Makalah Ekg Normal Dan Ekg Emergency

 

KLD FJUHBN CBF KLD KHKUDKFIW

JNKM?

Lknbs 9.E / Y. Sr. Lkpkrbwbtbf

2. Fg Ljhbfd Ljhbfd Tgcybs Tgcybstut tutgg

(Q1425 (Q1425152 15271; 71;2) 2)

5. G Dustg Fdurbm Bdufd Brg Lkpblgsbf

(Q142515271;7)

9. Byu Hbck Cbnkh Dbnbfd Ibfbfdobyb Ibfbfdobyb

(Q1425152 (Q1425152710; 710;))

3. Fg Qutu Qutu Byu Pkffy Pkffy Ybrtgl Ybrtglbb

(Q1425 (Q1425152 152714 7141) 1)

;. Fg Qutu Cybm Bcgtyb Bcgtyb Qrbcfybfg Qrbcfybfg

(Q1425152 (Q142515271=1 71=1))

0. Gcb Ebdus Ebdus Klb [tbhb [tbhb Qutrb Qutrb

(Q1425 (Q1425152 15271= 71=5) 5)

4. Lbckl Igfcy Igfcy Ygnvgbfb Ygnvgbfb Bhbrtmb Bhbrtmb Qutrg

(Q1425152 (Q142515271=0 71=0))

=. Fg Hbck Hbck Cgtmb Cgtmb Yulhbr Yulhbrgbsg gbsgm m

(Q1425 (Q1425152 15271= 71=4) 4)

LKHKFSKUGBF LKYKMBSBF UKQ[ENGL GFCJFKYGB QJNGSKLFGL LKYKMBSBF CKFQBYBU  O[U[YBF LKQKUBTBSBF SBM[F 5152

 

LBSB QKFDBFSBU 

Quog cbf Yyulur Qkfungs Qbfobtlbf lk Mbcgrbt Sumbf Wbfd Hbmb Ksb lbrkfb ekrlbt nghpbmbf Ubmhbt cbf Lbrufgb-Fyb skmgfddb sbyb sknblu pkfungs cbpbt hkfyusuf hblbnbm gfg ybfd ekroucun "  KLD Fjrhbn cbf KLD Khkrdkfiy‘ tkpbt pbcb wbltufyb. Qkfungs hkfybcbrg ebmwb cgcbnbh pkheubtbf hblbnbm gfg ekrlbt ebftubf cbf tuftufbf Sumbf Wbfd Hbmb Ksb cbf tgcbl nkpbs cbrg ebftubf ekrebdbg pgmbl, uftul gtu cbnbh lkskhpbtbf gfg pkfungs hkfdmbturlbf rbsb mjrhbt cbf tkrghb lb lbsgm sgm yb ybfd fd sk skek eksbr sbr-e -eks ksbrf brfyb yb lk lkpb pbcb cb skhub skhub pg pgmb mbl l yb ybfd fd hkhe hkhebf bftu tu cb cbnb nbh h  pkheubtbf hblbnbm gfg. Blmgr lbtb skhjdb hblbnbm gfg cbpbt hkhekrglbf hbf`bbt lkpbcb pbrb  pkhebib. Qkfungs hkfybcbrg ebmwb hblbnbm gfg hbsgm obum cbrg lkskhpurfbbf  ebgl cbrg ekftul pkfyusufbf hbupuf hbtkrgfyb. Lrgtgl cbf sbrbf cbrg pkhebib sbfdbt pkfungs mbrbplbf uftul pkfykhpurfbbf hblbnbm.

Ckfpbsbr, 1= Bdustus 5152

 Qkfungs

5

 

CB@SBU GYG

IJPKU  LBSB QKFDBFSBU.......................... QKFDBFSBU................................................ ............................................ ............................................. .......................gg gg CB@SBU GYG............................................ GYG.................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ...................... EBE G  G QKFCBM[N[BF B. Nbtbr Eknblbfd... Eknblbfd........ .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ...........2 .....2 E. Uuhusbf Uuhusbf Hbsbnbm.... Hbsbnbm......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........2 .....2 I. Suoubf Suoubf Qkfungsbf.. Qkfungsbf....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... .............. ................... ..................2 .........2 C. Hbf`bbt Hbf`bbt pkfungsbf. pkfungsbf...... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .........5 ....5 EBE GG  GG QKHEBMBYBF B. Ljfskp KLD Fjrhbn.... Fjrhbn......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........9 .....9 2.

Qkfdkrtgbf Qkfdkrtgbf KLD...... KLD........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ............ ................. ...................9 ..........9

5.

Hkfdkfbn Hkfdkfbn lkrtbs KLD......... KLD.............. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ...............9 .........9

9.

Gftkrprktbsg Gftkrprktbsg KLD...... KLD........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... .......... ............... ................... ...........3 .3

3. ;.

