Makalah Jenis - Jenis Karya Ilmiah

 

MIJN[-MIJN[ L@_^@ NBHN@E

Gnsusuj ujtul Hihijuen Wuc`s H`t` Lubn`e O`e`s` Njgfjisn`  Gfsij Qijc`hpu = J ijsy [iptn [iptn` `j` L Li ijk` jk`j` j` Sub`j, [ [.Q .Qg  g  

Gnsusuj fbie =  J@H@  JNH

= NJG@E JY_ @BN@ = Q0;;37?740>199 Q0;;37?740>199

Q_FGN GNNN LIONG@J@J OBF_@ QFBWILJNL LI[IE@W@J LIHIJLI[ [IH@_@JC W@EYJ @M@_@J ?1?0/?1??

 

L@W@ QIJC@JW@_

[yulur @be`hgubnbb`e, sic`b` pumn o`cn @bb`e [SW y`jc tib`e hibnhp`el`j r`eh`t g`j l`rujn`-Jy` lip`g` pijubns, sienjcc` pijubns g`p`t hijyibis`nl`j h`l`b`e njn y`jc y`jc  oirmugub MIJN[-MIJN[ L@_^@ NBHN@E .  ‒

‘

Qijubns`j h`l`b`e njn gnsusuj cuj` ujtul hij`ho`e pijcit`eu`j lip`g` pijubns g`j  p`r` piho`k`. Qijubns hijy`g`rn o`ew` h`l`b`e njn tng`lb`e hujclnj sibis`n t`jp` `g`jy` o`jtu`j g`j onhonjc`j sik`r` b`jcsujc h`upuj tng`l b`jcsujc g`rn oiro`c`n pne`l. Qijubns oirgf` sihfc` @bb`e hiho`b`s sihu` lio`nl`j, o`jtu`j, g`j linleb`s`j y`jc tib`e gnoirnl`j lip`g`  pijubns. @lenr l`t`, gijc`j sic`b` lirijg`e`j e`tn pijubns hijy`g`rn o`ew` h`l`b`e njn m`ue g`rn lisihpurj``j, hijcnjc`t litiro`t`s`j njdfrh`sn, nbhu, g`j pijcit`eu`j pijubns. Fbie l`rij` ntu, lrntnl g`j s`r`j y`jc snd`tjy` hiho`jcuj `l`j s`jc`t pijubns e`r`pl`j. Qijubns  oire`r`p sihfc` h`l`b`e njn oirh`jd``t o`cn lnt` sihu`.

Lugus, 7 @custus ?1?0

Qijubns

 

G@DW@_ N[N

L@W@ QIJC@JW@_ ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. .........................n G@DW@_ N[N ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................................... ................nn O@O N QIJG@EYBY@J ............................... ..................................................... ............................................. .............................................. .............................. ....... 0 0.0 B`t`r Oib`l`jc .................................... .......................................................... ............................................. .............................................. .............................. ....... 0 0.? _uhus`j H`s`b`e ........................ .............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................................... ................ 0 0.; Wumu`j ...................................... ............................................................ ............................................. ............................................. ......................................... ...................0 O@O NN QIHO@E@[@J ................................ ...................................................... ............................................. .............................................. .............................. ....... ? ?.0 Qijcirtn`j L`ry` Nbhn`e ................................. ....................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................? ?.? Mijns-mijns L`ry` Nbhn`e ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ .............................. ........ ; O@O NNN QIJYWYQ ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ......................... .05 ;.0

Lisnhpub`j……………………………………………………………………….….05 Lisnhpub`j……………………………………………………………………….….05

;.?

[`r`j ………………………………………………………………………………...05 ………………………………………………………………………………...05

G@DW@_ QY[W@L@ ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ........................................... .....................0>

 

O@O N QIJG@EYBY@J

@.  B`t`r Oib`l`jc

Hijubns b`pfr`j pijibntn`j l`ry` nbhn`e `k`p l`bn hijm`gn h`s`b`e o`cn sisifr`jc y`jc sug`e hijyibis`nl`j prfpfs`b pijibntn`j nbhn`e, `t`u o`el`j sug`e hib`ls`j`l`j  pijibntn`j. Oiro`c`n `b`s`j sipirtn lisnoul`j, signlntjy` w`ltu, tng`l `g`jy` on`y` sirnjc hijm`gn l`honjc ent`h `t`s litng`loirg`y``j lnt` hijyibis`nl`j b`pfr`j e`snb pijibntn`j l`ry` nbhn`e. @lenrjy`, sitib`e oiroub`j-oub`j pijibntn`j nbhn`e gnb`ls`j`l`j b`pfr`j e`snbjy` oibuh muc` sibis`n. O`jy`l l`sus, h`e`snsw` y`jc sug`e hijyibis`nl`j Ymn`j  Jic`r` h`sne oirh`s`b`e l`rij` oibuh hijyibis`nl`j slrnpsn `t`u tisnsjy`.  Hijubns b`pfr`j e`snb pijibntn`j, tng`l oiroig` gijc`j hijyusuj tubns`j nbhn`e  pfpubir b`njjy`. [ik`r` tiljns, oig`jy` p`g` lir`jcl` tubns`j. Wubns`j nbhn`e e`snb  pijibntn`j e`rus gntubns oirg`s`rl`j lir`jcl` y`jc sug`e s ug`e o`lu. Lir`jcl` b`pfr`j e`snb  pijibntn`j tirgnrn `t`s, Qijg`eubu`j, L`mn`j Wifrn, Hitfgfbfcn Qijibntn`j, E`snb Qijibntn`j g`j Qiho`e`s`j, sirt` [nhpub`j g`j [`r`j, y`jc gnt`ho`e gijc`j b`hpnr`j-b`hpnr`j  oultn e`snb pijibntn`j.  Fbie l`rij` ntu, g`b`h l`ry` nbhn`e njn l`hn hijc`jcl`t h`s`b`e pijubns`j l`ry` nbhn`e. Wnh Qijubns hijkfo` hijyusuj su`tu l`ry` tubns hijcij`n gidnjnsn, h`jd``t, l`r`ltirnstnl mijns g`j h`k`h snl`p l`ry` nbhn`e sirt` b`jcl`e pijubns`j g`j snstih`tnl` l`ry` nbhn`e l`rij` e`b njn hirup`l`j e`b y`jc s`jc`t g`s`r y`jc w`mno gnlit`eun fbie  p`r` h`e`snsw`. 

O.  _uhus`j H`s`b`e  0.  @p` pijcirtn`j l`ry` tubns nbhn`e6

?.  @p` s`m` mijns-mijns l`ry` tubns nbhn`e6 K.  Wumu`j 

0.  Yjtul hijcit`eun pijcirtn`j l`ry` tubns nbhn`e. ?.  Yjtul hijcit`eun mijns-mijns l`ry` nbhn`e.

 

