Makalah Epidemiologi Dalam Keperawatan 5

 

CNJNFNG JH[HUN\NQNM [U@CHU ‖Hp`ahc`ifil` Anfnc Jhphrnwntnm–

Aishm [hmlncpu?  Ms. Na`t`yn Ungcnm T.Jhp. T.Jhp.

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A`susum Ifhg ? Jhficpij 8

>. Fus` Mur Tnb`tr`

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5. Mhml B`tr`ynmn

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4. Mhml T T``t` Ty Tynr`bng

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1. M`n Nchf`n

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NJNAHC@ JH[HUN\NQNM UT. HBNU@MN [XU\NJNUQN 5;5;

JNQN [HMLNMQNU 

[uo` anm syujur cnr`fng j`tn pnmontjnm jhgna`rnt Nffng T\Q ynml thfng chcehr`jnm jhshgntnm onscnm` anm rignm` pnan a`r` j`tn. Tgnfnwnt anm snfnc thtnpfng j`tn durngjnm jhpnan Gne`e`fng Mne` Cugnccna TN\ ynml thfng chmumoujnm jhpnan j`tn onfnm ynml furus. Nf Nfgn gnca cauf uf`ff `ffng ng jn jnc` c` chrn chrnsn sn eh ehrsy rsyuj ujur ur jn jnrhm rhmnn th thfn fng g chmy chmyhfh hfhsn` sn`jn jnm m cnjn cnjnfn fng g ‖Hp`ahc`ifil` Anfnc Jhphrnwntnm– shenln` tulns cntn juf`ng Jhphrnwntnm [r`chr Thciln cnjnfng `m` e`sn ehrcnmbnnt enl` sht`np irnml ynml chcendnmyn. Jnc` chmludnpjnm thr`cn jns`g enmynj jhpnan shcun p`gnj ynml thfng ehjhron sncn anfnc phceuntnm cnjnfng g`mlln shfhsn`mmyn cnjnfng `m`. Anm jnc` chceutugjnm jr`t`j  anm snrnm umtuj chcphren`j` jhsnfngnm ynml throna`.

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[urwnjnrtn, ;2 Mivhcehr 5;5;

[hmyusum

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ANBQNU @T@

JNQN[HMLNMQNU ………..………………..……………………………….. 5 ANBQNU @T@ ……..………………………..…………………………………… 4 ENE @ [HMANGXFXNM N. Fntnr ehfnjnml ………………………….……………………...…………… 1 E. Uucusnm cnsnfng ………………………………………………...………… 8 D. Quounm ……………………………………………………..……………....... 8 ENE @@ [HCENGNTNM N. [hmlhrt`nm [hmlhrt`nm Hp`ahc`i Hp`ahc`ifil` fil` Jhphrnwntnm Jhphrnwntnm …...…………… …...……………...…… ...………………… …………… 2 E. Jimshp Hp`ahc`if Hp`ahc`ifil` il` Jhphrnwntn Jhphrnwntnm m ……………………………. ……………………………...………… ..………… 2 D. Entnsnm Hp`ahc`if Hp`ahc`ifil` il` ..……………… ..……………………………… …………………………… …………………... ……...… …< A. Uunml F`mlju F`mljup p Hp`ahc`ifi Hp`ahc`ifil` l` ………………………... ……………………….....……… ..…………………… …………… 7 H. Q`mljnt Q`mljnt [hmdhlngnm [hmdhlngnm [hmynj`t [hmynj`t [nan [nan Hp`ahc`if Hp`ahc`ifil` il` …………..………… …………..…………….. ….. >; B. [hrnm Hp`ahc`ifi Hp`ahc`ifil` l` Anfnc Anfnc Jhshgntnm Jhshgntnm ………………….……. ………………….……..………… .……………>> …>> L. [hrnm [hrnwnt [hrnwnt Anfnc Anfnc Hp`ahc`if Hp`ahc`ifil` il` ……………………………… ………………………………….…… ….…… >5 ENE @@@ [HMXQX[ N. Jhs`cpufnm ….………………………….……….………………..………… >4 E. Tnrnm …................……………………………….….…….……….……….... …................……………………………….….…….……….……….... >4 ANBQNU [XTQNJN ………………………………..……………...…………. >1

