Makalah Bahasa Inggris

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rear Latar Language is a typical symbol of a country or region , because language is a vital element in communicating or as the main communication style . In interactions , social relationships with others in the community . Language is very diverse in the world , because every language negarapunya each different from one another , even language can distinguish between one country to country . English is the International Language . By mastering English well , then we will be able to communicate with other nations in this world . In addition , we will be able to add insight and knowledge for the betterment of our nation and our country , because we will be able to read English literature , listening to radio broadcasts abroad , as well as watching movies other science . Thus , in the end we can master the knowledge - knowledge in all fields . In addition to increasing understanding about the international language , the English language is studied at least will be easier for us to get a decent job , or for the provision of our knowledge in the future . By understanding and mastering the International Language properly would provide excellent benefits for us all . Therefore , it is necessary to first understand that there are grammatical in English. In addition to facilitate pronunciation , we will also understand how to arrange the word to be pronounced so that it becomes a coherent sentence and correct according to his tenses .

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1.2 Problem Identification Based on the background above, the authors formulate the problem as follows : 1. Definition of tenses ? 2. How many tenses in English ? 3. How the formulas and examples tenses ?

1.3 Purpose Identification of the above problem , the purpose of this paper to describe or explain that these points , as well as help explain the procedures for the use of words and writing words that correspond to the time and conditions of the occurrence of an event in the English writing of the paper.

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CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

Tenses in English means the time ( time ) . The word means the verbtenses or set of words used to express the relationship of time . In grammar , tenses are the categories that puts the situation in time , to indicate when the situation takes place . Indonesian basic word order similar to English . Generally , a sentence begins with the subject , followed by a verb ( also called predicates ) , and then the object . Indicate the past tense or future only need to enter the words that shows the time , in a very organized system.

2.1 Simple Present Tense Tense used to express an action or activity that takes place / happening at the current time in a simple form , activity or work performed repeatedly, daily habits , events or actions that have nothing to do with time , and to express a general truth . Simple Present Tense use this type of " TO BE 1 " and " VERB 1 " TO BE 1 terdiri dari: am, is, are.

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I You They We He She It

I

Am Are

Do / Don't You

Is

They We He She

Does / Doesn't

It Table 2.1 to be

DO and DOES use the interrogative sentence . DO NOT ( DO NOT ) and DOES NOT ( DOES NOT ) used in negative sentences . TO BE 1 ( am , is , are ) used when a sentence no verb element ( NON VERB )

Formulas and example sentences Simple Present Tense Expressing Simple Present Tense sentence that uses the verb ( VERB ) + ?

Subject + Verb 1 + Object Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?

Table 2.2 Formula Simple Present Tense Expressing Simple Present Tense sentence that does not use the verb ( NON VERB )

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+ ?

Subject + To be 1 + Non Verb + Object Subject + To be 1 + NOT + Non Verb + Object To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object? Table 2.3 Formula Simple Present Tense

Contoh : 1. (+) (-) (?) 2. (+) (-) (?) 3. (+) (-) (?)

: She is a teacher : She is not a teacher : are She a teacher ? : He reads the newspaper everyday :He doesn’t read the newspaper everyday : Does He read the newspaper everyday ? : After Sunday is Monday : After Sunday isn’t Monday : Is Monday the day after Sunday ?

Only in positive sentences , for the subject " He , She , It " , the use of the verb ( VERB ) must end with " s / es . " The addition of " s / es " at the base verb ( inifinitive ) are as follows : In general, the verb is directly coupled with the suffix " s" , for example : Work - Works Write – Writes

Verb that ends in the letters " ch , o , s , sh , x " plus the suffix " -es " , for example : Teach - Teaches Go - Goes

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Verb that ends with the letter " y " and begins with a consonant , the suffix " y " was changed to " i" and then added " -es " , for example : Study - Studies Cry - Cries

Verb ending with the letter " y " that begins with a vowel , simply coupled with the suffix " s" only, for example : Buy - Buys Play - Plays

If the verb begins with the letter auxiliary verb (Modal Auxiliaries ) , then do not get the extra " s / es " , for example : He Will work Can she open

2.2 Present Continuous Tense Present Continuous Tense Present Progressive Tense is also called is a form used to express an action , state or event that is happening at the time discussed

.

On the use of the Present Continuous Tense verb used must end with ing / ( Verb + ing ) . Present Continuous Tense form of time using this type of " TO BE 1 " . The usefulness of this is the time Forms :

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To express ongoing actions To express actions that will come Formulas and example sentences Present Continuous Tense + ?

