MAJOR REPORT Final (Main Content)- Arduino Based Bag Security System

ABSTRACT Security has becoming an important issue everywhere. It is becoming necessary nowadays as the possibilities of intrusion are increasing day by day. In this project, security system has been designed that has a special feature and which makes the person aware of his being bag being stolen or lost. We have planned a baggage security system using Arduino. Arduino card ís used, which ís considered one of modern programmable device and utilize from speed dial function ín mobile phone. The result product will be a fully secure bag that comes with a full build ín security against theft and beíng lost by the owner. The bag ís provided wíth a wireless lock/unlock system controlled by a mobile phone via Bluetooth. The user has to connect the bag to their mobile phone by Bluetooth and provide the password to unlock ít. This will be controlled by an Arduino. Bag can only be unlocked with high security measures as mentioned above. Apart from this, if in case the bag is lost, the owner can keep track of this bag through gps tracking and receive message in his mobile phone through GSM module interfaced with the same Arduino thus being able to get back the valuable without losing it. Higher security can be assigned by adding additional feature by which alarm can set in case if anyone tries to break or cut through the lock system thereby providing the highest possible security to the valuables in the bag.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Unauthorized access has been a big problem since the conception of idea of privacy. Over the years, many control systems have been designed to prevent unauthorized access. We as humans have a tendency of locking whatever is deemed precious to us, be it our belongings in the locker, our houses, other institutional buildings (schools, offices etc.). Hence, it is important to have a stress-free and convenient means of achieving privacy and safe guarding our belongings. In the more conventional ways people try to safeguard their belongings by employing a watch dog or maybe security personals. Billions of dollars worldwide are spent on this very purpose. Many security systems are deployed by us to protect our belongings from theft. As lifestyles around the world are getting plush, the need to design and prevent unauthorized access to our resources and belongings via a sophisticated system is very important and is feasible in the long run. Hence to achieve this very purpose we have designed an Arduino based bag security system. The sole purpose of using Arduino in our project is that it has been the open nature of this very module. The software used on Arduino is entirely available as on open source and the hardware design information is readily available under creative commons licenses for new designers as ourselves be it schematics, PCB layouts etc. in practice it is very easy to adapt the software and the hardware, and then contribute what you do back on the Arduino project as a whole. The GSM was initially designed for voice, but it can be used for other purposes also. The very idea of using GSM in our project is that the GSM architecture is deployed in many countries. Gsm can be used to receive signals captured by various machines in GSM serviceable areas, and also to send control signals to the device. The installation on long wires to achieve a control system is very tedious and expensive than the use of mobile networks to achieve this sole purpose. To achieve. Suitable magnetic sensors are used in out project. So in a nutshell we have designed a bag security system using Arduino as the brain of our prototype which controls the GSM module, the GPS module, magnetic sensors and other components. We have given features like locating the bag, alarm in case of any intrusion and lock- unlock feature.

CHAPTER 2: PROJECT RESUOURCES 2.1. MICROCONTROLLERS: When we talk about embedded systems, microcontrollers is the first thing which comes in our mind. Microcontrollers has a single IC which contains input/output, memory area, processor etc. it has memory in the form of RAM and ROM. APPLICATIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Medical devices. Robotics Engines Drones Automation Power tools Trains Airoplanes

FAMILY OF MICROCONTROLLER: There are multiple types of microcontrollers such as: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Atmel AVR – 8BITS AT91SAM-32 BITS Intel 8051 Infineon: 8,16,32 bits MIPS ARM core processors Microchip technology such as PIC-8BIT,18BITS,.

Fig 2A: Microcontroller basic architecture 2.2. ARDUINO UNO: ARDUINO UNO: Arduino uno is a platform which is called an open-source platform and is very frequently used in electronic projects. Arduino consists of two aspects, a microcontroller which is a physically programmable board along with it a piece of software. Integrated Development Environment, it runs on the computer and is used to code the commands in C language. Arduino has now become very popular with people using arduino in every projects of electronics. So theres something extremely feasible about arduino, its that arduino does not need any distinguished piece of hardware in order to load any new codes onto the board, instead we can simply use a USB cable to fill the code.