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ENE @ [HMANGXFXNM

N. Fntn Fntnrr Ehf Ehfnj njnm nml l

Jhshgntnm thfng chmona` jheutugnm utncn enl` sht`np cnmus`n a` aum`n anfnc chmonfnmjnm njt`v`tns g`aup. Ehransnrjnm phmlhrt`nmmyn jhnannm shgnt chrupnjnm jima`s` a`cnmn shirnml, shongthrn shdnrn b`s`j, chmtnf anm sis`nf ynml chcumlj`mjnm g`aup priaujt`b shdnrn sis`nf anm hjimic`. Nrt`myn npne`fn snfng sntu anr` jht`ln umsur thrsheut t`anj anfnc jima`s` ynml en`j cnjn njnm t`ceuf suntu cnsnfng ntnu ln lnml mllu lunm nm jh jhshg shgntn ntnm. m. Gnf Gnf `m `m`` chru chrul` l`jn jnm m ph phma mahr` hr`tn tn jn jnrhm rhmnn nj njnm nm chmu chmuru rumj mjnm nm  priaujt`b`tns thrgnanp jhg`aupnm pr`ena` anm mhlnrnmyn. Ahmlnm ahc`j`nm, phrfu nanmyn suntu usngn-usngn umtuj chm`mljntjnm ahrnont jhshgntnm. Cnsnfng jhshgntnm `m` e`sn a`ntns` ahmlnm suntu `fcu ynml chcphfnonr` phr`st`wn an anm m a`st a`str` r`eu eus` s` shcun shcun cnsnf cnsnfng ng yn ynml ml thrjn thrjn`t `t ah ahml mlnm nm jh jhsh shgn gntn tnm m an anm m bnjti bnjtirr yn ynml ml chcphmlnrug`myn yn`tu hp`ahc`ifil`. Hp`ahc Hp` ahc`if `ifil` il` chrupn chrupnjnm jnm `fcu `fcu phmlht phmlhtngu ngunm nm thrnpn thrnpnm m ynml ynml chcphf chcphfnonr nonr`` thmtnm thmtnml l t`ceufmyn phmynj`t ntnu cnsnfng jhshgntnm ynml chm`cpn cnsynrnjnt. A`cnmn `fcu  phmlhtngunm hp`ahc`ifil` a`lumnjnm Diccum`ty Ghnftg Murs`ml (DGM) ( DGM) shenln` nfnt chmhf`t` anm chmlieshrvns` pnan phjhronnm anm shenln` ansnr umtuj `mthrvhms` anm hvnfuns` f`thrntur r`sht hp`ahc`ifil`. [hmlhtngunm `m` chcehr` jhrnmljn ndunm umtuj   phrhmdnmnnm anm hvnfuns` prilrnc `mthrvhms` cnsynrnjnt, chmahthjs` shlhrn anm  phmlientnm phmynj`t, shrtn chc`m`cnfjnm jhdndntnm. Anfnc chmllumnj chmllumnjnm nm jimshp jimshp hp`ahc`ifil hp`ahc`ifil`, `, snmlnt a`eutugjn a`eutugjnm m jhcncpunm jhcncpunm `mvhst`lns` `mvhst `lns` hp`ahc`ifil` hp`ahc`ifil` ynml dujup, ynml a`aujuml a`aujuml ifhg s`sthc phmlucpufnm phmlucpufnm antn anm `mbircns` ehrens`s eujt` ynml junt shrtn t`manjnm phmnmllufnmlnm ynml thpnt lumn anm thpnt wnjtu ifhg cns`ml-cns`ml cns`ml-cns`ml itir`tns jhshgntnm. jhshgntnm. Thfn`m `tu a`eutugjnm a`eutugjnm bns`f`tns phfnynm jhshgntnm (UT/[usjhscns), Thoucfng thmnln ynml ehjhron anfnc t`c hp hp`a `ahc hc`i `ifi fil` l` um umtu tuj j chml chmllh lhrn rnjj jjnm nm nj njs` s` jh jhshg shgnt ntnm nm cnsy cnsynr nrnj njnt nt an anm m ph phfn fnyn ynmn mnm m jhshgntnm.

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E. Uucu Uucusn snm m Cns Cnsnf nfng ng >. Npn [hmlhrt`nm Hp`ahc`ifil` Jhphrnwntnm9 5. Enln`cnmn Jimshp Hp`ahc`ifil` Jhphrnwntnm9 4. Npn Tnon Entnsnm Hp`ahc`ifil`9 1. Npn Tnon Uunml F`mljup Hp`ahc`ifil`9 8. Npn Tnon Q`mljnt [hmdhlngnm [hmynj`t [nan Hp`ahc`ifil`9 2. Enln`cnmn [hrnm Hp`ahc`ifil` Anfnc Jhshgntnm9 . Xmtuj Chmlhtngu` Chmlhtngu` [hmlhrt`nm [hmlhrt`nm Hp`ahc`if Hp`ahc`ifil` il` Jhphrnw Jhphrnwntnm. ntnm. 5. Xmtuj Chmlhtngu` Chmlhtngu` Jimshp Jimshp Hp`ahc Hp`ahc`ifil `ifil`` Jhphrnwntn Jhphrnwntnm. m. 4. Xmtuj Xmtuj Chmlh Chmlhtng tngu` u` Entnsnm Entnsnm Hp`a Hp`ahc` hc`ifi ifil`. l`. 1. Xmtuj Chmlhtngu` Chmlhtngu` Uunml F`mljup F`mljup Hp`ahc`ifi Hp`ahc`ifil`. l`. 8. Xmtuj Chmlhtngu` Chmlhtngu` Q`mljn Q`mljntt [hmdhlngnm [hmdhlngnm [hmynj`t [hmynj`t [nan [nan Hp`ahc`i Hp`ahc`ifil`. fil`. 2. Xmtuj Chmlhtngu` Chmlhtngu` [hrnm Hp`ahc`ifi Hp`ahc`ifil` l` Anfnc Anfnc Jhshgnt Jhshgntnm. nm. . Hp`ahc`ifi Hp`ahc`ifil` l` Ahsjr`pt`b Ahsjr`pt`b ynml chcphfn chcphfnonr` onr` brhjuhms`, brhjuhms`, a`str`eus` a`str`eus` & phrjhce phrjhcenmlnm nmlnm cnsnfng jhshgntnm pnan pipufns`, 5. Hp`ahc`ifi Hp`ahc`ifil` l` Nmnf`t`j Nmnf`t`j ynml chcphfn chcphfnonr` onr` bnjtir-bnjt bnjtir-bnjtir ir yl chmhmtuj chmhmtujnm nm a`str`eus` a`str`eus` gueumlnm shene nj`ent cnsnfng jhshgntnm. @st`fng anfnc cnsnfng jhshgntnm ? n) Hp`ahc Hp`ahc`` ? cnsnfng cnsnfng jhshgntnm jhshgntnm pnan pnan anhrng anhrng thrth thrthmtu mtu..  e) [nmahc` ? hp`ahc` ahmlnm phmyhenrnmmyn phmyhenrnmmyn chfuns. <

 

d) Hmah Hmahc` c` ? jhna jhnann nnm m a`cn a`cnmn mn cnsn cnsnfn fng g jh jhsh shgn gntn tnm m brhj brhjuh uhms ms`m `myn yn pn pnan an su sunt ntu u w`fnyng thrthmtu chmhtnp anfnc wnjtu fncn. a)

