Makalah Hematoma Epidural (Edit) (3) - 1

 

MYUCMA DEWE^MZM\MA JMZM\ LM^U^M\ LEAJMA \^MUHM DEWM@M (CEHM\FHM EWKLU^M@)

Wehnumtma hmdm`mc kak nertuouma uatud heheauck symrmt sm`mc smtu tujms hmtm du`kmc Depermwmtma Jmwmt Lmrurmt Lfsea?

Yuhnmrm, Y. Dep., Aers., H. Dep Lksusua? De`fhpfd >, De`ms N Deik` =. Lmpkl Mrkma

MD.=.=2.7==

>. E`kc Aurru` Cmsmamc

MD.=.=2.7=2

9. Jckam Aur Hmu`klm

MD.=.=2.7>>

2

5. @ksam Zklkymatk

MD.=.=2.79=

2. @ksamsmrk

MD.=.=2.79>

:. Yksdm Dfhmrkymc

MD.=.=2.77=;

 

DM\M WEAJMA\M^ 

M`cmhlu`k``mc sejm`m puok syudur dmhk pmaomtdma decmlkrmt M``mc YZ\, dmream mtms `khpmcma rmchmt lma cklmymc-Aym peau`ks lmpmt heaye`esmkdma tujms hmdm`mc kak. Lm`m Lm `mh h peay eayusua usuama ma hmdm` mdm`mc mc kak, peau` eau`ks ks nmay maymd heal ealmpmt mpmt smrm smrmaa, lfrfaj lfr fajma, ma, ser sertm tm det determa ermajma jma-de -determ termajm ajmaa lmr lmrkk nernmj nernmjmk mk pkcmd pkcmd yma ymajj her herupm upmdma dma  peajm`mhma ymaj tklmd lmpmt lkudur seimrm hmterk, amhua lmpmt hehnudmdma hmtm peau`ks nmcwm sesuajjucaym peajm`mhma lma peajetmcuma tersenut mlm`mc juru ymaj ternmkd nmjk peau`ks. Lm`mh peayusuama hmdm`mc kak, peau`ks heaymlmrk hmskc terlmpmt nmaymd  de dedu durma rmajm jmaa ymaj ymaj lknu lknumt mt nmkd nmkd seaj seajmom mom hmup hmupua ua tk tklm lmdd seaj seajmo mom, m, lk lkdm dmre ream amdm dmaa detern det ernmtms mtmsma ma k`hu k`hu pea peajet jetmcu mcuma ma lma wmw wmwmsm msmaa ser sertm tm peajm` peajm`mhm mhmaa ymaj ymaj peau`k peau`kss hk`kdk. Uatud ktu dmhk hfcfa hmmb mtms sejm`m dedurmajma tersenut lma tklmd  heau he autu tupp lkrk lkrk terc tercml mlmp mp sejm sejm`m `m smrma smrma lma lma drkt drktkd kd sert sertmm hmsu hmsudm dmaa ymaj ymaj ners nerskb kbmt mt dfatrudtkb nmjk peau`ks. Mdckr dmtm sehfjm hmdm`mc kak lmpmt nerhmabmmt nmjk dktm sehum. Nmaluaj, 7= Mprk` >7=;

\kh Weayusua

k

 

LMB\M^ KYK DM\M WEAJMA\M^.............................. WEAJMA\M^.................................................... ............................................ .........................................k ...................k LMB\M^ KYK.................................. KYK........................................................ ........................................................................ ..................................................kk kk NMN K WEALMCU@UMA......................... WEALMCU@UMA............................................... ............................................ ........................................= ..................=

=.= @mtmr Ne`mdmaj............. Ne`mdmaj................................... ............................................ .........................................................= ...................................= =.> ^uhusma Hmsm`mc........................................ Hmsm`mc.............................................................. ............................................... .........................== =.9 \uouma Weau`ksma............. Weau`ksma................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................> ..........> =.< Hmabmmt Weau`ksma............ Weau`ksma.................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...............................> .........> NMN KK \KAOMUMA \EF^K.................................................... \EF^K.......................................................................... ..............................9 ........9

>.= Mamtfhk Bkskf`fjk Ftmd.................. Ftmd........................................ ............................................ .......................................9 .................9 >.> Dfasep \rmuhm Ftmd.................. Ftmd........................................ .............................................................. ........................................>7 >7 >.9 Lebkaksk Cehmtfhm Epklurm`....................................................................95 >.< Epklehkf`fjk................................. Epklehkf`fjk....................................................... ............................................ ...................................... ................92 92 >.5 Wmtfbkskf`fjk..............................................................................................9: >.2 Lkmjafsks.............................. Lkmjafsks.................................................... ............................................ ...............................................9; .........................9; >.: Jmhnmrma D`kaks Werlmrmcma Epklurm`.....................................................9; >.3 Weherkdsmma Weauaomaj............................................... Weauaomaj................................................................. ............................. ........... >.; Weamtm`mdsmamma........................................................................................5= >.=7 Msucma Depermwmtma Nerlmsmrdma \efrk................................................53 \efrk................................................53 NMN KKK WEHNMCMYMA........................... WEHNMCMYMA................................................. ...................................................... ...................................2; ...2;

9.= Msucma Depermwmtma Dmsus............ Dmsus.................................. ............................................ ....................................2; ..............2; 9.> Mam`ksks Ouram`............... Ouram`...................................... ............................................. ................................................... ..............................:2 .:2 NMN KR WEAU\UW............................... WEAU\UW..................................................... ............................................ ...................................... ...................:3 ...:3

^uhusma ^uhusma Hmsm`mc Hmsm`mc

Nerlmsmrdma `mtmr ne`mdmaj lkmtms hmdm lmpmt lkruhusdma hmsm`mc senmjmk  nerkdut? =. Nmjmk Nmjmkhmam hmam mamtf mamtfhk hk bks bkskf`fj kf`fjkk Ftmd6 Ftmd6 =

 

>. Mpm ymaj lkhmd lkhmdsul sul \rmuhm \rmuhm Depm`m6 9. Mpm yymaj maj llkhmds khmdsul ul Cehmtf Cehmtfhm hm Epklu Epklurm`6 rm`6 . Hmcms Hmcmskswm kswm hmhpu hmhpu heajetm heajetmcuk cuk lma hehmcmh hehmcmhkk dfasep lmsm lmsmrr Cehmtfhm Epklurm` 9. Hmcms Hmcmskswm kswm hmhpu hmhpu heajetm heajetmcuk cuk lma hehmcmh hehmcmhkk dfasep lmsm lmsmrr Msucma Depermwmtma Cehmtfhm Epklurm`.

 

NMN KK \KAOMUMA \EF^K

>.= Mamtfhk Mamtfhk Bkskf`fjk Bkskf`fjk Ftmd  Ftmd 

Ftmd lepma mtmu prfseaiepcm`fa (suprmteatfrkm) terlkrk te`eaiepcm`fah (Lumm ne` (Lu ne`mcm mcmaa ftm ftmdd lma strudt strudtur ur jmrks jmrks tea teajmc jmc ymaj ymaj heajcu heajcunua nuajdm jdma) a) lma lkeaiepcm`fa. Ftmd teajmc mtmu heseaiepcm`fa ter`etmd lk matmrm ftmd lepma lma ftmd ne`md ne`mdmaj. maj. He`ewmtk he`m`uk ierene``k ierene``k teatfrkuh. teatfrkuh. Ftmd ne`mdmaj ne`mdmaj mtmu rcfhneaiepcm`fa (kabrmteatfrkm`) terlkrk lmrk pfas, helu`m fn`fajmtm lma ftmd  deik`. Lk nmjkma perteajmcma ftmd, pfas lma helu``m nersmhm-smhm hehnumt  nmtmaj ftmd Wmaomaj helu``m spkam`ks sedktmr lksdus frmaj lewmsm. Leajma lehkdkma, puajsk `uhnm` cmrus se`m`u lk`mdudma pmlm mtmu lk nmwmc @9-.=.= Yksteh Ymrmb \epk

Yksteh smrmb perkber heajcunuajdma sksteh smrmb pusmt leajma sksm tunuc. Yehum hftfrkd, smrmb seasfrkd lma ftfafh se` lma sermt `umrr IAY uhuha `um uhuhaym ym lkmajj lkmajjmp mp senmjm senmjmkk nmjkma nmjkma lmrk sksteh sksteh smrmb smrmb tepk. tepk. Yeimrm dcusus sksteh smrmb tepk terlkrk lmrk nmjkma veatrm` mdmr smrmb  (hftfr (hf tfrkd) kd),, lfr lfrsm` sm` mdm mdmrr smrmb smrmb (Ye (Yeasf asfrkd rkd), ), jmaj`k jmaj`kmm spkam` spkam`,, lma ser sertm tm senmjkma senmj kma nesmr lmrk ftfa ftfafh fh sksteh smrmb (truad skhpmtkd) skhpmtkd).. Lum aervus ymaj terhmsud lm`mh susuama smrmb pusmt ymktu, Aervus f`bmdtfrkus lma fptkdus. Yususama Ymrmb \epk terlkrk lmrk vmrkmne` ymaj nerksk brmdsk hftfrkd, seasfrkd, lma ftfafh sermnut smrmb (mdsfa). Yenumc smrmb 

 

 perkber lknumt lmrk nenermpm duhpu`ma mdsfa, lksenut bmskdu`m, ymaj hmskaj-hmsk hmska j-hmskaj aj lktut lktutupk upk f`ec se`un se`unuaj uaj omrkaj omrkajma ma kdmt (perkaeurkuh (perkaeurkuh). ). Omrkajma Omrka jma kdmt ter`et ter`etmd md lk matmrm mdsfa lm`mh se`unuaj se`unuaj tersenut lksenu lksenutt ealfaeurkuh, lma matmrm bmskdu`m lksenut epkaeurkuh. Bmskdu`m nerksk hye`ka hye `ka lma mdsfa mdsfa uah uahye` ye`kamt kamtel, el, ealfae ealfaeurk urkuh, uh, lma dmpk`e dmpk`er. r. mdsfa mdsfa kalkvklu lkde`k`kajk f`ec Ye`se` ymaj healuduaj lksenut se` Yicwmaa. Ye Ye`` Yi Yicw cwma maaa tuaj tuajjm jm`` heaj heaje` e`k` k`ka kajk jk nene nenerm rmpm pm mdsf mdsfaa lmrk lmrk tk tkpe pe uahye` uah ye`kam kamtel tel.. Hehnrm Hehnrmaa lk sed sedktm ktmrr mdsfa mdsfa hea heajcm jcmsk` sk`dma dma se`unu se`unuaj aj hye`ka ymaj heautupk mdsfa hye`kamtel. Omrmd deik` mdsfa hye`kamtel matmrm smtu leajma ymaj `mka lksenut skhpu` ^mavker. Yksteh smrmb  heakajdmt heaka jdmt deiep deiepmtma mtma dfal dfaludsk udsk leajma detenm detenm`ma `ma se`unuaj se`unuaj hye`k hye`ka. a. Dcus Dc usus us zfam zfam dfat dfatmd md matm matmrm rm sermt sermt smrmb smrmb hftf hftfrkd rkd lma lma ft ftft ft lk lkse senu nutt aeurfhusiu`mr ymaj herupmdma perskhpmajma mtmu pkrkaj mdckr hftfr. khpu kh pu`s `s ymaj ymaj tkhn tkhnu` u` lm`m lm`mh h res resep eptf tfrr seas seasfr frkd kd lmrk lmrk du`k du`kt,t, bmskm bmskm,, ft ftft ft,, sealk,k, frjma seal frjma,, lma nmjkma `mka tunu tunucc perom`m perom`mama ama terpusmt he`m`uk kalerm kalerm (Mberea) sermnut smrmb. sermt kak hehk`kdk nmlma se` lm`mh jmaj`km mdmr  lfrsm` lfr sm` (ps (pseul eulfua fuakpf kpf`mr `mr se`) se`) lma hea heaimp impmk mk suhsuh suhsuh tu` tu`maj maj ne` ne`mdm mdmaj aj ymaj nermsm lmrk mdmr lfrsm`. Yksteh smrmb ftfafh heajmtur buajsk lmrk fr frjm jmaa-fr frjm jmaa kate katera ram` m` lm`m lm`mh h he heam amaj ajjm jmpk pk `k `kaj ajdu duaj ajma ma ka kate tera ram` m` lma edsteram` ymaj nerunmc. >.=.>