O@O NN QIHO@E@[@J @.  L@_^@ WYBN[ NBHN@E 

Wubns`j nbhn`e `g`b`e tubns`j y`jc gng`s`rn fbie e`snb pijc`h`t`j, pijnjm`u`j, pijibntn`j g`b`h ong`jc tirtijtu, gnsusuj hijurut hitfgi tirtijtu gijc`jsnstih`tnl` pijubns`jy`jc  oirs`jtuj o`e`s` g`j nsnjy` g`p`tgnpirt`jccujcm`w`ol`j lioij`r`jjy`/ linbhn`e`jjy`. (Ilf [usnbf, H. 0>>9=00). L`ry` tubns nbhn`e= l`ry` nbhn`e y`jc oijtul, nsn, g`j o`e`s`jy` hijccuj`l`jl`ng`e-l`ng`e linbhu`j,`t`u L`ry` tubns nbhn`e= l`ry` nbhn`e y`jc gnou`t  oirg`s`rl`j p`g` licn`t`j-licn`t`j nbhn`e (pijibntn`j b`p`jc`j, pirkfo``j b`ofr`tfrnuh, tib``e oulu/ bnor`ryrisi`rke, gbb.) Wubns`j gnsiout sio`c`n l`ry` tubns nbhn`e `p`onb`=0. Gnsirt`l`j d`lt` g`j g`t` y`jc  oul`j hirup`l`j le`y`b`j `t`upuj pijg`p`t prno`gn.?. Gns`mnl`j gijc`j oijtul nbhn`e, foyiltnd `t`u `p` `g`jy`. Hijccuj`l`j o`e`s` o`lu (nbhn`e), buc`s, g`j mib`s, sirt` s irt` hujclnj g`rn h`lj`y`jc snd`tjy` lfjft`sn/ `honcu.([y`rnd`e, Ity. ?117=--)   L`ry` Nbhn`e tiro`cn `t`s l`r`jc`j nbhn`e g`j b`pfr`j nbhn`e. 0.  L`r`jc`j Nbhn`e L`r`jc`j nbhn`e `g`b`e s`b`e s`tu mijns l`r`jc`j y`jc oirnsn sir`jcl`n`j e`snb pihnlnr`j y`jc gnpirfbie sisu`n gijc`j snd`t linbhu`jjy`. [u`tu l`r`jc`j g`rne`snb pijibntn`j, pijc`h`t`j, `t`upuj pijnjm`u`j gnl`t`l`j nbhn`e mnl` hihijuensy`r`tsio`c`n oirnlut = `)  Qijubns`jjy` oirg`s`rl`j e`snb pijibntn`j. o)  Qiho`e`s`j h`s`b`ejy` fomiltnd sisu`n gijc`j d`lt`. k)  L`r`jc`j ntu hijc`jgujc h`s`b`e y`jc sig`jc gnk`rnl`j pihik`e`jjy`. g)  o`nl g`b`h pijy`mn`j h`upuj g`b`h pihik`e`j h`s`b`e gncuj`l`j hitfgitirtijtu. i)  o`e`s`jy` e`rus bijcl`p, tirpirnjkn, tir`tur, g`j kirh`t. d)  o`e`s` y`jc gncuj`l`j eijg`lb`e oij`r, mib`s, rnjcl`s, g`j tip`t sienjcc`tng`l tiroul` lihujclnj`j o`cn piho`k` ujtul s`b`e t`dsnr.

Hibne`t

pirsy`r`t`j

gn

`t`s,

sifr`jc

pijubns

hihnbnlnlitr`hpnb`j g`j pijcit`eu`j g`b`h ong`jc =    ‛   h`s`b`e y`jc gntibntn  ‛   hitfgi pijibntn`j,  ‛   tiljnl pijubns`j l`r`jc`j nbhn`e,  ‛   pijcu`s``j o`e`s` y`jc o`nl.

l`r`jc`j

nbhn`e

eijg`lb`e

 

?.  B`pfr`j nbhn`e

B`pfr`j n`b`e su`tu w`e`j` pijy`hp`n`j oirnt`, njdfrh`sn, pijcit`eu`j,`t`u c`c`s`j g`rn sisifr`jc lip`g` fr`jc b`nj. B`pfr`j njn g`p`t oiroijtul bns`j.

O.  MIJN[ MIJN[ L@_^@ NBHN@E  0.  Q`pir.

Q`pir g`p`t gnl`t`l`j sio`c`n s`b`e s`tu l`ry` tubns nbhn`e y`jc hihpujy`n

euoujc`j ir`t g`b`h gujn` pijgngnl`j. Wirl`g`jc lnt` hijy`h`l`j `jt`r` p`pir gijc`j h`l`b`e. Q`g`e`b piroig``j p`pir g`j h`l`b`e sioitubjy` o`jy`l. Q`pir hirup`l`j rnjcl`s`j g`rn pijibntn`j y`jc lnt` ou`t, gijc`j l`t` b`nj p`pir s`h` gijc`j tuc`s `lenr, e`jy` s`m` rnjcl`s sirt` tng`l sirnjkn siou`e rnsit tuc`s `lenr. Hijurut st`jg`r p`pir on`s`jy` gntubns s`hp`n 4 e`b`h`j s`m`. M`gn hns`b tuc`s `lenr `t`u rnsit y`jc lnt` b`lul`j `g` oire`b`h`j-e`b`h`j, lnt` kulup hirnjcl`sjy` hijm`gn 4 e`b`h`j s`m`, j`huj tumu`j g`j h`lsug tit`p e`rus tirs`hp`nl`j.Q`pir uhuhjy` gntubns g`b`h gu` b`mur (lfbfh) j`huj tirl`g`jc muc` gntubns hijm`gn 0 lfbfh s`m` tirc`jtujc g`rn pirs`y`r`t`j g`rn k`bb dfr p`pir  ntu  ntu sijgnrn. Q`pir muc` uhuhjy` gntubns gijc`j eurud tnhis jiw rfh`j  rfh`j  gijc`j ulur`j ois`r eurud 01, e`b njn muc` tirc`jtujc g`rn pirsy`r`t g`rn k`bb dfr p`pir , tit`pn st`jg`r y`jc on`s` gnp`l`n y`ntu dfjt ulur`j 01.

?.  H`l`b`e.

L`ry` tubns y`jc hihu`t pihnlnr`j tijt`jc su`tu h`s`b`e gnsirt`n `j`bnsns bfcns g`j fomiltnd. [ik`r` uhuh tumu`j pijubns`j h`l`b`e `g`b`e ujtul lipijtnjc`j lipijtnjc`j pijy`mn`j e`snb pijibntn`j `t`u c`c`s`j pihnlnr`j g`b`h su`tu gnslusn. H`l`b`e g`p`t oirup` e`snb  piho`e`s`j oulu `t`u e`snb su`tu pijc`h`t`j. Lirt`s lirm` `g`b`e l`r`jc`j y`jc oirnsn  pr`s`r`j, usub`j, `t`u pijg`p`t y`jc oirl`nt`j gijc`j piho`e`s`j su`tu pflfl  pirsf`b`j, ujtul gno`k`l`j g`b`h r`p`t lirm`, sihnj`r, snhpfsnuh, g`j sio`c`njy` sio`c`njy` Fbie l`rij` ntu, h`l`b`e uhuhjy` gntubns sik`r` snjcl`t g`j rnjcl`s t`jp` o`o-o`o. Dfrh`t

pijubns`jjy` `g`b`e=

0)  O`cn`j @w`b= E`b`h`j [`hpub (Mugub, Mijns L`ry` Wubns, Wumu`j Qijubns`j, J`h` g`j Ngijtnt`s Qijubns, Qijubns, Biho`c`, W`euj), G`dt`r Nsn, G`dt`r W`oib. ?)  O`cn`j Njtn= Qijg`eubu`j, B`t`r Oib`l`jc Qijubns`j H`l`b`e, H`s`b`e @t`u Wfpnl O`e`s`j, Wumu`j Qijubns`j H`l`b`e, Wils Yt`h`, Qijutup ;)  O`cn`j @lenr= G`dt`r Lipust`l``j g`j B`hpnr`j

 

;.  Hfgub

Hfgub pihoib`m`r`j hirup`l`j s`tu`j prfcr`h oib`m`r hijc`m`r y`jc tirliknb, y`jc y`jc gnpib`m`rn fbie snsw` sijgnrn sik`r` pirsifr`jc`j `t`u gn`m`rl`j gn`m`r l`j fbie snsw` lip`g` gnrnjy` sijgnrn ( sibd-njstruktnfj`b   sibd-njstruktnfj`b ) (Snjlib, ?11>=73?).Hfgub pihoib`m`r`j `g`b`e o`e`j `m`r y`jc gnsusuj sik`r` snstih`tns g`j hij`rnl y`jc hijk`lup nsn h`tirn, hitfgi g`j iv`bu`sn y`jc g`p`t gncuj`l`j sik`r` h`jgnrn ujtul hijk`p`n lfhpitijsn y`jc gne`r`pl`j (@jw`r, ?101). Hijurut Cfbgskehng, Hfgub pihoib`m`r`j sio`c`n simijns s`tu`j licn`t`j oib`m`r y`jc tirijk`j`, gn gis`nj cuj` hiho`jtu snsw` hijyibis`nl`j tumu`j-tumu`j tirtijtu. Hfgub