Tpir Tpirna na`s `s ? Cnsnf Cnsnfng ng jh jhshg shgntn ntnm m pn pnan an w`fn w`fnyn yng g th thrt rthm hmtu tu a` a`cn cnmn mn brhj brhjuh uhms ms``  ehrueng-ueng chmurut phruengnm wnjtu. wnjtu.

h) \neng \neng ? jhona` jhona`nm nm ehronmlj ehronmlj`tm `tmyn yn suntu phmy phmynj` nj`tt anfnc anfnc cnsynrnjn cnsynrnjntt ahmlnm ahmlnm  oucfng phmahr`tn chm`mljnt shdnrn myntn chfhe`g` anr` pnan jhnannm ynml fnz` fn z`c c pnan pnan wnjt wnjtu u anm anm anhr anhrng ng th thrt rthm hmtu tu,, sh shrt rtnn an anpn pntt chm` chm`ce ceuf ufjn jnm m cnfnphtnjn.

D. Entnsn Entnsnm m Hp`ah Hp`ahc`i c`ifil fil``

[nann snnt `m` hp`ahc [na hp`ahc`if `ifil` il` a`nrt` a`nrt`jnm jnm shenln shenln`` `fcu `fcu ynml ynml chcphf chcphfnon nonr` r` thmtnm thmtnml l brhjuhms` anm phmyhenrnm cnsnfng jhshgntnm pnan shjhficpij chmus`n shrtn bnjtirbnjtir ynml chcphmlnrug`myn. Anr` entnsnm ynml shphrt` `m`, shlhrn thrf`gnt engwn anfnc phmlhrt`nm hp`ahc`ifil` thranpnt t`ln gnf ynml ehrs`bnt pijij ynjm`? >. Brhj Brhjuh uhms ms`` cnsnfn cnsnfng g jhshg jhshgnt ntnm nm Brhjuh Brh juhms` ms` cnsnfn cnsnfng g jhshgn jhshgntnm tnm a`m` a`m` a`cnjs a`cnjsuaj uajnm nm umtuj umtuj chmumo chmumouj uj jhpnan jhpnan  ehsnrmyn cnsnfng jhshgntnm ynml thranpnt pnan shjhficpij cnmus`n. Xmtuj  anpnt chmlhtngu` brhjuhms` suntu cnsnfng jhshgntnm ahmlnm thpnt nan aun gnf  pijij ynml gnrus a`fnjujnm ynjm` chmhcujnm cnsnfng jhshgntnm ynml a`cnjs a`c njsua ua umtuj umtuj jhcua` jhcua`nm nm a`fnmo a`fnmoutj utjnm nm ahmlnm ahmlnm chfnju chfnjujnm jnm phmluj phmlujurn urnm m ntns ntns cnsnfng jhshgntnm ynml a`thcujnm thrsheut. 5. [hmy [hmyhe henr nrnm nm cnsnf cnsnfng ng jhshg jhshgnt ntnm nm Pnml a`cnjsua ahmlnm phmyhenrnm cnsnfng jhshgntnm a`s`m` `nfng chmumuouj  jhpnan phmlhficpi jhpnan phmlhficpijjnm jjnm cnsnfng jhshgntnm jhshgntnm chmurut chmurut suntu jhnannm thrthmtu. thrthmtu. Jhna Jh nann nnm m thrt thrthm hmtu tu ynml ynml a`cn a`cnjs jsua uajn jnm m en enmy mynj nj cndn cndncm cmyn yn,, yn ynml ml anfn anfnc c hp`ahc`ifil` a`ehanjnm ntns t`ln cndnc ynjm` chmurut d`r`-d`r` cnmus`n (cnm), chmurut thcpnt (pfndh), anm chmurut wnjtu (t`ch). 4.

Bnjtir Bnjtir-bnj -bnjtir tir ynml ynml chcph chcphmln mlnrug rug`` Pnml a`cnjsua ahmlnm bnjtir-bnjtir ynml chcphmlnrug` a`s`m` `nfng chmumuouj  jhpnan bnjtir phmyhene anr` suntu cnsnfng jhshgntnm, en`j ynml chmhrnmljnm brhjuhm brhj uhms`, s`, phmyhe phmyhenrn nrnm m anm ntnupum ntnupum ynml ynml chmhrn chmhrnmlj mljnm nm phmyhe phmyhene ne cumdu cumdufmy fmynn cnsnfng jhshgntnm `tu shma`r`. Xmtuj `tu nan t`ln fnmljng pijij ynml fnz`c a`fn a`fnju jujn jnm m yn ynjm jm`` chru chrucu cusj sjnm nm g`pi g`pith thsn sn th thmt mtnm nml l ph phmy myhe hene ne yn ynml ml a` a`cn cnjs jsua ua,, chfnjujnm chfnju jnm phmluo`nm phmluo`nm thrgnanp rucusnm rucusnm g`pithsn g`pithsn ynml thfng a`susum a`susum anm shthfng 7

 

`tu chmnr` chmnr`j j jhs`cp jhs`cpufn ufnm m thrgnan thrgnanpmy pmyn. n. Ahmlnm Ahmlnm a`jhtn a`jhtngu` gu`myn myn phmyen phmyene e suntu suntu cnsnf cn snfng ng

jh jhshg shgnt ntnm nm,,

an anpn pntf tfng ng

a`su a`susu sum m

fn fnml mljn jngg-fnm fnmlj ljng ng

ph phmn mnml mllu lufn fnml mlnm nm

shfnmoutmyn anr` cnsnfng jhshgntnm thrsheut.