\eajdfrmd 

\eajdfrmd (drmakuh) heaeatudma neatud depm`m, hulmc lkrmnm he`m` e`m`uk uk `mpk `mpkssma tkp tkpks ftf ftft lma lma om omrk rkaajma kd kdmt mt yma ymaj heau eautu tuppk. aeurfi aeu rfirma rmakuh kuh yma ymajj heh hehnua nuajdu jduss ftm ftmd, d, `mnkrka `mnkrka,, lma te` te`kaj kajmm teajmc teajmc.. @mpksma `umr lma lm`mh teajdfrmd lkcunuajdma f`ec dmase`us rumaj tu`maj lma suhsuh (lkp`fe). Mtmp tu`maj teajdfrmd (im`vmrkm) lmrk rehmom lma frmaj lewmsm ymaj dmdu lkcunuajdma leajma omcktma lma tu`maj rmwma (syaicfalrfses). Yuturm dfrfam` he`ums lk detkjm brfatm` lm lmrk rk mtmp mtmp teaj teajdf dfrm rmd. d. Yu Yutu turm rm smjk smjktm tm`k `kss te ter` r`et etmd md lk jmrk jmrkss te teaj ajmc mc,, hehper`ums hualur lmrk omcktma dfrfam` lma nkburimtkaj mtms teajdud  uatud hehneatud omcktma `mhnlfkl. Lmermc perskhpmajma brfatm`,

 

 pmrketm`, tehpfrm`, lma tu`maj spceafkl lksenut pterkfa tersenut4 nmwmc  pterkfa ter`etmd nkburdmsk lmrk teajmc mrterk heakajem`. Lmsmr teajdfrmd   nmjkma lm`mh hehneatud `matmk rfajjm teajdfrmd, ymaj ternmjk heaomlkk mat heaoml materkf erkfr, r, tea teajmc jmc,, lma bfs bfsmm drm drmakm akm`` pfsterk pfsterkfr. fr. Bfss Bfssmm mat materkf erkfr  r  heay he aymh mhpm pmkd kdma ma trmd trmdtu tuss peai peaiku kuhm hmaa lma perh perhud udmma mma nmsm nmsm`` lmr lmrkk `f `fnu nuss brfatm`4 bf bfsssm teaj eajmc, mc, perhudmma nmsm` lmr mrkk `fnus tehpfrm rm``, ckpftm`mhus, lma de`eaomr ckpfbksks4 pfsterkfr bfssm, ftmd deik`, pfas, lma helu``m. Nmjkma materkfr lma bfssm teajmc lknerk nmtms lmrk smtu smhmm `mka smh `mka `mterm` `mterm` f`ec tep tepkk pfs pfsterk terkfr fr lmr lmrkk smymp smymp (`en (`enkc kc realmc realmc)) lmrk tu`maj tu` maj spc spceaf eafkl, kl, lma hel helkm` km` f`e f`ecc spcea spceafkl fklm`e m`e oujuh. oujuh. \eajmc \eajmc lma  pfsterkfr bfssm lknerk nmtms lmrk smtu smhm `mka `mterm` f`ec f`e c tepk mtms lmrk  pkrmhklm petrfsm, lma helkm` f`ec se``me lfrsuh. >.=.9

Yim`p

@mpksma du`kt depm`m mlm`mc du`kt (terhmsud epklerhks, lerhks, lma rmhnut), omrkajma kdmt sundutkdu`mr, ymaj bmskm jm`em mpfaeurftkim,  omrkajma kdmt sunmpfaeurftki `fajjmr, lma perkfsteuh teajdfrmd  (tea (teajd jdfr frmd md). ). ^m ^mhn hnut ut du`k du`ktt depm depm`m `m tu tuhn hnuc uc sedk sedktm tmrr = ih per per nu`m nu`ma. a. Cunuajma matmrm jm`em lma teajdfrmd mlm`mc pfase` deium`k lk tepk mtms lmrk frnkt, `eajduajma zyjfhmtki, lma fdskpktm` tfaof`ma edsteram`. `udm du`k du`ktt depm depm`m `m ymaj ymaj lmaj lmajdm dm`` uatu uatudd jm`e jm`emm ymaj ymaj tk tklm lmdd heay heayen enmn mndm dmaa cehmtf ceh mtfhm hm nes nesmr, mr, lma uouaju uouajuoua ouajay jaymm du`kt du`kt nkmsma nkmsmaym ym tet tetmp mp lkledm lkledmtk. tk. @udm ymaj he`knmtdma jm`em huajdka jmpe4 sim`pkaj ielerm mlm`mc heredm ymaj jm`em rfned omuc lmrk perkfsteuh. perlmrmcma sunjm`em` tersenmr lk perhudmma teajdfrmd. >.=.<

Heakajea

Heakajem mlm`mc sumtu se`mput omrkajma kdmt ymaj hehnuajdus eaicepm``fa lma helu``m spkam`ks. \erlkrk lmrk lurmhmter, mrmicafkl lma pkm pkmhmt hmter, er, ymaj ymaj `etm `etmday daymm ner neruru urutma tma lmr lmrkk superb superbkik kikm` m` de prfbua prfbualm. lm. Werkd Werkdrma rmaku kuh h ymaj ymaj hmsk hmskcc he heru rupm pmdm dmaa nmjk nmjkma ma lmrk lmrk `m `mpk pksm smaa lm`m lm`mh h teajdfrmd lma lurmhmter nersmhm-smhm lksenut oujm pmicyheakajeas. Yeheatmrm pkmhmter lma mrmicafklhmter lksen lksenut ut oujm `eptfheakajeas.

 

Jmhnmr =. @mpksma Heakajea

Lurm Lu rmhm hmte terr ter terlk lkrk rk lmr lmrkk omrk omrkaj ajma ma bk bknr nrfu fuss ymaj ymaj dumt dumt,, nerw nerwmr mram am  putkc, terlkrk lmrk `mhkam heakajem`ks lma `mhkam ealfstem`ks. Wmlm helu``m helu ``m spka spkam`ks m`ks `mhkam ealf ealfstem`k stem`kss he`edmt he`edmt ermt pmlm lkalkaj dmam`ks vertenrm`ks, heaomlk ealfsteuh (perkfsteuh), seckajjm lkmatmrm `mhkam heak he akaj ajem` em`ks ks lma `mhk `mhkam am ealf ealfte tem`k m`kss te terl rlmp mpmt mt rf rfaj ajjm jm edst edstrml rmlur urm` m`ks ks (spmtkuh epklurm`ks) ymaj nerksk omrkajma kdmt `fajjmr, `ehmd lma    p`edsus veafsus. Wmlm `mpksma perkdrmakuh nmaymd terlmpmt mrterk

heakajem`, ymaj heasup`mk lurmhmter lma suhsuh tu`maj pmlm dunmc teajdf tea jdfrmd rmd.. Wml Wmlmm eai eaicep cepm`f m`faa `mh `mhkam kam ealfte ealftem`k m`kss he`edm he`edmtt ermt pmlm pmlm  perhudmma katerkfr irmakuh, terutmhm pml suturm, nmsks drmakm lma tepk t epk bfrmhea bfrmh ea fiikp fiikpktm` ktm` hmjau hmjauh. h. @mhkam @mhkam heaka heakajem`k jem`kss hehk`kdk hehk`kdk perhudmma perhudmma ymajj `kika yma `kika lma lk` lk`mpk mpksk sk f`e f`ecc sumtu sumtu `mp `mpksm ksmaa se`, se`, la heh hehnea neatud tud ehpmt ehpmt  numc septm ymktu bm`x ierenrk, teatfrkuh ierene`k, bm`x ierene`k lma lkmbrmjhm se``me.

 

Bm`x ierenrk hehksmcdma delum ne`mcma ftmd nesmr lma lknmtmsk f`ec skaus smjktm` kaberkfr lma superkfr. Wmlm nmjkma lepma bmdx ierenrk tercunuaj tercu nuaj leajma Drkst Drkstmm jm``k, lma nerimn nerimnmaj maj lkne` lkne`mdmaj mdmaj hehneatud  teatfr tea tfrkuh kuh ier ierene ene`k. `k. \ea \eatfr tfrkuh kuh ier ierene ene``m ``m hehnmj hehnmjkk rfajjm rfajjm irm irmaku akuh h heaomlkk rum heaoml rumaj aj sup suprmte rmteatf atfrkm rkm`` lma kabrmt kabrmteat eatfrk frkm`. m`. Bm`x Bm`x iere ierene` ne`kk ymaj ymaj  nerudurma `enkc deik` hehksmcdma delum ne`mcma ftmd deik`. Bm`x ierene`k heautupk skaus fiikpktm` lma pmlm nmjkma ne`mdmaj tercunuaj leajma tu`maj fdskpktm`.

Jmhnmr 9. @mpksma @mhkam Heakajem`ks Lurmhmter lkpersmrmbk f`ec aervus trkjehkaus lma aervus vmjus.  Aervus trkjehkaus hehpersmrmbk lmermc mtmp irmakm`, bfssm irmakuh materkfr lma teajmc. Yeheatmrm aervus vmjus hehpersmrmbkbfsm

 

 pfsterkfr. Ayerk lmpmt lkrmsmdma okdm mlm rmabsmaja `majsuaj te tercmlmp rcmlmp lurmhm lur mhmter ter,, seheat seheatmrm mrm omr omrkaj kajma ma ftd sealkr sealkrkk tklmd tklmd sea seaskt sktkve kve terc tercmlm mlmpp rmajsmajma ayerk. Nenermpm aervus irmakm` lma pehnu`uc lmrmc ymaj heasup hea sup`mk `mk ftm ftmdd ner nerom` om`ma ma he`kat he`katmsk msk lur lurmhm mhmter ter lma nermlm nermlm lkm lkmtms tmsaym aym seck seckaj ajjm jm lkse lksenu nutt oujm oujm sejh sejhea ea extr extrml mlur urm` m` ka katr trmi mirma rmakm` km`.. Yeck Yeckaj ajjm jm  nenermpm aervus lma pehnu`uc lmrmc tersenut lmpmt lkomajdmu smmt fpermsk tmapm cmrus hehnudm lurmhmter. Lknmwmc `mpksma lurmhmter, terlmpmt mrmicafklhmter. ^umajma ymajj tern yma terneat eatud ud lkm lkmatm atmrm rm del deluma umaym, ym, lksenu lksenutt oujm oujm spm spmtku tkuh h sunlu sunlurm`, rm`,  nerksk pehnu`uc lmrmc dmpk`er, veam peajcunuaj lma imkrma `khbe. Okdm teromlk ielerm, lmpmt teromlk perlmrmcma sunlurm`. Mrmicafklhmter ymaj hehn he hnua uajd jdus us nmsk nmskss ie iere renr nrkk nern nernea eatu tudd te tenm nm`` selm selmaj ajdm dmaa ymaj ymaj hehnuajdu hehnua jduss bmik bmikes es iere ierenrk nrk tkp tkpks ks lma trma trmaspm spmrma rmat.t. Mrmica Mrmicafkl fklhmte hmter  r  hehn he hnea eatu tudd tfao tfaof` f`ma ma-t -tfa faof of`m `maa de deik ik`` ymaj ymaj lk lkse senu nutt jrma jrmau` u`mt mtkf kfaa mrmicaklem, hmsud delm`mh skaus veafsus, terutmhm skaus smjktm`ks superkfr. @mpksma lksene`mc prfbualm, he`ums de lm`mh jyrus ierenrk lm lmaa lkma lkmatm tmrm rm bf`k bf`kmm ieren ierenrk. rk. He Hehn hnea eatu tudd te te`m `m icfr icfrfk fkle lemm veat veatki kiu` u`k.k. Lkneat Lkn eatud ud f`e f`ecc ser sermnu mnut-s t-sermn ermnut ut ret retkiu kiu`mrk `mrkss lma e`mstk e`mstks, s, lktutu lktutupk pk f`ec f`ec  pehnu`ucpehnu`uc lmrmc ierenrm`. Lk nmwmc `mpksma mrmicafklhmter terlmpmt pkmhmter. ^umajma ymaj terneatud lkmatmrm delumaym, lksenut oujm spmtkuh sunmrmicafkl,  nerksk imkrma ierenrfspkam` lma neatmajma sermt trmnedu`mr (trmnedu`m mrmica mrm icafkl fklem). em). Wkmhmt Wkmhmter er hea heaehp ehpe` e` ermt ermt pmlm pmlm perhud perhudmma mma ftmd ftmd lma heajkdutk neatud setkmp su`dus lma jyrus ftmd. Wehnu`uc lmrmc ftmd  hehmsudk ftmd leajma heaehnus `mpksma pkmhmter. Deium`k pehnu`uc dmpk`e dmp k`er, r, seh sehum um peh pehnu` nu`uc uc lmr lmrmc mc yma ymajj hehmsu hehmsudk dk ftmd ftmd lk`mpk lk`mpksk sk f`ec f`ec se`unuaj pkm` lma se`maoutaym hehnrma j`km` ymaj hehksmcdma heredm lmrk aeurfpk`. ^umajma perkvmsdu`er ymaj lk`mpksk f`ec hehnrma kak  nerksk imkrma ierenrfspkam`. W`exus dfrfkl lmrk veatrkde` ierenrk ymaj heasdresk imkrma serenrfspkam`, lkneatud f`ec `kpmtma pehnu`uc lmrmc  pkm` (te`m icfrfklem) ymaj lkse`unuajk f`ec se`mpks se`mpks epkte` veatrkde`

 

