Makalah Jalan Raya 2
May 12, 2019 | Author: Dani Sendi | Category: N/A
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
Jalan sebagai bagian dari sistem transportasi nasional mempunyai peranan penting terutama dalam mendukung kegiatan dalam bidang ekonomi, sosial dan budaya serta lingkungan. Jalan dikembangkan melalui pendekatan pengembangan wilayah agar tercapai keseimbangan dan pemerataan pembangunan antar daerah, membentuk dan memperkukuh kesatuan nasional untuk memantapkan pertahanan dan keamanan nasional, serta membentuk struktur ruang dalam rangka mewujudkan sasaran pembangunan nasional. Dalam mewujudkan prasarana transportasi darat yang melalui jalan, harus terbentuk wujud jalan yang menyebabkan pelaku perjalanan baik orang maupun barang, selamat sampai di tujuan, dan dalam mendukung kegiatan ekonomi, sosial, budaya dan lingkungan, perjalanan harus dapat dilakukan secepat mungkin dengan biaya perjalanan yang adil sehingga dapat dijangkau oleh semua lapisan masyarakat. Disamping itu, adalah hal yang ideal untuk pelaku perjalanan, selain dapat dilakukan dengan selamat, cepat dan murah, juga nyaman, sehingga perjalanan tidak melelahkan. Agar kita dapat mendesain sebuah jalan raya yang aman, nyaman dan efisien maka kita terlebih dahulu mengetahui bagaimana ketentuan yang harus dilakukan. Salah satunya dengan mengetahui penampang melintang melintang jalan raya raya ( Cross Section ). Dengan demikian kita dapat mendesain sebuah jalan raya yang baik.
1
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BAB II PEMBAHASAN “Klasifikasi, Spesifikasi, Tingkat Pelayanan dan Cross Section”
1.
Klasifikasi, Spesifikasi Spesifikasi dan Tingkat Pelayanan Dalam perencanaan geometrik jalan raya harus memenuhi persyaratan desain, yaitu
terpenuhinya syarat kenyamanan, keamanan dan memiliki nilai ekonomis yang layak serta efesiensi yang optimal. Oleh karena itu perencana harus memahami yang mendalam tentang berbagai landasan teoritis konseptual perencanaan geometrik jalan raya itu sendiri. Jalan raya adalah suatu lajur tanah yang di sediakan khusus untuk sarana/prasarana perhubungan darat yang dibuat sedemikian rupa untuk melayani kelancaran arus lalu lintas. Sarana prasarana perhubungan tersebut meliputi semua bagian jalan, termasuk bangunan pelengkap dan perlengkapannya yang diperuntukan bagi pelayanan arus lalu lintas, guna untuk memindahkan orang dan barang dari suatu tempat ketempat lain. Kelancaran lalu lintas di jalan raya sangat dipengaruhi oleh tingkat kemampuan pelayanan yang dapat diberikan oleh setiap bagian jalanraya tersebut, antara lain oleh lebar jalan dan jumlah jalur. Semakin bertambah banyak jenis dan jumlah lalu lintas yang melewati suatu jalan raya, maka lalu lintas menjadi semakin ramai. Keadaan seperti ini diartikan bahwa kepadatan lalu lintas menjadi semakin tinggi dan tingkat pelayanan yang dapat diberikan oleh bagian-bagian jalan raya menjadi semakin rendah. Agar terdapat kesuaian antara kepadatan lalu lintas dengan tingkat pelayanan jalan, maka ditetapkan klasifikasi dan spesifikasi suatu jalan raya. Klasifikasi dan spesifikasi tersebut sangat berguna dan dapat memberikan kejelasan mengenai tingkat kepadatan lalu lintas yang perlu dilayani oleh setiap bagian-bagian jalan. Klasifikasi dan spesifikasi jalan raya dapat dibedakan menurut fungsi pelayanannya, menurut kelas jalan, menurut keadaan topografi, penggolongan layanan administrasi dan
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A. Jalan Raya Menurut Fungsi Pelayanan Sesuai dengan “PERATURAN PERENCANAAN JALAN RAYA” No.13/1970 dari Direktorat Explorasi, survai dan perencanaan, Direktorat Jendral Bina Marga Departemen P.U., maka jalan dibagi dalam klasifikasi-klsifikasi berdasarkan : a.