Dbhebrbf Dbhebrbf KLD Fjrhbn.... Fjrhbn......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ..........2 .....23 3 Ljhpnkls Ljhpnkls Knkltrjlbrc Knkltrjlbrcgjdrb` gjdrb`gg Fjrhbn.. Fjrhbn....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .............. .................. .................. ...........23 ..23

0.

Fgnbg Gftkrvbn Fjrhbn.... Fjrhbn......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ........... ............... .............2; ....2;

4.

Ykdhkf Ykdhkf Fjrhbn.... Fjrhbn......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........20 ...20

=.

Hknblulbf Hknblulbf rklbhbf rklbhbf KLD...... KLD.......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ...........24 ......24

E. Ljfskp Kld Khkrdkfiy.. Khkrdkfiy....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .............. .................. .................. ...........24 ..24 2.

Dknjhebfd Dknjhebfd KLD...... KLD........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............. .........24 .24

5.

Grbhb Obftufd... Obftufd........ .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... ............. .............2= .....2=

9.

@rklukfsg @rklukfsg Obftufd.. Obftufd....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ................ ................... ..............51 .....51

3.

Gftkrvbn Gftkrvbn QU, BP Enjl, Enjl, cbf Qrkklsgtb Qrkklsgtbsg.... sg......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........51 ..51

;.

Eufcnk Eufcnk Erbfim Erbfim Enjil.... Enjil......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ........... ............... .............55 ....55

0.

Qkheksbrbf Qkheksbrbf Uubfd Uubfd Obftufd. Obftufd...... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ............... ................... .................59 ........59

4.

KLD pbcb pbcb Qkfyblgt Qkfyblgt Obftuf Obftufd d Ljrjfkr... Ljrjfkr........ .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ............. ................. ............5; ...5;

=.

KLD pbcb pbcb Lknbgfbf Lknbgfbf Knkltrjngt. Knkltrjngt...... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............ ................ .................. ............54 ...54

EBE GGG QKF[S[Q B. Yghpunbf.. Yghpunbf....... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............... ...............5= .....5= E. Ybrbf...... Ybrbf........... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............. ................. ..............57 .....57 CB@SBU Q[YSBLB...................... Q[YSBLB............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ..........................91 ...91

9

 

EBE G QKFCBM[N[BF

B. Nbtb Nbtbrr Ekn Eknbl blbf bfd d

Knkltrjlbrcgjdrbh (KLD) bcbnbm subtu dbhebrbf cbrg pjtkfsgbn ngstrgl ybfd cgmbsgnlbf jnkm bltgvgtbs ngstrgl jtjt obftufd. KLD hkrupblbf rklbhbf gf`jrhbsg ljfcgsg obftufd ybfd cgbhegn ckfdbf knkltrjlbrcgjdrb` ybfd cgtbhpgnlbf hknbnug hjfgtjr btbu cgiktbl pbcb lkrtbs cbnbh ekftul dknjhebfd KLD btbu dknjhebfd QRUYS. QRUY S. Ckfdbf Ckfdbf lbtb nbgf, mbsgn pkrklbhbf gfg cbpbt hkfufoullbf hkfufoullbf lbrbltkrgstgl  lbrbltkrgstgl  cbrg obftufd. [ftul [ft ul hkfdm hkfdmbsgn bsgnlbf lbf cbtb cbtb ybfd ybfd blurbt blurbt cgeutu cgeutumlb mlbf f sbcbpb sbcbpbf f KLD pbcb pbcb 25 nkbcs nkb cs.. Nkbc Nkbcss sk skfc fcgrg grg bc bcbn bnbm bm tgtg tgtgl l sbcbp sbcbpbf bf yb ybfd fd hbsg hbsgfd fd-h -hbsg bsgfd fd sbcbp sbcbpbf bffy fybb cgtkftulbf jnkm njlbsg cbf jrgkftbsg ekrebdbg knkltrjcb pbcb tueum. Yktgbp sbcbpbf  pbcb obftufd cbrg sucut tkrtkftu ybfd hkhpkrlubt skfsgtgvgtbsfyb pbcb ebdgbf  obftufd tkrskeut cgebfcgfdlbf ckfdbf ebdgbf obftufd nbgffyb. Ykhblgf ebfybl  sucut pbfcbfd, skhblgf ebfybl gf`jrhbsg ybfd cgcbpbt punb. Cub eubm knkltrjcb cgpbsbfd pbcb nkfdbf cbf cub nbdg cgpbsbfd pbcb lblg pbsgkf cghbfb knkltrjcbknkltrjcb tkrskeut blbf hkfdmbsgnbl kfbh sbcbpbf klstrkhgtbs ybfd hkngputg tgdb sbcbpbf stbfcbr cbf tgdb sbcbpbf tbhbebmbf/budhkftkc. Kfbh knkltrjcb nbgffyb cgpbsbfd skpbfobfd cbcb uftul hkfdmbsgnlbf kfbh sbcbpbf prbljcgbn. E. Uuhu Uuhusb sbf f Hbs Hbsbn bnbm bm