Subject + To be 1 + (Verb + ing) + Object Subject + To be 1 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object To be 1 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ? Table 2.3 Formula Present Continuous Tense

Example: 1.

(+) (-) (?) 2. (+) (?) (-) 3. (+) (-) (?)

: We are studying English now : We aren’t studying English now : Are We studying English now ? : They are going to Bandung two weeks again : Are hey going to Bandung two weeks again ? : They are not going to Bandung two weeks again : She is cooking in the kitchen : She is not cooking in the kitchen : Is She cooking in the kitchen

There is a group of words yan should not be formed into the Present Continuous , namely : verb to express feelings , such as : Like , want

verbs related to the senses , such as : Feel , hear

verb to express thoughts or opinions , such as : Believe , forget

How to Add infinitive with ing 7

If the infinitive ( Verb i) one or more monosyllabic ending consonants , and preceded by a vowel , the last letter is doubled and added ing , such as : Cut – Cutting Begin - The Beginning

If the infinitive ends with the letter l which preceded a vowel , then the new duplicated plus l ing , such as : Control - Controlling

If the infinitive ends in the vowel e is preceded by a consonant , then e is removed , then added ing , such as : Come – Coming

If the infinitive ends in the vowel e is preceded vowels i , ie it is converted first into a new y plus ing , such as : Die - Dying 2.3 Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Tense is the tense used to express an action , state or event that occurred in the past . And at the time of speaking activities / actions have been completed. Present Perfect Tense using "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3" TO BE 3 adalah: been. I 8

You They We He She It Table 2.4 TO

Have You Been They We He She

suatu

to be BE 3 (been) digunakan ketika Has

kalimat tidak ada unsur kata kerja

It

(NON VERB). Untuk semua jenis kalimat, baik positif, negatif, atau kalimat tanya pada Present Perfect Tense menggunakan VERB 3

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Present Perfect Tense -

Mengekspresikan kalimat Present Perfect Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB).

+ ?

Subject + Have/Has + Verb 3 + Object Subject + Have/Has + NOT + Verb 3 + Object Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object? Table 2.5 Formula Present Perfect Tense -

Mengekspresikan kalimat Present Perfect Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB)

+ ?

Subject + Have/Has + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object Subject + (Have/Has + NOT) + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object Have/Has + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object? Table 2.6 Formula Present Perfect Tense

Example: 1. (+) (-) ( ?) 2. (+) ( -)

: Ringgo Has lived here for ten years : Ringgo Has not lived here for ten years : Has Ringgo lived here for ten years ? : She has been here since yesterday : She has not been here since yesterday 9

(? ) 3. (+) (- ) (?)

: Has She been here since yesterday ? : They have heard the problem before : They have not heard the problem before : Have they heard the problem before ?

The usefulness of this form is : 1. Declare an activity that just happens to result or consequence of the action I You They We He She It

2.

can still be seen up to now discussed . To declare an activity that has been completed at a particular

been

time in the past the not , but the time of the incident were not

overlooked . The most important thing is the result of his actions now . 3. Declare an activity that has occurred but the events of the time is not yet finished . 4. Declare a specific test activities were not before now . 5. Declare an activity that has occurred in the past and is still happening in the present and future . 6. Shows an activity that is completed in a short time .

2.4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense or Present Perfect Progressive Tense is the tense used to express an event or action that began in the past and continues to this day or an event or action that begins in the past and has just finished at the time of speaking. Present Perfect Continuous Tense use this type of " TO BE 3 " ( been ) . I You They We He She It

Have Has

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Table 2.7 to be

For all types of sentences, whether positive, negative, or interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect Continuous Tense use TO BE 3 (been) followed by VERB + ING. Formulas and Example Sentence Present Perfect Continuous Tense +

Subject + Have/Has + been + (Verb + ING) + Object

-

Subject + Have/Has + NOT + been + (Verb + ING) + Object

?

Have/Has + Subject + been + (Verb + ING) + Object? Table 2.8 Formula Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Contoh : 1.

(+):He has been swimming in pool for this day (-): He has not been swimming in pool for this day (?): Has He been swimming in pool for this day ? 2. (+): They have been waiting for their mentor since seven o’clock (-): They have not been waiting for their mentor since seven o’clock (?): Have They been waiting for their mentor since seven o’clock ? 3. (+): She has been studying at this school this year (-): She has not been studying this school this year (?): Has She been studying this school this year ? 2.5 Simple Past Tense

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Simple Past Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang terjadi dimasa lampau dan waktu terjadinya persitiwa itu telah diketahui. Simple Past Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE 2" and "VERB 2" TO BE 2 terdiri dari: was & were

I

I HeTable 2.9 She DID

to be Was

is

used in a sentence to ask.