Sistem Jalan Raya Primer Sistem jalan raya primer adalah system jaringan jalan dengan peranan pelayanan jasa distribusi untuk pengembangan semua wilayah pada tingkat Nasional, yaitu dengan semua simpul jasa distribusi yang kemudian berwujud kota. Pada sistem
ini jaringan jaringan jalan raya primer menhubungkan simpul-simpul simpul-simpul jasa
distribusi penting meliputi : -
Jalan raya dalam satu satuan wilayah pengembangan yang menghubungkan secara menerus Ibu Kota Propinsi, Ibu kota Kabupaten/Kota, Kota-kota Kecamatan dan kota-kota yang lebih kecil pada jenjang dibawahnnya.
-
Menghubungkan antara Ibukota Propinsi yang satu dengan Ibu Kota Propinsi yang lainnya Jalan raya primer di peruntukan melayani keperluan lalu lintas kendaraan
berat (High Vehicle) seperti bus, truck 2 As, Truck 3 As, Truck gandengan Semi Trailer dan Trailer dengan kecepatan 60 km/jam sampai 120 km/jam, serta untuk melayani tingkat kepadatan lalu lintas yang sangat tinggi. Jalan raya primer disebut juga dengan “Jalan Arteri atau Jalan Raya Utama” yaitu jalan raya yang berperan sebagai urat nadi perekonomian bangsa, berfungsi untuk menjamin kelancaran lalu lintas orang dan barang dari suatu tempat ke tempat lainnya, serta menjamin kelancaran pengangkutan dan pendistribusian bahan-bahan pokok keperluan masyarakat sehari-hari. Oleh sebab itu jalan raya primer umumnya menghubungkan antar kota yang bernilai strategis dan potensial, seperti menghubungkan wilayah perkebunan dan pertanian dengan pusat-pusat perdagangan, serta jalan menuju ke wilayah pelabuhan sebagai pintu gerbang pusat kegiatan ekspor untuk pengiriman barangbarang industry dan produksi luar negeri atau sebaliknnya.
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Ciri-ciri jalan arteri primer meliputi: 1. Melayani lalu lintas kendaraan dengan kecepatan rencana diatas 60 km/jam 2. Lebar lalu lintas minimal 2 x 3,75m 3. Jalan raya arteri primer tidak boleh terganggu oleh berbagai kegiatan lalu lintas lokal 4. Kapasitas jalan harus lebih besar dari volume lalu lintas rata-rata 5. Jalan masuk dibatasi secara efisien, sehingga kecepatan rencana dan kapasitas jalan dapat tercapai tercapai 6. Jalan raya arteri primer tidak boleh terputus sekalipun jaln tersebut memasuki/melintas wilayah perkotaan
Ciri-ciri dari Jalan Kolektor Primer, yaitu jaringan jalan yang menghubungkan antar kota Kabupaten/Kota, atau menghubungkan kota Kabupaten dengan kota Kecamatan ini meliputi : 1. Melayani lalu lintas kendaraan dengan kecepatan rencana diatas 40 km/jam – 80 – 80 km/jam 2. Lebar jalur perkerasan jalan minimum 2 x 3,5m 3. Jalan raya kolektor primer tidak boleh terganggu terputus, sekalipun memasuki daerah atau wilayah perkotaan 4. Kapasitas jalan harus lebih besar dari volume lalu lintas rata-rata 5. Jalan masuk dibatasi secara efisien, sehingga kecepatan rencana dan kapasitas jalan dapat tercapai tercapai
Ciri-ciri dari Jalan Lokal Primer, yaitu jaringan jalan yang menghubungkan antar kota Kecamatan, antar Kota Kecamatan dengan kota pada jenjang dibawahnnya sampai persil dengan syarat antara lain meliputi : 1. Kecepatan rencana kendaraan dibawah 40 km/jam 2. Lebar jalan minimala adalah 6meter
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b.
