgkm` mgkm`emgou emgoumgkm. mgkm. ohshjktkm

ykmg

emgemiefkpkekik`kjbhrhok

Vtktus Vtktus ykmg

7

 

bkbpuahrphre`kouumtuobhbh`ejkrkohshebakmgkmktkustkae`etksihmgkm`e mgoumgkm. KVXBVE-KVXBVE

;. Sh Shrk rkwk wktk tkm m (murs (mursem emg) g) Shrkwktkm,

shphrte

ykmg

iepkmikmg

Lnjmsnm,

kik`kjtemikokmhosthrmk`umtuobhbahreokmnrgkmesksephre`koupksehmohteokpkse hm hmik ik`k `kbo bonm nmie iese sest strh rhsi sihm hmgk gkmb mbhb hbko koke kebh bhok okme mesk skse seph phmg mgkt ktur urkm km  ahrohskmktkuihmgkmphmyhiekkmsubahrikyk.

yk ykmg mg Vhmeikme`bu,

bhbahreokm bhba hreokmhosthrm hosthrmk`akeo k`akeoshah`ub shah`ubikmsh`k ikmsh`kbkgkm bkgkmggukm ggukmohsheba ohshebakmgkm kmgkm

systhb

ikmokrhmkm ikmo krhmkmykbhb ykbhbautuj autujokmphm okmphmghtkju ghtkjukmthmt kmthmtkmg kmg nrihr, iesnrihr iesnrihr ikmonmtrn ikmonmtrn`. `. Kotevetksphrkwktkmteikoahrgkmtumgpkikwhwhmkmgbhiesthtkpeahrsedktph`hmgo  kp (onbp`hbhmthr) akgebhies/phmgnaktkm. 1. Nrkm Nrkmg g (p (phr hrsn snm m) Ln Lnjm jmsn snm m

bhbk bhbkmi mikm kmgb gbkm kmus usek eksha shakg kgke ke

syst systhb hb

ph phre re`ko `koui uihm hmgk gkmp mpn` n`k, k,

 phmgu`kmgkmikmfkrkahrseokpihmgkmbkosuithrthmtu  phmgu`kmgkmikmfkrkahrseokpihmgkmbkosui thrthmtu

ykmg

bhmgjuaumgokmieremykihmgkm`emgoumgkmmyk.

Sn`k-

 pn`krhspnmsphsedeobkmusekbhbahmtuoohsh`urujkm

ykmg

thrn thrnrg rgkm kmes esks ksei eikm kmth thre remt mthg hgrk rkse se..

Shrs Shrsn nm

ki kik` k`kj kj

sy syst sthb hb

ikr krea eakg kgek ekm m-

 akgekmemthrphihmt

ykmg

bhbautujokmahahrkpkkturkmikmphmgkturkmumtuobhmlkgkohshebakmgkm. Lnjmsnm

`haejlkujbhmgkmggkpakjwk

ahjkvenrk`

systhb

kik`kjphmtem kik`kj phmtemgumtu gumtuobkmu obkmusekikm sekikmkpkae` kpkae`kkiktho kkikthokmkm kmkm ykmg ouktktkuoht ouktktkuohtkjkmkm kjkmkm ykmg

rhmikjbhmggkmgguohshebakmgkmsesthbtphre`kou,

emthgretksbkmusekthrkmfkb.

Xskjk-

uskjkbkusekumtuobhmakmgumohbak`eohshebakmgkmbhbautujokmphmgh`ukrk mhmhrg mhm hrgee

ykmg ykmg

`ukrae `ukraeksk, ksk,

ykmg ykmg

bhmyes bhmyeskok kokmsh mshieo ieoeth ethmhrg mhrgeum eumtuo tuobhb bhbakm akmtu tu

 prnshs-prnshs aen`ngesikmphmyhbaujkm. aen`ngesikmphmyhbaujkm. 6. Ohsh Ohshjk jktk tkm( m(jh jhk` k`tj tj)) Lnjmsnm

bhbkmikmgohshjktkmshakgkesuktuonmiese

su`e su`eti tiep epkj kjkb kbe( e(h` h`us usev evh) h) dkotnr dko tnraen aen`ng `nges, es,

ikmi ikmiem emkb kbes es,,

pseon` pseon`nge ngesik sikmsn msnsek` sek`..

yk ykmg mg

ykmg

ie ieph phmg mgkr kruj ujen en`h `hjd jdko kotn tnrr-

Ohshjkt Ohshjktkmb kmbhml hmlkie kiesuk suktum tume`k e`kee

ykmg ykmg

:

 

ieem ieemge gemo mokm kmn` n`hj hj

pk pkrk rk

ph phoh ohrlk rlkoh ohsh shjk jktk tkmi mikm kmbh bhbd bdno nous usok okmp mpki kikk

ph phrsn rsnm m

 auokmykphmykoet. Ohshjktkmierhd`hoseokmn`hjnrgkmeskse,

emthrkose,

sk`e sk`emg mgoh ohth thrg rgkm kmtu tum mgkm gkmsu suas ases esth thb b‖s ‖sua uase sest sthb hbi ikr kree

sy syst sthb hb

Bkm Bk mus usek eka ahr hrus uskj kjkb kbhm hmfk fkpk pkeo eohs hshe heba bakm kmg gkm kmik ik`k `kb b kokmbhmgkrkjohphre`koudumgsenmk`.