(epealyhm). Wkmhmter terlkrk lmrk `mpksma se` hesflerhm` tkpks sepertk ealcfte`kuh. Ner`mwmama leajma mrmicafkl, hehnrmae kak heautupk sehum perhudmma ftmd lma helu`m spkam`ks. Imkrma serenrfspkam` (IYB) senumc u`trmbk`trmte oe`ms lma tklmd   nerwmram p`mshm lmrmc, terutmhm lkprfludsk lk p`edsus dfrfkl lmrk veatrkde` veatr kde` ftmd lma lk dmpk` dmpk`er er ftmd. Nkmsma Nkmsmaym ym tklmd heajmalua heajmaluajj se`-se se`-se`` lmrmc lmr mc hermc lma pm`kaj pm`kaj nmay nmaymd md < se` lmrm lmrmcc putkc / h`. h`. Buajsk Buajskaym aym mlm`mc nmkd bkskd (dfhpeasmsk uatud perunmcma vf`uhe, nubberkaj lma  pehermtmma

tedmama

katrmdrmakm`

hesdkpua

vmrkmsk

tedmama

malmrterkm`n`ffl veam) malhetmnf`ki (trmaspfrtmsk autrksk lma cfrhfa de ftmd, lma prflud-prflud `khnmc lmrk ktu). \ftm` vf`uhe IYB pmlm frmaj lewmsm mlm`mc im. =57h`, ymaj im. 97 h` lk rumaj sunmrmicafkl tu`maj ne`mdmaj. Nenermpm 577h` imkrma serenrfspkam` lkprfludsk per  cmr mrk, k, sesu sesumk mk leaj eajma m`kr m`krma ma im im.. >7 h` / omh. Leay Leayut ut afrhm frhm`` IYB IYB heaierhkadma leayut ftmd mdknmt perunmcma veam serenrm` lma vf`uhe mrterk, respkrmsk, lma cemlhfveheats. Hmauver Rm`smvm heakajdmtdma tedmama IYB. IYB lkneatud lm`mh p`edsus dfrfkl heajm`kr he`m`uk sksteh veatrk vea trkde` de` lma he`m`u he`m`ukk bfr bfrmhe mheaa Hmj Hmjeal ealke ke lma @usicd @usicdmm de skster sksteram am  nmsm`ks. Dehulkma nerelmr `maout de lm`mh rumaj sunmrmicafkl tu`maj  ne`mdmaj, mtms perhudmma ftmd deik` lma ftmd, mdckraym heaimpmk sktus  peayermpma IYB. Cm` kak terutmhm lksermphe`m`uk vk`k mrmicafkl (jrmau`msk mrmdcafkl, se`-se` pmiickfakma), ymaj pm`kaj he`khpmc lk sepmaomaj skaus smjktm` superkfr tetmpk oujm lktehudma pmlm tkajdmt tu`maj ne`mdmaj. sm`urma IYB he`m`uk vk`k mrmicafkl lm`mh smtu mrmc, lmrk rumaj sunmrmicafkl de dfhpmrtehea veam, leajma hedmakshe dmtup. Kak lksenut nu`dm`krma tmhpmdaym lkimpmk leajma nmatuma fbpkaf vmduf` vmd uf`mm iytftk iytftkii yma ymajj hea heajma jmajdu jdutt IYB, IYB, lma sehum sehum zmt ter`mru ter`mrutt lk lm lm`m `mha haym ym,, lk seal sealfd fd sepe sepert rtkk bm bmsc sckf kfa. a. Wmlm Wmlm smmt smmt ymaj ymaj smhm smhm,, IYB IYB  nerlkbusk de lm`mh omrkajma ftmd ymaj nerledmtma leajma rumaj IYB lma lksermp f`ec dmpk`er. Nmrker tklmd cmrus lkpmcmhk senmjmk tmd 

 

tertehnus4 lm`mh dfalksk afrhm`, sehum prfteka p`mshm hmsud de lm`mh IYB. Yehmdka nesmr hf`edu` prfteka, amhua, `mhm wmdtu ymaj lknutu lkn utucdm cdmaa uat uatud ud heaimp heaimpmk mk IYB IYB,, lma iur iurmh mh jrmlke jrmlkeaa dfasea dfaseatrm trmsk sk  p`mshm / IYB. Weajcm`maj omajdm lmrmc-ftmd (NNN) mlm`mc kstk`mc df`edtkb uatud sehum cmhnmtma ymaj ter`etmd lk matmrm p`mshm lma ae aeur urfp fpk` k`,, sm`m sm`mcc smtu smtuay aymm mlm` mlm`mc mc lmrm lmrmcI cIYB YB nmrrk nmrrker er (N (NIN IN). ). prfs prfses es  peaymdkt serkaj heajunmc perhemnk`ktms NNN, tmpk smajmt omrmaj ymaj lmrk NIN tersenut. Hfrbf`fjks, NIN ymaj lkneatud f`ec epkte` dfrfkl, selmajdma NNN lkneatud f`ec perskhpmajma detmt (zfau`m fii`uleas) lmrkk dmp lmr dmpk`e k`err se` ealfte ealfte`.`. Ymh Ymhpmk pmk seteaj seteajmc mc lmrk lmrk sehum sehum dmpk`er dmpk`er ftmd  ftmd  hehk`kdk strudtur tunu`mr, ymktu, heredm tklmd hehk`kdk ie`mc ymaj heaj he ajcu cunu nuaj ajdm dma. a.

Bksk Bkskf` f`fj fjks ks,,

skst sksteh eh

cmhn cmhnmt mtma ma

he hehu huaj ajdk dkad adma ma

 peajmturma fshf`mrktms omrkajma ftmd lma IYB lma, leajma lehkdkma, tedmam ted mamaa kat katrmd rmdrma rmakm` km` lma vf` vf`uhe uhe.. Nkfdkh Nkfdkhkm, km, NIN mlm`mc mlm`mc perhem perhemne` ne` tfwmter-`mru tfwmt er-`mrutt zmt (e. J., Wrftek Wrftekaa p`msh p`mshm) m) tetmpk tklmd uatud uatud `kpfsf`un `kpfsf`un`e `e zmt sepertk maestesk, fnmt-fnmtma pskdfmdtkb, lma mam`jeskd. NNN, lk sksk `mka `mka,, uhu uhuhay haymm per perhem hemne` ne` terc tercmlm mlmpp zmt `kpfsf `kpfsf`un `un`e `e (nermt (nermt hf`edu hf`edu`` durmaj lmrk 577 lm`tfa) tetmpk tklmd uatud zmt ymaj `mrut lm`mh mkr.

 

>.=.5

Yksteh Dmrftks Drmakm`

Lmrmc lkpfhpm lmrk veatrkde` dkrk omatuaj uatud mrdus mfrtm lma dehulkma de mrterk dmrftkl lma skrdu`msk materkfr lmrk ftmd (dmrftkl kateram`, teajmc ftmd, lma mrterk serenrm` materkfr), lma mrterk sund`mvkm lma skrdu` skrdu`msk msk pfste pfsterkf rkfrr ftm ftmdd (ve (verte rtenrm nrm`,`, nmsk`m nmsk`mr, r, lma pfste pfsterkf rkfrr mrterk mrterk serenrm`). Ykrdu`msk materkfr hehmsfd hmtm, nmsm` jmaj`km, nmjkma lmrk ckpftm`mhus, ymaj brfatm` lma pmrketm` `fnes, lma senmjkma nesmr lmrk `fnus tehpfrm`, selmajdma skrdu`msk pfsterkfr heasup`mk nmtmaj ftmd, ftmd deik`, te`kajm nmjkma lm`mh, `fnus fdskpktm`, tcm`mhus, nmjkma lmrk ckpftm`mhus, lma senmjkma deik` lmrk tehpfrm` `fnus. lmrmc veam lmrk veam lmajdm` lma lm`mh ftmd he`m`uk skaus veam lurm` de veam ouju`mrks kateram` lma lmrk sktu de veam dmvm superkfr lma mtrkuh dmama. Nmjkma edstrmdrmakm` lma katrmdrmakm` lmrk sup`mk lmrmc ftmd sertm ymaj lmrk suhsuh tu`maj ne`mdmaj. >.=.2

Mrterk Drftks Kateram

Kateram` imrftkl mrterk (KIM) he`ewmtk lmsmr teajdfrmd lk dmam` dmrftks, ymaj ter`etmd lk lm`mh nmjkma petrfsm lmrk tu`maj tehpfrm`. Kak  nerom`ma de mtms sedktmr = ih, dehulkma nerunmc materfhelkm``y lma  prfjrmh heauou puaimd petrfsm, lk hmam km huaiu` lmrk tu`maj tehpfrm` uatud hehmsudk skaus dmverafsm. Lm`mh skaus, KIM nerom`ma sepmaomaj perhudmma `mterm` tunuc tu`maj spceafkl (I5 sejhea KIM), dehulkma nerunmc materkfr lma he`ewmtk `mterm` se`m turskdm sepmaomaj lkalkaj `mterm` tu`maj spceafkl (sejhea I).

 

Dehulkma amkd lm`mh rumaj sunmrmicafkl (sejhea I=) smhpmk heaimpmk fbZk``ks `kajdmrma, sktus nkburdmsk terhkam`. Yejhea I9, I sejhea suprmi`kafkl aym. Yejhea I>, I9, lma I< nersmhmsmhm hehneatud skpcfa dmrftks. Mrterk fpctcm`hki huaiu` lmrk tkduajma dmrftks lma nerom`ma lk dmam` fptkd realmc de smrmb fptkd. Ym`mc smtu imnmaj hmtm aym, mrterk retkam seatrm`, seatrm`, he`ewm he`ewmtktk ners nersmhm-smh mhm-smhmm leajma leajma smrmb fptk fptkdd de retkam, lk hmam lmpmt lk`kcmt f`ec fbtm`hfsdfpk. Helkm` uatud prfses i`kafkl,  pfsterkfr nerdfhuakdmsk mrterk huaiu` lmrk lkalkaj pfsterkfr mrterk dmrftkl kateram`, he`ewmtk pfsterkfr lk ledmt leajma smrmb fiu`fhftfr, lma dehulkma nerjmnuaj leajma pfsterkfr mrterk serenrm`. Mrterk dfrfkl mate materkf rkfrr nkms nkmsma maym ym tkhn tkhnu` u` lmrk lmrk KI KIM M lma lma omr omrma majj lmrk lmrk mrter mrterkk seren serenrk. rk. He`katmsk nmwmc sm`urma fptkd, he`ewmtk `mterm` de ierenrk irus lma `mterm` `mterm` tunu tunucc jea jeakiu kiu`mt `mte, e, lma hehm hehmsud sudkk tmalud tmalud kabe kaberkf rkfrr `mterm`, lk hmam km nerjmnuaj leajma icfrfklem te`m

veatrk veatrkde` de`

 

>.=.:

Yksteh Ykrdu`msk Ftmd Materkfr =. Mater Materkfr kfr Ierenr Ierenrm` m` Mr Mrter tery y (MIM) (MIM)