`g`b`e

sih`k`h

p`lit

prfcr`h

ujtul

lipirbu`j

oib`m`r

(Snm`y`,

0>55=0?5).Tihorn`rtf (0>53=?1), hijy`t`l`j o`ew` su`tu hfgub pihoib`m`r`j `g`b`e su`tu p`lit pijc`m`r`j y`jc hihu`t s`tu ujnt lfjsip g`rnp`g` o`e`j pib`m`r`j. Qijc`m`r`j hfgub hirup`l`j us`e` pijyib`jcc`r``j pijc`m`r`j njgnvngu`b y`jc hihujclnjl`j snsw` hijcu`s`n s`tu ujnt o`e`j pib`m`r`j sioibuh gn` oir`bne oir` bne lip`g` ujnt  oirnlutjy`. Oirg`s`rl`j oioir`p` pijcirtn`j hfgub gn `t`s h`l` g`p`t gnsnhpubl`j o`ew` hfgub  pihoib`m`r`j `g`b`e s`b`e s`tu oijtul o`e`j `m`r y`jc gnlih`s sik`r` snstih`tns g`j hij`rnl sienjcc` hug`e ujtul gnpib`m`rn sik`r` h`jgnrn.    

Knrn-knrn/ L`r`ltirnstnl Hfgub Hfgub pihoib`m`r`j hirup`l`j s`b`e s`tu s`tu o`e`j oib`m`r y`jc g`p`t gnh`jd``tl`j fbie snsw` sik`r` h`jgnrn. Hfgub y`jc o`nl e`rus gnsusuj sik`r` snstih`tns, hij`rnl, g`j mib`s. Hfgub g`p`t gncuj`l`j l`p`jpuj g`j gnh`j`puj sisu`n gijc`j lioutue`j snsw`. @jw`r (?101), hijy`t`l`j o`ew` l`r`ltirnstnl hfgub pihoib`m`r`j sio`c`n oirnlut = 0)  [ibd njstruktnfj`b , [nsw` h`hpu hihoib`m`rl`j gnrn sijgnrn, tng`l tirc`jtujc p`g` pne`l b`nj. ?)  [ibd kfjt`njig , [iburue h`tirn pihoib`m`r`j g`rn s`tu ujnt lfhpitijsn y`jc gnpib`m`rn tirg`p`t gng`b`h s`tu hfgub utue. ;)  [t`jg `bfji, Hfgub y`jc gnliho`jcl`j tng`l tirc`jtujc p`g` hign` b`nj `t`u tng`l e`rus gncuj`l`j oirs`h`-s`h` gijc`j hign` b`nj. 7)   @g`ptnd , Hfgub eijg`ljy` hihnbnln g`y` `g`ptnd y`jc tnjccn tire`g`p pirliho`jc`j nbhu g`j tiljfbfcn. 9)  Ysir drnijgby , Hfgub eijg`ljy` muc` hihijuen l`ng`e `lr`o oirs`e`o`t/`lr`o gijc`j pih`l`njy`. 4)  Lfjsnstijsn, Lfjsnstij g`b`h pijccuj``j dfjt, sp`sn, g`j t`t` bit`l.

 

7.  Gnlt`t

Qijcirtn`j gnlt`t hijurut L`hus ois`r Njgfjisn` Qurw`g`rhnjt` `g`b`e pic`jc`j y`jc gnou`t curu oirup` lutnp`j oijtul tubns`j `t`u litnl`j. Hijurut Gmurftf `g`b`e oulu  pib`m`r`j y`jc tirh`sul libfhpfl l`r`jc`j nbhn`e, y`jc gnou`t oul`j oirg`s`r e`snb  pijibntn`j, tit`pn h`tirn pib`m`r`j g`rn su`tu nbhu. Gnlt`t on`s`jy` gnou`t fbie gfsij, curu `t`u wngy`nsw`r` ujtul h`t` gnlb`t tirtijtu. Ons` m`gn gfsij `t`u curu hihou`t oulu pib`m`r`j `t`u gnlt`t y`jc gn`m`rl`j. G`b`h  o`cn`j b`nj gnlt`t `g`b`e ujnt tirliknb g`rn su`tu h`t` pib`m`r`j pib`m `r`j y`jc g`p`t oirgnrn sijgnrn g`j g`p`t gnpircuj`l`j g`b`h prfsis oib`m`r hijc`m`r sio`c`n `b`t o`jtu gnlt`t y`jc gnsusuj sik`r` snstih`tns g`rn y`jc hijk`lup tumu`j g`j ur`n`j h`tirn.   

Qrnjsnp-prnjsnp hihou`t gnlt`t.

@g` oioir`p` prnjsnp y`jc pirbu gnpire`tnl`j g`b`h hijyusuj gnlt`t `jt`r` b`nj  prnjsnp ribiv`jsn, lfjsnstijsn g`j likulup`j. Qrnjsnp ribiv`jsn `jtnjy` litirl`nt`j, h`tirn y`jc gntubns eijg`ljy` ribiv`j gijc`j pijk`p`n`j st`jg`r lfhpitijsn y`jc njcnj gnk`p`n. Qrnjsnp lfjsnstijsn `rtnjy` li`mil`j, mnl` lfhpitijsn g`s`r y`jc e`rus gnlu`s`n ihp`t h`k`h h`l` o`e`s`j y`jc `g` p`g` gnlt`t muc` e`rus hibnputn ihp`t h`k`h.Qrnjsnp likulup`j `rtnjy` h`tirn y`jc gn`m`rl`j eijg`ljy` hijkulupn g`b`h hiho`jtu pisirt` gnlb`t hijcu`s`n lfhpitijsn y`jc `l`j gn`m`rl`j, h`tirn tng`l ofbie tirb`bu signlnt g`j tng`l ofbie tirb`bu o`jy`l, mnl` tirb`bu signlnt `l`j lur`jc hiho`jtu hijk`p`n lfhpitijsn st`jg`r, sio`bnljy` mnl` tirb`bu o`jy`l `l`j hihou`jc ou`jc w`ltu g`j tij`c` y`jc tng`l pirbu gnpib`m`rnjy`.   

Litijtu`j hihou`t gnlt`t

[`hp`n s``t njn oibuh `g` `tur`j o`lu tijt`jc pihou`t`j gnlt`t y`jc leusus, j`huj hijcnjc`t gnlt`t hirup`l`j o`cn`j liknb g`rn oulu p`lit h`l` litijtu`j pihou`t`j gnlt`t e`hpnr s`h` gijc`j pihou`t`j oulu p`lit `jt`r` b`nj=   `.  Qirsy`r`t`j y`jc oirl`nt`j gijc`j h`tirn

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_ibiv`j gijc`j tumu`j

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[isu`n gijc`j lih`hpu`j y`jc `l`j gnk`p`n

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[isu`n gijc`j nbhu pijcit`eu`j y`jc oirs`jclut`j

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[isu`n gijc`j pirliho`jc`j nbhu pijcit`eu`j g`j tiljfbfcn

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[isu`n gijc`j mijm`jc g`j s`s`r`j

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Nsn g`j o`e`j hijc`ku p`g` lfhpitijsn

o.  Qirsy`r`t`j gijc`j pijy`mn`j

 

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Yr`n`j tir`tur

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[`bnjc hihpirlu`t gijc`j o`e`j b`nj

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Hij`rnl hnj`t g`j pire`tn`j

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Hij`jt`jc g`j hir`jcs`jc pisirt` ujtul hihpib`m`rnjy`

- 

Hijc`ku p`g` `spil lfcjntnd, `diltnd g`j psnlfhftfr

-  Enjg`rn pijy`mn`j y`jc oirtibi-tibi k.  Qirsy`r`t`j y`jc oirl`nt`j gijc`j o`e`s` - 

Hijccuj`l`j o`e`s` y`jc oij`r g`j o`nl

- 

Hijccuj`l`j l`bnh`t y`jc sisu`n gijc`j lih`t`jc`j g`j pirliho`jc`j pisirt`.

