Makalah Glikolisis Dan Siklus Krebs

 

JFUF WLKNFKUF_ 

Wuah syujur Wlku`hs pfkaftjfk jlcfehrft Uucfk Xfkn Ifcf Lsf jfrlkf ftfs `hipfcfk rfcift efk chefyfckyf slchknnf jfih efpft ilkyl`lsfhjfk ifjf`fc yfkn olraueu` ‐N`hjb`hshs efk ]hj`us Jrlos’. Wfef ifjf`fc hkh Wlku`hs ofkyfj  ilknfi ilk nfioh` oh` efrh efrh olrofn olrofnfh fh suiolr suiolr efk rldrlk rldrlksh sh efk plknfr plknfrfcf fcfk k efrh efrh olrofn olrofnfh fh  phcfj .b`lc slofo htu, ef`fi jlslipftfk hkh Wlku`hs ilknumfpjfk tlrhif jfshc slolsfr-slolsfrkyf jlpfef sliuf phcfj yfkn tl`fc iliofktu ef`fi plkyusukfk ifjf`fc hkh. Wlkyusukfk ilkyfefrh slplkuckyf ofcwf ifjf`fc hkh sfknft afuc efrh slipurkf, uktuj htu jfih sfknft ilkncfrfpjfk jrhthj efk sfrfk yfkn olrshdft iliofknuk nukf jlslipurkffk ifjf`fc hkh uktuj plku`hsfk yfkn fjfk eftfkn. Fjchr jftf plkyusuk plkyusuk ilknumfpjfk ilknumfpjfk tlrhif jfshc efk slibnf ifjf`fc ifjf`fc hkh efpft olrifkdfft uktuj sliuf phcfj yfkn iliofmf.

NB^F, Ifrlt ?768

 

Wlkyusuk

 

EFDUF_ H]H

Cf`fifk

Jftf Wlknfktfr

h

Efdtfr Hsh

hh

OFO H WLKEFC\@\FK F. @ftfr Ol`fjfkn Ol`fjfkn O. _ui _uiusfk usfk Ifsf`fc Ifsf`fc M. Uuau Uuaufk fk OFO HH WLIOFCF]FK F. Wlknlrthfk N`hj N`hjb`hshs b`hshs efk ]hj`us Jrlos O. Dukn Duknsh sh utfif N`hjb`hshs N`hjb`hshs efk ]hj`us Jrlos Jrlos M. _lfjsh N` N`hjb`h hjb`hshs shs efk ]hj`us ]hj`us Jrlos OFO HHH WLK\U\W F. ]hi ]hipu` pu`fk fk O. ]f ]frf rfk k EFDUF_ W\]UFJF

 

OFO H WLKEFC\@\FK F. @ftfr @ftfr Ol`fjfkn Ol`fjfkn N`hjb`hshs ilrupfjfk rlfjsh tfcfp plrtfif slmfrf flrbo (mujup bjshnlk)

yfkn yfk n olr`fk olr`fknsu nsukn kn ef`fi ef`fi ihtbjb ihtbjbker kerhf. hf. Ufcfp Ufcfp hkh ilrupf ilrupfjfk jfk fwf` fwf` tlrafeh tlrafehky kyff rlsphrf rlsp hrfsh sh sl`. N`hjb` N`hjb`hshs hshs tlrafe tlrafehh ef`fi ef`fi shtbp`f shtbp`fsif sif efk cfsh` cfsh` fjchrk fjchrkyf yf olrupf olrupf slkyfwf fsfi phruvft. N`hjb`hshs ilih`hjh shdft-shdft, fktfrf `fhk1 n`hjb`hshs efpft  olr`fknsukn slmfrf s lmfrf flrbo ifupuk fkflrbo, n`hjb`hshs il`hoftjfk lkzhi FUW efk FEW, FE W, slrt slrtff plrf plrfkf kfk k FUW FUW efk efk FEW FEW pfef pfef n` n`hj hjb` b`hs hshs hs fe fef` f`fc fc ilih ilihke kefc fcjf jfk k (ilktr (il ktrfks fksdlr) dlr) dbsdft dbsdft efrh efrh ib`lju ib`lju`` yfkn yfkn sftu jl ib`lju ib`lju`` yfkn yfkn `fhk. `fhk. Wfef Wfef sl` lujfrhbthj, lujfrh bthj,n`hjb n`hjb`hshs `hshs tlrafeh tlrafeh eh shtbp`fsif(sh shtbp`fsif(shtbsb` tbsb`). ). N`hjb`hshs N`hjb`hshs tlrafeh tlrafeh il`f`uh il`f`uh 67 tfcfpfk yfkn tlrehrh efrh < tfcfpfk plknnukffk lklrnh efk < tfcfpfk pl`lpfsfk lklrnh. Olrhjut hkh rlfjsh n`hjb`hshs slmfrf `lknjfp. ]hj`us jrlo ehtliujfk b`lc slbrfkn fc`h ohbjhihf tlrjlkf` olrkfif Ir. Cfks Jrloss Ufcuk Jrlo Ufcuk 68>=. ]hj`us ]hj`us jrlo jrlo ehjlkf ehjlkf`` aunf aunf elknfk elknfk hsth`fc hsth`fc  shj`us fsfi shtrft, jfrlkf slkyfwf plrtfif yfkn tlrolktuj fef`fc fsfi shtrft. ]l`fhk htu, slyfwf  plkyusuk pfef fwf` pliolktujfk shj`us aunf efpft olrupf fsfi trhjfrobjsh`ft (MBBC) MBB C) yfkn yfkn ilrupf ilrupfjfk jfk nunus nunus fsfi slchknnf slchknnf shj`us shj`us jrlo jrlo ehslou ehsloutt aunf aunf  shj`us fsfi trhjfrobjsh`ft. Wfef trhjfrobjsh`ft. Wfef prhkshpkyf, ]hj`us jrlo hf`fc tfcfpfk jleuf rlfjsh flrbo yfkn yfk n ilrupf ilrupfjfk jfk ofnhfk ofnhfk efrh efrh prbsls prbsls plrkfp plrkfpfsfk fsfk yfkn yfkn pfkafk pfkafkn n . ]hj`us ]hj`us jrlo jrlo  olr`fknsukn eh ef`fi ihtbjbkerhf yfkn iliofwf fsltft fjthd olrupf Fslth` olrupf  Fslth` Jb-F yfkn yfk n elknfk elknfk bjshef bjshefsh sh n`ujbs n`ujbsff ehuofc ehuofc ilkafe ilkafehh MB? MB? efk C?B ilkylo ilkylofoj fojfk fk  pl`lpfsfk efk plkfknjfpfk O. _uiu _uiusfk sfk Ifsf`fc Ifsf`fc