MIM mlm`mc `enkc helkm` lmrk lum mrterk ymaj tkhnu` lmrk nkburdmsk KIM. Kak amkd `mterm` prfses i`kafkl materkfr lma he`ewmtk smrmb fptkd  lma fptkd Ickmsh, hehnerk lmrk imnma imnmajj deik` deik`,, materkfr materkfr nerdfhuak nerdfhuakdmsk dmsk mrterk mrt erk (MI (MIfhh fhhM), M), yma ymajj he` he`kat katmsk msk jmrks jmrks teajmc teajmc uatud uatud ner nerjmn jmnuaj uaj leajma lea jma dfatrm` dfatrm`mter mterm` m` MI MIM. M. Yejhea Yejhea MIM prf prfds dskhm khm`` msm` msm` MIfhhM MIfhhM mlm`mc mlm `mc sejhea sejhea preifh preifhhua huakimt kimtkaj kaj aym (sejhe (sejheaa M=) M=).. Yejhea Yejhea M= lk delum sksk lma MIfhhM nersmhm-smhm hehneatud materkfr seteajmc lmrk `kajdmrma Zk``ks. Yejhea M= hehnerkdma fbb rmtm-rmtm le`mpma  nmsm` perbfrmsk mrterk ymaj hmsud de ftmd he`m`uk sunstmask ner`unmaj mater materkf kfr. r. Mr Mrte terk rk neru neru`m `maj aj Ce Ceun unae aerr huai huaiu` u` lmrk lmrk MIM MIM ledm ledmtt msm` msm` MIfhhM, nmkd lmrk nmjkma lkstm` lmrk M= mtmu lmrk nmjkma prfdskhm` lmrk M>. \ce pfstifhhuakimtkaj sejhea MIM (sejhea M> uatud M5) amkd amkd matm matmrm rm `fnu `fnuss brf brfat atm` m` lma lma nerom nerom`m `maa heau heauou ou fdsk fdskpu putt lk bks bksur urmm katercehkspcerki, sepmaomaj ifrpus im``fsuh lma lk nmwmc pernmtmsma  nenms lmrk ierenrk bm`x, senmjmk tceperkim``fsm`mrtery.YejheatM>, wckic wc kicusu usum``y m``y heh hehner nerkdm kdmaa fbb mrt mrterk erk brfatf brfatfpf` pf`mr, mr, nermdc nermdckr kr lk hmam hmam  nerjmatkma mrterk heaerusdma uatud heaomlk mppfsel de jeau lmrk ifrpus ifr pus im` im``fs `fsuh4 uh4 sej sejhea hea M9 mlm mlm`mc `mc brfatm brfatm`` iehnu iehnuaj aj mricfb mricfb dmpm` dmpm` sepm sepmao aoma majj jeau jeau ters tersen enut ut.. M< lma lma M5 sejh sejhea ea he heao aom` m`ma madm dmaa dmsm dmsmr  r  cfrk cfrkzf zfat atm` m` lk mtms mtms perh perhud udmm mmaa im` im``f `fsm sm`` lma lma heaj heaje` e`um umrd rdma ma imnma imnmajj suprmim``fsm` ymaj nerom`ma lm`mh mrmc pfsterkfr. Lkstrknusk. Mrterk  nmsm` perbfrmsk ymaj tkhnu` lmrk M= hehmsfd ckpftm`mhus veatrm` lma senmjkma lmrk tmajdmk ckpfbksks. mrterk Ceunaer kak hehmsfd depm`m aui` aui`eu euss imul imulmt mtus us,, ymaj ymaj rfst rfstrm rm`` eh ehpm pmtt per` per`kh khmm lmrk lmrk putm putmhe hea, a, ymaj ymaj j`fnus pm``klus, lma dmpsu` kateram`. Wmsfdma lmrmc lmrk nmjkma kaberkfr  jeau jeau lmrk lmrk ifrp ifrpus us im` im``f `fsu suh, h, lma lma lmrk lmrk nf`m nf`m peai peaiku kuh, h, sm`u sm`urm rma, a, lma lma trkjfauh, mlm`mc vmrkmne`. MIfhhM hehnerkdma lmrk imnmaj pusmt materfhelkm` de ckpftm`mhus. Imnmaj lmrk sejhea pfstifhhuakimtkaj lmrk MIM heayelkmdma perhudmma kaberkfr `fnus `fnus brfatm` (brfatfnmsk`mr 

 

mr mrte terk rk), ), he helk lkm` m` lma lma perh perhud udmm mmaa pmrm pmrmsm smjk jktt ttm` m` lmrk lmrk `f `fnu nuss br brfa fatm tm`` (im``fsfhmrjkam` mrterk), `fnu`us pmrmieatrm` (mrterk pmrmieatrm`), helkm` lma perhudmma pmrmsmjkttm lmrk `fnus pmrketm` (preiuaem` mrterk), lma dfrteds lk wk`mymc su`dus pmrketf-fdskpktm` (pmrketf-fdskpktm` mrterk). >. Hkll` Hkll`ee Iere Ierenrk nrk Mrtery Mrtery (H (HIM) IM)

HIM mlm`mc mlm`mc `enkc `mterm` `mterm` lum mrterk ymaj tkh tkhnu` nu` lmrk nkburd nkburdmsk msk KIM.. sej KIM sejhea hea per pertmh tmhmm (H=, (H=, sej sejhea hea spc spceaf eafklm klm`) `) heajkd heajkdutk utk prfses prfses i`kafkl materkfr uatud omrmd = smhpmk > ih. HIM dehulkma nerunmc `mterm` `mterm` uat uatud ud heh hehmsu msudk dk del delm`m m`mhma hma bks bkssur suree Yy`vkm Yy`vkmaa (ym (ymktu ktu,, Yy`vkm Yy`vkmaa tmlmc), lk hmam ktu ter`etmd pmlm perhudmma kasu`m lma hehnerkdma imnmaj imn maj-imn -imnmaj maj uat uatud ud ktu (H> (H>,, sejhea sejhea kas kasu`m u`mr). r). Ktu hehnua hehnuajdu jdud  d  dehnm` deh nm`kk tmomh tmomh uatud uatud he`mdu he`mdudma dma perom` perom`mam mamaa sep sepmao maomaj maj per perhud hudmma mma fperdu`uh (H9, sejhea fperiu`mr) lma dehulkma mdckraym huaiu` he`m`uk retmdma Yy`vkma de dfavedsktms `mterm` ftmd (H< lma H5, sejhea terhkam`). Lkstrknusk. imnmaj deik` lmrk H= (tcm`mhfstrkmte lma mrterk `eatkiu`fstrkmte) hehmsfd jmaj`km nmsm`, i`mustruh, lma kateram`, edsteram`, lma edstrkh dmpsu`. H> lma H9 imnmaj hehmsfd kasu`m (m (mrt rter erkk kasu kasu`m `mr) r),, nmjk nmjkma ma `mte `mterm rm`` frnk frnktm tm`` lma lma ka kabe berk rkfr fr br brfa fatm tm`` jyrk jyrk (b (brf rfat atfn fnms msm` m` mrt mrter erk), k), lma lma fperd fperdu` u`uh uh te tehp hpfr frm` m`,, te terh rhms msud ud jyru jyruss he`katmaj Cesic` (mrterk tehpfrm`ks). H< lma H5 imnmaj hehmsfd  senmjk sen mjkma ma dfrted dfrtedss `mterm` `mterm` nusua nusuajj ftm ftmd, d, terhms terhmsud ud nmj nmjkma kma-nm -nmjkm jkmaa lmrk lmrk `fnus brfat `fnus brfatm` m` (mrterk lmrk su`ik preieatrm` lma sejktk sejktkjm), jm), `fnus `fnus pmrketm` (materkfr lma mrterk pmrketm` pfsterkfr), lma `fnus tehpfrm` (mrterk lmrk su`ikk pusmt lma pfstse su`i pfstseatrm`k atrm`ks). s). Yeimrm dcus dcusus, us, mrem dfrtk dfrtkdm` dm` peatkaj peatkaj ymaj lkselkmdma f`ec H< lma H5 imnmaj terhmsud hftfr prkher lma lmermc seasfrkd (preieatrm` lma pfstseatrm`ks jyrk) lma lmermc nmcmsm Nrfim lma Zerakide. 9. Ykst Yksteh eh Rete Retenr nrff-Nm Nmsk sk`e `err

Mrterk Mrt erk verten vertenrm` rm`ks ks hua huaiu` iu` lmrk `eajdu `eajduajm ajmaa mrt mrterk erk sun sund`m d`mvkm vkm pmlm pmlm tktkd ymaj lktuaoud R7. \ce prevertenrm` mtmu R= sejhea hehmaomaj lmrk R7 de bfrmhea bfrmhea trmasversmrkuh lmrk prfs prfses es he`katmaj I2. \ce

 

trmasversmr trmas versmrkm` km` mtmu R> sejhea he`ewm he`ewmtktk vertkdm` vertkdm` he`m`uk he`m`uk trmasversmr trmasversmrkm km bfrmhea lmrk I2 he`m`uk I>, lksertmk leajma p`edsus veam lma smrmb  skhpmtks ymaj nermsm` lmrk jmaj`km servkds. Hehnerkdma fbb imnmaj smrmb ser smrmb servkd vkds, s, ver verten tenrm rm lma kat katerv ervert ertenrm enrm`ks `ks sealk, sealk, ftft ftft `ecer, `ecer, lma suhsu suhsuh h tu`maj tu`maj ne` ne`mdm mdmaj aj ser servkd vkds. s. Yerkaj Yerkajdm` dm`k,k, imnmaj imnmaj terdehu terdehudm dm lk tkajdmt I5 nermamstfhfsks leajma mrterk spkam`ks materkfr. Yejhea R9,  oujm lksenut mt`ms (I=) `ffp, nerom`ma `mterm` lma dehulkma seimrm vertkd ver tkdm` m` de trma trmasve sversm rsmrku rkuh h bfr bfrmhe mheaa lmr lmrkk I=, ymaj ymaj he`ewm he`ewmtk, tk, majka majka helkm` hel km` sep sepmao maomaj maj hm hmss ssmm `mterm `mterm`` I=, heaehn heaehnus us pfs pfsterk terkfr fr hehnrm hehnrmaa mt`m mt`mat atff-fd fdsk skpk pktm tm`` ne`m ne`mdm dmaj aj mt`m mt`mat atff- ymaj maj fdsk fdskpk pktm tm`` ners nersmh mhm, m, lma lma dehulkma hehmsudk lurm hmter lma hehnrma mrmicafkl pmlm tkajdmt bfrmhea hmjauh. Lum mrterk vertenrm`ks tklmd smhm lm`mh udurma lk sedk sedktm tmrr :5% :5% lmrk lmrk frma frmaj, j, lma lma sm`m sm`mcc smtu smtuay aymm mlm` mlm`mc mc smaj smajmt mt sehp sehpkt kt (ckpfp`mskm (ckpf p`mskm)) lk sedktmr =7%, nkmsmaym lk sksk dmama. Yejhea R< lmrk mrterk vertenrm`ks ter`etmd sepeaucaym lm`mh rumaj sunmrmicafkl. Kak  nermdckr lk perskhpmajma lum mrterk vertenrm`ks uatud hehneatud mrterk  nmsk`mr, pmlm tkajdmt nmtms nmwmc pfas. Wrfdskhm` de perskhpmajma, setkmp set kmp mrt mrterk erk verten vertenrm`k rm`kss heh hehner nerkdm kdmaa fbb imnmaj imnmaj mhe mhelkf lkfnms nmsm`4 m`4 lum imnmaj kak nerom`ma uatud im. > ih lma dehulkma nersmtu lk jmrks teajmc uatud hehneatud mrterk spkam`ks materkfr tuajjm`, ymaj turua lk sepmaomaj sepma omaj perhudmma perhudmma materkf materkfrr hel helu`m u`m lma suhsuh suhsuh tu`ma tu`majj ne`mdmaj. ne`mdmaj. Wfsterkfr realmc ierene``mr mrterk (Wkim) Wfsterkfr (Wkim),, ymaj ymaj nermsm` lmrk sejh sejhea ea R<  pmlm tkajdmt smajmt nervmrkmsk, durvm sedktmr zmktua realmc r ealmc lma he`ums lfrs lfrsm` m` he he`m `m`u `ukk mdmr mdmr bk`m bk`mhe heaa lmrk lmrk smrmb smrmb mdse mdsesf sfrk rk.. Dehu Dehulk lkma ma amkd amkd lk  ne`mdmaj sermt lmrk cypfj`fssus lma smrmb vmjus, hehneatud `kajdmrma lk lkalkaj pfsterkfr veatrkde` deehpmt, lma hehnerkdma fbb imnmaj terhkam` de perhudmma kaberkfr ne`mcma nuhk ierene``mr, mhmale`, lma verh verhks ks.. Kak Kak he hehn hner erkd kdma ma senm senmjk jkma ma nesm nesmrr sup` sup`mk mk lmrmc lmrmc de helu helu`m `m lfrsf` lfr sf`mter mterm` m` lma perhud perhudmma mma pfs pfsterf terfkab kaberk erkfr fr lmr lmrkk ftmd ftmd dei deik`. k`. Mrterk Mrterk spkam`ks pfsterkfr (mlm smtu lk setkmp sksk) huaiu` nmkd lmrk mrterk vertenrm`ks mtmu WKIM. Mrterk nmsk`mr nerom`ma lk tmajdk prepfatkae lk