Sistem Jalan Raya Sekunder Jalan raya sekunder merupakan jaringan jalan dengan peranan pelayanan jasa distribusi untuk masyarakat dalam kota. Ini berarti bahwa jaringan jalan sekunder direncanakan menurut ketentuan pengaturan tata ruang pembangunan perkotaan, yaitu berfungsi menghubungkan wilayah yang mempunyai fungsi primer dan fungsi sekunder serta pelayanan jaringan jalan dari rumah ke rumah. Oleh sebab itu jaringan jalan sekunder disebut juga “ jalan kolektor (pengumpul/pembagi ), ), yaitu berfungsi menjamin kelancaran mengumpulkan dan mendistribusikan bahan-bahan pokok kebutuhan masyarakat dari kota-kota penting tertentu ke kota-kota yang lebih kecil. Selain itu juga berfungsi untuk melayani keperluan lalu lintas pada daerah disekitarnnya. Selain itu, jaringan jalan sekunder juga berfungsi untuk melayani keperluan lalulintas mulai dari jenis kendaraan berat (High Vehicle) hingga kendaraan ringan (Low Vehicle), dengan tingkat kepadatan lalu lintas yang cukup tinggi. Jenis kendaraan tersebut adalah kendaraan Bus, Truck 2 As, Mobil penumpang, mobil hantaran barang (pick up) dan lain sebagainnya dengan kecepatan sedang hingga cepat, yaitu 40 km/jam sampai 80 km/jam. Menurut fungsi pelayanan lalu lintas jalan raya di bedakan atas jalan arteri, jalan kolektor dan jalan local. Jalan arteri adalah jalan yang melayani angkutan utama dengan cirri antara lain, kendaraan menempuh perjalanan jarak sedang dengan kecepatan rata-rata sedang dan jumlah jalan masuk dibatsi. Sedangkan jalan local adalah jalan yang melayani angkutan setempat dengan cirri antara lain melayani perjalanan jarak pendek (dekat), kecepatan rata-rata rendah dan jumlah jalan masuk tidak tidak dibatasi. Ciri-ciri jala arteri sekunder, meliputi: 1. Melayani lalu lintas dengan kecepatan rencana diatas 30 km/jam 2. Lebar lalu lintas minimum 2 x 3,75m 3. Kapasitas jalan sama dengan atau lebih besar dari volume lalu lintas rata-rata, dan tidak boleh terganggu oleh lalu lintas lambat
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Ciri-ciri dari Jalan Kolektor Sekunder, yaitu jalan yang menghubungkan antar kawasan sekunder dan antara kawasan sekunder ke I, atau jalan yang menghubungkan antar kawasan sekunder ke II dengan kawasan sekunder II; dengan syarat melayani kecepatan rendah dan lebar jalur lalu lintas minimal adalah 2 x 3,00 meter. Ciri-ciri dari Jalan Lokal Sekunder, yaitu jalan yang menghubungkan antar kawasan sekunder I, kawasan sekunder II
dan ke III masing-masing masing-masing dengan dengan
kawasan pemukiman/perumahan, yaitu dengan melayani kecepatan rencana sangat rendah kurang dari 30 km/jam dan dengan lebar jalur lalu lintas minimum 2 x 2,5 meter.
B.
Jalan Raya Menurut Kelas Jalan Jalan raya di klasifikasikan berdasarkan karakteristik lalu lintas yang lewat, yaitu menurut tingkat kepadatan arus lalu lintas pada waktu-waktu tertentu, serta menurut jenis dan ukuran daya angkut kendaraan, Tingkat kepadatan lalu lintas, Besarnya muatan suatu roda terberat (MST), Kepadatan menurut kapasitas yaitu jumlah kendaraan yang lewat dalam satuan ter tentu melalui satu titik pengamatan. Volume lalu lintas menyatakan jumlah lalu lintas per- hari dalam satu tahun untuk kedua jurusan.Untuk ini memerlukan penyelidikan lapangan selama 24 jam selama 1 tahun dan dilaksanakan tiap tahun dengan mencatat setiap jenis kendaraan bermotor dan kendaraan fisik. Jumlah lalu-lintas per-hari dalam satu tahun dinyatakan sebagai lalu- lintas harian rata- rata (disingkat ( disingkat sebagai “ LHR “= Lalu-lintas Lalu -lintas Harian Rata-rata).