A. Uunml Uunml F`mlju F`mljup p Hp`ahc`i Hp`ahc`ifil fil``

>. Tueohj Tueohj anm anm ieohj ieohj ehrup ehrupnn cnsnfng cnsnfng jhshg jhshgntn ntnm m? n. Hp`ahc Hp`ahc`if `ifil` il` anm anm phmdhl phmdhlngn ngnm m phmynj` phmynj`tt chmufnr  chmufnr  Npf` Np f`jn jns` s`

hp`a hp`ahc hc`i `ifi fil` l`

thfn thfng g

cncp cncpu u

chce chcenw nwnn

jh jheh ehrg rgns ns`f `fnm nm

anfn anfnc c

 phmdhlngnm phmynj`t chmufnr c`snf? nanmyn `cum`sns` EDL cnjn phmynj`t dncpnj thrtnmllufnml`.  e. Hp`ahc`ifil` anm phmdhlngnm phmynj`t phmynj`t t`anj chmufnr  Npf` Np f`jn jns` s`

hp`a hp`ahc hc`i `ifi fil` l`

thfn thfng g

cncp cncpu u

chce chcenw nwnn

jh jheh ehrg rgns ns`f `fnm nm

anfn anfnc c

 phmdhlngnm phmynj`t t`anj chmufnr. Anfnc gnf `m` nanfng chmdnr` ehehrnpn bnjtir bnj tir ynml ynml chchln chchlnml ml phrnmn phrnmnm m anfnc anfnc t`ceu t`ceufmy fmynn ehrenl ehrenln` n` phmynj phmynj`t `t t`anj  t`anj  chmufn chmu fnr. r. c`snf c`snf?? jh jhrnd rndum umnm nm cnjn cnjnmn mnm m an anpn pntt a` dnr` dnr` bnjti bnjtirr yn ynml ml chmo chmona na``  phmyhenemyn. d. Hp`a Hp`ahc hc`i `ifi fil` l` anf anfnc nc jf` jf`m` m`j  j  Ehmt Eh mtuj uj `m` `m` chru chrupn pnjn jnm m sn snfn fng g sn sntu tu e` e`an anml ml hp hp`a `ahc hc`i `ifi fil` l` yn ynml ml sh shan anml ml a`jhcenmljnm ifhg pnrn jf`m`s` ynml ehrtuounm umtuj chcehjnf` pnrn jf`m`s`/ aijthr thmtnml dnrn phmahjntnm cnsnfng chfnfu` a`s`f`m `fcu hp`ahc`ifil`. Anfnc Anf nc phmllu phmllumnn mnnm m hp`ahc hp`ahc`if `ifil` il` jf`m`j jf`m`j shgnr`shgnr`-gnr gnr`, `, pnrn pnrn phtuln phtulnss cha`s cha`s thrutncn pnrn aijthr shr`ml chmllumnjnm pr`ms`p-pr`ms`p hp`ahc`ifil` anfnc chmnmlnm` jnsus shdnrn `ma`v`aunf. Chrhjn fhe`g ehrir`hmtns` pnan phmyhene anm dnrn chmlnt chmlntns`m ns`myn yn thrgnan thrgnanp p jnsus jnsus shdnrn shdnrn `ma`v` `ma`v`au au anm e`nsnm e`nsnmyn yn t`anj  t`anj  thrtnr`j umutj chmlhtngu` shrtn chmlnmnf`s`s sucehr phmynj`t, dnrn phmufnrnm anm s`bnt phmyhenrnmmyn anfnc cnsynrnjnt. Ehrenln` gns`f ynml a`phrifhg anr`  pnrn jf`m`s` thrsheut, chrupnjnm antn `mbircns` yml snmnt ehrlumn anfnc nmnf`s`ss hp`ahc`ifi nmnf`s` hp`ahc`ifil` l` thtnp` gnrus pufn a``mlnt engwn engwn hp`ahc`ifi hp`ahc`ifil` l` eujnmfng eujnmfng threntns pnan antn anm `mbircns` snon thtnp` chrupnjnm suntu a`s`pf`m `fcu ynml chchf`j` chtiah phmahjntnm shrtn phmhrnpnmmyn shdnrn jgusus a. Hp`ahc Hp`ahc`if `ifil` il` jhphma jhphmauau uaujnm jnm Chrupnjnm snfng sntu dnenml `fcu hp`ahc`ifl` ynml chmllumnjnm systhc  phmahjntnm hp`ahc`ifl` anfnc chmlnmnf`s`s ehrenln` phrcnsnfngnm ynml  ehrjn`tnm ahmlnm e`anml ahcilrnb` shrtn bndtir-bnjtir ynml chcphmlnrug` 0

 