It

DID NOT

Did / Didn't

You

negative

We

TO BE 2

They

is

no

element

It

and

Example

Sentence

Simple

Past

Tense

Expressing Simple Past Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB) + ?

of

a

only in positive sentences

She

only.

Formulas

in

verb (NON verb)

He

2 verb used

used

(Was & Were) is used

We

sentence

NOT)

sentences.

You Were They

when there

(DID

Subject + Verb 2 + Object Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ? Table 2.10 Formula Present Perfect Continuous Tense

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 Expressing Simple Past Tense sentence that does not use the verb (Non VERB) + ? Contoh

Subject + To be 2 + Non Verb + Object Subject + To be 2 + NOT + Non Verb + Object To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb + Object? Table 2.11 Formula Present Perfect Continuous Tense :

1. (+) (-) (?) 2. (+) (-) (?) 3. (+) (-) (?)

: Wiwin went to Gorontalo two months ago : Wiwin did not go to Gorontalo two months ago : Did Wiwin go to Gorontalo two months ago ? : She finished her homework in the library yesterday : She did not finish her homework in the library yesterday : Did She finish her homework in the library yesterday ? : Randi was a singer last year : Randi was not singer last year : was Randi a singer last year ?

2.6 Past Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense, or Past Progressive Tense is the tense that is used to indicate that the two events occur at the same time, but the incident occurred earlier and was still in progress when the second incident occurred. On the use of Past Continuous Tense verb used must end with ing / (Verb + ing). Past Continuous Tense form of time using this type of "TO BE 2" (was / were).

Was to subject: I, she, he, it. Were to the subject: you, they, we. Formulas and Examples of Past Continuous tenses + ?

Subject + To be 2 + (Verb + ing) + Object Subject + To be 2 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object To be 2 + Subject + (Verb + ing( + Object ? Table 2.12 Formula Past Continuous tenses

Contoh

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1. (+): Berid was walking down the street when it began to rain. (-): Berid was not walking the street when it began to rain (?) : Was Berid walking the street when it began to rain ? 2. (+): It was raining when Diana went to the market last night (-): It was not raining when Diana went to the market last night. (?): Was it raining when Diana went to the market last night ? 3. (+): Amel was sleeping all day yesterday when Ardy called him (-): Amel was not sleeping all day yesterday when Ardy called him (?): Was Amel sleeping all day yesterday when Ardhy called him ? 2.7 Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense is the tense used to indicate actions or events that began or occurred in the past and continue to take place finishes in the past or the next. Past Perfect Tense also serves as a substitute for the Simple Past Tense when used to refer to or indicate past events or actions that occur within a specified period.

I

I You They We He She It

Had Been

You They We He She

Table 2.13

It to be

Perfect Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3 TO BE 3 adalah: been

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TO BE 3 (been) digunakan ketika suatu kalimat tidak ada unsur kata kerja (NON VERB).Untuk semua jenis kalimat, baik positif, negatif, atau kalimat tanya pada Present Perfect Tense menggunakan VERB 3. Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Past Perfect Tense -

Mengekspresikan kalimat Past Perfect Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)

+ ?

Subject + Had + Verb 3 + Object Subject + Had + NOT + Verb 3 + Object Had + Subject + Verb 3 + Object? Table 2.14 Formula Past Perfect Tense -

Mengekspresikan kalimat Present Perfect Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB)

+ ?

Subject + Had + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object Subject + (Had + NOT) + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object Had + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?

Table 2.15 Formula Past Perfect Tense Contoh

:

1.

(+): His Wife had already eaten by the time I got home (-): His wife had not already eaten by the time I got home (?): Had his wife already eaten by the time i got home ? 2. (+): When you arrived , I had written the letter (-): When you arrived, I had not written the letter (?): Had I written the letter when you arrived ? 3. (+): They had been here (-):They had not been here (?): Had They been here ? 2.8 Past Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Progressive Tense is the tense used to express an event or action that has been going on for some time 15

when there are events or other actions in the past. Events which occurred or took place first expressed in the form of the Past Perfect Continuous Tense, whereas subsequent events that occurred (event) expressed in the form of the Simple Past Tense.