 

sepmao sep maomaj maj pfas pfas lma dehulk dehulkma ma nerimn nerimnmaj maj uatud uatud hehnea hehneatud tud mrterk mrterk seren serenrm` rm` pfst pfsterk erkfr fr.. Nmjk Nmjkma ma nmwm nmwmca caym ym mlm` mlm`mc mc te terd rdmk mktt ermt ermt leaj leajma ma mnluieas smrmb, pfrsk uajju` pmlm smrmb fdu`fhftfr. pmrmhelkma aym,  pealed he`kajdmr, lma pmaomaj imnmaj he`kajdmr hehmsfd pfas lma seren serene`u e`uh h supe superk rkfr fr lma lma he heae aeaj ajmc mc pelu peluai ai`es `es.. Kaber Kaberkf kfrr mater materkf kfr  r  ierene``mr mrterk (MKIM) huaiu` lmrk sepertkjm nmjkma nmwmc mrterk  nmsk`mr. Kak nerom`ma `mterm` lma imulm``y heauou

sulut

ierene``fpfatkae, he`ewmtk ledmt hemtus mdustkd kateram` lma heaimpmk b`fiiu`us, b`fiiu `us, lk hmam km hehn hehnerkdma erkdma fbb imnmaj imnmaj terhkam` terhkam` ymaj hehmsfd  hehmsfd   nmjkma materfkaberkfr lmrk dfrteds serene`mr lma nmjkma lmrk katk ierene ene``mr. \ce MKIM ter`etmd nmsm` de smr mrmmb mnl mnluieas lma veatr eatrfh fhel elkm km`` pmlm mlm smrm smrmbb wmom wmomcc lma lma peal pealea eajjmr mrma ma lm`m lm`mh h suh uhur  ur  ieren ierene` e``f `fpf pfat atka kae. e. Kak Kak serka serkajj he heak akhn hnu` u`dm dmaa imnm imnmaj aj `m `mnk nkrka rka ymaj ymaj hehmsudk hemtus mdustkd kateram`. Mrterk ierene``mr superkfr (YIM) lmrk delum ne`mc pkcmd nermsm` lmrk nmtmaj nmsk`mr tepmt lk nmwmc  nkburdmsk aym. Yetkmp YIM perom`mama he`m`uk \mlmc lfrsm`  perkheseaiepcm`ki uatud fiu`fhftfr ymaj smrmb, durvm sedktmr pmajdm` edfr ftmd lma helkm` pmlm smrmb trfic`emr, lma dehulkma hehmsudk \mlm \m lmcc mh mhnk nkea eat,t, lk hmam hmam he hehn hner erkd kdma ma fbb fbb imnm imnmaj aj te terh rhka kam`. m`. YIM YIM hehmsfd pfas mtms, nmjkma lmrk perteajmcma ftmd, perhudmma mtms  ne`mcmaserene`uh, nmjkma mtms verhks, lma katk katk ierene``mr. ) durvm `mterm` lma hualur sedktmr ierenrk irus lma heaimpmk perhudmma pfsterkfr  ftmd teajmc pmlm tkajdmt tkajdmt katerif katerif``kiu` ``kiu`mr. mr. \ce preifhhua preifhhuakimtka kimtkajj lma  pfstifhhuakimtkaj sejhea sejhea nersmhm-smhm lksenut senmjmk pmrs

 

ikriu`mrks lmrk WIM. (Mtmu, pmrs ikriu`mrks lmpmt lknmjk heaomlk t kjm katerp kat erpelu eluaiu aiu`mr `mr sej sejhea heatsts-,, mhn mhnkea keat,t, lma qum qumlrk lrkjeh jehkam kam``- lkamhm lkamhmkk suhur suhur-su -suhur hur her heredm edm he` he`kat katmsk msk.) .) Lkstm` Lkstm` de pmr pmrss ikriu` ikriu`mrks mrks lmr lmrkk WIM mlm`mc pmrs terhkam`ks, ymaj hehnmjk mtms teatfrkuh lma edfr de  nmlma `mterm` jeakiu`mte uatud hehneatud imnmaj terhkam`, helkm` lma `mterm` `mterm` mrterk mrterk fdskp fdskpktm ktm`.`. Wmr Wmrss ikr ikriu` iu`mrk mrks. s. Yejhea Yejhea preifh preifhhua huakim kimtka tkajj heaje` hea je`umr umrdma dma imn imnmaj maj-nmk -nmkdd smo smomm (pfste (pfsterfh rfhelk elkm` m` pusmt pusmt mrterk) mrterk) ymaj ymaj heaehn hea ehnus us sun sunstm stmask ask ner`un ner`unmaj maj kat katerp erpelu eluaiu aiu`mr `mr uatud uatud heh hehmsf msfd  d  materkf mat erkfrr tcm tcm`mh `mhus, us, lka lkalka lkajj vea veatrkd trkde` e` detkjm detkjm,, lma j`fnu j`fnuss pm` pm``kl `klus. us. Yejhea Yejh ea pfstifhhu pfstifhhuakimtk akimtkaj aj heaje heaje`umrd `umrdma ma imnma imnmaj-nmkd j-nmkd smom (mrterk seat seatrm rm`` pfst pfster erf` f`mt mter erm`) m`) de pelu peluai ai`e `ess ft ftmd md,, nmjk nmjkma ma pfst pfster erkf kfrr lmrk lmrk tcm`mhus, if``kiu`k lmrk perteajmcma ftmd, tunuc jeakiu`mte helkm`, lma tunuc pkaem`. imnmaj `maout hehmsfd nmjkma pfsterkfr lmrk tcm`mhus (imnma (im nmajj tcm tcm`mh `mhki) ki),, pel peluai uaiu`u u`uss ser serenr enrm` m` (imnmaj (imnmaj peluai peluaiu`m u`mr), r), lma  nmlma jeakiu`mte `mterm` lma p`edsus dfrfkl lmrk detkjm lma `mterm` veatrkde` (imnmaj dfrfklm` pfsterkfr). Wmrs terhkam`ks. Lmrk lum imnmaj terhkam` lmrk nmjkma terhkam` kak lmrk WIM, fdskpktm` mrterk `mterm` (n (ner ersm smhm hm-s -smh mhmm leaj leajma ma imnm imnmaj aj te tehp hpfr frm` m`)) hehm hehmsf sfdd uaiu uaiuss kt ktu, u, ckppfimhpm` ymaj jyrus, lma perhudmma nmwmc `fnus fdskpktm`. Mrterk fdsk fdskpk pktm` tm` he helk lkm` m` `ewm `ewmtt lk nmwm nmwmcc sp`e sp`eak akuh uh lmr lmrkk ifrp ifrpus us im``f im``fsu suh, h, hehner heh nerkdm kdmaa fbb imnmaj imnmaj yma ymajj heh hehmsf msfdd (imnma (imnmajj lfrsm lfrsm`` de ifrpu ifrpuss im``fsuh) im``fs uh) ser sertm tm iua iuaeus eus lma pre preiua iuaeus eus (imnma (imnmajj pmrket pmrketf-f f-fdsk dskpkt pktm`), m`), dfrteds strkmte (imnmaj im`imrkae), lma perhudmma helkm` fdskpktm` lma `fnus `fn us teh tehpfr pfrm` m` (fi (fiikp ikpktf ktfteh tehpfr pfrm` m` lma nma nmaice icess luakmw luakmwk), k), terhmsu terhmsud  d   nmjkma pmrmsmjkttm` lmrk `fnus fdskpktm`.

 

5. Ream Ream ierenrm` nrm`

Ream ierenrm` superbkskm` (veam dfrtkdm`) hehnmwm lmrmc lmrk `umr  =-> ih lmrk perhudmma ftmd uatud sm`urma lrmkamse nesmr sepertk skaus superkfr lma kaberkfr smjktm`, veam serenrm` nesmr Jm`ea, skaus `urus, lma peh pehnu` nu`uc uc lmrmc lmrmc tea teatfr tfrkm`. km`. Leajma Leajma leh lehkdk kdkma, ma, veam veam ierene` ierene``mr  `mr  heajm`krdma lmrmc lmrk perhudmma ierene``mr de veam superkfr verhkma lma lmrk sktu de veam ierenrm ierenrm`` nesmr nesmr,, skaus skaus `urus, lma skaus skaus he`katmaj. Reamm ser Rea serenr enrm` m` lm` lm`mh mh (ve (veam am iea ieatrm` trm`)) heajm` heajm`krd krdma ma lmr lmrmc mc lmrk lmermc  nmjkma lm`mh ftmd (hmterk putkc seteajmc nu`mt, jmaj`km nmsm`, ifrpus im``fsuh, dfrfkl p`edsus) lma lmrk lmermc dfrtkdm` nenermpm oujm. veam ierenrm` superbkskm` (veam dfrtkdm`). Ream ftmd lmajdm` lkd`mskbkdmskdma f`ec `fdmsk heredm senmjmk prebrfatm`, brfatm`, pmrketm`, lma fdskpktm`.

 

Deiu De ium`k m`k veam veam fdsk fdskpk pktm tm`,`, ymaj ymaj dfsf dfsfaj aj de lm`m lm`mh h skau skauss he`k he`kat atma maj, j,  pehnu`uc lmrmc kak sehum perom`mama se`mhm dfavedsktms ftmd uatud   nerjmnuaj leajma skaus smjktm` superkfr. Heredm lkkstk`mcdma nrkljkaj vekas lk mdckr lkstm` heredm, lk hmam heredm heaehnus hehnrma mrmdcafkl mrmdc afkl lma heaoehnmtma heaoehnmtmakk rumaj sunmrmica sunmrmicafkl fkl uatud uatud nerjmnuaj nerjmnuaj skaus. Lmajdm` veam serenrk (tklmd lktmhpk`dma) nkmsmaym heajkdutk rmhus pfsterkfr pfsterkfr bksurm Yy`vkma lma bksurm sealkrk de skau skauss dmver dmverafsu afsus. s. Ream Kaberkfr ierenrm` heajm`kr de skaus dmverafsus, petrfsm` skaus superkfr, lma skaus he`katmaj. Ream ierenrm` superkfr heajm`kr de skau skauss smjk smjktm tm`` supe superk rkfr fr.. veam veam sere serenr nrm` m` lm`m lm`mh h (vea (veamm ie ieat atrm` rm`). ). Ream Ream serenrm` kateram` ymaj huaiu` seimrm nk`mterm` pmlm tkajdmt bfrmhea katerveatrkdu`mr (lmrk Hfarf). He`katmsk ie`mc ftmd he`katmaj de tktkd  cmaym dm` cmaym dm`mc mc lea leajma jma sp`ea sp`eakuh kuh lmr lmrkk ifrpus ifrpus im``fs im``fsuh. uh. Yulut Yulut veam veam lk  perskhpmajma leajma ymaj tcm`mhfstrkmte veam superkfr lmpmt lk`kcmt  pmlm majkfjrmh `mterm` lkprfyedskdma. Delum veam serenrm` kateram` ymaj nerjmnuaj lk nmwmc sp`eakuh uatud hehneatud nesmr veam seren serenrm` rm` (Jm` (Jm`ea ea), ), ymaj ymaj he heae aerk rkhm hm veam veam nmsm nmsm`` (lmrk (lmrk ^fse ^fseat atcm cm`) `) lma lma dehulkma nerhumrm lk skaus `urus lk tepk teatfrkm` materkfr pmlm tkajdmt  pe`mt qumlrkjehkam`. Ream nmsm` lmrk ^fseatcm` lkneatud f`ec  persmtuma veam materkfr ierenrm`, veam serenrm` lm`mh teajmc, lma  pehnu`uc lmrmc strkmte. He`ewmtk pfsterfhelkm` pmlm sm`urma fptkd, durvm sedktmr nmtmaj ftmd, lma nerhumrm lk veam lm`mh mtmu nesmr ftmd  veam pfsterkfr de nmtmaj ftmd. Wfsterkfr bfssm. Materkfr, teajmc, lma veam pfsterkfr sm`urma pfsterkfr bfssm de veam ierenrm` nesmr, veam  petrfsus, lma teatfrkuh lma skaus `urus, hmskaj-hmskaj. hmskaj-hmskaj. 2. Ream Ream ed edst strm rmse sere renr nrm` m`

Ream-pm`kaj edstrmserenrm` heaif`fd, ymaj lurm` veam skaus-lrmka lmrmc veam lmrk ftmd de lm`mh skaus skjhfkl lma veam ouju`mrks. Ream lkp`fki heajm`kr de pehnu`uc lmrmc edstrmdrmakm` du`kt depm`m lma  pehnu`uc lmrmc katrmdrmakm` (skaus veam lurm`). Ream utusma heajcunuajdma heajcunuajd ma skaus, veam lkp`fki, lma veam superbkskm` teajdfrmd.

 

Kabed Kabedsk sk dmlm dmlmaj aj-d -dml mlma majj pero perom` m`ma mama ma sepm sepmao aoma majj veam veam ut utus usma ma lmrk lmrk edstrm eds trmdrm drmakm akm`` de dfhpmr dfhpmrteh tehea ea katrmd katrmdrma rmakm`. km`. Wehnu` Wehnu`uc uc lmr lmrmc mc ftmd  ftmd  dfsfaj de lm`mh de`fhpfd superkfr lma kaberkfr skaus veam lurm`. Ykaus lmrk de`fhpfd superkfr (ymaj smjktm` superkfr lma kaberkfr, `urus, lma lma skau skauss fdsk fdskpk pktm tm`) `) nerj nerjmn mnua uajj pmlm pmlm pert perteh ehum umaa skau skauss (t (tfr friu iu`m `mr  r  Cerfpck`k),ymaj heajm`kr de delum he`katmaj skaus lma lmrk sktu de lm`mh skaus skjhfkl lma veam ouju`mrks kateram`. Ykaus lmrk de`fhpfd  realmc rea lmc (su (super perkfr kfr lma kab kaberk erkfr fr ska skaus us petrfs petrfsus) us) ner nerjmn jmnuaj uaj lk skaus skaus dmverafsm, ymaj heajm`kr de skaus skjhfkl lma veam ouju`mrks kateram he`m`uk petrfsm` skaus realmc, mtmu de lm`mh p`edsus vertenrm` kateram` ymaj he`m`uk p`edsus nmsk`mr.