Ekrcbsbrlbf nbtbr eknblbfd cg btbs, bcbpuf ruhusbf hbsbnbm cbrg hblbnbm gfg ybgtu ? 2. Bpblbm ybfd cghblsuc KLD fjrhbn: 5. Bpblbm ybfd cghblsuc KLD khkrdkfiy khkrdkfiy :  : I. Suou Suoubf bf Qkfu Qkfung ngsb sbf f

2. Suoubf uh uhuh Qkfungsbf Qkfun gsbf hblbnbm hblbnbm ekrtuoubf ekrtuoubf uftul uftul hkfdktbmug hkfdktbmug KLD cbnbh lkpkrbwbtbf dbwbt cbrurbt. 5. Suou uoubf lm lmus usus us Bcbpuf tuoubf lmusus cbrg pkfungsbf hblbnbm gfg, ybgtu? b. [ftul hkfdktbmug hkfdktbmug KLD fjrhbn fjrhbn cbnbh lkpkrbwbtbf lkpkrbwbtbf dbwbt cbrurbt. cbrurbt.

2

 

 e. [ftul hkfdktbmug KLD khkrdkfiy cbnbh lkpkrbwbtbf dbwbt cbrurbt. C. Hbf`b Hbf`bbt bt pkfun pkfungsb gsbf f

Sung Su ngsbf sbf gf gfgg cgmb cgmbrbp rbplb lbf f cb cbpb pbtt hkhe hkhekrg krg hbf` hbf`bb bbtt lk lkpb pbcb cb ek ekre rebd bdbg bg pg pgmb mbl  l  cgbftbrbfyb pkftgfd oudb ebdg skjrbfd pkrbwbt bdbr hkfdkrtg tkftbfd hkfdktbmug KLD fjrhb KLD jrhbnn cbf KLD KLD khkrdkfiy khkrdkfiy   cbnbh cbnbh lkpkrbw lkpkrbwbtb btbf f dbwbt dbwbt cbrurb cbrurbtt uftul  uftul  hkfufobfd prj`ksg skebdbg skjrbfd pkrbwbt ybfd prj`ksgjfbn.

5

 

EBE GG QKHEBMBYBF

B. Ljfs Ljfskp kp KLD KLD Fjr Fjrhb hbnn 2. Qkfd Qkfdkr krtg tgbf bf KLD KLD Qkhekf Qkh ekftul tulbf bf cbf mbftbrb mbftbrbf f ghpuns ghpuns ngstrgl ngstrgl gfg hkfghe hkfgheunl unlbf bf brus brus ngstrg ngstrgl  l 

ybfd nkhbm cbf hkfykebr hknbnug tueum. Lkdgbtbf ghpuns ngstrgl pbcb obftufd gfg cbpbt cgrklbh jnkm knkltrjlbrcgjdrb` ckfdbf hknktbllbf knkltrjcb- knkltrjcb lk  ekrebdbg pkrhulbbf tueum (sbcbpbf/nkbcs). Uklbhbf drb`gl pjtkfsgbn-pjtkfsgbn ngstr strgl

ybfd

cgtgheunlbf

jnkm

obrgfdbf

obf bfttufd

gfg

cgsk ske eut

ske kebbdbg

knkltrjlbrcgjdrbh. Knkltrjlbrc Knklt rjlbrcgjdrb gjdrbh h (KLD) (KLD) bcbnbm subtu dbhebrbf dbhebrbf cbrg pjtkfsgbn ngstrgl  ybfd ybf d cgmbsgn cgmbsgnlbf lbf jnkm jnkm bltgvg bltgvgtbs tbs ngs ngstrgl trgl jtjt jtjt obftuf obftufd. d. KLD hkrupb hkrupblbf lbf rklbhb rklbhbf f gf gf`j `jrh rhbsg bsg lj ljfc fcgsg gsg obft obftuf ufd d yb ybfd fd cgbh cgbheg egnn ck ckfd fdbf bf kn knkl kltrj trjlb lbrc rcgj gjdr drb` b` yb ybfd fd cgtbhpgnlbf hknbnug hjfgtjr btbu cgiktbl pbcb lkrtbs cbnbh ekftul dknjhebfd KLD btbu dknjhe dknjhebfd bfd QRUYS QRUYS.. Ckfdbf Ckfdbf lbtb lbtb nbg nbgf, f, mbsgn mbsgn pkrklb pkrklbhbf hbf gfg cbpbt cbpbt hkfufoullbf lbrbltkrgstgl cbrg obftufd. (Qutrg, Hgfcbrb, & Yurybfgfdsgm, 5124) Knkltrjlbrcgjdrbh (KLD) bcbnbm subtu sgfybn `gsgjnjdgs ybfd cgmbsgnlbf jnkm bltgvgtbs ngstrgl obftufd. Ybnbm sbtu gf`jrhbsg pkftgfd ybfd cbpbt cgbhegn cbrg sgfybn KLD bcbnbm bltgvgtbs lkngstrglbf obftubfd ybfd hkhekftul dknjhebfd QRUYS, Qbrbhktkr gfg egbsbfyb cgdufblbf uftul hkngmbt lkbcbbf obftufd fjrhbn cbf tgcbl fjrhbn.(Qkrhbfb, 512;)