 ehrenln` phruengnm ahcilrnb`s ynml throna` a`anfnc cnsynrnjnt. T`sthc  phmahjntnm hp`ahc`ifil` jhphmauaujnm t`anj gnmyn chcehr`jnm nmnf`s`s thmtnml s`bnt jnrnjthr`st`j phmauauj shdnrn ahcilrnb`s anfnc gueumlnmmyn ahmlnm ahmln m cnsnfng jhshgntnm jhshgntnm anm phmynj`t anfnc cnsynrnjnt thtnp` ouln snmlnt  ehrphrnm anfnc ehrenln` nsphj jhphmauaujnm shrtn jhfunrln ehrhmdnmn. [hfnynmnm chfnfu` onsn, ynml hrnt gueumlnmmyn ahmlnm cnsynrnjnt shphrt`  phma`a`jnm, jhshongthrnnm rnjynt, jhshcpntnm jhphlnwn`nm, snmlnt ehrjn`tnm ahmlnm jhnannm shrtn s`bnt pipufns` ynml a`fnynm`. Anfnc gnf `m` phrnmnm hp`ahc`ifil` jhphmauaujnm snmlnt phmt`ml umtuj a`lumnjnm shenln` ansnr  anfnc/ chmlnce`f jhe`onjm anm anfnc chmyusum phrhmdnmnnm ynml en`j. h. Hp`ahc Hp`ahc`if `ifil` il` phmlif phmlifngn ngnm m phfnynmn phfnynmnm m jhshgntn jhshgntnm m Ehmtuj Ehm tuj `m` chrupn chrupnjnm jnm snfng snfng sntu sntu systhc systhc phmahj phmahjntn ntnm m cnmnohc cnmnohchm hm anfnc anfnc chmlnmnf`s cnsnfng, chmdnr` bnjtir phmyhene t`ceufmyn suntu cnsnfng shrtn  phmyusumnm phchdngnm cnsnfng thrsheut shdnrn chmyhfurug anm thrpnau. T`shc phmahjntnm phmahjntnm hp`ahc`ifil` hp`ahc`ifil` anfnc phrhmdnmnnm jhshgntnm dujup dujup enmynj  enmynj  a`lumnjnm ifhg pnrn phrhmdnmn jhshgntnm en`j anfnc ehmtuj nmnf`s`s s`tuns`,  phmhtunm pr`ir`tns cnupum anfnc ehmtuj phm`fn`nm gns`f suntu jhl`ntnm jhshgntnm ynml ehrs`bnt ucuc cnupum ahmlnm snsnrnm jgusus. b. Hp`ahc Hp`ahc`if `ifil` il` f`ml f`mljum jumlnm lnm anm jhshg jhshgntn ntnm m jhron jhron Ehmtuj `m` chrupnjnm snfng sntu enl`nm hp`ahc`ifil` ynml chcphfnonr` shrtn cmlnmnf`s`s cmlnm nf`s`s jhnannm jhnannm jhshgntnm jhshgntnm thmnln thmnln jhron nj`ent phmlnrug phmlnrug jhthrpnpnrnm jhthrpnpnrnm  pnan f`mljumlnm jhron, en`j ynml ehrs`bnt b`s`j j`c`n e`ifil`s cnupum sid`nf  euanyn, shrtn s hrtn jhe`nsnnm g`aup pnrn phjhron. Ehmtuj `m` snmlnt ehrlumn anfnc nmnf`s`s t`mljnt jhshgntnm jhron shrtn umtuj chm`fn` jhnannm anm f`mljumlnm jhron shrtn phmynj`t nj`ent jhron. l. Hp`a Hp`ahc hc`i `ifi fil` l` jhshg jhshgnt ntnm nm o`wn o`wn Chrupnjnm snfng sntu ansnr phmahjntnm anm nmnf`s`s cnsnfng lnmllunm o`wn anfnc cnsynrnjnt, en`j chmlhmn` jhnanm jhfn`mnm o`wn jhficpij phmauauj  thrthmt thrt hmtu, u, cnupum cnupum nmnf`s nmnf`s`s `s ehrenl ehrenln` n` bndtir bndtir ynml ynml chcphm chcphmlnr lnrug` ug` t`ceuf t`ceufmy mynn lnmllunm o`wn anfnc cnsynrnjnt. Ahmlnm chm`mljntmyn ehrenln` jhfugnm nmllitn cnsynrnjnt nml fhe`g enmynj chmlnrg jh cnsnfng jho`wnnm a`shrtn` ahmlnm phruengnm sid`nf cnsynrnjnt chmumtut suntu dnrn phmahjntnm chfnfu` hp hp`a `ahc hc`fi `fil` l` sid` sid`nf nf cnsy cnsynrn nrnjn jntt chmu chmumt mtu u sunt suntu u dn dnrn rn ph phma mahj hjntn ntnm m chfnf chfnfu` u` hp`ahc hp` ahc`if `ifil` il` sid`nf sid`nf ynml ynml ehrjn` ehrjn`tnm tnm ahmlnm ahmlnm hp`ahc hp`ahc`if `ifil` il` jhshgn jhshgntnm tnm o`wn, o`wn, >;

 

chml`mlnt engwn ahwnsn `m` lnmllunm jhshgntnm o`wn t`anj fnl` chrupnjnm cnsnfng jhshgnnm `ma`v`au snon, thtnp` chrupnjnm cnsnfng sid`nf cnsynrnjnt. g. Hp`a Hp`ahc hc`i `ifi fil` l` l`z l`z`` Ahwnsn `m` enmynj enmynj a`lumnjnm a`lumnjnm anfc nmnf`s`s nmnf`s`s cnsnfng cnsnfng l`z` cnsynrnjnt a`cnmn cnsnfng `m` hrnt gueumlnmmyn ahmlnm ehrenln` bndtir ynml chmynmljut pifn g`aup cnsynrnjnt. [hmahjntnm cnsnfng l`z` cnsynrnjnt chfnfu` hp`ahc`ifil` l`z`` ehrtuo l`z ehrtuounm unm umtuj umtuj chmlnm chmlnmnf` nf`s`s s`s ehrenl ehrenln` n` bndtir bndtir ynml ynml ehrgue ehrgueuml umlnm nm hrnt hrnt ahmlnm t`ceufmyn cnsnfng l`z` cnsynrnjnt, en`j ynml ehrs`bnt e`ifil`s, anm thrut rutncn

ynml

ehrjn`tnm

ahmlnm

jhg`aupnm

sid`nf

cnsynr synrnnjnt nt..

[hmnmllufnmlnm cnsnfng l`z` cnsynrnjnt ynml a`shrtn` ahmlnm survh`fnms l`z` fhe`g chmlnrng jhpnan phmnmllufnmlnm ehrenln` bnjtir ynml ehrjn`tnm hrnt ahmlnm t`ceufmyn cnsnfng thrsheut anfnc cnsynrnjnt anm t`anj gnmyn threntns  pnan snsnrnm `ma`v`au ntnu f`mljumlnm jhron snon. 5. Cnsn Cnsnfn fng g jhsh jhshgn gntn tnm m fn`m fn`m ? [r [ril ilrn rnc c JE, JE, [h [hre ren` n`jn jnm m f`ml f`mlju juml mlnm nm ph phcu cuj` j`cn cnm, m,  phmlnannm snrnmn phfnynmnm jhshgntnm 4. Tnsn Tnsnrnm rnm eh ehru rupn pn pi pipu pufn fns` s` 1. Chml Chmluj ujur ur anm anm chml chmlnm nmnf nf`s `snn br brhj hjuh uhms ms`` an anm m phmy phmyhe henr nrnm nm cnsn cnsnfn fng g jh jhsh shgn gntn tnm m cnmus`n.