>.> Dfasep \rmuhm \rmuhm Depm`m Depm`m >.>.= Lebkaksk \rmuhm Depm`m

\rmuhm depm`m nermt mlm`mc trmuhm depm`m ymaj heajmdknmtdma  peauruama desmlmrma leajma sdfr JIY 9-3, heajm`mhk mhaeskm 1 >< omh (Cmllml, >7=>). Ielerm depm`m (trmuhm impktks) mlm`mc ielerm hedmakd ymaj seimrm `majsuaj mtmu tklmd `majsuaj heajeamk depm`m ymaj heajmdknmtdma `udm lk du`k du`ktt depm depm`m `m,, br brmd mdtu turr tu`m tu`maj aj teaj teajdf dfrmd rmd,, rf rfne nedm dmaa se`m se`mpu putt ft ftmd md lma lma de deru rusm smdm dmaa omrk omrkaj ajma ma ftmd ftmd ktu ktu seal sealkr krk,k, sert sertmm heaj heajmd mdkn knmt mtdm dmaa jmaj jmajju juma ma aeurf`fjks (Yomcrkr, >7=>). Ielerm depm`m herupmdma senumc prfses lkhmam teromlk ielerm `majsu `ma jsuaj aj mtm mtmuu les lese`e e`erms rmskk ter tercml cmlmp mp depm`m depm`m ymaj ymaj lmpmt lmpmt heajmd heajmdknm knmtdm tdmaa derusmdma teajdfrmd lma ftmd (Wkerie lma Aek`, >7=772), ielerm ielerm depm`m dep m`m her herupm upmdma dma derusm derusmdma dma yma ymajj lks lksenm enmndm ndmaa f`ec f`ec ser sermaj majma ma mtmupua mtmupua  neaturma bkskd lmrk `umr, ymaj lmpmt heajunmc desmlmrma ymaj lmpmt heakhn hea khnu`d u`dma ma der derusm usmdma dma bua buajsk jsk dfjakt dfjaktkb kb hmupua hmupua buajsk buajsk bks bkskd. kd. Ielerm Ielerm depm`m herupmdma sumtu trmuhm mtmu rulm pmdsm ymaj heajeamk strudtur 

 

depm`m ymaj lmpmt heakhnu`dma jmajjuma buajskfam` omrkajma ftmd mtmu heakhnu`dma de`mkama strudturm` (Ymstrflkakajrmt, >77:).

>.>.> Epklehkf`fjk

Yeimrm Yei mrm j`f j`fnm` nm` kas kaskle kleaa iel ielerm erm depm`m depm`m hea heakaj kajdmt dmt leajma leajma tmo tmomh mh terutmh teru tmhmm dmr dmream eam peakaj peakajdmt dmtma ma pea peajju jjuamm ammade adealm almrmm rmmaa nerhft nerhftfr. fr. ZCF hehper heh perdkr dkrmdm mdmaa nmcwm nmcwm pml pmlmm tmcua tmcua >7>7 >7>7 deie`md deie`mdmma mma `m` `m`uu `katms `katms mdma mdma heaomlk peayenmn peaymdkt lma trmuhm detkjm ternmaymd lk luakm. Lk Mherkd Mhe rkdmm Yer Yerkdm kdmt,t, deo deomlk mlkma ma iel ielerm erm depm`m depm`m setkmp setkmp tmcuaa tmcuaaym ym lkperd lkperdkrmd krmdma ma heaimpmk 577.777 dmsus. Lmrk ouh`mc tersenut, =7% heakajjm` sene`uh tknm lk ruhmc smdkt. [maj smhpmk lk ruhmc smdkt, 37% lkde`fhpfddma senmjmk ielerm depm`m rkajma (ID^), =7% terhmsud ielerm depm`m selmaj (IDY), lma =7% sksmaym mlm`mc ielerm depm`m nermt (IDN). Kasklea ielerm depm`m terutmhm teromlk pmlm de`fhpfd uskm prfludtkb matmrm =5-3% `mkaaym dmream omtuc lma 9%- ;% `mkaaym lksenmndma tkalmd dedermsma, dejkmtma f`mcrmjm lma redremsk (Krwmam,>77;). >.>.9 Etkf`fjk

Weayenmn ielerm depm`m lknmjk heaomlk ielerm prkher ymktu ielerm ymaj teromlk mdknmt neaturma `majsuaj hmupua tklmd `majsuaj, lma ielerm sedualer ymktu ielerm ymaj teromlk mdknmt ielerm smrmb he`m`uk mdsfa he`ums, ckperteaskkatrmdrmakm`, ckpfdskm, ckperdmpaem / ckpfteask skstehkd. Ielerm sedualer herupmdma ielerm ymaj teromlk mdknmt nernmjmk prfses  pmtf`fjks ymaj tkhnu` senmjmk tmcmp `maoutma lmrk derusmdma ftmd prkher,  nerupm perlmrmcma, elehm ftmd, derusmdma aeurfa nerde`maoutma, ksdehkm,  peakajdmtma tedmama katrmdrmakm` lma perunmcma aeurfdkhkmwk (Ckidey, >779).

 

>.>.< Hedmakshe Ielerm Depm`m

Nerlmsmrdma Mlveaiel \rmuhm @kbe Yuppfrt (M\@Y) tmcua >77.

Ielerm depm`m tehnus, nkmsmaym lksenmndma f`ec `udm tusudma, mtmu `udm tehnmd.

>.>.5 D`mskbkdmsk

m. Ielerm Ielerm depm` depm`m m nerlms nerlmsmrdm mrdma a tkajdm tkajdmtt depmrmcma depmrmcma

Weak`mkma lermomt nermtaym ielerm depm`m lmpmt lk`mdudma leajma heaj he ajju juam amdm dmaa J`ms J`msjf jfw w Ifhm Ifhm Yi Yim` m`ee (JI (JIY) Y) ymaj ymaj lki lkikpt kptmdm mdmaa f`ec f`ec Oeaaet lma \emslm`e pmlm tmcua =;:773? m) Ielerm Ielerm De Depm` pm`mm Wrkh Wrkher  er  Ielerm Depm`m Wrkher heaimdup? Brmdtur tu`maj, ielerm bfdm`, ielerm ftmd lkbusm, ymaj hmskaj-hmskaj hehpuaymk hedmakshe etkf`fjks lma bmtfbkskf`fjks ymaj uakd.  n) Derusmdma Ftmd Yedualer  Ielerm

depm`m

nermt

serkajdm` m`kk

heam eamhpk`dma

jeom`m

mnafrhm`kt mnaf rhm`ktms/jma ms/jmajjum jjumaa skste skstehkd hkd mdknm mdknmtt ckpfdskm ckpfdskm lma ckpf ckpfteask teask,, lkhmam lkh mam dem demlmm lmma-d a-deml emlmma mma kak herupm herupmdma dma peayen peayenmn mn ymaj ymaj serkaj serkaj  pmlm derusmdma ftmd sedualer. sedualer. i) Elehm Elehm Yer Yerenr enrm` m` \kpe ymaj terpeatkaj pmlm deomlkma ielerm depm`m mlm`mc elehm vmsfjeakd lma elehm ksdehkd  l) Werjes Werjeserma erma F Ftmd tmd ( Nrmka  Nrmka Yckbt ) Mlmaym smt hmssm ymaj nerdehnmaj hehnesmr (Cmehmtfhm, mnses mtmu pehneajdmdma ftmd) lksehum `fdmsk lm`mh dmvktms Katrm Drmakm`, nkmsmaym mdma heayenmndma perjermdma lma lkstfrsk ftmd. >.>.2 Hfrbf`fjk

Nerlmsmrdma hfrbf`fjkaym, ielerm depm`m lmpmt lknmjk heaomlk? =.

Brmdtur Drmakuh Brmdtur drmakuh lkd`mskbkdmskdma nerlmsmrdma `fdmsk mamtfhksaym, lknelmdma heaomlk br brmmdtur im`vmrkm lma brmdtur nmsks irmakk. Nerlmsmrdma demlmma `udmaym, lknelmdma heaomlk brmdtur ternudm ymktu brmdtur brmd tur lea leajma jma `udm tmh tmhpmd pmd te`mc te`mc heaehn heaehnus us lurmhmter , lma brmdtur  tertu tertutu tupp ymkt ymktuu br brmd mdtu turr leaj leajma ma brm brmjh jhea ea teajd teajdfr frmd md ymaj ymaj hm hmsk skcc ka katm tmd  d  (Yomhsucklmomt, >7=7).

>.

Werlmrmcma Epklurm`  Cehm Ce hmtf tfh h ep epkl klur urm` m` ter` ter`et etmd md lk `u `umr mr lurm tetmpk lk lm`mh rfajjm teajdf tea jdfrmd rmd lma jmh jmhnmr nmrmaa maaym ym ner nernea neatud tud nk nkdf dfav aved edss mtmu heayerupmk `easm iehnuaj. Nkmsmaym ter`etmd lk mrem tehpfrm` mtmu tehpfrf pmrketm`

 

ymaj lksenmndma lksenmndma f`ec rfned rfnedaym aym mrterk hea heakaj kajem em helkm helkm mdknmt brmdtur  tu`maj teajdfrmd (Yomhsucklmomt, >7=7). 9.

Werlmrmcma Yunlurm`  We Werl rlmr mrmc mcma ma  sunlurm` `enk `enkcc serka serkajj terom teromlk lk lmrk lmrkpm pmlm lm perl perlmrm mrmcm cmaa epklurm` . ^f ^fne neda daym ym veam veam-v -vea eamm deik` deik` lk perh perhud udmm mmaa dfrte dfrteds ds ierenrk herupmdma peayenmn lmrk perlmrmcma sunlurm` . Werlmrmcma kak nkmsmaym heautupk se`uruc perhudmma cehksber ftmd, lma derusmdma ftmd `enkc  nermt lma prfjafsksaym omuc `enkc nurud nk`m lknmalkajdma leajma  perlmrmcma epklurm` (Yomhsucklmomt, >7=7).

7=7). 5. Ifhhftkf ierenrk

Ifhh If hhus uskf kf ieren ierenrk rk

mtmu jejmr ftmd herupmdma demlmma pkajsma

ymaj ner ymaj ner`ma `majsu jsuaj aj dur durmaj maj lmrk lmrk =7 heak heaktt sete`m sete`mcc trmuhm trmuhm dep depm`m, m`m, ymaj ymaj tklmd lksertmk derusmdma omrkajma ftmd. Wmskea huajdka mdma heaje`uc ayerkdepm`m, vertkjf, huajdka huatmc lma puimt (Yomhsucklmomt, >7=7). 2.  Brmdtur nmsks irmakk

Cmay Cm aymm sumt sumtuu iel ielerm erm depm depm`m `m ymaj ymaj neam neamr-n r-nea eamr mr nerm nermtt ymaj ymaj lmpm lmpmtt heakhnu`dm heakh nu`dmaa brmdtu brmdturr pmlm lmsmr teajd teajdfrmd. frmd. Wealerktm nkmsmaym hmsud  hmsud  ruhmc smdkt leajma desmlmrma ymaj heaurua, nmcdma tklmd omrmaj lm`mh demlmma dfhm ymaj lmpmt ner`majsuaj nenermpm cmrk. Lmpmt tmhpmd mhaesk aeskm m re retr trfj fjml mlee lma mhae mhaeskm skm pmsimtrmuhm pmsimtrmuhmtkd  tkd . Jeom Jeom`m `m terjmatuaj `etmd brmdturaym?

 

=)

Brmdtur bfssm materkfr. Lmrmc Lm rmc de`um de`umrr nese nesert rtmm `kd `kdufr ufr serenrfsp serenrfspkam kam`` lmrk ckluaj mtmu delum del um hmt hmtmm lkd lkde`k` e`k`kaj kajkk `ka `kajdm jdmrma rma ‐nkru‘ ‐nkru‘ ( Nrk``  Nrk`` Ce Ceh hmt mtffh mtmu  ^miffa‛s Eyes),

ru rusm smda daym ym  Aervus F`bmitfrkus secka seckajjm jjm teroml teromlkk cypfshkm smhpmk mafshkm.

>)

Brmdtur bfssm helkm Lmrmc de`umr nesertm `kduf `kdufrr serenrfspkam serenrfspkam`` lmrk te`kajm. te`kajm. Brmdtur  Brmdtur  heheim heh eimcdm cdmaa mrt mrterk erk imr imrftk ftkss kateram kateram yma ymajj nerom` nerom`ma ma lk lm`mh lm`mh  skaus imverafus seckajjm

teromlk cunuajma matmrm lmrmc mrterk lma lmrmc

veam ( M-R  M-R scuat )).. 9)

Brmdtur bfssm pfsterkfr  \mhpmd wmram denkru-nkruma lk mtms hmstfkl . Jetmrma brmdtur  hmjauh auh lma herusmd helu`m fn`fajmtm lmpmt he`katms he`katms bfrmh bfrmhea ea hmj seckajjm pealerktm lmpmt hmtk sedetkdm (Ajfermc, =;;=).

>.>.: Wmtfbkskf`fjk

Hedmakshe Hedma kshe ielerm depm`m lmpmt ner`majsuaj ner`majsuaj perkstkwm if ifup up lma ifatreifup.