Olrefsfrjfk `ftfr ol`fjfkn ehftfs ruiusfk ifsf`fc ifjf`fc hkh fef`fc1 6. Fpf plkn plknlrt lrthfk hfk N`hjb N`hjb`hs `hshs hs efk ]hj` ]hj`us us Jrlos2 Jrlos2 ?. Ofnfhifkf Ofnfhifkf ilknltfc ilknltfcuh uh duknsh duknsh utfif utfif N`hjb`hshs N`hjb`hshs efk efk ]hj`us ]hj`us Jrlos Jrlos 2 =. Ofnfhifkf Ofnfhifkf ilknltf ilknltfcuh cuh rlfjsh rlfjsh N`hjb`hshs N`hjb`hshs efk efk ]hj`us ]hj`us Jrlos2 5.

 

M. Uuaufk

Fefpuk ruiusfk ifsf`fc pfef ifjf`fc hkh yfhtu1 6. \ktuj efpft ilknlt ilknltfcuh fcuh plknlrth plknlrthfk fk N`hjb`hshs N`hjb`hshs efk efk ]hj`us ]hj`us Jrlos Jrlos ?. \ktuj ilknltf ilknltfcuh cuh duknsh duknsh utfif N`hjb`hshs N`hjb`hshs efk ]hj`us ]hj`us Jrlos =. \ktuj ilknltf ilknltfcuh cuh rlfjsh rlfjsh N`hjb`hshs N`hjb`hshs efk ]hj`us ]hj`us Jrlos

 

OFO HH WLIOFCF]FK

F. Wlknlrthfk N`hjb`hshs efk ]hj`us Jrlos Jrlos N`hjb`hshs ilrupfjfk rlfjsh tfcfp plrtfif slmfrf flrbo (mujup bjshnlk)

yfkn yfk n olr`fk olr`fknsu nsukn kn ef`fi ef`fi ihtbjb ihtbjbker kerhf. hf. Ufcfp Ufcfp hkh ilrupf ilrupfjfk jfk fwf` fwf` tlrafeh tlrafehky kyff rlsphrf rlsp hrfsh sh sl`. N`hjb` N`hjb`hshs hshs tlrafe tlrafehh ef`fi ef`fi shtbp`f shtbp`fsif sif efk cfsh` cfsh` fjchrk fjchrkyf yf olrupf olrupf slkyfwf fsfi phruvft. N`hjb`hshs ilih`hjh shdft-shdft, fktfrf `fhk1 n`hjb`hshs efpft  olr`fknsukn slmfrf s lmfrf flrbo ifupuk fkflrbo, n`hjb`hshs il`hoftjfk lkzhi FUW efk FEW, FE W, slrt slrtff plrf plrfkf kfk k FUW FUW efk efk FEW FEW pfef pfef n` n`hj hjb` b`hs hshs hs fe fef` f`fc fc ilih ilihke kefc fcjf jfk k (ilktr (il ktrfks fksdlr) dlr) dbsdft dbsdft efrh efrh ib`lju ib`lju`` yfkn yfkn sftu jl ib`lju ib`lju`` yfkn yfkn `fhk. `fhk. Wfef Wfef sl` lujfrhbthj, lujfrh bthj,n`hjb n`hjb`hshs `hshs tlrafeh tlrafeh eh shtbp`fsif(sh shtbp`fsif(shtbsb` tbsb`). ). N`hjb`hshs N`hjb`hshs tlrafeh tlrafeh il`f`uh il`f`uh 67 tfcfpfk yfkn tlrehrh efrh < tfcfpfk plknnukffk lklrnh efk < tfcfpfk pl`lpfsfk lklrnh. Olrhjut hkh rlfjsh n`hjb`hshs slmfrf `lknjfp. Ib`lju` n`ujbsf fjfk ifsuj jl ef`fi sl` il`f`uh prbsls ehdush. Fnfr  efpf efpftt olrl olrlfj fjsh sh,, n`uj n`ujbs bsff eh ehol olrh rh lklr lklrnh nh fj fjth thvf vfsh sh ol olru rupf pf sf sftu tu FUW. FUW. Cf` Cf` hk hkhh ilknfjhoftj ilknf jhoftjfk fk n`ujbsf n`ujbsf ef`fi jlfeffk jlfeffk tlrdbsdbrh`fsh tlrdbsdbrh`fsh ilkafeh ilkafeh n`ujbsf-4-db n`ujbsf-4-dbsdft sdft yfkn ehofktu b`lc lkzhi cljsbjhkfsl.N`hjb`hshs hkh tlrafeh pfef sfft sl` ililmfc ib`lju ib` lju`` n`ujbs n`ujbsff yfkn yfkn ilknfk ilknfkeuk eukn n 4 ftbi ftbi M (4M) (4M) ilkafe ilkafehh ? ib`lju ib`lju`` fsfi fsfi  phruvft yfkn ilknfkeukn = ftbi M (=M) yfkn il`f`uh euf rfknjfhfk rlfjsh yfhtu rfknjfhfk H (pl`lpfsfk lklrnh) efk rfknjfhfk HH (ilioutucjfk bjshnlk). ]h ]hj` j`us us jr jrlo loss fe fef`f f`fc c sf`fc sf`fc sftu sftu rlfjs rlfjshh yf yfkn kn tl tlraf rafeh eh ef efrh rh rf rfkn knjf jfhf hfk k rl rlfj fjsh sh iltfob`hsil sl` eh ef`fi ihtbjbkerhf yfkn iliofwf jftfob`hsil rlsheu fslty`, iliolofsjfk ljuhvf`lk cherbnlk, yfkn elknfk bjshefsh ilkylofojfk pl`lpfsfk efk plkfknjfpfk FUW slofnfh plilkuc jloutucfk lklrnh afrhknfk. ]hj`us hkh ehkfifjfk shj`us jrlos jfrlkf yfkn ilkliujfk fef`fc Ir. Jrlos ftfu ]hr Cfks Feb`d Jrlos (6877-6836) pfef tfcuk 68=>, slbrfkn fc`h ohbjhihf tlrjlkf` yfkn ilkliujfk iltfob`hsil jfrobcherft. Kfif `fhk efrh shj`us jrlos yfhtu shj`us fsfi shtrft jfrlkf slkyfwf plrtfif yfkn tlrolktuj fef`fc fsfi shtrft aunf shj`us fsfi fsfi trhj trhjfr frob objs jsh` h`ft ft ((-M MBBC) BBC) jfrl jfrlkf kf cfip cfiphr hr eh fwf` fwf`-f -fwf wf`` shj` shj`us us jr jrlo los, s,