5. Hkfd Hkfdkf kfbn bn lkrt lkrtbs bs KLD KLD b. Ljtbl lk btbs (vkrtglbn) ? sktgbp sbtu ljtbl lkign ekrulurbf 2hh skcbfdlbf 2

ljtb ljtbl l eksb eksbrr ekru ekrulu lurb rbf f ;h ;hh h (2 (2hh hh x ;hh) ;hh) cb cbf f hubt hubtbf bf ngst ngstrg rgl l yb ybfd fd tkrlbfcufd ybgtu 2hv sktgbp 5 ljtbl eksbr. e. Ljtbl lksbhpgfd (mjrgzjftbn) ? nkegm hkfddbhebrblbf lkikpbtbf dknjhebfd

cbnbh cktgl ybgtu tgbp 2 ljtbl lkign 1,13 cktgl ybfd ekrbrtg 2 ljtbl eksbr 1,5 cktgl. (Furbrg` & Mbrcmg Lusuhb, 512;)

9

 

9. Gf Gftk tkrp rprk rktb tbsg sg KLD KLD

b. Grbhb ? Cbnbh lkbcbbf fjrhbn ghpuns uftul ljftrblsg obftufd ekrbsbn cbrg fjcus YB ckfdbf hknkwbtg skrbeut-skrbeut jtjt btrguh ghpuns cgtkruslbf lk fjcus BP, cbf sktkru sktkrusfy sfybb hknbnu hknbnugg ekrlbs ekrlbs Mgs  obrgfdbf Qurlgfyk

ibebfd ibebfd Mgs lgrg lgrg cbf lbfbf lbfbf

blmgrfyb lk skrbeut jtjt vkftrglkn. Cgsgfg Cgs gfg fjcus

YB hkfobcg pbikhblkr utbhb cbf pbikhblkr nbgf ybfd tkrnktbl nkegm rkfcbm tgcbl   ekr`ufdsg. Bpbegnb fjcus YB tkrdbfddu hblb `ufdsg skebdbg pbikhblkr  cgdbftglbf jnkm pbikhblkr ybfd nbgf. Grbhb obftufd fjrhbn ckhglgbf cgfbhblbf grbhbb sgfus grbh sgfus rgthgs rgthgsybg ybgtu tu grbhbf grbhbfyb yb tkrbtu tkrbtur, r, cbf tgb tgbp p dknjhe dknjhebfd bfd Q cgglut cgglutgg jnkm jnkm ljhpnklsRUY. Grbhb sgfus hkrupblbf grbhb ybfd fjrhbn cbrg obftufd cbf fjcus YB skebdbg pbikhblkr. pbikhblkr. Oglb grbhb obftufd cgtgheunlbf cgtgheunlbf jnkm ghpuns ghpuns ybfd ekrbsbn cbrg pbikhblkr ybfd tkrnktbl cg nubr fjcus YB cgskeut grbhb kltjpgl. Bcbfyb  pkruebmbf-pkruebmbf ybfd rgfdbf cbrg pbfobfd sglnus hbsgm cgbfddbp grbhb sgfus ybfd fjrhbn. Blbf tktbpg bpbegnb vbrgbsg bftbrb sglnus ybfd pbngfd pbfobfd cbf  pbngfd pkfckl hknkegmg 1,25 cktgl hblb pkruebmbf grbhb gfg cgfbhblbf sgfus brgthgb. 2) Grbhb Ygfus Ugthgs

b) Grbhb rkdunkr rkdunkr ckfdbf ckfdbf `rklukfsg `rklukfsg 01-211 01-211 lbng pkr pkr hkfgt hkfgt cbf U lk U rkdunkr  rkdunkr 

3

 

 e) Hjr`jnjdg dknjhebfd Q fjrhbn, tgbp dknjhebfd Q cgglutg sbtu ljhpnkls RUY i) Dknjhe Dknjhebfd bfd Q ck`nk ck`nklsg lsg pjsg pjsgtg` tg` cg cg sbcbpbf sbcbpbf GG GG c) Dknjhebfd Dknjhebfd Q cbf ljhpnk ljhpnkls ls RUY ck`nklsg ck`nklsg fkdbtg` fkdbtg` cg nkbc nkbc bPU 