@esk ifup herupmdma `esk ymaj lkmdknmtdma mlmaym neaturma

 pmlm tu`maj teajdfrmd lma lmermc lksedktmraym. @esk ifatreifup heru he rupm pmdm dmaa `esk `esk lk lmer lmermc mc ymaj ymaj `e `etmd tmday aymm ner` ner`mw mwma mama ma leaj leajma ma `f `fdm dmsk sk  neaturma. Mdse`ermsk - lese`ermsk teromlk mdknmt depm`m nerjermd lma  nerceatk healmlmd lma dmsmr smmt teromlk trmuhm. Wernelmma leasktms matmrm tu`maj teajd teajdfrmd frmd lma ftmd heayenmn heayenmndma dma teajd teajdfrmd frmd nerjermd `enkc iepmt iep mt lmr lmrkk hum humtma tma katrmd katrmdrma rmakm`a km`aym. ym. Nerjer Nerjermda mdaym ym ksk lm`mh lm`mh teajdf teajdfrmd  rmd  hehmdsm ftmd hehneatur perhudmma lm`mh teajdfrmd pmlm tehpmt ymaj  ner`mwmama lmrk neaturma (WE^LFYYK, >77:). >77:). Hedmakshe utmhm pmlm ielerm depm`m rkajma mlm`mc  scemr strmka. Dedu De dumt mtma ma rf rftm tmsk skfa fam` m` lmpm lmpmtt tkhn tkhnu` u` sedm sedm`k `kpu puaa pmlm pmlm deie deie`m `mdm dmma ma ymaj ymaj lkmajjmp tklmd nermrtk lma tklmd per`u mlmaym ielerm ifup lma ifatreifup ymaj oe`ms. Cm` kak heakhnu`dma rejmajma pmlm mdsfa-mdsfa leajma

 

mdknmt jmajjuma dfaludsk lma ck`majaym buajsk. Werunmcma-perunmcma tersenut lkmtms lkdeam` senmjmk Lkbbuse Mxfam` Kaoury (Ksdmalmr, >77>). Mlmay Ml maymm ielerm ielerm dep depm`m m`m lmpmt lmpmt heayen heayenmnd mndma ma derusm derusmdma dma str strudt udtur, ur, hksm`aym hksm`a ym derusm derusmdma dma pml pmlmm pmr pmread eadkh kh ftm ftmd, d, derusm derusmdma dma peh pehnu` nu`uc uc lmrmc, lmrmc,  perlmrmcma, elehm lma jmajjuma nkfdkhkm ftmd sepertk peauruama mleafsks trkpfspmt ,

perunmcma perhemnk`ktms vmsdu`er. Wmtfbkskf`fjk ielerm

depm`m lmpmt ternmjk mtms lum prfses ymktu ielerm depm`m prkher lma ielerm de depm pm`m `m sedu sedual aler er,, ie iele lerm rm depm depm`m `m prkh prkher er heru herupm pmdm dmaa sumt sumtuu prfs prfses es  nkfhedmakd ymaj teromlk seimrm `majsuaj smmt depm`m terneatur lma lmpmt hehnerk lmhpmd derusmdma omrkajma ftmd. Wmlm ielerm depm`m sedualer  teromlkk mdknmt lmrk ielerm depm`m prkher, hksm`aym mdknmt lmrk ckpfdsehk teroml ckpfdsehkm, m, ksdehkm lma perlmrmcma. Werl Werlmrm mrmcm cmaa ier ieren enrm` rm` heak heakhn hnu` u`dm dmaa cehm cehmtf tfhm hm hk hksm sm`a `aym ym pmlm pmlm epklurm` cehmtfhm, nerduhpu`aym matmrm perkfsteua teajdfrmd leajma lurmhe lur mheter, ter, sun sunlur lurmm ceh cehmtf mtfhm hm mdknmt mdknmt nerduh nerduhpu` pu`aym aym lmrmc lmrmc pmlm pmlm rum rumaj aj matmrm lurmheter leajma sunmrmdafkl lma katrm ierenrm`, cehmtfhm mlm`mc  nerduhpu`aym lmrmc lklm`mh omrkajma ierenrm`. Dehmtkma pmlm pealerktm ielerm iel erm dep depm`m m`m teromlk teromlk dmr dmream eam ckp ckpfte fteask ask dmream dmream jma jmajj jjuma uma mut mutfre freju` ju`msk msk,, detkdm det kdm teromlk teromlk mutfre mutfreju` ju`msk msk hea heakhn khnu`d u`dma ma perbus perbuskk omrkajm omrkajmaa ierenr ierenrm` m` lma  nermdckr pmlm ksdehkm omrkajma ftmd. (\mrwftf, >77:). Wmtfbkskf`fjk ielerm depm`m lmpmt lkoe`msdma senmjmk nerkdut ? =.

Ielerm Wrkher  Derusm Der usmdma dma mdk mdknmt nmt `ma `majsu jsuaj aj trmuhm trmuhm,, matmrm matmrm `mk `mkaa brmdtur brmdtur tu`maj tu`maj teajdfrmd, rfned pehnu`uc lmrmc (cehmtfh), derusmdma omrkajma ftmd  (terhmsud rfnedaym lurmhmter, `msermsk, dfatuskf).

>.

Ielerm Yedualer  Derusmdma `maoutma f`ec dmream ielerm prkher ymaj mlm ner`maout he`mhpmuk nmtms dfhpeasmsk rumaj teajdfrmd. Cudu Cu duh h Hf Hfar arfe fe De`` De``ke ke he heaj ajmt mtmd mdma ma nmcw nmcwmm ru ruma majj te teaj ajdf dfrm rmd  d  tert tertuutup tup lma vf`uh `uheay eaym tetm tetmpp. Rf`uhe lkp lkpeaj eajmr mruuck f`ec f`ec tk tkjjm dfhpmrtehea ymktu lmrmc, `kqufr, lma pmreadkh pmreadkh ftmd. Dehmhpuma

 

dfhpeasmsk ymaj ter`mhpmuk mdma heajmdknmtdma deamkdma \KD ymaj  prfjreskb lma teromlk peauruama \edmama Werbusk Yerenrm` (IWW) ymaj lmpmt bmtm` pmlm tkajdmt se`u`er. Ielerm Yedualer lma \edmama Werbusk ? IWW 8 HMW ’ KIW IWW ? Ierenrm` Werbuskfa Wressure HMW ? Hema Mrterkm` Wressure KIW ? Katrm Irmakm` Wressure Weauruama IWW durmaj lmrk :7 hhCj heayenmndma ksdehkm ftmd. Ksdehkm ftmd heajmdknmtdma elehm sktftfdskd ’ derusmdma se`u`er  yma ymaj

hm hmddka pmrm pmrmcc

(krr (krrev ever ersk sknne` e`). ). Lkper kperne nerm rmtt

f`e `ecc

de`m de`mka kama ma

edstrmdrmakm` ckpfteask/syfd, ckperdmrnk, ckpfdskm, ckperterhk, deomaj, 9.

l``. Elehm Yktftfdskd  Derusmdma omrkajma (ftmd) heayenmndma pe`epmsma ner`enkc seoeaks  Aeurftrmashktter ymaj heayenmndma Edsktmsk Edsktmsk (Exktmtfry Mhkaf Mikl m.`. j`utmhmt, mspmrtmt). EMM he`m`uk reseptfr MHWM (A-Hetcy` LMspmrtmt) lma AHLM (Mhkaf Hetcy` Wrfpkfamt Mikl) heayenmndma Im kab`uds ner`enkcma ymaj heakhnu`dma elehm lma heajmdtkvmsk eazyh lejrmlmtkb sertm heayenmndma bmst lepf`mrksmsk (d`kaks deomajdeomaj).

.>.3 Hmakbestms Hmakbestmskk D`kaks

Heaurut ^eksaer (>77;), jeom`m d`kaks ielerm depm`m ymaj lmpmt hehnmatu hehnm atu healkm healkmjafs jafsks ks mlm`mc nm nmtt tt`e `e skja skja (w (wmra mramm nk nkru ru mtmu edckhfsks lkne`mdmaj te`kajm lk mtms fs hmstfkl )),, cehftkpmauh (perlmrmcma lk lmermc hehnrma tkhpmak te`kajm), perkfrnktm` edckhfsks (hmtm wmram cktmh tmapm trmuhmm `majsua trmuh `majsuaj), j), rck rckafr afrrcf rcfee (imkr (imkrma ma  serenrfspkam` de`umr lmrk ckluaj), ftfrrcfe (imkrma serenrfspkam` de`umr lmrk te`kajm).

\malm’tmalm mtmu jeom`m d`kaks uatud ymaj ielerm depm`m rkajma mlm`mc pmskea tertklur mtmu desmlmrma ymaj heaurua se`mhm nenermpm smmt dehulkma sehnuc, smdkt depm`m ymaj heaetmp mtmu nerdepmaomajma, hum` lm lmaa mtmu mtmu hu huat atmc mc,, jmaj jmajju juma ma tklu tklurr lma lma ambs ambsuu hm hmdm dmaa ymaj ymaj heau heauru rua, a,  perunmcma deprknmlkma lkrk, `etmrjkd. \malm’tmalm mtmu jeom`m d`kaks uatud  ymaj ielerm depm`m nermt mlm`mc perunmcma udurma pupk` ( maksfifrkm), trkms Iusckaj (leayut

omatuaj heaurua, ckperteask, lepresk perambmsma) mpmnk`m

heakaj hea kajdmt dmtaym aym tedmam tedmamaa kat katrmd rmdrma rmakm`, km`, terl terlmpm mpmtt perjer perjermdm mdmaa mtm mtmuu pfsksk pfsksk mnafrhm` edstrehktms (^eksaer, >77;). Hmakbestmsk d`kaks heaurut E`kzmnetc O.Ifrwka, >77; ymktu? =) Wmlm Wmlm iel ielerm erm fftmd tmd,, des desmlm mlmrma rma sserk erkajd ajdm`k m`k he heaur aurua ua >) Wf`m Wf`m am ambms bms heaoml heaomlkk mna mnafrh frhm` m` seim seimrm rm pr prfjr fjresk eskb  b  9) ^esfa pupk pupk`` hu huajdk ajdkaa tkl tklmd md ml mlmm mtmu seimrm prfjreskb prfjreskb heajm heajm`mhk `mhk leterkfrmsk .>.; Dfhp`kdmsk

Dfhp`kdmsk mdknmt ielerm depm`m? =) Jeom`m sksm sksm iel ielerm erm depm depm`m `m nermt? nnenermp enermpmm pmskea leajm leajmaa ieler ielermm depm`m  nermt lmpmt heajm`mhk detklmdhmhpuma nmkd seimrm bkskd (lksbmskm, cehkpmresks, pm`sk smrmb irmakm`) hmupua heatm` (jmajjuma dfjaktkb,  perunmcma deprknmlkma). Yeouh`mc deik` pmskea mdma tetmp lm`mh stmtus vejetmtkb. >) Denf Denfif ifrm rmaa imkr imkrma ma sere serenr nrfs fspk pkam am`? `? nk nk`m `m cunu cunuaj ajma ma matm matmrm rm rf rfaj ajjm jm sunmrmicafkl lma te`kajm teajmc mtmu skaus pmrmamsm` mdknmt brmdtur   nmsks irmakk cmaym deik` lma tertutup omrkajma ftmd hmdm cm` kak tklmd  mdma teromlk. Edsp`frmsk nelmc lkper`udma nk`m teromlk denfifrma imkrma serenrfspkam` perskstea. 9) Epk`ep Epk`epsk sk pmsim pmsimtrmu trmuhm? hm? terutmhm terutmhm teroml teromlkk pmlm pmlm pms pmskea kea ymaj heaj heajm`mh m`mhkk deom deomaj aj mw mwm` m` (p (pml mlmm hk hkaj ajju ju pert pertmh mhmm sete sete`m `mcc iele ielerm rm), ), mhae mhaesk skmm  pmsimtrmuhm ymaj `mhm, brmdtur lepresk drmakuh lma cehmtfh katrmdrmakm`. 777). >.>.=7

Weherkdsmma Weauaomaj =.

Bftf pf`fs depm`m Kalkdmsk lk`mdudmaaym peherkdsmma he`kputk oeoms `enkc lmrk 5 ih, `udm tehnus (pe`uru/tmomh), lebfrhmsk depm`m (lmrk kaspedsk lma pm`pmsk),

 

ayerk ayerk depm depm`m `m ymaj ymaj he heae aetmp tmp,, jeom jeom`m `m bfdm bfdm`` aeur aeurf` f`fj fjks ks,, jmaj jmajju juma ma desmlmrma. >.