 

slkyfwfkyf tlrsusuk efrh fsfi trhjfrobjsh`ft. Urhjfrobjsh`ft htu ilrupfjfk nunus fsfi (-MBBC). ]hj`us jrlos fef`fc slrfknjfhfk rlfjsh yfkn ehnukfjfk b`lc brnfkhsil flrbohj  uktu uktuj j ilkn ilkncf cfsh sh`j `jfk fk lklr lklrnh nh efrh efrh bjsh bjshef efsh sh ib`l ib`lju ju`` fs fslt lth` h`-M -MbF bF cf cfsh sh`` thnf thnf iltfob`hsil jfrobcherft utfif, N`hjb`hshs, Af`ur Wlktbsf Dbsdft efk Af`ur LktklrEbuebrbdd. ]hj`us jrlos ilrupfjfk sf`fc sftu prbsls yfkn ilknnukfjfk fsfi khtrft efrh sloufc rlfjsh iltfob`hsil pfef fslth` jb-F yfkn ehnfouknjfk elknfk fsfi bjsf`bfsltft sltl`fc tlrafeh suftu prbsls olrupf n`hjb`hshs. Wfef jhklrafkyf  plkal`fsfk efk prbsls shj`us jrlos hkh ilrupfjfk sf`fc sftu rlfjsh efrh prbsls  plrkfdfsfk yfkn `lohc pfkafkn. Olrtlpftfk eh Ihtbjbkerhf elknfk ilknnukfjfk fsltft fjthd uktuj ehafehjfk Fslth` jb-F ef`fi prbsls bjshefsh n`ujbsf. Efrh shj`us hkh iltfob`hsil yfkn ehcfsh`jfk efrh prbsls n`hjb`hshs fjfk ilkafeh suiolr utfif  ofnh tuouc slofnfh lklrnh. Xfknifkf prbsls n`hjb`hshs hkh ilrupfjfk prbsls jbkvlrsh fktfrf jfrobcherft elknfk `lifj uktuj ehafehjfk felkbk trhdbsdft ftfu FUW. O. Duknsh \tfif \tfif N`hjb`hshs efk ]hj`us ]hj`us Jrlos

6. Duknsh Duknsh N`hjb`hshs duknsh duk nsh n`hjb` n`hjb`hsh hshss uktuj uktuj ilkncf ilkncfsh` sh`jfk jfk Af`ur Af`ur n`hjb` n`hjb`hthj hthj cfiphr cfiphr eh ifkfifkfifkf if kf,, yf yfkn kn ehtl ehtliu iujf jfk k eh sl slth thfp fp sl` cf cfip iphr hr sliuf sliuf ifjc ifjc`u `uj j ch cheu eup. p. Cf` Cf` hk hkhh ehjftf`hsfsh b`lc lkzhi `frut tlr`ltfj eh shtbsb` sl`. Ilsjhpuk af`ur n`hjb`hthj yfkn  pf`hkn slrhkn ehfknnfp slofnfh n`ujbsf iltfob`hsil, ibkbsfjfrhef uiui `fhkkyf slplrth drujtbsf, nf`fjtbsf, efk ifkbsf aunf ehiltfob`hsil b`lc htu. Af`ur  n`hjb` n`h jb`hth hthj j olrbp olrbplrfs lrfshh eh jleuf jleuf jlcfeh jlcfehrfk rfk (flrbo (flrbohj) hj) ftfu thefj thefj fefkyf fefkyf bj bjshn shnlk lk (fkflrbohj). (fkflrb ohj). ililtfob`hsi ililtfob`hsill nu`f lkfi jfrobk slelrcfkf slelrcfkf uktuj slkyfwf slkyfwf thnf jfrobk yfkn `lohc jlmh` yfkn jliuehfk ofhj slplkuckyf ehiltfob`hsil b`lc ihtbjbkerhf uktuj ilkncfsh`jfk jfrobk ehbjshef efk slaui`fc olsfr FUW ftfu ehnukfjfk uktuj shktlshs `lifj uktuj plkyhipfkfk. ?. Dukn Duknsh sh ]hj ]hj`u `uss Jrlo Jrloss f. Ilkncfsh`jf Ilkncfsh`jfk k jfrobke jfrobkehbjsh hbjshef ef tlrofky tlrofkyfj fj pfef pfef afrhkn afrhknfk fk ifkushf. ifkushf.  o. Ilkncfsh`jfk slaui`fc jblkzhi tlrleujsh yfkn ilk ilknnlrfjjfk nnlrfjjfk rfktfh m. pl plrk rkfp fpfsf fsfk k uktuj uktuj prb prbeu eujs jshh FUW

 

e. Ilknjbkvl Ilknjbkvlrsh rsh slaui`fc slaui`fc lklrnh lklrnh slrtf zft hktlriheh hktlrihehlt lt yfkn olr`loh olr`lohcfk cfk uktuj  uktuj  ehnukfjfk pfef shktlshs fsfi `lifj. l. Ilkyle Ilkylehfj hfjfk fk slofnhfk slofnhfk ofcfk ofcfk jlplr`u jlplr`ufk fk uktuj uktuj shktlshs shktlshs prbtlhk prbtlhk efk fsfi kuj`lft. d. Il`fjujfk Il`fjujfk plknlk plknlkef`hfk ef`hfk `fknsukn `fknsukn (prbeuj (prbeuj ↟ ofjf` ofjf` prbeuj) prbeuj) ftfu thefj  thefj  n. `fkn `fknsu sukn kn (f (f`b `bstl stlrh rhj) j) tlrc tlrcfe fefp fp sh shstl stli i lk lkzhi zhi `f `fhk hk il`f il`f`uh `uh jb jbip ipbk bklk lk-jbipbklk shj`us. M. _lfjsh N`hjb`hshs N`hjb`hshs efk ]hj`us Jrlos Jrlos