5) Ygfus Brgthgb

b) Hkhkfumg Hkhkfumg lrgtkrgb lrgtkrgb grbhb grbhb sgfus, sgfus, tktbpg skcglgt skcglgt grkdunkr  grkdunkr   e) Hkrupblbf dbhebrbf `gsgjnjdgs fjrhbn, ybfd skrgfd cgcbpbtlbf pbcb gfcgvgcu skmbt usgb hucb i) @kfjhk @kfjhkfb fb gfg tkrobc tkrobcgg lbrkfb lbrkfb pkfdbr pkfdbrum um rkspgr rkspgrbsg bsg

 e. @rklukfsg @rkl @rkluk ukfs fsgg obft obftuf ufd d pb pbcb cb jr jrbf bfd d ck ckwb wbsb sb fj fjrh rhbn bn bf bftb tbrb rb 01 sbhpb sbhpbgg 21 211 1 lbng/hkfgt.Ygfus tblglbrcgb gbnbm grbhb sgfus ckfdbf `rklukfsg obftufd pbcb jrbfd ckwbsb nkegm cbrg 211 lbng/hkfgt, pbcb bfbl-bfbl nkegm cbrg 251 lbng/hkfgt cbf  pbcb ebyg nkegm cbrg 2;1 lbng/hkfgt. Ygfus erbcglbrcgb gbnbm grbhb sgfus ckfdbf `rklukfsg obftufd lurbfd cbrg 01 lbng/hkfgt. Ibrb hkfdmgtufd `rklukfsg obftufd  egnb tkrbtur/rkdunbr. Egsb cgnblulbf ckfdbf 5 ibrb, ybgtu? 2) 2;11 cgebdg cgebdg ckfdbf ckfdbf ouhnbm ouhnbm ljtbl lkign lkign bftbrb U-U gftkrvbn gftkrvbn btbu Q-Q gftkrvbn. gftkrvbn.

;

 

5) 911 cgebdg cgebdg ouhnbm ouhnbm ljtbl ljtbl eksbr bftbrb bftbrb U-U gftkrvbn gftkrvbn btbu Q-Q gftkrvbn. gftkrvbn.

i. Blsgs ? Wbfd cghblsuc ckfdbf pjsgsg obftufd cbnbh knkltrjlbrcg knkltrjlbrcgjdrb` jdrb`gg bcbnbm

 pjsgsg ngstrgl cbrg obftufd pbcb wbltu ekrljftrblsg cbf eulbf cbnbh brtg pjsgsg bfbtjhgs. Bxgs pbcb hbfubn gfg ybfd blbf cgebmbs bcbnbm blsgs `rjftbn pnbfk cbf mjrgzjftbn pnbfk. 2) @rjft rjftbn bn pnb pnbf fk Qbcbb pkfibtb Qbc pkfibtbtbf tbf KLD lgtb lgtb blbf blbf hkfdkt hkfdktbmu bmugg pjsgsg pjsgsg obf obftuf tufd d tkrmbc tkrmbcbp bp rjfddb cbcb. [ftul hkfdmgtufd blsgs obftufd egsb hkfddufblbf rksuntbf vkltjr  ljhpnkls RUY cg nkbc G cbf nkbc bP@ lbrkfb lkcub nkbc tkrskeut hkhgnglg pjsgsg ybfd sbngfd tkdbl nurus. B.

E.

Dbhebr ? B. Qjsgsg nkbc klstrkhgtbs tkrmbcbp `rjftbn tkrmbcbp  `rjftbn pnbfk. E. Qkhebdgbf lu lubc bcrb rbf f ek ekrc rcbsb bsbrr pj pjsg sgsgn sgnkb kbc c kl klstr strkh khgt gtbs bs pb pbcb cb `rjf `rjftt pn pnbf bfk. k. Lktkrbfdbf ? NBC ? Nk`t Bxgs Ckvgbtgjf < UBC ? Ugdmt Bxgs Ckvgbtgjf < KBC ? Kxtrkhk Bxgs Ckvgbtgjf

0

 

Qbcb dbhebr cg ebwbm cbpbt cgngmbt ibrb pkrmgtufdbf blsgs obftufd `rjftbn  pnbfk skrtb ijftjm blsgs fjrhbn, rgdmt bxgs ckvgbtgjf (UBC), cbf nk`t bxgs ckvgbtgjf (NBC).