Fig 2B: arduino uno So, what does arduino do? The

software

and

hardware

of

Arduino

was

designed

for

artists,designers,hobbyists,hackers,newbies. Arduino has the capability of interacting with buttons,LEDs,speakers and motors,GPS units,cameras,including your smartphone or your TV! This flexibility and robustness combined with the fact that the software of arduino is considered free, not just that, even the hardware boards are relatively cheap. Arduino’s software and hardware are easy to learn and this has resulted in large community of users who have contributed in the field of coding and programming and this has released instructions for very good and large projects based on Arduino. Hence, we can say that arduino is the base for many projects such as home-automation,IoT and anykind of security projects. Arduino can be seen everywhere,from robots to a heating pad warm blanket to honest fortunetelling machines and this even includes dungeons and dragons dice-throwing gauntlet. Arduino can materialize your creative juices flowing turning into reality as its considered. Arduino uno is the bets board when it comes to starting with electronics and coding. Uno is a microcontroller, which has 14 digital pins input/output pins. Uno essentially means one in Italian language. This was done to open or introduce the IDE. Microcontroller type is ATmega328P.

Operating voltage applied is 5V. Input which is recommended is7-12V. Digital input-output pins, basically number of pins are 14. Pulse width modulation digital input-output pins are 6. Analog input pins in arduino uno is 6. DC current in one input pin is 20mA. For a 3.3V DC current is 50mA. Arduino flash memory : 32KB. EEPROM in arduino is 1KB. Clock pace: 16MHz. Length is: 68.6mm SRAM in arduino is : 2KB. Now we come to the elucidate information of arduino uno: Starting with analog inputs: A0,A1,A2,A3,A4 AND A5. Power units are : 1. Vin. 2. 5V 3.3.3V 4. RESET Digital pins on the board are: 0 to 13. There are also a lot of advantages of ARDUINO UNO: ADVANTAGES: 1. Easily readable and useable. 2. It’s a package of everything which includes – serial communication interface, oscillator,LEDs, headers and a burner. 3. Testing codes is simple. 4. Uno has effortless functions. It has the capability of automatic conversion. 5. It basically means that when you have conversion processes, there will be no bugs.

Arduino board: There are many varieties of Arduino boards that can be used for different purposes. Most Arduinos have the majority of these components in common. Power supply: Arduino board has to be connected to a power source in different ways. So we can power an arduino uno through a USB. This can be done using a USB cable which will connect the computer to the arduino board. NOTE: Never use a power supply which is greater than 20 V as it shall overpower the Arduino. Voltage recommended for arduino uno Is 6-12V. Pins : 

GND: KNOWN AS ‘Ground’. This pin connects arduino boards to a groundcircuit.

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5V & 3.3V: as you as well guess that the 5V pin supplies 5V power supply to the system. Similarly, 3.3V power supply through 3.3V pin.

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Analog: The ‘Analog In’ label which are from A0 TO A5 on the uno board are called the analog in pins. Main function of analog pins are that they take in analog signals and convert it to digital signals. Temperature sensors come under this classification.

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Digital: Apart from the analog pins are the digital pins which have digital inputs and digital outputs.

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PWM- pulse width modulation:

the symbol (~) next to the digital pins such as

3,5,6,9,10 and 11 on the uno. Such pins act as normal pins. We can use them as PWM pins as well. Modulation based on width of the signal and pulse variation. 

AREF (9): it stands for analog reference and we basically leave this pin alone. We use this to set an upper limit. Which is basically called external reference.