6. _lfj _lfjsh sh N`hj N`hjb` b`hs hshs hs

 

]lmfrf rhkmh, tfcfp-tfcfp ef`fi `hktfsfk n`hjb`hshs fef`fc slofnfh olrhjut (pfef (pf ef slthfp slthfp tfcfp, tfcfp, `hcft `hcft efk cuouk cuouknjf njfk k elknfk elknfk Nfiof Nfiofrr @hktfs @hktfsfk fk eltfh`  eltfh`  iltfob`hsil jfrobcherft)1 jfrobcherft)1 6. N`ujbsf ifsuj `hktfsfk n`hjb`hshs il`f`uh dbsdbrh`fsh ilkafeh n`ujbsf-4 dbsdft elknfk ehjftf`hshr b`lc lkzhi cljsbjhkfsl  ftfu n`ujbjhkfsl pfef sl` pfrlkjhi cfthh efk sl` Wu`fu cft Wu`fu @fknlr @fknlrcfk cfkss pfkmrl pfkmrlfs. fs. Wrbsls Wrbsls hkh ililr`uj ililr`ujfk fk FUW slofnfh ebkbr dbsdft. FUW olrlfjsh slofnfh jbip`ljs In-FUW. Ulrihkf` dbsdft olrlklrnh thknnh pfef FUW ehnukfjfk, slchknnf cfsh`kyf fef`fc FEW. (-6W) _lfjsh hkh ehslrtfh jlch`fknfk lklrnh olofs ef`fi aui`fc olsfr olrupf jf`br, slchknnf slchkn nf ef`fi jbkehsh jbkehsh dhshb`bnhs dhshb`bnhs ehfknnfp ehfknnfp hrrlvlshol`. hrrlvlshol`. Cljsbjhkfsl ehcfioft slmfrf f`bstlrhj b`lc prbeuj rlfjsh n`ujbsf 4-dbsdft. In?+ N`ujbsf + FUW  n`ujbsf 4-dbsdft + FEW ?. N`uj N`ujbsf bsf 4-dbsdft 4-dbsdft ehu ehuofc ofc ilkafeh ilkafeh Druj Drujtbsf tbsf 4-dbsdft 4-dbsdft elknfk ofktufk lkzhi dbsdbclj dbsd bcljsbsf sbsf hsbilrfsl hsbilrfsl ef`fi suftu rlfjsh hsbilrfsh f`ebsf-jltbsf. Lkzhi hkh

cfkyf oljlraf pfef fkbilr -n`ujbsf 4-dbsdft. 

-E-n`ujbsf 4-dbsdft  -E-drujtbsf 4-dbsdft

=. Dru ehuofc fc ilka ilkafe fehh Dr elknfk k ofktufk ofktufk Drujtb jtbsf sf 4-dbsd 4-dbsdft ft ehuo Drujt ujtbsf bsf 6,4-oh 6,4-ohdb dbsdf sdftt elknf lkzhi dbsdbdrujtbjhkfsl . Dbsdbd Dbsdbdruj rujtbj tbjhkf hkfsl sl ilrup ilrupfjf fjfk k lkzhi lkzhi yfkn yfkn olrshd olrshdft ft f`bstlrhj sljf`hnus ohsf ehhkeujsh, slchknnf olrplrfk plkthkn ef`fi `fau n`hjb`hshs. Ef`fi jb Ef`fi jbke kehs hshh dh dhshb shb`b `bnh nhss tfcf tfcfp p hk hkhh ohsf ohsf eh ehfk fknn nnfp fp hrrlv hrrlvlr lrsho sho`l `l.. _lfj _lfjsh sh hk hkhh ililr`ujfk FUW slofnfh ebkbr dbsdft, slchknnf cfsh`kyf fef`fc FEW.(-6W) 

-E-drujtbsf 4-dbsdft + FUW  E-drujtbsf 6,4-ohdbsdft

5. Dr ehplmf mfc c ilka ilkafe fehh ? sl slky kyfw fwff trhb trhbsf sf db dbsd sdft ft yf yfht htu u Druj ujtb tbsf sf 6,46,4-oh ohdb dbsd sdft ft ehpl n`hslrfcelche =-dbsdft efk ehcherbjsh fsltbk dbsdft . _lfjsh hkh ehjftf`hshr b`lc

lkzhi f`eb`fsl (drujtbsf 6,4-ohdbsdft f`eb`fsl). E-drujtbsf 6,4-ohdbsdft E-n`hslrf`elche =-dbsdft + ehcherbjshfsltbk dbsdft . Lklrnh Lklrnh yfkn ehcfsh`jfk ehcfsh`jfk ef`fi prbsls bjshefsh bjshefsh ehshipfk ehshipfk il`f`uh il`f`uh pliolktuj pliolktujfk fk hjftfk su`dur olrlklrnh olrlklrnh thknnh, thknnh, sltl`fc dbsdbrb`hshs, dbsdbrb`hshs, sloufc nunus dbsdft olrlklrnh olrlklrnh thknnh thk nnh ef`f ef`fi i pbshsh 6 slkyfw slkyfwff 6,= ohdbsdbn`hslrft. Dbsdft olrlklrnh thknnh hkh ehtfknjfp ehtfk njfp ilkafeh FUW ef`fi rlfjsh `lohc `fkaut elknfk FEW, yfkn ehjftf`hshr  ehjftf`hshr  b`lc lk lkzzhi dbs ]lky kyfw fwff shsf shsf yfkn yfkn eh ehcf cfsh sh`j `jfk fk fe fef` f`fc fc =dbsdbn` dbn`hslr hslrft ft jhkfsl jhkfsl. ]l dbsdbn`hslrft.