Berhubung pada umumnya lalu-lintas pada jalan raya terdiri dari campuran kendaraan cepat, kendaraan lambat, kendaraan berat, kendaraan ringan dan kendaraan tak bermotor (kendaraan fisik), maka dalam hubungannya dengan kapasitas jalan (jumlah kendaraan maximum yang melewati satu titik / tempat dalam satu satuan waktu) mengakibatkan adanya pengaruh dari setiap jenis kendaraan tersebut terhadap
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Jalan raya berdasarkan kelengkapan fasilitasnnya dapat di bedakan menjadi 4 (empat) jenis, yaitu jalan Exspres way, free way, collector dan local road. Jalan cepat (exspress way) sesungguhnya adalah jalan raya primer atau jalan arteri, akan tetapi pada jalan exspress prioritas jalan diberikan pada kendaraan untuk lalu lintas menerus (bergerak lurus). Pada daerah persimpangan yang arus lalu lintasnnya saling memotong (Crossing) jalan raya utama seharusnnya dilengkapi dengan persimpangan jalan yang tidak sebidang (Flyover). Kecepatan kendaraan rata-rata di perkenankan hingga 100 km/jam, dan disertai dengan pengendalian jalan masuk yang di batasi secara efisien. Pengendalian jalan masuk ini dilakukan secara penuh/ sebagian terhadap pemakai jalan dan penghuni di daerah sekitarnnya. Adapun yang dimaksud dengan jalan bebas hambatan (free way) adalah jalan raya arteri yang memungkinkan kendaraan bergerak dengan kecepatan lebih dari 100 km/jam. Dengan tanpa mengalami rintagan apapun, baik rintangan yang disebabkan oleh adannya persimpangan jalan, oleh gerakan kendaraan membelok, maupun oleh para penyebrang jalan, dan hambatan-hambatan lain. Selain itu jalan free way ini harus di sertai dengan sistim pengendalian jalan masuk secara penuh. Dengan adanya sistim pengendalian jalan masuk tersebut, maka dapat dihindari terjadinnya gesekan tepi pada perkerasan jalan, sehingga kendaraan dapat bergerak sepanjang waktu dengan kecepatan tinggi, konstan tanpa rintangan. Oleh sebab itu pada jalan bebas hambatan tidak di perkenankan adannya persimpangan atau perpotongan jalan sebidang. Dibandingkan dengan jenis jalan raya lainnya jalan raya bebas hambatan merupakan jalan raya yang memiliki fasilitas tingkat tertinggi, dibangun dengan biaya yang sangat mahal, akan tetapi jalan raya bebas hambatan ini
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3. Lebih nyaman dan memenuhi persyaratan keamanan di sepanjang perjalanan, karena di sepanjang jalan dibatasi oleh pagar pemisah dan pejalan kaki ditempatkan diluar daerah milik jalan (DMJ). 4. Bersifat permanen, dengan pengendalian jalan msuk di sepanjang jalan dapat mencegah terjadinnya pertumbuhan sector social ekonomi. Jika dibandingkan dengan tanpa pengendalian jalan masuk, maka pada sepanjang jalan akan terjadi pertumbuhan sector soial ekonomi yang lebih cepat, seperti pembangunan pemukiman disepanjang jalan dan pertumbuhan social budaya. Hal ini akan menimbulkan berbagai aktifitas yang dapat menurunkan kapasitas jalan dan kemungkinan meningkatnnya kecelakaan lalu lintas. 5. Mengurangi biaya oprasi kendaraan, antara lain pengurangan pemakaian bahan bakar dan bahan pelumas, mengurangi kebisingan dan polusi udara serta meningkatnya daya tahan mesin dan perangkat kendaraan lainnya. Perhitungan sudut belok patokan dalam perhitungan sudut belok patokan di gunakan asumsi, bahwa sudut drajat lengkung adalah sama dan sebanding dengan sudut luar tikungan (∆) Rumus yang digunakan
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Penampang Melintang Jalan (Crossection) (Crossection) Penampang melintang jalan merupakan potongan melintang secara tegak lurus dengan sumbu jalan. Dari potongan melintang jalan dapat dilihat dan diketahui bagianbagian dari jalan, diantaranya :
2.1
Jalur Lalu Lintas Jalur Lalu Lintas (Traveled Lintas (Traveled Way) adalah Way) adalah bagian jalan yang dipergunakan untuk lalu lintas kendaraan (Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 43 Tahun 1993), termasuk pada simpang, bukaan median, taper (jalur untuk tanjakan - percepatan perlambatan - belok) Fisik berupa perkerasan, dibatasi oleh median, bahu, trotoar, pulau jalan atau separator. Beberapa tipe jalan, diantaranya: 1. 2/2 TB (2/2 UD)
: 2 lajur, 2 jalur, tak terbagi
2. 2/1 TB (2/1 UD)
: 2 lajur, 1 jalur, tak terbagi
3. 4/2 B (4/2 D)
: 4 lajur, 2 jalur, terbagi
4. n/2 B (n/2 D)
: n lajur, 2 jalur, terbagi
Adapun lebar jalur untuk jalan antara kota, yang ditentukan oleh jumlah dan lebar lajur sesuai dengan volume arus lalu lintas harian rencana (VLHR), dikemukakan tabel di bawah ini.