Dbhebr Dbh ebr Ijftjm Ijftjm pkrmgt pkrmgtufd ufdbf bf blsgs blsgs obftuf obftufd. d. B. Blsgs Blsgs fjrhbn fjrhbn (+)451 (+)451 ybfd ybfd cgpkrjnkm cbrg rksuntbf vkltjr ljhpnkls RUY cg nkbc G (+)3,; cbf cg nkbc bP bP@ @ (+ (+)0 )0.. E. Ugdm Ugdmtt bxgs bxgs ck ckvg vgbt btgj gjf f (U (UBC BC)) (+ (+)2 )231 311 1 yb ybfd fd cgpkrjnkm cbrg rksuntbf vkltjr ljhpnkls RUY cg nkbc G (-)7,; cbf cg nkbc bP@ (+)4. I. Nk`t bxgs ckvgbtgjf (NBC) (-) 011 ybfd cgpkrjnkm cbrg rksuntbf vkltjr ljhpnkls RUY cg nkbc G (+); cbf cg nkbc bP@ (-)4. 5) Mjrg Mjrgzj zjft ftbn bn Qnb Qnbfk fk Qbcb Qbcb ek ekek ekrb rbpb pb lj ljfc fcgsg gsg cb cbpb pbtt tkro tkrobc bcgg pk pkrp rput utbr brbf bf ob obft ftuf ufd d pb pbcb cb bl blsgs sgs njfdgtucgfbn, ybgtu? b) Obftufd Obftufd ekrputbr ekrputbr lk lk lgrg btbu btbu skbrbm skbrbm obruh obruh obh (injil (injil wgsk wgsk rjtbtgjf8I rjtbtgjf8ITU) TU) Brbm pkrputbrbf gfg cgngmbt cbrg ebwbm cgb`rbdhb lk brbm lrbfgbn. Qbcb lkbcbbf gfg vkftrglkn lbfbf tkrnktbl nkegm lk ckpbf, skcbfd vkftrglkn lgrg nkegm lk  eknblbfd. Gfg cbpbt cgngmbt pbcb nkbc prkljrcgbn ckfdbf hkhpkrmbtglbf trbf trbfsg sgtg tgjf jfbn bn

zj zjfk fk,c ,cgh ghbf bfbb

pbcb pbcb

lkbc lkbcbb bbf f

fj fjrh rhbn bn

tk tkrn rnkt ktbl bl

pb pbcb cb

P9

cbf

P3(trbfsgtgjfbn zjfk 8 U/Y 8 2/2). Qbcb injil wgsk rjtbtgjf tbhpbl trbfsgtgjfbn zjfk nkegm lk lgrg, ybgtu pbcb P ; cbf P0.  e) Obftufd ekrputbr lk lbfbf btbu ekrnbwbfbf ckfdbf brbm obruh obh (ijuftkr  injil wgsk rjtbtgjf8IITU) 4

 

Qbcb lkbcbbf gfg vkftrglkn lgrg tkrnktbl nkegm lk ckpbf, skcbfd vkftrglkn lbfbf nkegm lk eknblbfd. Qbcb ijuftkr injil wgsk rjtbtgjf tbhpbl trbfsgtgjfbn zjfk pgfcbmlklbfbf, ybgtu P2btbu P5. 

9) Dknj Dknjh hebf ebfd Q b)  Curbsg cbf bhpngtucj dknjhebfd Q fjrhbn

Dknj Dk njhe hebf bfd d Q gbnb gbnbm m subt subtu u ck`n ck`nkl klsg sg yb ybfd fd cg cgsk skeb ebel elbf bf jn jnkm km pr prjs jsks ks ckpjnbrgsbsg btrguh.Skrobc ckpjnbrgsbsg btrguh.Skrobcgfyb gfyb dknjhebfd dknjhebfd Q bcbnbm blgebt ckpjnbrgsbsg ckpjnbrgsbsg btrguh Dbhebr ?skibrb Nkbc prkljrcgbn mgfddb P0fjcus pbcb pjtjfdbf hkngftbfd obftufd hkfykebr rbcgbn cbrg P2 fjcus YB lk BP (btrguh ijfcuitgjf tghk). ybfd ybf d cgngmb cgngmbtt cbrg cbrg lbucbn lbucbn.. Ljhpnk Ljhpnkls ls RUY kqugpmbs kqugpmbsgi gi cg nkbc nkbc P9 Dknjhebfd(cg Qngfdlb ybfd fjrhbn see? (cgngf dlbrg). rg). Nkbc Nkbhkhkfumg c P9 cbflrgtkrgb P3 hkfddb hkf ddbheb hebrlb rlbf f trbfsgtg trbfsgtgjfb jfbnn zjfk zjfk bftb bftbrb rb dknj dknjhe hebf bfd d Y ybfd ybfd cbnb cbnbh h cg nk nkbc bc P2 cb cbf f P5 ck ckfd fdbf bf b) Qbfobfd Qbfobfd btbu btbu curbsg curbsg dknjhe dknjhebfd bfd tgcbl tgcbl nkegm nkegm cbrg cbrg 1,25 1,25 cktgl  cktgl  dknjhebfd U ybfd tgfddg cg nkbc P; cbf P0. NP, nk`t vkftrgink/  e) Sgfddg vkftrglkn btbu bhpngtucj tgcblrgdmt nkegmvkftrgink/ cbrg 9hh 9hh vkftrglkn btbu 1,9 hv lgrg< UP, lbfbf. B. Injilwgsk rjtbtgjf. E. Fjrhbn. I. Ijuftkrinjilwgsk rjtbtgjf. =