- 

Hijccuj`l`j nstnb`e, lfs`l`t`, snhofb y`jc hihpirhug`e pih`e`h`j

- 

Hijccuj`l`j l`t`-l`t` tirmih`e`j y`jc gno`lul`j.

g.  Qirsy`r`t`j y`jc oirl`nt`j gijc`j nbustr`sn

 

- 

_ibiv`j gijc`j o`e`j `m`r y`jc gnou`t

- 

Wng`l hijccuj`l`j lisnj`houjc`j `jt`r l`bnh`t, `jt`r o`cn`j g`j `jt`r p`r`cr`pe

- 

Hirup`l`j o`cn`j tirp`gu g`rn o`e`j `m`r

- 

Mib`s, o`nl g`j hirup`l`j e`b-e`b isijsn`b y`jc hiho`jtu hihpirmib`s h`tirn

O`cn`j-o`cn`j g`rn gnlt`t

Gnlt`t s`h` sipirtn oulu y`jc tirgnrn g`rn tnc` o`cn`j o` cn`j y`jc hijk`lup=  `.  O`cn`j `w`b y`jc oirnsn E`b`h`j kfvir oirnsn tijt`jc ( mugub, pijc`r`jc, c`ho`r s`hpub, bnjclup pijccuj``j, t`euj tiront, j`h` gip`rtihij (on`s`jy` gncuj`l`j ujtul l`b`jc`j sijgnrn). G`dt`r nsn y`jc hihu`t mugub o`o, suo o`o, g`j jfhfr e`b`h`j. G`dt`r b`nj sipirtn g`dt`r c`ho`r, g`dt`r t`obi, g`dt`r b`hpnr`j. o.  O`cn`j Nsn O`cn`j njn oirnsn pflfl-pflfl o`e`s`j y`jc hijm`gn njtn j`sl`e gnlt`t g`j hihu`t ur`n`j pijmib`s`j, prfsis fpir`snf`j`b `t`u b`jcl`e-b`jcl`e lirm` g`rn sitn`p o`o h`upuj suo o`o. Gijc`j gihnln`j p`r`cr`d hirup`l`j ujnt tirliknb su`tu pflfl o`e`s`j. Q`r`cr`d tirsiout e`rus s`bnjc hijgulujc g`j hirup`l`j su`tu lis`tu`j y`jc lfeirij. @p`onb` gnpirbul`j pijmib`s`j g`j ur`n`j gnbijcl`pn gijc`j t`oib, o`c`j, c`ho`r g`j nbustr`sn b`nj. k.  O`cn`j @lenr Q`g` o`cn`j `lenr gnlt`t oirnsnl`j= b`hpnr`j, onb` b`hpnr`j bione g`rn s`tu biho`r e`rus gnoirn jfhfr urut, cbfs`rnuh mnl` `g`, l`t`/nstnb`e y`jc hijceuoujcl`j gijc`j ur`n`j gnlt`t sienjcc` hihug`el`j pih`e`h`j piho`k`. Lipust`l``j, `g` oioir`p` k`r`

 

hijubnsl`j lipust`l``j, j`huj gihn lisir`c`h`j gnpnbne s`tu g`rn siln`j k`r` tirsiout gijc`j litijtu`j sio`c`n oirnlut =

- 

Eijg`ljy` gncuj`l`j oulu `ku`j y`jc ribiv`j

- 

Wng`l litnjcc`b`j jnjnh`b 9 t`euj

- 

Gnsusuj gijc` urut`j `om`g

9.  L`ry` Wubns.

L`ry` tubns hirup`l`j e`snb l`r`jc`j g`b`h oijtul tubns`j y`jc hirup`l`j e`snb  pnlnr`j, e`snb pijc`h`t`j, tnjm`u`j g`b`h ong`jc tirtijtu g`j gnsusuj sik`r` snstih`tns.L`ry` tubns tirgnrn g`rn gu` l`t` y`ntu l`ry` g`j tubns. L`ry` hijurut L`hus Ois`r O`e`s` Njgfjisn` (LOON) `g`b`e pilirm``j, e`snb pirou`t`j, ou`t`j, knpt``j (tirut`h` e`snb l`r`jc`j). [ig`jcl`j l`t` Wubns g`b`h L`hus Ois`r O`e`s` Njgfjisn` (LOON) `g`b`e eurud `t`u `jcl` y`jc gnou`t gijc`j pij` (pijsnb, k`t, g`j sio`c`njy`),  oirsur`t (y`jc sug`e gnsitumun), y`jc `g` tubns`jjy`. tubns`jjy`. G`rn picirtn`j LOON g`p`t l`hn snhpubl`j o`ew` l`ry` tubns hirup`l`j e`snb l`r`jc`j g`b`h oijtul tubns`j `t`u l`r`jc`j y`jc hijcitijc`el`j e`snb pnlnr`j, e`snb  pijc`h`t`j, tnjm`u`j g`b`h ong`jc tirtijtu y`jc gnsusuj sik`r` snstih`tns. L`ry` tubns  muc` g`p`t gnl`t`l`j tubns`j y`jc hiho`e`s h`s`b`e tirtijtu oirg`s`rl`j pijc`h`t`j sik`r` snstih`tns g`j tir`r`e. @g` y`jc hijc`t`l`j l`ry` tubns ntu sio`c`n c`c`s`j sisifr`jc y`jc gntu`jcl`j g`b`h oijtul tubns`j . G`rn oiro`c`n pijcirtn`j y`jc `g` p`g` g`s`rjy` hihpujy`n `rtn y`jc s`h` j`huj g`p`t gnsnhpubl`j o`ew` l`ry` tubns hirup`l`j e`snb l`ry` sisifr`jc y`jc gntu`jcl`j g`b`h oijtul tubns`j.L`ry` tubns gnoig`l`j hijm`gn ;, y`ntu l`ry` tubns nbhn`e, l`ry` tubns jfj nbhn`e, g`j l`ry` tubns pfpubir.   `.  L`ry` Wubns Nbhn`e

L`ry` tubns nbhn`e hirup`l`j su`tu l`r`jc`j `t`u tubns`j y`jc gnpirfbie sisu`n gijc`j snd`t linbhu`jjy` g`j gng`s`rn fbie e`snb pijc`h`t`j, pijnjm`u`j, pijibntn`j g`b`h ong`jc tirtijtu, gnsusuj hijurut hitfgi tirtijtu gijc`j snstih`tnl` pijubns`j y`jc oirs`jtuj o`e`s` g`j nsnjy` g`p`t gnpirt`jccujcm`w`ol`j lioij`r`jjy`/ linbhn`e`jjy`.  L`ry` tubns nbhn`e gnl`ticfrnl`j li g`b`h 00 h`k`h, gn `jt`r`jy`=

 