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Tabel Lebar Jalur Ideal & Minimum Untuk Jalan Antar Kota (meter)
VLHR
Arteri
(smp/ja
Ideal
Kolektor
Minimum
Ideal
Lokal
Minimum
Ideal
Minimum
m) < 3000
6.0
4.5
6.0
4.5
6.0
4.5
3000 -
7.0
6.0
7.0
6.0
7.0
6.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
**
-
-
2n x 3.5*
2 x 7.0*
2n x 3.5*
**
-
-
10000 10001 25000 > 25000
Keterangan, **) Mengacu pada persyaratan ideal *) 2 jalur terbagi, masing-masing n x 3.5 m, n: jumlah lajur perjalur. - Tidak ditentukan Sumber : Tata Cara Perencanaan Geometrik Jalan Antar Kota 1997
Lebar jalur minimum untuk ruas jalan antar kota adalah 4.5 meter dan untuk ruas jalan perkotaan adalah 4,0 meter, yang y ang maish memungkinkan 2 kendaraan kecil dapat saling berpapasan. Namun bila yang saling berpapasan dua kendaraan besar atau salah satunya kendaraan besar, maka dapat kendaraan-kendaraan tersebut dapat menggunakan bahu jalan. Lebar lajur kendaraan ditentukan berdasarkan pertimbangan beberapa hal sebagai berikut:
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ratanya permukaan, gaya sentrifugal di tikungan dan gaya angin akibat kendaraan lain menyiap. Lajur (Lane) Lajur (Lane) adalah adalah bagian jalur lalu lintas yang memanjang, dengan atau tanpa marka jalan, yang memiliki lebar cukup untuk satu kendaraan bermotor sedang berjalan, selain sepeda motor (Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 43 Tahun 1993). Lebar lajur tergantung dari kecepatan rencana dan kendaraan rencana, di samping fungsi dan kelas jalan, sebagaimana tabel 2.2.
Tabel Lebar Lajur Jalan Ideal Untuk Jalan Antar Kota
Fungsi Jalan
Kelas Jalan
Lebar Lajur Ideal (m)
Arteri
I, II, IIIA
3.75 3.50
Kolektor
IIIA, IIIB
3.00
Lokal
IIIC
3.00
Sumber : Tata Cara Perencanaan Geometrik Jalan Antar Kota 1997
Jumlah lajur ditetapkan berdasar tingkat kinerja ruas jalan (v-c ratio, MKJI 1994) Untuk kelancaran sistem drainase permukaan jalan, maka lajur lalu lintas pada alinyemen lurus harus diberi kemiringan melintang normal sebesar: a. 2 - 3 % untuk jalan dengan perkerasan aspal atau beton. b. 4 - 5 % untuk jalan dengan perkerasan kerikil
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A.