6,=-ohdbsdbn`hslrft + FEW  =-dbsdbn`hslrft + FUW Mftftfk1 Jfrlkf fef euf ib`lju` 6,=-ohdbsdbn`hslrft, ifjf lklrnh yfkn ehcfsh`jfk fef`fc ? x 6W 9 ?W. (+?W)

 

3. =-dbsdbn`hslrft   ehuofc ilkafeh ilkafeh ?-dbsdbn`hslrft  elknfk ehjftf`hshr b`lc lkzhi dbsdbn`hs dbsd bn`hslrft lrft

iutfsl iutfsl.

]lky ]lkyfw fwff

?,=?,=-oh ohdb dbsdb sdbn` n`hs hslrf lrftt

(ehd (e hdbs bsdb dbn` n`hsl hslrf rft, t,

EWN) EWN)

ilrupfjfk hktlrilehftl ef`fi rlfjsh hkh. =-dbsdbn`hslrft  ?-dbsdbn`hslrft 8. ?-dbsdbn`hslrft ehuofc ilkafeh dbsdblkb` phruvft (WLW) elknfk ofktufk lkzhi lkb`fsl. _lfjsh hkh il`hoftjfk elcherfsh slrtf plkehstrhoushfk jliof`h lklrnh eh

ef`fi ib`lju`, ilkfhjjfk vf`lksh dbsdft efrh pbshsh ? jl stftus olrlklrnh thknnh. Lkb`fs Lkb `fsll ehcfi ehcfioft oft b`lc b`lc d`ubr d`ubrhel hel, su suft ftu u uk uksu surl rl yf yfkn kn ef efpf pftt eh ehnu nukf kfjf jfk k ahjf ahjf

n`hjb`hshs eh ef`fi efrfc plr`u ehmlnfc slol`ui jfefr n`ujbsf efrfc ehplrhjsf. Lkzhi hkh olrnfktukn pfef jlolrfeffk In?+ ftfu Ik?+. ?-dbsdbn`hslrft  dbsdblkb` phruvft + C?B 67. Dbsdft Dbsdft olrlklrnh olrlklrnh thknnh thknnh WLW ehp ehphke hkefcj fcjfk fk pfef pfef FEW b` b`lc lc lkzhi lkzhi phruvft jhkfsl slchknnf ilkncfsh`jfk FUW. Lkb` phruvft yfkn tlrolktuj ef`fi rlfjsh hkh

ilknf`fih jbkvlrsh spbktfk ilkafeh jltb phruvft. _lfjsh hkh ehslrtfh jlch`fknfk lklrnh lkl rnh olofs olofs ef`fi ef`fi aui`fc aui`fc olsfr olsfr slofnf slofnfhh pfkfs pfkfs efk slmfrf slmfrf dhshb`b dhshb`bnhs nhs fef`fc fef`fc hrrlvlrsho`l. Dbsdblkb` phruvft + FEW  phruvft + FUW Mftftfk1 Jfrlkf fef ? ib`lju` WLW ifjf tlrolktuj ? ib`lju` lkb` phruvft slchknnf tbtf` cfsh` lklrnh pfef tfcfp hkh fef`fc ? x 6W 9 ?W. (+?W) 66. Ahj tlrslehf bjshnlk bjshnlk), rlbjsh Ahjff jlfeff jlfeffk k olrshdft olrshdft fkflrbo  (tfj tlrslehf rlbjshefsh efsh KFEC il`f`uhh plihkefcfk il`f`u plihkefcfk slaui`fc uksurl ljuhvf`lk plrleujsh plrleujsh fjfk ehmlnfc. Whruvft

fjfk fjf k ehrleujsh ehrleujsh b`lc KFEC  ilka ilkafe fehh `fjtft.  _lfjsh hkh ehjftf`hshr b`lc lkzhi `fjtft elcherbnlkfsl.

Whruvft + KFEC + C+  @(+)-@fjtft + KFE+ Ef`fi Ef` fi jlfeff jlfeffk k flrbo, phr phruvf uvftt ehfioh` b`lc ihtbjbkerhf, efk sltl`fc jbkvlrsh ilka il kafe fehh fslth`-JbF, fjf fjfk k ehbjsh ehbjshefsh efsh ilkafeh ilkafeh MB?  il il`f `f`u `uhh shj`us fsfi shtrft (]hj`us Jrlo‘s). Ljuhvf`lk plrleujsh efrh rlfjsh KFEC + C +  yfkn tlrolktuj 

ef`fi n`hjb`hshs fjfk ehfioh` b`lc ihtbjbkerhf uktuj bjshefsh il`f`uh sf`fc sftu efrh rlfjsh u`fkn f`hj (scutt`l).

 

_fknjfhfk H

 

_fknjfhfk _fknjfhfk H _lfjsh N`hjb`hshs N`hjb`hshs (pl`lpfsfk (pl`lpfsfk lklrnh) lklrnh) olr`fknsukn olr`fknsukn eh ef`fi

shtbp`fsif (ef`fi jbkehsh fkflrbo) yfhtu ehfwf`h efrh rlfjsh plknurfhfk ib`lju` n`ujbsf ilkafeh n`ujbsf-4-dbsdft yfkn ilioutucjfk (-6) lklrnh efrh FUW efk il`lpfs 6 W. Ahjf n`ujbsf-4-dbsdft ilkefpft tfiofcfk 6 W ilkafeh drujtbsf-4dbsdft jliuehfk ilkafeh drujtbsf 6,4 dbsdft yfkn ilioutucjfk (-6) lklrnh efrh FUW yfkn il`lpfs 6 W. Afeh uktuj ilknuofc n`ujbsf ilkafeh drujtbsf 6,4 dbsdft, lklrnh yfkn ehoutucjfk slofkyfj (-?) FUW. ]l`fkautkyf drujtbsf dr ujtbsf 6,4 dbsdft ifsuj  jl ihtbjbkerhf efk ilknf`fih `hshs (plmfc) ilkafeh elcherbjshj fsltbk dbsdft efk dbsdbn`hslrf`elche. _fknjfhfk HH