0)  B`pfr`j pijibntn`j `g`b`e b`pfr`j y`jc gntubns oirg`s`rl`j pijibntn`j. Hns`bjy` b`pfr`j pijibntn`j y`jc gng`j`n fbie D`lubt`s g`j Yjnvirsnt`s, b`pfr`j ilsl`v`sn `rlifbfcns y`jc gnon`y`n fbie Gip`rtihij Lioug`y``j, gso. ?)  [lrnpsn  `g`b`e  `g`b`e tubns`j nbhn`e ujtul hijg`p`tl`j cib`r `l`gihnl s`rm`j` str`t` s`tu ([n). ;)  Wisns `g`b`e tubns`j nbhn`e ujtul hijg`p`tl`j cib`r `l`gihnl str`t` gu` ([?), y`ntu H`stir. 7)  Gnsirt`sn `g`b`e tubns`j nbhn`e ujtul hijg`p`t cib`r `l`gihnl str`t` tnc` ([;), y`ntu Gfltfr. 9)  [ur`t piho`k` `g`b`e sur`t y`jc oirnsn lrntnl g`j t`jcc`p`j tire`g`p nsn su`tu tubns`j nbhn`e. 4)  B`pfr`j l`sus `g`b`e tubns`j hijcij`n l`sus-l`sus y`jc `g` y`jc gnb`jg`sn gijc`j tifrn. 3)  B`pfr`j tnjm`u`j  `g`b`e tubns`j y`jc oirnsn tnjm`u`j l`ry` nbhn`e g`b`h luruj w`ltu tirtijtu. Hns`bjy` Onfbfcn-k`b@jterfpfecy nj tei @hirnk`s= 0>11-?111. 5)  _isijsn `g`b`e t`jcc`p`j tire`g`p su`tu l`r`jc`j `t`u oulu y`jc hih`p`rl`j h`jd``t l`r`jc`j `t`u oulu tirsiout o`cn piho`k`. >)  Hfjfcr`d  `g`b`e  `g`b`e l`ry` `sbn hijyiburue g`rn su`tu h`s`b`e. Hfjfcr`d njn g`p`t oirup` tisns `t`upuj gnsirt`sn. 01)  _idir`t `g`b`e tnjm`u`j hijcij`n l`r`jc`j sijgnrn g`j l`r`jc`j fr`jc b`nj. 00)  L`onbnt`sn `g`b`e l`r`jc`j-l`r`jc`j pijtnjc y`jc gnlirm`l`j s`rm`j` Gip`rtihij Qijgngnl`j J`snfj`b ujtul o`e`j lubn`e. @g`puj knrn g`rn l`ry` tubns nbhn`e `g`b`e sio`c`n oirnlut=

- 

Fomiltnd.

- 

Jitr`b.

- 

[nstih`tns.

- 

Bfcns.

- 

Hijy`mnl`j d`lt` (oul`j ihfsn `t`u pir`s``j).

- 

Wng`l Qbifj`stns

- 

O`e`s` y`jc gncuj`l`j `g`b`e r`c`h dfrh`b.

o.  L`ry` Wubns Jfj Nbhn`e

L`ry` tubns jfj nbhn`e hirup`l`j l`r`jc`j y`jc hijy`mnl`j d`lt` prno`gn tijt`jc pijcit`eu`j g`j pijc`b`h`j g`b`h liengup`j sie`rn-e`rn, oirsnd`t suoyiltnd, tng`l gngulujc d`lt` uhuh, g`j on`s`jy` hijccuj`l`j c`y` o`e`s` y`jc pfpub`r `t`u  on`s` gncuj`l`j (tng`l tirb`bu dfrh`b).

 

Oirnlut h`k`h-h`k`h g`rn l`ry` tubns jfj nbhn`e  = 0)  Gfjcijc hirup`l`j su`tu lns`e y`jc gn`jcl`t g`rn pihnlnr`j dnltnd g`j lns`e jy`t`, hijm`gn su`tu `bur pirm`b`j`j engup gijc`j pis`j hfr`b y`jc hijc`jgujc h`lj` engup g`j k`r` oirnjtir`lsn gijc`j h`lebul b`njjy`. b `njjy`. ?)  Kirpij  `g`b`e su`tu oijtul prfs` j`r`tnd dnltnd. Kirnt` pijgil kijgirujc p`g`t g`j b`jcsujc p`g` tumu`jjy` gno`jgnjcl`j l`ry`-l`ry` dnlsn y`jc bione p`jm`jc, sipirtn jfvibb` (g`b`h pijcirtn`j hfgirj) g`j jfvib. ;)  Jfvib  `g`b`e  `g`b`e siou`e l`ry` dnlsn prfs` y`jc gntubns sik`r` j`r`tnd< on`s`jy` g`b`h oijtul kirnt`. 7)  Gr`h` `g`b`e s`tu oijtul l`ry` s`str` y`jc hihnbnln o`cn`j ujtul gnpir`jl`j fbie `ltfr. 9)  _fh`j `g`b`e simijns l`ry` s`str` g`b`h oijtul prfs` `t`u c`jk`r`j y`jc nsnjy` hibulnsl`j pirou`t`j pib`lujy` hijurut w`t`l g`j nsn mnw` h`snjc-h`snjc.

L`ry` tubns jfj nbhn`e hihnbnln oioir`p` knrn, gn `jt`jy`=

- 

gntubns oirg`s`rl`j d`lt` prno`gn,

- 

d`lt` y`jc gnsnhpubl`j suoyiltnd,

- 

c`y` o`e`s` lfjft`tnd g`j pfpubir,

- 

tng`l hihu`t enpftisns,

- 

pijy`mn`j gno`rijcn gijc`j sim`r`e,

- 

oirsnd`t nh`mnj`tnd,

- 

sntu`sn gngr`h`tnsnr,

- 

oirsnd`t pirsu`snd.

- 

t`jp` gulujc`j oultn

k.  L`ry` Wubns Qfpubir L`ry` tubns pfpubir hirup`l`j sih`k`h l`r`jc`j nbhn`e y`jc hijk`lup knrn-knrn l`r`jc`j nbhn`e, y`ntu hijy`mnl`j d`lt`-d`lt` sik`r` kirh`t, mumur, jitr`b, g`j snstih`tns, sig`jcl`j pih`p`r`jjy` mib`s, rnjcl`s, g`j tip`t. L`ry` tubns nbhn`e pfpubir hirup`l`j l`ry` nbhn`e y`jc oijtul, nsn, g`j o`e`s`jy` hijccuj`l`j l`ng`e-l`ng`e linbhu`j, sirt` gns`mnl`j g`b`h o`e`s` y`jc s`jt`n g`j hug`e gnp`e`hn fbie h`sy`r`l`t `w`h. ^`jc hijm`gn o`cn`j g`rn kfjtfe l`ry` nbhn`e pfpubir gn `jt`r`jy`=

 

`)   @rtnlib `g`b`e l`r`jc`j d`ltu`b sik`r` bijcl`p gijc`j p`jm`jc tirtijtu y`jc gnou`t ujtul gnpuobnl`snl`j (hib`bun lfr`j, h`m`b`e, oubitnj, gso) g`j oirtumu`j hijy`hp`nl`j c`c`s`j g`j d`lt` y`jc g`p`t hiy`lnjl`j, hijgngnl, g`j hijcenour. o)  _isijsn  `g`b`e  `g`b`e su`tu tubns`j `t`u ub`s`j hijcij`n jnb`n siou`e e`snb l`ry`, o`nl ntu oulu, jfvib, h`m`b`e, lfhnl, dnbh, l`sit, KG, TKG, h`upuj GTG. k)  _isuhi `t`u rnjcl`s`j  g)  [njfpsns  `g`b`e nletns`r l`r`jc`j y`jc on`s`jy` gntirontl`j oirs`h`-s`h` gijc`j l`r`jc`j `sbn y`jc hijm`gn g`s`r snjfpsns ntu< rnjcl`s`j< `ostr`lsn.

4.  [lrnpsn.