H. Q`mljn Q`mljntt [hmdhln [hmdhlngnm gnm [hmyn [hmynj`t j`t

Anfnc hp`ahc`ifil`, phmdhlngnm a`enl` chmona` ehehrnpn t`mljntnm shsun` ahmlnm  phronfnmnm phmynj`t, yn`tu ? >. [h [hmd mdhl hlng ngnm nm pr`c pr`chr  hr  [hmdhlngnm t`mljnt [hmdhlngnm t`mljnt phrtncn phrtncn `m` chrupnjnm chrupnjnm upnyn umtuj chcphrtngnm chcphrtngnmjnm jnm irnml ynml shgnt nlnr thtnp shgnt ntnu chmdhlng irnml ynml shgnt chmona` snj`t. Thdnrn lnr`s ehsnr, upnyn phmdhlngnm `m` anpnt ehrupn phmdhlngnm ucuc anm  phmdhlngnm jgusus. [hmd [hmdhl hlng ngnm nm ucuc ucuc a`cn a`cnjs jsua uajn jnm m um umtu tuj j chml chmlna nanj njnm nm ph phmd mdhl hlng ngnm nm pn pnan an cnsynrnjnt ucuc, c`snfmyn phma`a`jnm jhshgntnm anm jhehrs`gnm f`mljumlnm. [hmdhl [hm dhlngn ngnm m jgusus jgusus a`tuou a`tuoujnm jnm pnan pnan irnmlirnml-irn irnml ml ynml ynml chcpu chcpumyn myn`` r`s`ji r`s`ji ahmlnm ahm lnm chfnju chfnjujnm jnm `cum`s `cum`sns`, ns`, c`snfm c`snfmyn yn `cum`s `cum`sns` ns` thrgna thrgnanp np a`bthr a`bthr`, `, phrtus phrtus`s, `s, thtnmus, thtnmu s, cire`f`, cire`f`, ghpnt`t`s, ghpnt`t`s, snm`tns` f`mljumlnm f`mljumlnm shphrt` phmohrm`gn phmohrm`gnm m n`r c`muc, c`muc,  phmdhlngnm thrgnanp jhdhfnjnnm anm jhshfncntnm jhron. 5. [hmd [hmdhl hlng ngnm nm sh shju juma mahr  hr  >>

 

Q`mljnt phmdhlngnm jhaun `m` chrupnjnm upnyn cnmus`n umtuj chmdhlng irnm irnml l yn ynml ml thfn thfng g snj`t snj`t nl nlnrs nrshc hceu eug, g, chml chmlgn gnce cent nt pr pril ilrh rhs`t s`t`b `b`t `tns ns ph phmy mynj nj`t `t,, chmlg`manr` jicpf`jns`, anm chmlurnml` jht`anjcncpunm. [hmdhlngnm shjumahr `m` anpnt a`fnjujnm ahmlnm dnrn chmahthjs` phmynj`t shdnrn a`m` anm phmlnannm phmlientnm shdnrn dhpnt anm thpnt. Ahthjs` phmynj`t shdn shdnrn rn a`m` `m` anpn anpntt a`fnj `fnju ujnm jnm ahml hmlnm dn dnrn rn ? phm phmyn ynr` r`ml mlnm nm,, phm hml lncnt ncntnm nm hp`ahc`ifil`s, survh` hp`ahc`ifil`s anm chcehr` phfnynmnm jhshgntnm shen`j en`jmyn pnan snrnmn phfnynmnm ucuc ntnu prnjthj aijthr aijthr swnstn. Chmlna Chm lnanjn njnm m phmlie phmlientn ntnm m phmynj phmynj`t `t chmufn chmufnrr ynml ynml thranpn thranpntt a` cnsynr cnsynrnjn njntt shphrt` phmynj`t nj`ent gueumlnm shjsunf anpnt chf`mauml` irnml fn`m thrjhmn  phmynj`t thrsheut. thr sheut. Ahmlnm dnrn dnr n ahc`j`nm, j`tn chmlnanjnm phmdhlngnm shjumahr   enl` phmahr`tn anm phmdhlngnm pr`chr enl` irnml ynml ehrpithms` thrjhmn  phmynj`t. [hmd [hmdhl hlng ngnm nm shjum shjumah ahrr en enmy mynj nj a`fn a`fnju junj njnm nm pn pnan an ph phmy mynj nj`t `t jr jrim im`s `s sh shph phrt rt`` g`phrthms g`phrt hms`` anm a`neht a`nehths hs chff`t chff`tus. us. Gnf `m` jnrhmn jnrhmn jhsuf` jhsuf`tnm tnm umtuj umtuj chmlna chmlnanjn njnm m  phmdhlngnm pr`chr. 4. [h [hmd mdhl hlng ngnm nm thr thrs` s`hr  hr  [hmd [hmdhl hlng ngnm nm `m` `m` a`cn a`cnjs jsua uajn jnm m um umtu tuj j chml chmlur urnm nml` l` jh jht` t`an anjc jcnc ncpu punm nm an anm m chmlnanjnm rhgne`f`tns`. Xpnyn phmdhlngnm t`mljnt jht`ln `m` anpnt a`fnjujnm ahmlnm chcnjs`cnfjnm bumls` irlnm ynml dndnt, chceunt prithsn hjsthc`tns nj`ent ncputns` anm chma`r`jnm pusnt-pusnt rhgne`f`tns` cha`j.