Reset Button

Arduino has a reset button. When we press the reset button, this will temporarily connect the reset pin to the ground button and we can transfer the code to the arduino. Power LED Indicator When you switch the arduino plug ON. This directly needs to be set that the LCD light has to be on. So if this light doesn’t switch ON., then its time we check our circuit. TX RX LEDs TX is called transmitter and RX is called reciever. These are pins responsible for serial communication. Serial communication means single signals which will pass through the system at once. Multiple signals will not be done. These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data. Main IC IC, consider it as the brain of Arduino. This has to be very important because we need to know the IC type so that when we know what code to put up at arduino software. This information can be found in writing on the top side of the IC.

2.3. GSM A brief background Around the early 80s, a problem arised in the European countries since they were using different, incompatible mobile phone systems which was purely analog. These systems are called as 1G (1st generation) systems.

GSM is a cell type of network, which means that cell phones connect to it by searching for the cells in the neighborhood. There are five types of “cell sizes in a GSM network— macro, micro, pico, femto, and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell depends on the implementation environment.”

The GSM network consists of the following four discrete sections:

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Base Station Subsystem(BSS) – The base stations and their respective controllers .It carries out all the radio-related functions.

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“Network and Switching Subsystem(NSS) – The part of the network” which actually acts as the backbone, sometimes just called as the "core network".It comprises of all the equipments and functions related to the concept of end-to-end call.

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“GPRS Core Network – The optional part which allows the user to use packet-based Internet connections.”

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Operations support system (OSS) – It deals with the operation and maintenance of GSM equipment for the radio and network interface.

Fig 2C: A simplified model of GSM Network

2.3.1 GSM SIM900

Fig 2D:Hardware description of GSM Module

IO List: Ground(GND) , +5V , Rx , Tx , PWR , RST.

Features: 

The module no. used here is “Simcom SIM900 2G Module”

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Power supply for this particular module is 5V which is to be provided.

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Built in RS232 to TTL is already incorporated in this module,(basically the module is compatible with TTL )

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It has full compatibility with Arduino.

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Free serial port connecting facility is available in this module, the Hardware/Software Serial port control can be selected as per our requirement whenever needed.

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Not only “we can use the button for power on, but also can use the digital pin of Arduino to make it on and reset the SIM900 module “as per our need.

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Quad-Band “GSM(2G) GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 MHz”

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It is controlled via AT commands but we have configured it in the Arduino IDE program.

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The supply voltage ranges from 3.1 to 4.8V

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The minimum power consumption of this module if this specific is 1.5mA (sleep mode)

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The dimensions of this particular module are 60 mm to 53 mm

Fig 2E :General Block Diagram of GSM SIM900

Some of the important components in details:-

SIMCom SIM900AGSM Module:

MAX232 IC: The MAX232 is the that kind of integrated circuit. The digital logic circuits having ttl compatibity are feeded by signals converted from an RS-232 serial port. so that devices working on “TTL logic can share the data with devices connected through Serial port(DB9 Connector here)” Serial port / DB9 connector: We just need to attach the RS232 cable for serial communication here so that it get connected to all those devices which have Serial port / DB9 Connector.

        

Pin 1 is the “Data Carrier Detect” Pin 2 is the “Receive Data” Pin 3is the “Transmit Data” Pin 4 is the “Data Terminal Ready” Pin 5is the “Signal Ground” Pin 6is the “Data Set Ready” Pin 7 is the “Request to Send” Pin 8 is the “Clear to Send” Pin 9 is tha “Ring Indicator”

Power Supply Socket: The power supply socket named as AC/DC Socket makes it possible for the user to connect the ext. power supply from the Transformer, Adapter or Battery through DC jack. A maximum of 12V AC/DC power supply can be provided through the AC /DC socket. This is the power supply designed thinking about the maximum protection so that it there is prevention of reverse polarity DC power supply as well as conversion of AC-DC power supply SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) Card Slot:

GSM IN OUR PROJECT It basically acts as the fundamental voice communication along with SMS.So,GSM in our projects hold the second position in the priority list after ARDUINO. The main function of GSM in this process is to represent the wireless communication by notifying the beholder that the bag is locked or unlocked. GSM is used because this is regardless of the distance of the location which not only saves our cost but also makes the whole project efficient in use. Everyone now days have a phone. So GSM based wireless communication can be easily met. So,the idea behind using GSM in our project is all about controlling the bag with a single mobile phone,which makes it less expensive than those of wireless based devices for controlling processes. We have used SIM900a. GSM works on frequencies 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900Mhz. It is very compact in size and easy to use. Using GSM in our project helps us to provide accessibility to the bag from anywhere in the world. The Modem is designed with RS232 Level converter circuitry, which allows you to directly interfaced PC Serial Port .The Baud rate can be

configurable from 9600-115200 through AT commands,through which it can be programmed and interfaced with Arduino.

2.4. GLOBAL positioning system (GPS) What is gps?

The GPS or “global positioning system” is a system that is based in the space, which provides location and time info in any weather conditions on earth. The system is capable to assist to any organization be it military, civic or for personal uses too. It is available to any person with a GPS receiver. The GPS system currently has many active satellites in orbit which are inclined fifty five degrees to the equator. The orbit of the satellites are set to 20,000km from the surface of the earth. At any given time there are six satellites in the view from most of the places in earth. The concept of GPS is simple but the technology involved is a little complex Working of GPS The gps receives signal from each GPS satellite. The satellite notes the exact time the signal is send from the satellite. Subtraction is used to estimate three time the signal takes from the satellite to the receiver. This was the distance between the satellite and the receiver can be known. The receiver module knows the exact position of the satellite in the sky at the exact moment the satellite had transmitted the signal. This way the gps system can determine the exact position by using the travel time of the gps signal from 3 different satellites. The gps technology needs to know the time very accurately. Atomic clocks are usually used because they are very accurate. But it is very expensive to use an atomic clock for each and every gps receiver. Though if the receiver get a signal from a 4 th satellite it solves an equation to determine the accurate time without the use of atomic clock. The GPS tell the location in 3 dimensions namely east, north and altitude. Sometimes the receiver does not get the signal from 3 satellites together still can tell you your location but again it will be less accurate than it will tell u from 4 satellites. When the receiver receives signals from 4 satellites it tell you your location in 3 dimensions. If you are at sea level then your location will be fairly accurate but if you are in a mountainous terrain the 2-d fix could be 100s of m off. The modern receiver keeps track of every available satellite but only uses signals from the necessary ones to calculate the receiver’s position.

To determine the location usually 2 types of information is required namely almanac and ephemeris. The data is simultaneously transmitted by the satellites and the tracker keeps on receiving it. Information about the status of the satellite and orbital information is contained in almanac. Though the almanac is not accurate enough. A new receiver might need at most 15 minutes to receive a latest almanac. Many new models of the GPS receiver can get the almanac without waiting for the satellite. Additional data is required by the GPS receiver for each satellite called the ephemeris. This contains exact information of the orbit of the satellite. This gives accuracy of up to 1-2 meters of the location of the satellite. This data (ephemeris) Is received every 2 hours and has a validity of up to 4 hours. The gps satellite orbits the globe twice a day in a predetermined orbit and transmit information to earth. The receiver gets this information and uses the trilateration method to calculate he exact location of the receiver on earth. As told earlier that the receiver should lock at least 3 satellites to get a 2-D position which is latitude and longitude and also track the movement. With 4 or more than 4 the receiver can also calculate the altitude of the user/ receiver. Once the location of the receiver is locked, more information can be calculated like speed, distance to the destination, distance of trip, track and also sunrise and sunset timing and even more. The accuracy of the GPS depends on many factors. Those factors might include the position of the satellite in space, atmospheric conditions, satellite click errors and ephemeris etc. usually with a handheld GPS system, and 95% horizontal positions will be with 5-10 mts of their actual position on earth. But the error in altitude can be twice as much as the error in horizontal position. The accuracy of the GPS system can be improved by using additional information from other reference stations. Many WAAS based GPS are available today that use ground reference for determining the accurate location on earth. It used ground based references. The corrected data is generally sent to WAAS satellites which in turn send them to WAAS enabled GPS system for correction of error.