sy syst sthb hb

phr hre` e`ko kou. u. em emee

ykm ykmg

Ohshebakmgkm

ykmg

ourkmgakeoik`kbphrsykrktkmstruoturk`ktkudumgsenmk`fhmihrumgbhmgkrkjohb hbau hb auru ruom omyk ykoh ohshj shjktk ktkm. m. beme be mebu bub b

Ohte Ohteok ok

umtu umtuop ophb hbh` h`ej ejkr krkk kkm, m,

sy syst sthb hb

bhba bhbaut utuj ujok okms mshl hlub ub`k `kjh jhmh mhrge rge

sup` sup`ke kehm hmhr hrge ge

yk ykmg mg

`h `hae aeja jahs hskr kr

yk ykmg mg

thrshiekbhbphmgkruje prnshs aen`ngeikmphmyhbaujkm. aen`ngeikmphmyhbaujkm. 9. @emgoumgkm Ik`kbthnre Ik`kb thnre Lnjmsnm,`e Lnjmsnm,`emgou mgoumgkmt mgkmthrierei hriereikresh`u kresh`urujdko rujdkotnr tnr ykmg auokmakgek auokmakgekm m systhb

phre`kouemieveiuthtkpejk`etubhbphmgkruje

systhb,

ikmi ikmikp kpkt ktie iebk bkme mepu pu`k `kse sen` n`hj hjph phrk rkwk wktu tumt mtuo uobh bhmf mfkp kpke keoh ohsh shjk jktk tkm m

yk ykmg mg

bhmlkietulukmpksehm. Emieveiubhmgjuaumgokmieremykumtuoahremthrkoseihmgkm`emgoumgkmmyk. Vysthb phre`kouahr phre`kouahruskjkb uskjkbhmlkgk hmlkgk hque`eareu hque`eareub b ik`kbrhspnm ik`kbrhspnmthrjki thrjkikp kp dkftnr  `e`m `e`mgo goum umg gkmih kmihm mgkmb gkmbhm hmg gktur kturi ikmki kmkikp kptk tkse seth thrj rjki kikp kpo oho houk uktk tkm m

yk ykm mg

bhmyhrtkemyk.

ykmg

Gkyk

`emgoumgkm

ouktshfkrkahr`haejkmbhmggkmgguohshebakmgkm  phre`kouikmbhmgkmfkbstkae`etksshshnrkmglub`kjhmhrge teikothmtuieautujokmsupkyk

systhb ykmg systhb

bhbakmgumohbak`ehqe`eareubik`kbbhmgjkikpethokmkm-thokmkmahreoutmyk. Ohteok`emg Ohteo k`emgoumgk oumgkmstkae mstkae`, `,

emieveiuik emieveiuikpktbh`k pktbh`kmluto mlutokmihm kmihmgkmphr gkmphre`kou-p e`kou-phre`ko hre`kou u

ykmg akeo.

5

 

AKA EEE SHMXYXS

6.; Vebpu` Vebpu`km km

Yhnre Inrntjy Lnjmsnm thmtkmg ohphrkwktkm ahrdnous pkik akgkebkmk o`ehm ahrkikptkse thrjkikp onmiese skoetmyk ikm akgkebkmk strhss kftuk` ktku  pnthmsek` ikpkt bhbphmgkruje ohbkbpukm ahrkikptkse. Yulukm ikre ohphrkwktkm kik`kj bhmurumokm strhss shjemggk o`ehm ikpkt ahrghrko `haej buikj bh`hwkte bksk phmyhbaujkmmyk (Lnjmsnm, ;54:).

6.1 Vkrkm Vkrkm

9. Oetk Oetk shakgke shakgke phrkwkt phrkwkt jhmikomy jhmikomykk bhbahr bhbahreok eokm m phmyu` phmyu`ujk ujkm m ikm emdnrbk emdnrbkse se yk ykmg mg ki kiho houk uktt oh ohpk pkik ik bksy bksykrk krkok oktt bhmg bhmghm hmke ke on onmi miese ese skoet skoetmy mykk ik ikm m  akgkebkmk strhss kftuk` ktku pnthmsek` ikpkt bhbphmgkruje ohbkbpukm  ahrkikptkse., shjemggk bksykrkokt bhbe`eoe phmghtkjukm ykmg fuoup thmtkm thm tkmg g tkmik-t tkmik-tkmi kmikk ykmg ykmg kokm kokm bumfu` bumfu` ohteok ohteok shshnrk shshnrkmg mg bhmgk` bhmgk`kbe kbe  phmykoet eme ikm shghrk bhmikpkt phmkmgkmkm ykmg shsuke ikre phtugks ohshjktkm ikpkt bhbahreokm ph`kykmkm ikm phmgnaktkm ihmgkm akeo kgkr  teiko thrlkie onbp`eokse ktku bhbphrahrkt phmykoet shjemggk bhmggkmggu ohmykbkmkm ikm kotedetks shtekp jkre.

;3

 

IKDYKQ SXVYKOK

jttps