B. [hrnm [hrnm Hp`ahc Hp`ahc`ifil `ifil`` Anfnc Anfnc Jhshgntn Jhshgntnm m

>. Chml Chml`a `ahm hmt` t`b` b`jns jns`` bnjti bnjtirr bnjti bnjtirr yn ynml ml eh ehrp rphr hrnm nm an anfn fnc c thron throna` a`my mynn ph phmy mynj nj`t `t nt ntnu nu cnsnfng jhshgntnm anfnc cnsynrnjnt 5. Chm Chmyha` yha`nj njnm nm

antn ntn

ynm nml l

a`p a`phr hrfu fujn jnm m

umt mtu uj

phr hrhm hmdn dnm mnnm nnm

jh jhsh shg gnt ntnm nm

anm

 phmlnce`fnm jhputusnm 4. Chcenm Chcenmtu tu chfnjuj chfnjujnm nm hvnfun hvnfuns` s` thrgnanp thrgnanp prilrnc prilrnc jhshgntn jhshgntnm m ynml ynml shanml shanml ntnu thfng a`fnjujnm. E`fn anr` gns`f hvnfuns` prilrnc thrsheut a`nmllnp t`anj ehrgns`f, cnjnn anpnt cnj anpnt a`ghmt a`ghmt`jn `jnm m ntnu ntnu a`ueng a`ueng ahmlnm ahmlnm prilrn prilrnc c fn` fn`m. m. C`snfm C`snfmyn yn prilrn prilrnc c bill`ml umtuj chcehrnmtns myncuj ahwnsn anpnt a`lnmt` ahmlnm 4C (Chmlurns, Chmutup sucehr n`r, chmlueur shthfng a`jhtngu` phmyhenemyn nanfng phr`fnju  phmauauj.

>5

 

1. Chmlhc Chmlhcenm enmljn ljnm m chtiai chtiaifil fil`` umtuj umtuj chmlnm chmlnmnf`s nf`s`s `s jhnann jhnannm m suntu suntu phmynj phmynj`t `t anfnc anfnc upnyn chmnmllufnml`myn 8. Chmlnr Chmlnrngj ngjnm nm `mthrv `mthrvhms hms`` ynml ynml a`phrf` a`phrf`jnm jnm umtuj umtuj chmnml chmnmlluf lufnml nml`` cnsnfn cnsnfng g ynml ynml  phrfu a`phdngjnm.

L. [hrnm [hrnm [hrnwnt [hrnwnt Anfnc Anfnc Hp`ah Hp`ahc`ifi c`ifil` l`

[hrnwnt shenln` thmnln jhshgntnm chc`f`j` phrnmnm ynml snmlnt phmt`ml anfnc hp`ahc hp` ahc`if `ifil` il`,, gnf `m` anpnt anpnt a`f`gn a`f`gntt anfnc anfnc phmhrn phmhrnpnm pnm Diccum Diccum`ty `ty Ghnftg Ghnftg Murs`m Murs`ml l (DGM) ntnu ntn u jh jhph phrn rnwn wntn tnm m jh jhsh shgn gntn tnm m cnsy cnsynrn nrnjn jnt, t, yn ynml ml chru chrupn pnjn jnm m `fcu `fcu ph phml mlht htng ngun unm m hp`ahc`ifil` shenln` nfnt chmhf`t` anm chmlieshrvns` pnan phjhronnm anm shenln` ansnr umtuj `mthrvhms` anm hvnfuns` f`thrntur r`sht hp`ahc`ifil`. Chtiah Cht iah hp`ahc hp`ahc`if `ifil il`` anpnt anpnt a`lumn a`lumnjnm jnm shenln` shenln` stnmanr stnmanra a jhshgn jhshgntnm tnm,, a`sno` a`sno`jnm jnm shenln` shenl n` nfnt nfnt um umtu tuj j chcp chcphr hrj` j`rn rnjn jnm m jh jheu eutu tugn gnm m cnsy cnsynrn nrnjn jnt. t. Jhcu Jhcua` a`nm nm chti chtiah ah hp`ahc`ifil` ouln anpnt a`lumnjnm umtuj chfnjujnm cim`tir`ml phruengnm stntus jh jhshg shgnt ntnm nm cnsy cnsynr nrnj njnt nt,, hv hvnf nfun uns` s` ph phml mlnr nrug ug pr pril ilrnc rnc ph phmd mdhl hlng ngnm nm ph phmy mynj nj`t `t an anm m  phm`mljntnm jhshgntnm. [hrnwnt [hr nwnt chmllu chmllumnj mnjnm nm gns`f gns`f r`sht/st r`sht/stua ua`` hp`ahc hp`ahc`if `ifil` il` shenln shenln`` `mbirc `mbircns` ns` nwnf nwnf anfnc chceunt jhrnmljn ndunm umtuj phrhmdnmnnm anm hvnfuns` prilrnc `mthrvhms` cnsynrnj cnsy nrnjnt, nt, chmaht chmahthjs hjs`` shlhrn shlhrn anm phmlie phmlientn ntnm m phmynj phmynj`t, `t, shrtn shrtn chc`m` chc`m`cnfj cnfjnm nm jhdndntnm, jnrhmn r`sht hp`ahc`ifil` anpnt chcumdufjnm enanm phmlhtngunm (eiay ib  jmiwfhalh) thrcnsuj r`wnynt nsnf phmynj`t, pifn throna`myn phmynj`t, anm bnjtirbnjtir rhs`ji bnjtir rhs`ji t`mll` t`mll` throna` throna`my mynn phmynj phmynj`t. `t. Nanpum Nanpum prilrn prilrnc c ynml ynml anpnt anpnt a`fnju a`fnjujnm jnm  phrnwnt ehransnrjnm r`sht hp`ahc`ifil` nanfng [rilrnc utncn phmdhlngnm a`bijusjnm pnan chmonln onrnj phrnmtnrn phmynj`t anr` gist/tunm rucng ynml rhmtnm,  phmlurnmlnm jhfnmlsumlnm g`aup nlhmt, phmncengnm rhs`sthms` gist anm chmlueng jhona`nm gueumlnm gist, nlhmt, anm f`mljumlnm. Jhaun, prilrnc chmlurnml` rhs`ji anm sdrhhm`ml sdrhhm`ml,, jht`ln jht`ln ? strnthl strnthl`` chmdhl chmdhlng ng pnan pnan pr`ena pr`ena`` phrnwnt phrnwnt ahmlnm ahmlnm eia eiayy ib  jmiwfwalh   ynml jmiwfwalh ynml ehrnsnf ehrnsnf anr` anr` r`sht r`sht hp`ahc hp`ahc`if `ifil` il`,, shenln shenln`` ansnr ansnr umtuj umtuj phmljn phmljno`n o`nm m `ma`v`au anm jheutugnm jhshgntnm jhfunrln anm `mthrvhms` phrhmdnmnnm phrnwntnm.