I

I You

been You Had They

They We

We

He She

He

It

She Table

It

2.16 to be

2.9 Simple Future Tense This tense is used to explain or describe an incident or event at a time when that will come. There are two words that are required to help us use the simple future tense: 1 'will' and 2 'shall' This type of sentence was divided into two, of which:

SENTENCE VERBAL

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a. No plans or Declare Previous actions / events that will be conducted in the future (at that time). example: -Hold On. I'll get a pen. (wait a minute, I'll take a pen) -wait. I'll bring an umbrella. (wait, I will bring an umbrella)

b. Prediction (estimate). example: -It will rain tomorrow. I'll be stay at home. (tomorrow will rain. I'll stay at home) -I Will go to school tomorrow. (I'll go to school tomorrow)

NON-VERBAL SENTENCE

When the predicate of a sentence is not a verb, then use the 'be' verb to replace it. example: • I'll be in London tomorrow. (I'll be in London tomorrow) Note: When we have a plan or desire to perform an activity in the future, then use be

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going

to

or

Present

Continuous

Tense

to

replace

will

/

shall.

Example sentence: I am going to go to Paris next week. You are going to marry her next Friday.

She will see my mother at hospital tomorrow. Simple Future Tense always uses the first verb (verb 1) for each sentence, and has a certain time signal, such as: -tomorrow -next ...... .. (days, weeks, months, years) etc. -soon (as soon as possible) -on ...... .. (Monday, Tuesday) etc.

2.10 Future Continuous Tense The formula: subject + WILL + BE + Verb + ing When do we use the Future Continuous Tense? This tense describes an action that will occur at a specific time in the future. example: He will be teaching me at eight tomorrow (he would teach me was at eight o'clock tomorrow)

2.11 Future Perfect Tense The formula:

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WILL + HAVE + subject + Verb Forms to 3 When Do We Use the Future Perfect Tense? This tense we use to describe an activity that will occur in the future before the other activities going on. example: They will have tired when they arrive. (they would have been tired when they come)

2.12 Future Perfect Continuous Tense The formula: Subject + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + Verb + ing I Whenever

we

use

the

Future

Perfect

Continuous

Tense?

We use this tense to talk about an action / activity long before some moment in the future example: I'll have been tired when he arrives. He will have been traveling for 24 hours. (I will be tired when he arrived. He will make a long journey for 24 hours)

2.13 Past Future Tense To

declare

an

act

/

event

that

will

The formula: + subject + WOULD BE + Verb Form I (verb 1). example: She would be at school tomorrow. (He's going to school tomorrow)

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occur

in

the

past

the

2.14 Future Past Continuous Tense To declare an act that is occurring. The formula: + subject + WOULD BE + Verb (verb 1) + ing. example: We would be having dinner at home yesterday. (we will be having dinner at home yesterday) 2.15 Future Past Perfect Tense To

declare

an

event

that

will

prbuatan

or

is

occurring

The formula: subject + WOULD + HAVE / HAS + be + Verb Forms to 3 example: she would have be finished to Studied if she had not been lazy (he would have graduated if he does not learn lazily)

2.16 Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense To declare an action / event will be taking place in the past The formula: Subject

+

WOULD

+

HAVE

+

example: We would have been waiting long. (we're going to have to wait a long time) I would have been crying all the time.

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BEEN

+

Verb

+

ing

I

(I would've been crying all the time)

CHAPTER III CLOSING 3.1

Conclusion Tense general formula is as follows:

No tenses formula 1. Present Simple Tense S + V1. 2. Present Continuous Tense S + to be (is, am, are) + V-ing. 3. Present Perfect Tense S + have / has + V3. 4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense S + have / has + been + V-ing. 5. Simple Past Tense S + V2. 6. Past Continuous Tense S + was / were + V-ing. 7. Past Perfect Tense S + had + V3. 8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense S + had + been + V-ing. 9. Simple Future Tense S + will + V1. 10. Future Continuous Tense S + will + be + V-ing. 11. Future Perfect Tense S + will + have + V3. 12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense S + will + have + been + V-ing. 13. Past Simple Future Tense S + would + V1. 14. Past Future Continuous Tense S + would + be + V-ing. 15. Past Perfect Future Tense S + would + have + V3. 16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense S + would + have + been + V-ing. 3.2

Advice The material on English grammatical papers still need to be completed,

there are still many shortcomings in it due to the limitations that are owned by the

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authors. To the subject teachers concerned and all those who read this paper, in order to provide input so that this paper can be more useful and easy to understand.

Daftar Pustaka

A.Faidal Rahman Ali (2009), Cara Cepat Belajar 16 Tenses, Jakarta : Buku Kita.

Santi, Inez, “ENGLISH FOR TEEN 2”, C.V Andi Offset – Yogyakarta, 2009.

Yusi

Andriyanti.

(2014).

https://www.scribd.com/doc/249147456/Makalah-16-Tenses-Big

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Papers,