[lrnpsn hirup`l`j l`ry` tubns nbhn`e oirg`s`rl`j e`snb pijibntn`j b`p`jc`j `t`u stugnlipust`l``j y`jc gnsusuj h`e`snsw` sisu`n gijc`j ong`jc stugnjy` sio`c`n tuc`s `lenrg`b`h stugn dfrh`bjy` gn D`lubt`s. Hijurut YQN (g`b`h ettp=//www.ks.upn.igu.kfh) [lrnpsn `g`b`e l`ry` tubns rishn `lenr h`e`snsw` g`b`h hijyibis`nl`j Qrfcr`h [`rm`j` ([0). [lrnpsn hijcc`ho`rl`j lih`hpu`j `l`gihnl h`e`snsw` g`b`h hir`jk`jc, hib`ls`j`l`j g`j hijyusuj b`pfr`j pijibntn`j ong`jc stugn (o`nl pijgngnl`j h`upuj jfj lipijgngnl`j). [lrnpsn gntubns oirg`s`rl`j pijg`p`t (tifrn) fr`jc b`nj. Qijg`p`t tirsiout gngulujc gn gulujc g`t` g`j d`lt` ihpnrns-fomiltnd, o`nl oirg`s`rl`j pijibntn`j  pijibntn`j b`jcsujc< fosirv`sn b`p`j`cj `t`u pijibntn`j gn b`ofr`tfrnuh, `t`u stugn lipust`l``j. [lrnpsn hijujtut likirh`t`j hitfgfbfcns enjcc` hijcc`r`jsn li`r`e suho`jc`j h`tirn`b oirup` pijihu`j o`ru.   Oiroig` gijc`j  pijg`p`t gn `t`s Wucnjf (g`b`h ettp=//tucnjf?;1030.wfrgpriss.kfh) slrnpsn `g`b`e l`ry` tubns y`jc gn`mul`j ujtul hijk`p`n cib`r s`rm`j` `t`u s`rm`j` hug`. [lrnpsn gntubns  oirg`s`rl`j stugn pust`l` `t`u pijibntn`j o`k``j, pijyibngnl`j, fosirv`sn, `t`u pijibntn`j b`p`jc`j sio`c`n pr`sy`r`t `l`gihns y`jc e`rus gntihpue, gnpirt`e`jl`j g`j gnpirt`jccujcm`w`ol`j fbie pijyusuj g`b`h sng`jc umn`j.    Wumu`j g`j Licuj``j [lrnpsn  

Wumu`j g`j licuj``j slrnpsn y`ntu hijy`mnl`j e`snb-e`snb tihu`j pijibntn`j sik`r` nbhn`e y`jc oircuj` o`cn pijciho`jc`j nbhu g`j `tu lipijtnjc`j pr`ltns `ghnjnstr`sn jic`r` g`j lfhujnl`sn.   L`r`ltirnstnl [lrnpsn  

[lrnpsn y`jc gnsusuj h`e`snsw` e`rus hihnbnln l`r`ltirnstnl sio`c`n oirnlut =

 

0)  Hirup`l`j e`snb l`ry` `sbn, oul`j mnpb`l`j o`cn sio`cn`j `t`u sik`r` lisiburue`j (gnou`t pirjy`t``j gn `t`s lirt`s sicib oirh`tir`n _p. 4.111,11). ?)  Hihpujy`n ribiv`jsn gijc`j Nbhu @ghnjnstr`sn Jic`r` g`j Nbhu Lfhujnl`sn. ;)  Hihpujy`n h`jd``t tifrntns `t`u pr`ltns. 7)  [isu`n gijc`j l`ng`e-l`ng`e linbhu`j. 9)  Hijccuj`l`j o`e`s` Njgfjisn` y`jc o`lu, o`nl g`j oij`r hijurut Im``j ^`jc Gnsihpurj`l`j (I^G).   Qirsy`r`t`j Qijyusuj`j [lrnpsn  

Yjtul hib`lul`j pijyusuj`j slrnpsn, h`e`snsw` e`rus hihijuen sy`r`t-sy`r`t sio`c`n oirnlut=

- 

Wib`e bubus h`t` lubn`e gijc`j oio`j stugn 001 sls.

- 

Jnb`n G tng`l bione g`rn ?1% g`j tng`l `g` jnb`n I.

- 

Wib`e bubus h`t` lubn`e [t`tnstnl [fsn`b o`cn Qrfcr`h [tugn Nbhu @ghnjnstr`sn Jic`r`, Hitfgi Qijibntn`j [fsn`b g`j Hitfgi Qijibntn`j Lfhujnl`sn o`cn Qrfcr`h [tugn Nbhu Lfhujnl`sn.

- 

Hihijuen pirsy`r`t`j `ghnjnstr`sn liu`jc`j y`jc tib`e gntijtul`j.

3.  Wisns.

Wisns `g`b`e l`ry` tubns nbhn`e rishn `lenr sifr`jc h`e`snsw` g`b`h hijyibis`nl`jQrfcr`h H`cnstir ([?). Wisns hirup`l`j oultn lih`hpu`j y`jc  oirs`jclut`j g`b`hpijibntn`j g`j pijciho`jc`j nbhu p`g` s`b`e s`tu ong`jc linbhu`j g`b`h Nbhu Qijgngnl`j. Wisns hihpujy`n tnjcl`t piho`e`s`j bione g`b`h g`rnp`g` slrnpsn. Qirjy`t``j-pirjy`t``j g`j tifrn g`b`h tisns gngulujc fbie `rcuhij-`rcuhij y`jc bione lu`t, mnl` gno`jgnjcl`j gijc`j slrnpsn. Wisns gntubns gijc`j onhonjc`j sifr`jc gfsij sijnfr y`jc oirt`jcujcm`w`o g`b`h ong`jc stugn tirtijtu.Wisns oir`s`b g`rn l`t` Weisns oir`rtn pirjy`t``j `t`u lisnhpub`j tifritns y`jc gn`mul`j sirt` gntujm`jc fbie `rcuhijt`sn nbhn`e g`j ridirijsn-ridirijsn y`jc gn`lun sik`r` nbhn`e, y`jc gnou`t fbie sifr`jc l`jgng`t H`cnstir. Wisns gnsusuj fbie l`jgng`t H`cnstir sik`r` h`jgnrn p`g` `lenr h`s` stugn g`j hirup`l`j s`b`e s`tu sy`r`t hijk`p`n cib`r H`cnstir. (Q`jgu`j Wisns Q[HQ YJW@_, ?115=0). Wisns `t`u H`stir Weisns gntubns oirs`jg`r p`g` hitfgfbfcn< hitfgfbfcn pijibntn`j g`j hitfgfbfcn pijubns`j. [t`jg`rjy` gnc`jtujcl`j p`g` njstntusn, tirut`h` pihonhonjc. Gijc`j o`jtu`j pihonhonjc, h`e`snsw` hirijk`j`l`j (h`s`b`e), hib`ls`j`l`j< hijccuj`l`j njstruhij, hijcuhpubl`j g`j hijm`mnl`j g`t`, hijc`j`bnsns, s`hp`n

 

hijc`honb lisnhpub`j g`j rilfhijg`sn.G`b`h pijubns`jjy` gntujtut lih`hpu`j g`b`h hijccuj`l`j nstnb`e tiejns< g`rn nstnb`e s`hp`n t`oib, g`rn `ostr`l s`hp`n onobnfcr`dn. @rtnjy`, lih`hpu`j h`jgnrn sil`bnpuj gnp`jgu gfsij pihonhonjc hijm`gn e`b s`jc`t hijg`s`r. [il`bnpuj p`g` g`s`rjy` s`h` gijc`j slrnpsn, tisns bione g`b`h, t`m`h, g`j gnb`lul`j h`jgnrn.