 

i) Egbsbfyb ck`nklsg lk btbs (pjsgtg`) pbcb nkbc-nkbc G, GG, bvn cbf P9-P0 Egbsbfy sbfybb ck`nkl ck`nklsg sg lk ebwbm ebwbm (fkdbt (fkdbtg`) g`) pbcb pbcb bvr , skrgfd punb pbcb P 2 cbf c) Egb

lbcbfd-lbcbfd P5 e)  Dknjhebfd Q hgtrbn cbf Q punhjfbn

Q hgtrbn bcbnbm dknjhebfd Q ybfd hknkebr (61,25 cktgl) ckfdbf fjtim ybfd hkfbfcblbf pkheksbrbf btrguh lgrg. Qbcb ljfcgsg gfg oudb egsb cgtkhulbf Q  eg`bsgl cg nkbc P2. Q punhjfbn bcbnbm dknjhebfd dknjhebfd Q ybfd tgfddg ckfd ckfdbf bf bhpngtucj 69 ljtbl lkign ybfd hkfbfcblbf pkheksbrbf btrguh lbfbf. Egnb cgtkhulbf dknjhebfd Q ybfd gfvkrsg (ck`nklsg fkdbtg` pbcb nkbc ybfd skmbrusfyb ck`nklsg pjsgtg`) hkfbfcblbf ckpjnbrgsbsg btrguh ckfdbf brbm ybfd befjrhbn btbu pbikhblkr eulbf fjcus YB, hknbgflbf pbcb ebdgbf nbgf btrguh btbu ckxtrjibrcgb. 3) Gftkrv krvbn QU  Gftkrvbn Q-U btbu nkegm tkngtg cgskeut Q-R gftkrvbn, cgulur cbrg pkrhunbbf tgheun tgh eunfyb fyb dknjhe dknjhebfd bfd Q sbhpbg sbhpbg pkrhun pkrhunbbf bbf ljhpnk ljhpnklsR lsRUY. UY. Gfg hkfuf hkfufoul oullbf lbf nbhbfyb ljfculsg btrgj vkftrglunkr cghbfb tkrhbsul punb wbltu ybfd cgpkrnulbf uftul ckpjnbrgsbsg btrguh cbf ebdgbf bwbn cbf rkpjnbrgsbsg btrguh. Ukpjnbrgsbsg btrguh ebdgbf blmgr tkrobcg ekrsbhbbf wbltufyb ckfdbf ckpjnbrgsbsg vkftrglunkr.  Fgnbg gftkrvbn Q-U fjrhbn gbnbm? 1,25-1,51 cktgl. ;) Ykd kdh hkf QU? Ykdhkf Q-U bcbnbm obrbl bftbrb blmgr dknjhebfd Q sbhpbg pkrhunbbf ljhpnkls RUY. Cbnbh lkbcbbf fjrhbn skdhkf QU ekrbcb cbnbh dbrgs gsjknkltrgl  btbu skcglgS skcglgS ckprksg ckfdbf pbfobfd pbfobfd tgcbl nkegm cbrg 1,= hh.Ykdhk hh.Ykdhkf f Q-U gfg 7

 

hkfddbhebrl hkfdd bhebrlbf bf ckn cknby by j` kxgtbt kxgtbtgjf gjf  pbcb fjcus BP (btbu lknbhebtbf trbfshgsg ghpuns pbcb fjcus BP). 0) Ljhp Ljhpnk nkls ls RUY? RUY? Wbfd pkrnu cgpkrmbtglbf pbcb ljhpnkls RUY bcbnbm? b cbnbm? b) Curb Curbsg sg lj ljhp hpnk nkls ls RUY? RUY? Hkfu Hk fufo fou ull llbf bf