Volume Lalu Lintas. Volume lalu- lintas menyatakan jumlah lalu- lintas per- hari dalam satu tahun untuk kedua jurusan.Untuk ini memerlukan penyelidikan lapangan selama 24 jam selama 1 tahun dan dilaksanakan tiap tahun dengan mencatat setiap jenis kendaraan bermotor dan kendaraan fisik. Jumlah lalu- lintas per- hari dalam satu tahun dinyatakan sebagai lalu- lintas harian rata- rata ( disingkat sebagai “ LHR “= Lalu -lintas Harian Rata-rata ). LHR =
Jumlah lalu-lintas dalam 1 tahun Jumlah hari dalam 1 tahun (365 hari)
Berhubung pada umumnya lalu-lintas pada jalan raya terdiri dari campuran kendaraan cepat, kendaraan lambat, kendaraan berat, kendaraan ringan dan kendaraan tak bermotor (kendaraan fisik), maka dalam hubungannya dengan kapasitas jalan (jumlah kendaraan maximum yang melewati satu titik / tempat dalam satu satuan waktu) mengakibatkan adanya pengaruh dari setiap jenis kendaraan tersebut terhadap keseluruhan arus lalu-lintas. Pengaruh ini diperhitungkan dengan meng-okivalenkan terhadap kendaraan standard. Faktor ekivalen (FE) yang digunakan untuk menilai setiap kendaraan terhadap
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Seperti telah di katakan sebelumnya, bahwa untuk ini harus diketahui jumlah lalu lintas per hari dalam satu tahun serta arah dan tujuan lalu lintas, sehingga perlu penyelidikan lapangan terhadap setiap jenis kendaraan untuk mendapatkan data LHR. Data LHR sudah cukup memuaskan untuk perencanaan jalan dengan arah lalu lintas rendah, akan tetapi tidak menggambarkan secara memuaskan untuk lalu lintas tinggi, disebabkan data LHR untuk perencanaan jalan lalu lintas tinggi ada kelemahannya yaitu, tidak dapat menggambarkan keadaan lalu lintas dalam satu hari secara berturut – berturut –turut. turut. Dalam hal tersebut diatas, maka untuk perencanaan jalan dengan lalu lintas tinggi perlu di ambil sebesar volume jam per hari yang harganya 10-15% LHR, tergantung dari fungsi jalan.
B.
Sifat dan Komposisi Lalu Lintas L intas Sifat lalu lintas meliputi lambat dan cepatnya kendaraan yang bersangkutan sedangkan komposisi lalu lintas menggambarkan jenis kendaraan yang melaluinya. Dalam penggunaannya hanya dipakai kendaraan bermotor saja yang dibagi dalam kelompok :
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8.
Faktor (f). Faktor F adalah variasi tingkat lalu-lintas pe r 15 menit dalam satu jam.
9.
Faktor VLHR (K) Faktor untuk mengubah volume yang dinyatakan dalam VLHR menjadi lalu-lintas jam sibuk.
10. Volume Jam Rencana (VJR) VJR adalah prakiraan volume lalu-lintas pada jam sibuk tahun rencana lalu-lintas, dinyatakan dalam smp/ jam, dihitung dengan rumus : VJR = VLHR x
K
F VJR digunakan untuk menghitung jumlah lajur jalan dan fasilitas lalu-lintas lainnya yang diperlukan. 11. Kapasitas ( C ) Volume lalu-lintas maksimum (mantap) yang dapat dipertahankan (tetap) pada suatu bagian jalan dalam kondisi tertentu (misalnya : rencana geometrik, lingkungan, komposisi lalu-lintas dsb). 12. Derajat kejenuhan (DS). Rasio volume lalu-lintas terhadap kapasitas
C.
Kecepatan Rencana Lalu Lintas
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Catatan : Untuk kondisi kondisi medan yang sulit, V R suatu segmen jalan dapat diturunkan dengan syarat bahwa penurunan tersebut tidak lebih dari
D. Bahu Jalan Bahu Jalan (Shoulder) Jalan (Shoulder) adalah adalah bagian jalan yang terletak di tepi jalur lalu lintas. Bentuk fisik bahu jalan diperkeras dan tidak diperkeras. Sedangkan fungsi bahu jalan, meliputi: a) Sebagai lajur lalu lintas darurat, tempat berhenti sementara dan atau untuk tempat parkir kendaraan. b) Sebagai ruang bebas samping bagi lalu lintas. c) Sebagai penyangga sampai untuk kestabilan perkerasan jalur lalu lintas. d) Secara konstruksi, memberikan dukungan dari samping pada konstruksi jalur lalu lintas e) Ruang untuk berhenti sementara kendaraan yang mogok atau sekedar berhenti karena pengemudi ingin berorientasi mengenai jurusan yang akan ditempuh, atau untuk istirahat. f) Ruang untuk menghindar pada saat-saat darurat, sehingga dapat mencegah terjadinya kecelakaan.