_fknjfhfk _fknj fhfk HH _lfjsh N`hjb`hshs N`hjb`hshs (ilioutucj (ilioutucjfk fk bjshnlk) bjshnlk) olr`fknsukn olr`fknsukn eh ef`fi ef` fi ihtbjb ihtbjbker kerhf hf (ef`fi (ef`fi jbkehs jbkehshh fwf`), fwf`), ib`lju ib`lju`` dbsdbn` dbsdbn`hslr hslrf`e f`elch lche e yfkn yfkn ilknf`fih rlfjsh dbsdbrh`fsh (plkfiofcfk nunus dbsdft) efk ef`fi wfjtu yfkn  olrsfiffk, aunf tlrafeh rlfjsh elcherbnlkfsh (pl`lpfsfk ftbi C) yfkn ehtfknjfp b`lc b`lc fj fjsl slpt ptbr br cher cherbn bnlk lk,, yf yfht htu u jb jblk lkzh zhi i KF KFE. E. Elkn Elknfk fk `l `lpf pfsk skyf yf ? ft ftbi bi C, dbsdbn`hslrf`elche olruofc ilkafeh ?Þ6,=-fsfi ehdbsdbn`hslrf` jliuehfk olruofc ilkafeh ?Þ=-fsfi dbsdbn`hslrf` yfkn ilkncfsh`jfk (+?) lklrnh FUW. ]l`fkautkyf ?Þ=?Þ =-fsf fsfi i db dbsdb sdbn` n`hs hslrf lrf`` tlrsl tlrslou outt ol olru ruof ofc c ilka ilkafe fehh ?x ?xfs fsfi fi ph phru ruvf vftt el elkn knfk fk ilkncfsh`jfk (+?) lklrnh FUW slrtf C ?B (slofnfh cfsh` shsf). Afeh, lklrnh cfsh` fjchr olrshc uktuj ilknuofc n`ujbsf ilkafeh ? x fsfi phruvft, fef`fc1 Lklrnh

yfkn

ehoutucjfk

Lklrnh

yfkn

ehcfsh`jfk

Ufcfp Ufcfp

H

1

(-?)

FUW

HH

1

(+5)

FUW

Lklrnh cfsh` fjchr olrshc 1 ? FUW Wfef Wfef pl plra raf` f`fk fkfk fk rlfjs rlfjshh ol olrhj rhjut utky kyf, f, fsfi fsfi ph phru ruvf vftt tl tlrn rnfk fktu tukn kn pf pfef ef jltlrslehffk jltlrsl ehffk bjshnlk ef`fi sl`. Ahjf bjshnlk mujup tlrslehf, tlrslehf, fsfi phruvft ef`fi ihtbjbkerhf fjfk ilknf`fih eljfrobjsh`fsh bjshefthd yfhtu ilknf`fih pl`lpfsfk MB?  efk rlfjsh bjshefsh elknfk pl`lpfsfk ? ftbi C ( rlfjsh elcherbnlk elcherbnlkfsh fsh). ). ]l`fif prbsls tlrslout tlrslout olr`fknsukn olr`fknsukn,, ifjf fsfi phruvft phruvft fjfk olrnfoukn olrnfoukn elknfk elknfk jblkzhi F ( JbF”]C   JbF”]C ) yfkn iliolktuj fslth` jblkzhi F (fslty` JbF). Ef`fi

 

sufsfkf flrbo yfkn olr`fknsukn eh iliorfk jrhstf ihtfjbkerhf tlrolktuj aunf cfsh` yfkn `fhk, yfhtu KFEC? efrh KFE yfkn ilkfknjfp `lpfskyf ? ftbi C yfkn olrfsf` efrh rlfjsh elcherbnlkfsh. Jliuehfk juipu`fk KFEC? ehhjft b`lc rfktfh rlsphrfsh eh ef`fi ihtbjbkerhf. ]ltl`fc fsfi phruvft olrnfoukn elknfk jblkzhi efk iliolktuj fslth` Mb-F jliuehfk ifsuj ef`fi tfcfp shj`us Jrlos. Ahjf Fkef fifth `lohc mlrift `fnh, Fkef fjfk ilknltfcuh pfef tfcfpfk ifkf sfafjfc lklrnh ( FUW) eholktuj. Kfc, prbsls pliolktujfk FUW hkh`fc yfkn ehsloutt dbsdbrh`fsh. ehslou dbsdbrh`fsh. Wfef tfcfpfk tfcfpfk n`hjb`hshs n`hjb`hshs tlrslout, tlrslout, lkzhi ilktrfksdlr ilktrfksdlr nunus nunus ef`fi n`hjb`hshs) jl FEW slchknnf prbslskyf ehslout dbsdbrh`fsh thknjft suostrft. Jlsl`urucfk rlfjsh n`hjb`hshs, efpft ehouft plrsfifffk rlfjsh slofnfh olrhjut1 N`ujbsf + ?FEW + ?Wh + ?KFE+ ↟ ? Whruvft + ?C?B + ?FUW + ?KFEC + ?C+ ]l`f ]l`fhk hk n`uj n`ujbs bsf, f, of ofcf cfk k if ifjf jfkf kfk k yf yfkn kn Fkef Fkef jb jbks ksui uish sh thef thefj j sl`f` sl`f`u u ilkn il knfk fkeu eukn kn nu nu`f `f slelrc slelrcfk fkff slplrt slplrthh n`uj n`ujbs bsff sfaf. sfaf. Jfef Jfefkn kn-j -jfe fefk fkn n Fkef Fkef ilknjb ilk njbksu ksuish ish ofcfkofcfk-ofc ofcfk fk yfkn yfkn ilknfk ilknfkeuk eukn n nu nu`f `f jb jbip` ip`ljs ljs (jfrob (jfrobche cherft rft jbip`ljs) slplrth if`tbsf, `fjtbsf, efk sujrbsf. Jliuehfk, efpftjfc nu`f-nu`f ftfu jfrobch erft yfkn jbip`ljs tlrslout `fknsukn ehiltfob`hsil b`lc sl`2 Ulktu sfaf thefj, ofcfk-ofcfk yfkn ol`ui slelrcfkf tlrslout cfrus ehrbiofj efcu`u slchknnf slchkn nf ilkafeh ilkafeh ofcfk yfkn efpft ehiltfob`hsil ehiltfob`hsil `fknsukn b`lc sl`. Oujfkjfc Fkeff suefc Fke suefc ilknlt ilknltfcu fcuhh ifmfi-i ifmfi-ifmfi fmfi nu`f2 nu`f2 If`tbsf If`tbsf,, sujrbs sujrbsf, f, efk `fjtbs `fjtbsff tlr`lohc efcu`u ehuofc ilkafeh ibkbilr plkyusukkyf yfhtu n`ujbsf efk nu`f slelrcfkf yfkn `fhk yfhtu drujtbsf ftfu nf`fjtbsf. ]l`fkautkyf, n`ujbsf ftfu nu`fnu`f slelrcfkf fjfk ifsuj shj`us n`hjb`hshs slplrth ohfsf. N`ujbsf fjfk ehuofc ilkafeh n`ujbsf 4W efk sltlruskyf slchknnf efpft ehcfsh`jfk ? fsfi phruvft. @f`u, @f` u, ofnfhi ofnfhifkf fkf elknfk elknfk drujtb drujtbsf sf efk ifkbsf ifkbsf22 Drujtb Drujtbsf sf efk ifkbsf ifkbsf efpft efpft `fknsukn ehuofc ilkafeh drujtbsf 4W.