wblt wbltu u

ckp ckpjnbr jnbrgs gsbs bsgg

vkf vkftrgl trglkn kn

(tj (tjtb tbnn

vkf kftr trgi giu unb nbr  r 

ckpjnbrgzbtgjf tghk), cgulur cbrg pkrhunbbf dknjhebfd R (btbu pkrhunbbf U egnb R tbl tbhpbl), sbhpbg blmgr dknjhebfd Y. Fgnbg fjrhbn curbsg ljhpnkls RUY bcbnbm 1,1=-1,21 cktgl. P.B.S btbu cgskeut oudb gftrgfsgi ck`nkitgjf gbnbm wbltu ybfd cgpkrnulbf ebdg ghpuns hkngftbsg hgjlbrcguh btbu cbrg kfcjlbrcguh sbhpbg kpglbrcguh, cgulur cbrg bwbn dknjhebfd R sbhpbg pufibl dknjhebfd U. P.B.S tgcbl ejnkm nkegm cbrg 1,19 cktgl  pbcb P 2cbf P5, cbf tgcbl ejnkm nkegm cbrg 1,1;  pbcb P; cbf P0.  e) Dknjhebfd R pbtjnjdgs Dknjhe Dkn jhebfd bfd R pbtjnj pbtjnjdgs dgs hkrupb hkrupblbf lbf tbfcb tbfcb subtu subtu gf`brl gf`brl hgjlbr hgjlbrc c nbhb. nbhb. Lbrbltk Lbrb ltkrgst rgstgl gl dknjhe dknjhebfd bfd R pbtjnj pbtjnjdgs dgs ybgtu ybgtu nkebrf nkebrfyb yb hknkeg hknkegmg mg 1,13 1,13 cktgl cktgl cbf cbnbhfyb hknkegmg skpkrtgdb cbrg tgfddg dknjhebfd U pbcb ljhpnkls RUY ybfd sbhb. Lbrkfb dknjhebfd R pbtjnjdgs hkfufoullbf nktbl gf`brl hgjlbrc, hblb uftul hkfcgbdfjsgs gf`brl hgjlbrc nbhb mbrus hkngmbt dknjhebfd R pbtjnjdgs sklurbfd-lu sklurb fd-lurbfdf rbfdfyb yb pbcb cub nkbc ybfd ekrmueufdbf. Ijftjm? cgbdfjsgs gf`brl  hgjlbrc nbhb gf`krgjr cbpbt cgtkdbllbf bpbegnb cgtkhulbf dknjhebfd R pbtjnjdgs  pbcb nkbc GG, GGG, cbf Bv`.

Dbhebr Dbh ebr ? Gf`brl Gf`brl hgjlbr hgjlbrc c nbhb nbhb (Jnc (Jnc Hyjibrc Hyjibrcgbn gbn Gf`bri Gf`britgj tgjfZJ fZJHG) HG) ckfdbf ckfdbf dbhebrbf dknjhebfd R pbtjnjdgs pbcb nkbc GG, GGG, 21cbf bP@.

 

i) Hjr`j Hjr`jnj njdg dg lj ljhp hpnk nkls ls RUY RUY Hjr`jnjdg

ljhpnkls

RUY

hkfufoullbf dbhebrbf

ybfd

 ekrekcb tkrdbftufd tkrdbftufd nkbc/sbcbpbf.Ekrglut gfg vbrgbsg hjr`jnjdg ljhpnkls RUY fjrhbn cg ekrebdbg nkbc.

 

4) Ykdh Ykdhkf kf Y-S Y-S ? Ykdhkf Y-S cgskeut oudb skdhkf Us-S, gbnbm pkfdulurbf wbltu cbrg blmgr  ljhpnkls RUY sbhpbg bwbn dknjhebfd S. Gfg hkfufoullbf wbltu cghbfb lkcub vkftrglkn cbnbh lkbcbbf bltg` (kxigtkc ( kxigtkc stbtk) stbtk) skeknuh cghunbg rkpjnbrgsbsg. Sgtgl  ybfd hkfufoullbf cghbfb ljhpnkls RUY ekrblmgr cbf skdhkf Y-S cghunbg,  egbsb cgskeut  O pjgft. Ykdhkf Y-S ybfd tgcbl gsjknkltrgl (tgcbl skobobr ckfdbf skdhkf Q-U btbu dbrgs cbsbr), fbgl btbu turuf sbhpbg 5hh pbcb nkbc nkbc prkljrcgbn  prkljrcgbn (cr.U. Hjmbhhbc Ybnkm hkfykeutlbf 2hh cg btbs btbu cg ebwbm dbrgs) cgbfddbp tgcbl fjrhbn. Egnb skdhkf YS fbgl cgskeut Y-S knkvbsg cbf egnb turuf cgskeut Y-S ckprksg, lkcubfyb hkrupblbf tbfcb pkfyblgt obftufd ljrjfkr. Qbfobfd skdhkf YS fjrhbn bftbrb 1,1;-1,2; cktgl (gftkrvbn YS). =) Dknj Dknjh hebf ebfd S ? Dknjhebfd S gbnbm subtu ck`nklsg ybfd cgmbsgnlbf jnkm prjsks rkpjnbrgsbsg vkftrglkn obftufd. Qbfobfd dknjhebfd S egbsbfyb 1,21-1,5; cktgl. Qbcb KLD ybfd fjrhbn hblb dknjhebfd S bcbnbm see ? 22

 

b) pjsgtg` pjsgtg` (upwbrc) (upwbrc) cg nkbc nkbc G cbf GG< cbf cbf hkfcbtbr, hkfcbtbr, eg`bsgl eg`bsgl btbu fkdbtg` fkdbtg` cg cg nkbc GGG  e) fkdbtg` (gfvkrsg) cg bPU < cbf pjsgtg`, fkdbtg` btbu eg`bsgl pbcb bP N btbu bP@. i) fkdbtg` (gfvkrsg) cg P2