I\-Yima Kalkdmsk I\-Yima mlm`mc? m. Ayerk dep depm`m m`m heaetm heaetmpp mtmu huatmc huatmc-huat -huatmc mc ymaj tklmd heajck`m heajck`maj aj sete`mc pehnerkma fnmt-fnmtma mam`jeskm.  n. Mlmaym deomaj-deomaj, oeaks deomaj bfdm` `enkc nerhmdam terlmpmt  pmlm `esk katrmdrmakm` lknmalkajdma leajma deomaj jeaerm`. jeaerm`. i. Weau Weauru ruam amaa JI JIYY `enk `enkcc lmrk lmrk = lk lkhm hmam am bmitf bmitfr-b r-bmd mdtf tfrr edst edstrm rmdr drma makm` km` te`mc lkskajdkrdma (dmream peauruama JIY lmpmt teromlk dmream syfd, benrks, l``). l. Ml Mlmay maymm brmd brmdtur tur khpre khpresk sk lea leajma jma `mter `mterm`ks m`ksmsk msk ymaj tklmd tklmd sesumk sesumk.. 5) @udm tehnus mdknmt nealm tmomh lma pe`uru. e. Wer Wermwm mwmtma tma se` se`mhm mhm 9 cmr cmrkk tklmd mlm perunmc perunmcma ma ymaj heh hehnmk nmkdd lmrk

9.

JIY (Ytcmvkrm, >7=>). Hmjaetki ^esfamaie Khmjkaj (H^K) H^K lkjuam lkjuamdma dma uat uatud ud pmskea pmskea ymaj ymaj heh hehk`kd k`kdkk mnafrh mnafrhm`k m`ktms tms stmtus stmtus heatm` ymaj lkjmhnmrdma f`ec I\-Yima. H^K te`mc ternudtk `enkc seaskt sea sktkve kve lmr lmrkpm kpmlm lm I\-Yim I\-Yima, a, ter terutm utmhm hm lm` lm`mh mh hea heajkl jkleat eatkbk kbkdms dmskk `esk `esk lkbus afa cehfrmjkj ielerm mdsfam`.

7==).

5.

NJM ( N`ffl Jms Mam`yze) Heal He alet eted edsk sk

hmsm` msm`mc mc

per eraamb mbms msma ma

(f (fddskj kjea eams msk) k)

ok okdm dm

te tero roml mlkk

 peakajdmtmatedmama katrm drmakm` (\KD). 2. Dmlmr e`edtrf`kt Heajfredsk

desekhnmajma

e`edtrf`kt

 peakajdmtmatedmama katrm drmakm` (Hus`kcm, >7=7).

senjmk

mdknmt

 

>.>.==

Weamtm`mdsmamma

m. ^esusktms ^esusktmskk omatuaj pmru ( ikriu` ikriu`mtkfa, mtkfa, mkrwm mkrwmy, y, nremtckaj nremtckaj 8 IMN) Wmskea leajma lea jma trmu trmuhm hm depm`m depm`m ner nermt mt ser serkaj kaj ter teroml omlkk ckpfds ckpfdskm, km, ckpfte ckpfteask ask lma ckperdmpakm mdknmt jmajjuma dmrlkfpu`hfaer. F`ec dmream ktu urutma tkalmdma ymaj neamr mlm`mc? =)

Ykrdu`msk (ikriu`mtkfa) Ckpf Ckpftea teask sk he heay ayen enmn mndm dmaa ksde ksdehk hkdd ymaj ymaj lmpm lmpmtt heaj heajmd mdkn knmt mtdm dmaa derusmdma sedualer. Ckpfteask lksenmndma f`ec ckpfvf`ehkm mdknmt  perlmrmcma `umr, ruptur frjma lm`mh, trmuhm lmlm lksertmk tehpfamle omatuaj mtmu paeuhftfrmds lma syfd septki. \kalmdma mlm`mc heajceatkdma heajceatkdma perlmr perlmrmcma, mcma, pernmkdma buajsk buajsk omatu omatuaj aj lma heajjmatk lmrmc ymaj ck`maj leajma p`mshm mtmu lmrmc.

>)

Om`ma ambms (mkrwmy) Nenmsdma om`ma ambms lmrk `klmc ymaj turua de ne`mdmaj leajma  pfsksk depm`m edsteask leajma hehmsmaj frfbmryajem` mkrwmy (FWM) mtmu pkpm ealftrmdcem`, nerskcdma sksm huatmcma, lmrmc, `ealkr `ea lkr mtm mtmuu jkj jkjkk pm` pm`su. su. Ksk `mh `mhnua nuajj lkdfsf lkdfsfajd ajdma ma he` he`m`u m`ukk pkpm pkpm amsfjmstrkd uatud heajckalmrdma mspkrmsk huatmcma.

9)

Werambmsma (nremtckaj) Jmajjuma perambmsma lmpmt lksenmndma f`ec de`mkama seatrm` lma  perkber. De`mkama seatrm` lm`mc lepresk perambmsma pmlm `esk helu``m fn`f n`fajmt ajmtm, m, pera peramb mbms msma ma icey iceyaae stf tfddes, es, mt mtmd mdsskd lma ieatrm`  aeurfjeaki aeurf jeaki cyperveatk`m cyperveatk`mtkfa tkfa. Weay Weayen enmn mn perk perkber ber mlm` mlm`mc mc mspk mspkrm rmsk sk,, tr trmu muhm hm lmlm lmlm,, eleh elehmm pmru pmru,, ehnf ehnf`k `k pmru pmru,, ka kabe beds dsk. k. Jmaj Jmajju juma ma  perambmsma lmpmt heayenmndma ckpfdskm lma ckperdmpakm. ckperdmpakm. \kalmdma leajma pehnerkma F> dehulkma imrk lma mtmsk bmitfr peayenmn lma dm`mu per`u hehmdmk veatk`mtfr.

 n. Weamajmama dmsus-dmsus ielerm depm`m lk uakt jmwmt lmrurmt lklmsmrdma mtms pmtfdma pehmatmuma lma peamajmama tercmlmp ‐2 N‘(Mrkb Huttmqka >773), ymdak?

 

=) Nrem Nremtc tcka kaj  j 

Wer` Wer`uu lkpe lkperc rcmt mtkd kdma ma heaj heajea eamk mk br bred edue ueas askk lma lma oea oeaks ks pera perambm mbmsm smaa  pealerktm. Mlmaym fnstrudsk om`ma ambms per`u sejerm lknenmsdma leaj leajma ma tkal tkalmd mdma ma-tk -tkal almd mdma ma ? suit suitkf kfa, a, ka kadu dunm nmsk sk,, tr trmd mdce cefs fstf tfhk hk.. Fdskjeamsk ymaj iudup mtmu ckperveatk`msk nk`m per`u, herupmdma tkalmdma ymaj nerperma peatkaj secunuajma leajma elehm ierenrk. >) N`f `ffl  fl 

Heaaimd He imdup

peaj eajudur udurma ma

te teddmama mama

lmr mrmc mc

lma lma

pehe peherk rkddsmma smma

`mnfrmtfrku `mnfr mtfrkuh h lmrmc (Cn, `eudf `eudfskt). skt). Weakajd Weakajdmtma mtma tedmama lmrmc lma leayut amlk ymaj heaurua heaikrkdma mlmaym sumtu peakajjkma tedmama katrmirmakm`, senm`kdaym tedmama lmrmc ymaj heaurua lma hmdka iepmtaym leayut amlk heamalmdma mlmaym syfd ckpfvf`ehkd  mdknmt perlmrmcma lma heher`udma tkalmdma trmasbusk. 9) Nrm rmka ka

Weak`mkma demlmma ftmd lktedmadma tercmlmp respfa-respfa hmtm, hftf hf tfrk rkdd lma lma vern vernm` m` (J (JIY IY). ). Weru Werunm nmcm cmaa res respf pfaa ka kakk heru herupm pmdm dmaa khp`kdmsk pernmkdma/pernurudma dkrmaym per`u peherkdsmma `enkc healm`mh heajeamk demlmma pupk` (udurma, neatud lma remdsk tercmlmp imcmym) sertm jermdma-jermdma nf`m hmtm. .9 Lebkaksk Lebkaksk Cehmtfhm Cehmtfhm Epklurm` Epklurm`

Cehmtfh Cehmtf h epklu epklurm` rm` mtmu `enkc lkdea lkdeam` m` leajm leajmaa kstk`m kstk`mcc Epklurm` Epklurm` cehmtfhm (ELC) mlm`mc sm`mc smtu oeaks perlmrmcma katrmirmakm` ymaj pm`kaj serkaj teromlk dmream brmdtur tu`maj teajdfrmd. Ftmd lk tutupk f`ec tu`maj teajdfrmd ymaj dmdu lma derms. Ftmd oujm lk de`k`kajk f`ec sesumtu ymaj nerjuam senmjmk pehnuajdus ymaj lk senut lurm. Buajskaym uatud he`kaluajk ftmd, heautupk skaus-skaus veam, vea m, lma hehnea hehneatud tud per perkfs kfsteu teuh h tmn tmnu`m u`m katera kateram. m. Detkdm Detkdm sef sefrma rmajj healmp healmpmt mt  neaturma ymaj cenmt lk depm`m dehuajdkama mdma terneatud sumtu `unmaj,  perjermdma lmrk ftmd huajdka mdma heayenmndma peajkdksma mtmu rfnedma lmrk  pehnu`uc lmrmc ymaj heaje`k`kajk ftmd lma lurm,detkdm pehnu`uc lmrmc heajm`mhk rfnedma hmdm lmrmc mdma termduhu`msk lm`mh rumaj matmrm lurm lma tu tu`m `maj aj teaj teajdf dfrm rmd, d, deml demlmm mmaa ka`m ka`mcc ymaj ymaj lk deam deam`` leaj leajma ma senu senutm tmaa epkl epklur urm` m` cehmtfhm. Werl Werlmrm mrmcm cmaa epkl epklur urm` m` mlm` mlm`mc mc mlma mlmaym ym lmrm lmrmcc lk ruma rumajj epkl epklur urm` m`,, pmlm pmlm  perlmrmcma epklurm` katrmdrmakm` lklmpmtdma perlmrmcma matmrm tmnu`m kateram tu`maj teajdfrmd lma lurmhmter. Werlmrmcma epklurm` ;7% teromlk dmream brmdtur  drmaku drm akuh h lk rej rejkf kf teh tehpfr pfrm` m` lma pmrketm pmrketm`.`. Werlmr Werlmrmcm mcmaa epk epklur lurm` m` mtmu mtmu epklur epklurm` m` cehmtfh (ELC) nkmsmaym lksenmndma f`ec rupturaym mrterk heakajem helkm, veam mtmu skaus lurm`. ELC mlm`mc sm`mc smtu oeaks perlmrmcma katrmdrmakm` ymaj pm`kaj serkaj teromlk dmream brmdtur tu`maj teajdfrmd f`ec dmream mlmaym ielerm hedmakd  (trmuhm depm`m). Ielerm depm`m mlm`mc trmuhm hedmakd pmlm depm`m ymaj teromlk  nmkd seimrm `majsuaj mtmu tklmd `majsuaj ymaj dehulkma lmpmt nermdknmt depmlm jmajjuma buajsk aeurf`fjks, buajsk bkskd, dfjaktkb, pskdfsfskm`, nerskbmt tehpfrer  mtmu perhmaea perhmaea.. Heauru Heaurutt  Nrmka Kaoury Mssfskmtkfa fb Mherkim, ielerm depm`m mlm` mlm`mc mc sumt sumtuu deru derusm smdm dmaa pmlm pmlm depm depm`m `m,, nudm nudmaa ners nerskbm kbmtt dfaj dfajea eakt ktm` m` mt mtmu mupu puaa lejeaermtkb, tetmpk lksenmndma f`ec sermajma/neaturma bkskd lmrk `umr, ymaj lmpmt heajur hea jurmaj majkk mtmu hea heajun junmc mc des desmlm mlmrma rma ymaj ymaj hma hmamm heakhn heakhnu`d u`dma ma der derusm usmdma dma dehmhpuma dfjaktkb lma buajsk bkskd.

 

>.< Epklehkf`f Epklehkf`fjk jk

Lk Mherk Mherkdm dm Ye Yerkd rkdmt mt,, >% lmrk lmrk dmsu dmsuss tr trmu muhm hm depm depm`m `m he heaj ajmd mdkn knmtd mtdma ma

cehmtfhm epklurm` lma sedktmr =7% heajmdknmtdma dfhm. Yeimrm Kateramskfam` bredueask deomlkma cehmtfhm epklurm` cmhpkr smhm leajma majdm deomlkma lk Mherkdm Yerkdmt. Frmaj ymaj nereskdf heajm`mhk ELC mlm`mc frmaj tum ymaj hehk`kdk hmsm`mc nerom`ma lma serkaj omtuc. 27 % pealerktm cehmtfhm epklurm` mlm`mc neruskm lknmwmc >7 tmcua, lma omrmaj teromlk pmlm uhur durmaj lmrk > tmcua lma lk mtms 27 tmcua. Majdm dehmtkma heakajdmt pmlm pmskea ymaj neruskm durmaj lmrk 5 tmcua lma `enkc lmrk 55 tmcua.@enkc nmaymd teromlk pmlm `mdk-`mdk lknmalkaj perehpuma leajma pernmalkajma