 

?. ]hj`us Jr Jrlos

]hj`us Jrlos  Jrlos  tlrafeh eh ihtbjbkerhf elknfk ilknnukfjfk ofcfk utfif olrupf fslth`-MbF, fslth`-M bF, yfkn ehcfsh`jfk ehcfsh`jfk efrh prbsls eljfrobjsh`fsh eljfrobjsh`fsh bjshefthd. bjshefthd. Fef el`fpfk el`fpfk tfcfpfk utfif yfkn tlrafeh sl`fif shj`us Jrlos. 6.  Jbkelksfsh Jbke Jb kelk lksfs sfshh ilru ilrupf pfjf jfk k rl rlfj fjsh sh pl plkn knnf nfou oukn knfk fk ib`l ib`lju ju`` fslth fslth`-M `-MbF bF el elkn knfk fk bjsf`bfsltft iliolktuj fsfi shtrft. Lkzhi yfkn oljlraf ef`fi rlfjsh hkh fef`fc lkzhi fsfi shtrft shktltfsl. ?. 

Hsbilrfsl shtrft

Ufcfpfk hkh ehofktu b`lc lkzhi fmbkhtfsl, yfkn ilkncfsh`jfk hsbshtrft. =. 

Wrbeujsh MB?

Elknfk ofktufk KFEC, lkzhi hsbshtrft elcherbnlkfsl fjfk ilknuofc hsbshtrf ilkafeh f`df-jltbn`utfrft. ]ftu ib`lju` MB ? eholofsjfk slthfp sftu rlfjsh.

 

5. 

Eljfrobjsh`fsh Eljfrobjsh`f sh bjshefthd jleuf

Ufcfpf Ufc fpfk k rlfjsh rlfjsh hkh ilknu ilknuofc ofc f`df-jl f`df-jltbn tbn`ut `utfrf frf ilkafe ilkafehh sujshk sujshkh`-M h`-MbF. bF. _lfjsh _lfjsh ehjftf`hsfsh b`lc lkzhi f`df-jltbn`utfrft elcherbnlkfsl. .   

Cherfsh efk rlnlklrfsh rlnlklrfsh bjsf`bfsltft bjsf`bfsltft

Euf tfcfpfk tfcfpfk hkh ilrupfjfk ilrupfjfk fjchr efrh ]hj`us ]hj`us Jrlos. Jrlos. Cherfsh Cherfsh ilrupfjfk ilrupfjfk

 plkfiofcfk ftbi cherbnlk pfef hjftfk nfkef jfrobk (M9M) yfkn fef pfef duifrftt slchknnf duifrf slchknnf ilkncfsh`j ilkncfsh`jfk fk if`ft. If`ft elcherbnlk elcherbnlkfsl fsl ilknuofc ilknuofc if`ft ilkafeh bjsf`bfsltft. Bjsf`bfsltft yfkn ehcfsh`jfk olrduknsh uktuj ilkfknjfp fslth`-M fslt h`-MbF, bF, slchkn slchknnf nf shj`us shj`us Jrlos Jrlos fjfk fjfk tlrus tlrus olr`fk olr`fknsu nsukn. kn. Fefpuk Fefpuk cfsh` cfsh` efrh efrh ]hj`us Jrlos fef`fc FUW, DFEC ?, KFEC efk MB?. ]hj`us fjfk ilkncfsh`jfk ? ib`lju` MB?, yfkn eh`lpfsjfk. Aui`fc ib`lju` KFEC yfkn ehcfsh`jfk fef`fc 4 ib`lju ib` lju`, `, slefkn slefknjfk jfk DFEC DFEC fef`fc fef`fc ? ib`lju ib`lju`. `. FUW yfkn yfkn ehprbe ehprbeujs ujshh slmfrf slmfrf `fknsukn fef slofkyfj ? ib`lju`, yfkn ilrupfjfk cfsh` efrh rlfjsh dbsdbrh`fsh thknjft thknj ft suostrft. suostrft. DFEC?  efk KFEC fef`fc fef`fc ib`lju ib`lju`` yfkn yfkn ehnukf ehnukfjfk jfk ef`fi ef`fi tfcfpfk trfkspbr l`ljtrbk. ]lthfp ib`lju` KFEC fjfk ehbjshefsh `lwft trfkspbr  l`ljtrbk l`ljtr bk slchknnf slchknnf ilkncfsh`jfk ilkncfsh`jfk = FUW plr ib`lju`, ib`lju`, slefknjfk sftu ib`lju` ib`lju` DFEC? ilkncfsh`jfk ? ib`lju` FUW. _hkm _hkmhf hfk k efrh efrh nfio nfiofr fr 1 _lfjsh-rlfjsh pfef shj`us fsfi shtrft ehurfhjfk slofnfh olrhjut1

 