>4

 

ENE @@@ [HMXQX[

N.  Jhs`cpufnm

Anr` An r` cnjn cnjnfng fng a`nt a`ntns ns an anpn pntt a`s` a`s`cp cpuf ufjn jnm m en engw gwnn Hp`a Hp`ahc hc`i `ifi fil` l` na nanfn nfng g `fcu `fcu yn ynml ml chcphf chc phfnon nonr` r` gnf — gnf ynml ynml ehrgue ehrgueum umlnm lnm ahmlnm ahmlnm cnsynr cnsynrnjn njnt. t. A` anfnc anfnc jhshgn jhshgntnm tnm `fcu `fcu Hp`ahc`ifi Hp`a hc`ifil` l` snmlntfng snmlntfng phmt`ml phmt`ml jnrhmn jnrhmn a`anfncmyn a`anfncmyn thranpnt phrnm anm t`manjnm ynml gnrus a`fnjujnm umtuj phmdhlngnm cnsnfng jhshgntnm thrsheut. Dimtigmyn snon phmnmlnmnm anfnc cnsnfng phmynj`t chmufnr anm phmynj`t t`anj chmufnr. Hp`ahc`ifil` chrupnjnm `fcu ynml chcehfnonr` thmtnml phmyhenrnm phmynj`t anm bnjtir  bn jtir  ynml chmhmtujnm throna`myn phmynj`t pnan cnmus`n. [hmyhenrnm phmynj`t a`s`m` chrupnjnm  phmyhenrnm phmynj`t chmurut s`bnt irnml thcpnt anm wnjtu. Ona` a`sncp`ml chcphfnonr` s`npn ynml thrjhmn phmynj`t, hp`ahc`ifil` ouln chcengns chmlhmn` a`cnmn anm enln`cnmn suntu phmynj`t anpnt chmyhenr. Thfnmoutmyn onwnenm anr` phrtnmynnm `tu njnm chcumdufjnm antn chmlhmn` oucfng phmahr`tn anr` sntu ohm`s phmynj`t, ohm`s jhfnc`m phmahr`tn, fijns` a`cnmnn phmahr`tn a`cnm phmahr`tn t`mllnf, t`mllnf, enln`cnmn enln`cnmn phmynj`t phmynj`t `tu anpnt chml`mbhjs` chml`mbhjs` phmahr`tn anm pnan njg`rmyn jnpnm phmynj`t `tu shr`ml cumduf. E. 

Tnrnm

A`gnrnpjnm A`gnrn pjnm cngns`swn cngns`swn cncpu chcngnc` thmtnml thmtnml hp`ahc`ifil hp`ahc`ifil`` anfnc jhphrnwntnm jhphrnwntnm shrtn chmhrnpjnm pnan jhg`aupnm shgnr` — gnr`. Jnrhmn engnynmyn phmynj`t chmufnr anm  phmynj`t t`anj chmufnr a`gnrnpjnm cnsynrnjnt cncpu chmdhlngmyn. chmdhlngmyn.

>1

 

ANBQNU [XTQNJN

Hbbhma`, Bhrry.5;;0. Jhphrnwntnm Bhrry.5;;0. Jhphrnwntnm

Jhshgntnm

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anm

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anfnc

 Jhphrnwntnm. Onjnrtn?  Jhphrnwntnm.  Onjnrtn? [hmhre`t Tnfhcen Cha`jn. Hbbhmay, Mnsruf. >007. Ansnr-ansnr >007. Ansnr-ansnr Jhphrnwntnm Jhshgntnm Cnsynrnjnt. Onjnrtn? Cnsynrnjnt. Onjnrtn? [hmhre`t Euju Jhaijthrnm HLD. Eg`scn Eg` scn Curt`. Curt`. 5;;4. 5;;4.  [r`ms`p anm Chtiah U`sht Hp`ahc`ifil`. Hp`ahc`ifil`. Pilynjnrtn? Lnaong Cnan Xm`vhrs`ty [rhss.  Mitinaciaoi, Tihj`aoi. Tihj`aoi. 5;;4. @fcu 5;;4. @fcu Jhshgntnm Cnsynrnjnt . Onjnrtn ? [Q. U`mhjn D`ptn Hji Eua`nrti. 5;;4. [hmlnmtnr 5;;4. [hmlnmtnr Hp`ahc`ifil` Hp`ahc`ifil`.. Onjnrtn? HLD.  Miir Mnsr` Miir. 5;;;. Ansnr 5;;;. Ansnr Hp`ahc`ifil`. Hp`ahc`ifil`. Onjnrtn? U`mhjn D`ptn. Qgicns D. Q`ccrhdj, [gA. 5;;8. Hp`ahc`ifil` 5;;8. Hp`ahc`ifil` Tuntu [hmlnmtnr  [hmlnmtnr . Onjnrtn? HLD. Gttp?//nsugnmjhphrnwntnmimf`mh.efilspit.dic/5;>2/;1?;8 \@E)

>8

(A`njshs (A`njshs

pnan