5.  Gnsirt`sn

Gnsirt`sn

`g`b`e

l`ry`

tubns

nbhn`e

rishn

`lenr

sifr`jc

h`e`snsw`

g`b`hhijyibis`nl`j Qrfcr`h [; nbhu pijgngnl`j. Gnsirt`sn hirup`l`j oultn lih`hpu`j y`jcoirs`jclut`j g`b`h hib`lul`j pijibntn`j y`jc oireuoujc`j gijc`j  pijihu`j o`ru g`b`hs`b`e s`tu gnsnpbnj Nbhu Qijgngnl`j.  H  Hi ijurut Wucn jf gnsirt`sn n`b`e l`r`jc`j y`jc gn`mul`j ujtul hijk`p`n cib`r gfltfr, y`ntu cib`r tirtnjccn y`jc gnoirnl`j fbie su`tu ujnvisnt`s. Qijubns`j gisirt`sn njn gn o`w`e onhonjc`j prfhftfr `t`u gfsij y`jc oirp`jcl`t prfdisfr, g`j nsnjy` piho`e`s`j h`s`b`e y`jc bione lfhpbils g`j bione hijg`b`h g`rnp`g` pirsf`b`j g`b`h tisns. Qijk`p`n`j cib`r `l`gihnl tirtnjccn `g`b`e prignl`t Gfltfr. Cib`r Gfltfr (Qe.G) gnhujclnjl`j h`j`l`b` h`e`snsw` ([;) tib`e hihpirt`e`jl`j gnsirt`sn gne`g`p`j Giw`j Qijcumn Gnsirt`sn y`jc tirgnrn g`rn prfdisfr `t`u Gfltfr gnong`jc h`snjc-h`snjc. Gnsirt`sn gntubns oirg`s`rl`j pijihu`j (linbhu`j) frnsnjnb gnh`j` pijubns hijcihul`j g`bnb y`jc gnoultnl`j oirg`s`rl`j g`t` g`j d`lt` v`bng gijc`j `j`bnsns tirnjkn.Gnsirt`sn `t`u Qe.G Weisns gntubns oirg`s`rl`j hitfgfbfbfcn pijibntn`j y`jc hijc`jgujc dnbfsfdn linbhu`j y`jc tnjccn. H`e`ensnsw` ([;) e`rus h`hpu (t`jp` onhonjc`j) hijijtul`j h`s`b`e, oirlih`hpu`j oirpnlnlnr `ostr`l sirt` hijyibis`nl`j h`s`b`e pr`ltns. Gnsirt`sn hihu`t pijihu`j-pijihu`j o`ru, p`jg`jc`j o`ru y`jc dnbfsfdns, tiejnl `t`u hitfgi o`ru tijt`jc sisu`tu sio`c`n kirhnj`j pijciho`jc`j nbhu y`jc gnl`mn g`b`h t`r`d y`jc tnjccn.

>.  Oulu

Hijurut LOON, oulu `g`b`e oioir`p` eib`n lirt`s tirmnbng oirnsn tubns`j ujtul gno`k` `t`u y`jc lfsfjc ujtul gntubns. [ig`jcl`j `m`r `g`b`e pitujmul y`jc gnoirnl`j lip`g` fr`jc sup`y` gnlit`eun (gnturutn). Oulu tils pib`m`r`j `g`b`e oulu tils w`mno ujtul gncuj`l`j gn silfb`e y`jc hihu`t h`tirn pihoib`m`r`j g`b`h r`jcl` hijk`p`n tumu`j  pijgngnl`j j`snfj`b. Fbie l`rij` ntu oulu tils pib`m`r`j e`rus e` rus hib`bun prfsis pijnb`n`j

 

y`jc fomiltnd ujtul hijm`hnj hutu nsn, hitfgi pihoib`m`r`j, o`e`s`, g`j cr`dnl`jy`. Oulu tils pib`m`r`j w`mno gnp`l`n fbie curu g`j snsw` sio`c`n `ku`j g`b`h prfsis oib`m`rhihoib`m`rl`j. (Qir`tur`j Hijtirn Qijgngnl`j J`snfj`b, Jf. 00 tej ?119) . [ur`eh`j g`b`h Dibb` (?107) sik`r` uhuh hihoig`l`j oulu hijm`gn ihp`t mijns, y`ljn=  0)  Oulu suhoir, y`ntu oulu y`jc on`s` gnm`gnl`j rumul`j, ridirijsn, g`j suhoir ujtul l`mn`j nbhu tirtijtu, on`s`jy` oirnsn su`tu l`mn`j nbhu y`jc bijcl`p.

?)  Oulu o`k``j, `g`b`e oulu y`jc e`jy` oirdujcsn ujtul o`e`j o`k``j s`m`, hns`bjy` kirnt`, bicijg`, jfvib, g`j b`nj sio`c`njy`.

;)  Oulu pic`jc`j,  y`ntu oulu y`jc ons` gnm`gnl`j pic`jc`j curu `t`u pijc`m`r g`b`h hib`ls`j`l`j prfsis pijc`m`r`j.

7)  Oulu oulu tils, y`ntu oulu y`jc gnsusuj ujtul prfsis pihoib`m`r`j, g`j oirnsn o`e`j-o`e`j `t`u h`tirn pib`m`r`j y`jc `l`j gn`m`rl`j.

01.  B`pfr`j Qijibntn`j.

B`pfr`j pijibntn`j hirup`l`j b`pfr`j nbhn`e, ujtul ujtul ntu h`l` e`rus gnou`t sik`r` snstih`tns g`j bfcns p`g` sitn`p o`cn`j , sienjcc` piho`k` hug`e hih`e`hn b`jcl`eb`jcl`e y`jc tib`e gntihpue g`b`h pijibntn`j, g`j e`snbjy`. L`rij` snd`tjy` nbhn` h`l` e`rus ripbnk`obi, y`ntu e`rus ons` gnub`jcn fbie fr`jc b`nj y`jc `l`j hihoultnl`j e`snb  pijihu`j g`b`h pijibntn`j ntu. B`pfr`j hijurut Wucnjf (g`b`h ettp=//tucnjf?;1030.wfrgpriss.kfh) n`b`e oijtul l`r`jc`j y`jc oirnsn ril`h`j licn`t`j tijt`jc su`tu y`jc sig`jc gnlirm`l`j, gnc`r`p, gntibntn, `t`u gn`h`tn, g`j hijc`jgujc s`r`j-s`r`j ujtul gnb`ls`j`l`j. B`pfr`j njn gns`hp`nl`j gijc`j k`r` sifomiltnd hujclnj. Hu`r` g`rn sihu` licn`t`j pijibntn`j `g`b`e pijyusuj`j b`pfr`j e`snb pijibntn`j. G`b`h pijibntn`j tir`p`j pijyusuj`j b`pfr`j pijibntn`j s`jc`t pijtnjc `rtnjy`, l`rij` hirup`l`j `w`b o`cn pihoultn`j lu`bnt`s pijibntn`j cuj` hijnb`n litip`t`jjy` g`b`h hijyibis`nl`j h`s`b`e sik`r` jy`t`. Qijibntn`j tir`p`j t`hp`ljy` tib`e sibis`n p`g` s``t b`pfr`j e`snbjy` gns`hp`nl`j, j`huj g`b`h lijy`t``j licn`t`jjy` h`sne `l`j  oirlib`jmut`j, l`rij` y`jc tirpijtnjc `g`b` pijir`p`j `t`u pijg`y`cuj``j pijg`y`cuj``j e`snbjy`. B`pfr`j oirg`s`rl`j nsnjy` g`p`t gnoig`l`j hijm`gn =   `)  B`pfr`j nbhn`e

 

B`pfr`j nbhn`e `t`u on`s`jy` gnsiout b`pfr`j e`snb pijibntn`j nbhn`e hirup`l`j s`b`e s`tu b`pfr`j y`jc gnsusuj gijc`j hib`bun t`e`p`j-t`e`p`j tirtijtu sirt` gijc`j hitfgi g`j tifrn tirtijtu. o)  B`pfr`j tiljns  B`pfr`j tiljns `t`u b`pfr`j tijt`jc e`b tiljns hirup`l`j b`pfr`j tijt`jc pijyibijcc`r``j licn`t`j su`tu o`g`j `t`u njst`jsn. [ipirtn = b`pfr`j hijcij`n li`g``j pirsfjnb, b`pfr`j liu`jc`j, g`j sio`c`njy`. Mijns d`lt` y`jc gncuj`l`j b`pfr`j y`ntu oijg`, lis`lsn`j, t`oib, g`j sio`c`njy`. Ntub`e pijmib`s`j tijt`jc pijcirtn`j b`pfr`j.  