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Tabel Lebar Bahu Jalan Ideal & Minimum Untuk Jalan Antar Kota (meter)
VLHR
Arteri
(smp/jam)
Ideal Minimum
Ideal
< 3000
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
-
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
-
2.0
2.0
2.0
**
-
-
2.5
2.0
2.0
**
-
-
3000
Kolektor Minimum
Lokal Ideal
Minimum
10000 10001 25000 > 25000
Keterangan, **) Mengacu pada persyaratan ideal
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Tabel Lebar Minimum Bahu Sebelah Kanan/Dalam Jalan Perkotaan
Tipe Jalan Tipe I
Tipe II
Kelas
Lebar bahu Kanan/Dalam (m)
1
1.00
2
0.75
1
0.50
2
0.50
3
0.50
4
0.50
Sumber : Standar Perencanaan Geometrik Untuk Jalan Perkotaan (1992)
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Besarnya lebar bahu jalan sangat dipengaruhi oleh : a) Fungsi Jalan Jalan Arteri direncanakan untuk kecepatan yang lebih tinggi dari pada jalan lokal, dengan demikian jalan arteri membutuhkan kekebasan samping, keamanan dan kenyamanan yang lebih besar, hal ini menuntut lebar bahu yang lebih besar juga. b) Volume lalu lintas Volume lalu lintas yang tinggi membutuhkan lebar bahu yang lebih besar dibanding dengan volume lalu lintas yang lebih rendah. c) Kegiatan disekitar jalan Jalan yang melintasi daerah perkotaan, pasar, sekolah, membutuhkan lebar bahu yang lebih besar dari pada jalan yang melintasi daerah rural, karena bahu jalan tersebut akan dipergunakan pula sebagai tempat parkir dan pejalan kaki.
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dan bila terlalu besar (terjal) bisa didesain dengan metode terasiring - boleh tidak mengikuti kelandaian jalannya.
Penampang saluran samping jalan tanpa pasangan. Ketentuan-ketentuan untuk menentukan dimensi saluran samping tanpa pasangan : a.
Luas minimum penampang saluran samping tanpa pasangan adalah 0,50 m2.
b. Tinggi minimum saluran (T) adalah 50 cm.
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Penampang saluran samping jalan dengan pasangan. Ketentuan-ketentuan umum untuk menentukan dimensi saluran jalan dengan pasangan: a. Luas minimum penampang saluran samping dengan pasangan adalah 0.50 b.
Tinggi minimal saluran (T) adalah 70 cm.
2
m .
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F.
Talud - Kemiringan Lereng Konstruksi berupa timbunan tanah (ditutupi rumput), tembok penahan tanah, bronjong, lereng bertingkat. Talud terbentuk dari tanah hendaknya dibuat dengan kemiringan 2H : 1V, tetapi untuk tanah berpotensi dan mudah longsor, sebaiknya disesuaikan dengan landai yang aman atau diestimasi menurut stabilitas lereng. Untuk memperkuat talud pada tanah yang kurang stabil biasanya dibangun
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Penempatan trotoar Fasilitas pejalan kaki berupa trotoar ditempatkan di: a) Daerah perkotaan secara umum yang tingkat kepadatan penduduknya tinggi. b) Jalan yang memiliki rute angkutan umum yang tetap. c) Daerah yang memiliki aktivitas kontinyu yang tinggi, seperti misalnya jalan-jalan dipasar dan pusat perkotaaan.
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J.
Pengaman Tepi
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Sejalur tanah tertentu diluar Damaja tetapi termasuk dalam daerah Damija
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Tabel Lebar minimum bagian-bagian jalan untuk masing-masing hirarki
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