6. Jbkelk lksf sfssh fwf` fslth` JbF elknfk bj liolk lktu tuj j shtrft, bjsf sf`b `bfs fslt ltft ft ilio ehjf ehjftf` tf`hsh hshrr b`lc b`lc lk lkzh zhi i shtr ilkylofoj fojfk fk shktls shktlshs hs hjftfk hjftfk jfrobk jfrobk jl shtrft ft shktfsl shktfsl  ilkylo jfrobk eh fktfrf ftbi jfrobk ilth` pfef fslth` JbF elknfk ftbi jfrobk jfrobkh`  pfef bjsf`bfsltft. _lfjsh jbkelksfsh, yfkn iliolktuj shtrh` JbF, ehhjuth b`lc cherb`hshs hjftfk thblstlr JbF yfkn ehslrtfh elknfk ch`fknkyf lklrnh olofs ef`fi  olktuj pfkfs ef`fi aui`fc olsfr, ilifsthjfk rlfjsh tlrslout sl`lsfh elknfk slipurkf. Fslth` JbF + Bjsf`bfsltft + C?B  ]htrft + JbF ?. ]htrft ]htrft ehjbk ehjbkvlrsh vlrsh ilkafeh hsbs hsbshtrf htrftt b`l b`lc c lkzhi fjbkhtfsl (fjbkhtft cherftfsl)

yfkn ilknfkeukn olsh Dl ?+ ef`fi olktuj prbtlhk olsh-su`dur (Dl1]). Jbkvlrsh hkh  olr`fknsukn ef`fi ? tfcfp, yfhtu1 elcherfsh ilkafeh shs-fjbkhtft, yfkn slofnhfk eh fktfrfkyf tlrhjft pfef lkzhi efk rlcherfsh ilkafeh hsbshtrft. _lfjsh tlrslout ehcfioft b`lc d`ubrbfsltft yfkn ef`fi olktuj d`ubrbfslth` JbF ilknfe ilk nfefjf fjfk k jbkelk jbkelksfs sfshh elknfk elknfk bjsf`b bjsf`bfslt fsltft ft uktuj uktuj iliolk iliolktuj tuj d`ubrb d`ubrbshtr shtrft. ft. ]lkyfwf tlrfjchr hkh ilkncfioft fjbkhtfsl slchknnf ilkhiou`jfk plkuipujfk shtrft. =. Hsbshtrft ilknf`fih elcherbnlkfsh iliolktuj bjsf`bsujshkft elknfk fefkyf lkzh lkzhi i hsbshtrft elcherbnlkfsl. Eh fktfrf lkzhi hkh fef yfkn splshdhj KFE +, cfkyf cfk yf ehtliu ehtliujfk jfk eh ef`fi ef`fi ihtbjb ihtbjbker kerhf. hf. Euf lkzhi lkzhi `fhkky `fhkkyff olrshdf olrshdftt splshdh splshdhj  j   KFEW+ efk ifshkn-ifshkn slmfrf olrurutfk ehauipfh eh ef`fi ihtbjbkerhf slrtf shtbsb` shtb sb`.. Bjshef Bjshefsh sh tlrjfht tlrjfht rfktfh rlsphrfsh tlrcfefp hsbshtrft olr`fknsukn cfiphr  slipurkf il`f`uh lkzhi yfkn olrnfktukn KFE+. Hsbshtrft + KFE+  Bjsf`bsujshkft   ”jltbn`utfrft + MB? + KFEC + C+ (tlrhjft lkzhi) Jliuehfk Jliue hfk tlrafeh eljfrobjsh`fsh eljfrobjsh`fsh ilkafeh ilkafeh

 ”jltbn`utfrft  ”jltbn`utfr ft yfkn aunf ehjftf`hshr 

b`lc b`lc lkzh lkzhi i hsbshtrft elcherbnlkfsl elcherbnlkfsl. Ik?+  ftfu ftfu In?+  ilrupfjfk ilrupfjfk jbipbklk jbipbklk  plkthkn rlfjsh eljfrobjsh`fsh. Bjsf`bsujshkft tfipfjkyf fjfk tltfp tlrhjft pfef lkzhi slofnfh hktlrilehftl ef`fi jlsl`urucfk rlfjsh.

 

5. ]l`fkautky ]l`fkautkyff  ”jltbn`utfr  ”jltbn`utfrft ft ilknf`fih eljfrobjsh`fsh bjshefthd il`f`uh mfrf yfkn sfif elknfk eljfrobjsh`fsh bjshefthd phruvft, elknfk jleuf suostrft olrupf fsfi  ”jltb.  ”jltbn`utfrft + KFE+ + JbF  ]ujshkh` JbF + MB? + KFEC + C+



_lfjsh tlrslout yfkn ehjftf`hshr b`lc jbip`ljs

”jltbn`utfrft ”jltbn`utfrft elcherbnlkfsl elcherbnlkfsl,

 aunf ililr`ujfk jbdfjtbr yfkn helksthj elknfk jbip`ljs phruvft elcherbnlkfsl, mbktbckyf UEW, `hpbft, KFE +, DFE slrtf JbF, efk ilkncfsh`jfk pliolktujfk sujshkh` sujs hkh` JbF  (thblstl (thblstlrr olrlkl olrlklrnh rnh thknnh thknnh). ). Frslkh Frslkhtt ilkncf ilkncfiof ioftt rlfjsh rlfjsh eh ftfs

slchknnf ilkylofojfk plkuipujfk  ”jltbn`utfrft. Ifrlt ?768 cttps1//falkniuqcbeehiftu`afkkfc.wbreprlss.mbi/?766/7/73/plknlrthfk-duknsh-tfcfpfk-efk-cfsh`-shj`usjrlos.cti` ehfjsls jrlos.cti`  ehfjsls pfef cfrh 1 Ihknnu, 6> Ifrlt ?768 cttp1//fefh`iu.mbi/prbsls-shj`us-jrlos-olrhjut-plknlrthfk-efk-duknshkyf/ cttp1//fefh`iu.mbi/prbsls-shj`us-jrlos-olrhjut-plknlrthfk-efk-duknshkyf/ ehfjsls  ehfjsls  pfef cfrh Ihknnu, 6> Ifrlt ?768

 

IFJF@FC N@HJB@H]H] EFK ]HJ@\] J_LO]

B@LC  

H@CFI CF]FK F@-DHV_X 47>7766>744

A\_\]FK H@I\ WLUL_KFJFK DFJ\@UF] ]FHK] EFK ULJKB@BNH \KHTL_]HUF] H]@FI KLNL_H F@F\EEHK IFJF]]F_  ?768