A-GPS

Usually a cellphone GPS gets a correction almost immediately. Cellphones use assisted GPS systems to correct or fix data, sometimes in locations where the fix might not be available. This type of assisted GPS used data connection of the mobile to contact an assisted server. This server then supplies the almanac and ephemeris to the GPS so that it doesn’t have to wait for the satellite. These servers also send the location data from the network towers which gives an immediate fix. What is trilateration? To get to know trilateration well we need to use our imagination. Imagine you are somewhere on the globe with some 3 satellites above you in the sky. If you now know your distance from the satellite then you can imagine you are somewhere in the red circle ( fig. below) when you do the same for the other 2 circles then you can work out where these three circles intersect which is what your GPS receiver does( though overlapping spheres are used). The more the satellites the more accurate you location will be on the globe.

Fig 2F: trilateration explanation 2.4.1. GY-GPS6MV2 It is a generic design that is readily available in china and hongkong. This particular model consists of a small 25mm by 35mm PCB with an antenna that is connected via a lead to this small PCB. The antenna is heavy in weight and isn’t suited for Pico hab payloads. It has a button

cell on the device to provide backup and a small EPROM that is connected to this chip that stores the configuration. Specifications 

It has a power supply range of 3v to 5v.

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It has a ceramic antenna separated from the module.

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There is also a backup battery available on-chip.

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A LED signal indicator is present to tell the status of the module.

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The antenna size is 25 by 25 mm and the module size is 25 by 35 mm.

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The mounting hole is 3 mm.

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The modules default baud rate is 9600bps.

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It is a wide area augmentation system GPS

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To use with Arduino for maximum I/0 logic which is 3.6( as maintained by the on board regulator), level shifting the 5v Tx signal can be done by using 2 1N4148 diodes in series between Tx of Arduino and Rx of GPS.

Fig 2G: GY-GPS6MV2 This particular board has four connector’s namely Vcc, GND, Tx which is transmit and Rx which is receive. The GPS by default will get started and start sending MEA sentences at the

baud rate of 9600bps until the GPS position is in lock position the NMEA sentences won’t have the coordinates of the location. The LED starts blinking when the lock is achieved. Why we have used this module? This GPS module is very capable for this price range and size s it is very compatible with Arduino, raspberry PI etc. which are UART based. This specific module is very easy to use and program. This model is compatible with the microcontroller we have used which is the Arduino Uno. This model when powered will automatically acquire satellite signals and a fix for the position. The LED will start blinking when the position fixed is found. This LED keeps blinking till the time it has the position fix.

2.5. SENSORS “Sensors are devices that are frequently used to detect and respond to electrical or optical signals.It also converts some of the physical parameters like temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc. into a signal which can be measured electrically. “

Classification of Sensors The sensors are classified according to the following parameters: 1.

Primary Input quantity which is to be measured for the project

2.

Transduction principles, basically using the physical and chemical effects of the input

3.

Materials and Technologies needed for the application

4.

Properties of the input

5.

Applications for which we need the sensors

Transduction principle is the basic parameter which is followed for a more efficient approach. Only the material and technology parameters are chosen by the development engineering group. Classification based on property is done as: · According to examples Temperature ,they are named as Thermistors,

· According to Pressure examples are Fibre optic, vacuum, elastic liquid based manometers, LVDT, electronic. ·According to Flow examples are displacement, thermal mass, etc.