Dujcsn B`pfr`j [ioibuhjy` sug`e gnmib`sl`j hijcij`n pijcirtn`j b`pfr`j, oirnlut dujcsn b`pfr`j `jt`r` b`nj= 0)  Dujcsn pirt`jccujcm`w`o`j. ?)  Dujcsn gfluhijt`sn. ;)  Dujcsn njdfrh`sn.

00.  Lirt`s Lirm`. 

Lirt`s lirm` p`g` prnjsnpjy` s`h` gijc`j h`l`b`e. Lirt`s lirm` gnou`t gijc`j `j`bnsns bione g`b`h g`j t`m`h. Lirt`s lirm` gntubns ujtul gnprisijt`snl`j p`g` sihnj`r `t`u bfl`l`ry`, y`jc on`s`jy` gne`gnrn fbie nbhuw`j. n bhuw`j. Q`g` ―pireib`t`j nbhn`e„ tirsiout lirt`s lirm` gnm`gnl`j `ku`j ujtul tumu`j tirtijtu. Ons` m`gn, lirt`s lirm` ―gnhijt`el`j„ l`rij` bih`e, o`nl g`rn susut `j`bnsns r`snfj`b, ihpnrns, litip`t`j h`s`b`e, `j`bnsns, lisnhpub`j, `t`u lih`jd``t`jjy`. Lirt`s Lirm` Hijurut W`ligfc`w` (g`b`h ettp=//slnjei`g7bndi-k`rnc`r`c`r`.obfcspft.kfh ) Lirt`s lirm` p`g` prnjsnpjy` s`h` gijc`j h`l`b`e. Lirt`s lirm` gnou`t gijc`j `j`bnsns bione g`b`h g`j t`m`h. Lirt`s lirm` gntubns ujtul gnprisijt`snl`j p`g` sihnj`r `t`u bfl`l`ry`, y`jc  on`s`jy` gne`gnrn fbie nbhuw`j. Q`g` ―pireib`t`j nbhn`e„ tirsiout lirt`s lirm` gnm`gnl`j `ku`j ujtul tumu`j tirtijtu. Ons` m`gn, lirt`s lirm` ―gnhijt`el`j„ l`rij` bih`e, o`nl g`rn susut

`j`bnsns

r`snfj`b,

lih`jd``t`jjy`. 

ihpnrns,

litip`t`j

h`s`b`e,

`j`bnsns,

lisnhpub`j,

`t`u

 

0?.  _isijsn 

_isijsn n`b`e l`ry` tubns y`jc oirnsn e`snb pijnho`jc`j, pijcub`s`j, `t`u pijnb`n`j siou`e oulu. _isijsn y`jc gnsiout muc` tnho`jc`j oulu `t`u offl rivniw sirnjc gns`hp`nl`j lip`g` sng`jc piho`k` hib`bun sur`t l`o`r l` o`r `t`u h`m`b`e. Wumu`j risijsn n`b`e hihoirn pirtnho`jc`j gij pijnb`n`j sik`r` fomiltnd, sienjcc` h`syr`l`t hijcit`eun `p`l`e oulu y`jc gnub`s tirsiout p`tut gno`k` `t`ul`e tng`l.

 

O@O NNN QIJYWYQ

@.  Lisnhpub`j

Q`g` g`s`rjy` l`ry` nbhn`e hirup`l`j l`ry` tubns y`jc hijy`mnl`j c`c`s`j, gislrnpsn, `t`u pihik`e h`s`b`e sik`r` snstih`tns, gns`mnl`j sik`r` fomiltnd g`j mumur, gijc`j hijccuj`l`j o`e`s` o`lu, sirt` gngulujc fbie d`lt`, tifrn, g`j `t`u oultn-oultn ihpnrnl. Knrn-knrn siou`e l`ry` nbhn`e g`p`t gnl`mn hnjnh`b ihp`t `spil, y`ntu strultur s`mn`j, lfhpfjij, g`j suost`jsn , snl`p pijubns, sirt` pijccuj``j o`e`s`. M`gn, `p`onb` su`tu l`ry` tubns tirtijtu hihijuen lrntirn` tirsiout h`l` n` g`p`t gnh`sull`j lig`b`h  mijns l`ry` nbhn`e.

O.  [`r`j

Hijy`g`rn o`ew` pijubns h`sne m`ue g`rn l`t` sihpurj`, ligip`jjy` pijubns `l`j bione dflus g`j git`nb g`b`h hijmib`sl`j mijns-mijns l`ry` nbhn`e y`jc gngulujc gijc`j suhoir-suhoir y`jc bione hijg`b`h.

 

G@DW@_ QY[W@L@

@dny`jtn, ^`tn. ?109. Qijubns`j ?109. Qijubns`j @rtnlib Nbhn`e. Nbhn`e. M`l`rt`= _`m` Cr`dnjgf Qirs`g`. @Q@ H`ju`b. ?101. Quobnk`tnfj ?101.  Quobnk`tnfj h`ju`b fd tei `hirnk`j psykefbfcnk`b `ssfkn`tnfj (4te ig.). S`senjctfj, G.K.= @hirnk`j Qsykefbfcnk`b  Qsykefbfcnk`b @ssfkn`tnfj. @ssfkn`tnfj.   O`rj`wn g`j @rndnj. ?109. Wiljnl Qijubns`j L`ry` Nbhn`e. Mfcm`l`rt`= @r-_uzz Hign` G`bh`j. ?109. Hijubns ?109. Hijubns L`ry` Nbhn`e. M`l`rt`= QW _`m`Cr`dnjgf Qirs`g`. [uw`rgmfjf.(?113).‘Wifrn [uw`rgmfjf.(?113). ‘Wifrn @lujt`jsn‘.^fcy`l`rt`=Qijiront OQDI.([SG) OQDI.([SG) W`jmujc, O`egnj Jur & @rgn`b. ?113.  Qigfh`j Qijubns`j L`ry` Nbhn`e (Qrfpfs`b, [lrnpsn, g`j Wisns) g`j Hihpirsn`pl`j Gnrn Hijm`gn Qijubns @rtnlib Nbhn`e. M`l`rt`= Lijk`j`. Husbnke, H`sjur. ?10;. O`c`nh`j` Hijubns [lrnpsn6. M`l`rt`= QW Ouhn@ls`r`. Ouhn@ls`r`. _nd„`j,  @bn. ?10;. Mijnus Hijubns & Hijirontl`j L`r`jc`j Nbhn`e .

W`jcir`jc= Lri`sn Kirg`s Njgfjisn`. O`w`znr, J`one Nor`enh.

‒Mfurj`b   ‒Mfurj`b

fd

Njgfjisn`j

[kefb`rs‘.   [kefb`rs‘.

ettp=//murj`bppn.v`k`u.kfh/njgix.pep6fptnfj8kfhVkfjt ijt&vniw   ettp=//murj`bppn.v`k`u.kfh/njgix.pep6fptnfj8kfhVkfjtijt&vniw 8`rtnkbi&ng8;1=`p`-ntu-murj`b-nbhn`e&k`tng80=oirnt`  8`rtnkbi&ng8;1=`p`-ntu-murj`b-nbhn`e&k`tng80=oirnt`  Ofosus`jtf.

‒Qijcirtn`j   [njfpsns ‒Qijcirtn`j

g`j

Qihou`t`j

[njfpsns‘.   [njfpsns‘.

ettp=//www.siput`rpijcit`eu`j.kfh/?109/17/pij cirtn`j- snjfpsns-g`jettp=//www.siput`rpijcit`eu`j.kfh/?109/17/pijcirtn`jb`jcl`e-hihou`t-snjfpsns.ethb   b`jcl`e-hihou`t-snjfpsns.ethb Jiys`putrn _`eh`g`jty. ‒Qijcirtn`j   ‒Qijcirtn`j [njfpsns‘,   [njfpsns‘, ettps=//offhkb`ps.wfrgpris ettps=//offhkb`ps.wfrgpriss.kfh/?107/1>/1;/pijc s.kfh/?107/1>/1;/pijcirtn`jirtn`j- snjfpsns/  snjfpsns/