Electromagnetics, differential pressure, positional

·

2.6. MAGNETIC SENSORS In our project we have a system where contact-less sensing is required, so we are using magnetic sensors based on Arduino Hall Effect sensor to detect the presence of a magnet. They are basically transducers that vary their output voltage in response to a magnetic field. They are actuated by the presence of a permanent magnet. They offer applications like proximity switching, positioning, detection of speed and current sensing.They are ultracompact, reliable, and economical prime movers used for automation purposes.Typically these sensors have a longer sensing distance than typical proximity sensors. Before choosing the sensors,these points were checked: It must be sensitive to the measured property,  It must be insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application, and  It should not influence the measured property

The principle is simple. If no magnetic field is present, the signal line of the sensor is HIGH (3.5 V). If a magnetic field is objected to the sensor, the signal line goes LOW, at the same time the LED present on the sensor gets lighted. The polarity of the magnetic field is of influence to the switching action. The front side of the sensor needs the opposite polarity as the back of the sensor to switch on. Whenever the bag is unlocked, the magnet gets placed near the Hall Effect sensor and therefore we are able to detect that the lock has been locked. In this project, we will be connecting magnetic sensor to Arduino Uno on pin 7.

HALL EFFECT According to its principle, whenever a magnetic field is applied in a direction perpendicular to the flow of electric current in a conductor, a potential difference is induced. This voltage can thus be used to detect whether the sensor is in the proximity of a magnet or not. The Arduino can

detect this voltage change through its interrupt pin and determine whether the magnet is near the sensor or not.

Fig 2H: Hall effect without the presence of magnetic field

Hall effect with the presence of magnetic field 2.7. LCD: In today’s world it is important to keep track of what is happening within the machinery,be it automated or semi automated machine. By having a clear picture of the result of the functioning,we can easily come to certain conclusions. Hence, LCD plays a very significant role in the transparency of the process. Liquid Crystal Display screen is a 16x2 display element which is frequently used to display information. It can display 32 characters. It

is a flatpanel display which uses the light-

modulating properties of liquid crystals. We know that Liquid crystals do not emit light directly. LCD displays are gradually replacing seven segment displays because of a myriad of advantages, such as: 1. LCDs are cost effective and reasonable. 2. They can be easily programmed. 3. Special characters can be made, these are called customized characters which can be again easily displayed. 4. Animations can be created. 5. Interfacing with any microcontrollers.

Fig 2I: LCD

LCD displays utilizes two layers of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution between them. When an electric current is passed through the liquid, this results in the crystals to synchronise, this is done to isolate light from the medium. Therefore, each crystal is like a shutter window which sometime allows light energy to pass through and sometimes acts like a blocking wall. This is the basic and rudimentary functioning of a LCD. Monochrome LCD images usually appear as dark gray or blue images, this is covered by a top layered grayish background.

Types of LCD: Color LCD displays use two basic techniques for producing color: Passive matrix is considered the comparatively the less expensive of the two technologies mentioned. The other technology which is also called thin film transistor or active matrix produces more bright and intense colour images that are sharp and of high resolution. These are also called the traditional CRT displays but the only drawback to this technique of LCD is that it very expensive. Recently,to give competition to the more used active-matrix LCD, recently passive matrix started utilizing a new CSTN and DSTN technologies. This was done to produce sharp colours rivaling active matrix. PASSIVE DISPLAY: Passive displays are widely used with segmented digits such as calculators, fax machines and remote controls, most of which are monochrome or have only a few colours. ACTIVE DISPLAY:These are used in desktop computer monitors and LCD TVs. 99.99% of all laptops, active displays are essentially called “active matrix”.

Characterstics of LCD: When we say 16x2, we mean that there are 16 characters in one line and 2 represents 2 lines in our display. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

5x8 dots with cursor. Built in controller. +5V power supply. 1/16 is the duty cycle. B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin2,or pin 15, pin 16. N.v optional for +3V power supply in a LCD.

There are various positives of using a LCD.The screen of LCD is very energy efficient. Due to its low electrical power consumption lets us sue it as a battery powered equipment and this thus more efficient than a CRT. Since its an electronically modulated optical device made up of infinite number of segments which are controlling a layer of liquid crystals and arranged in front of a source of light or a reflector, which helps to produce images in color or monochrome. Liquid crystals were first discovered in 1888. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide. CRT became absolutely obsolete for any daily purpose used in appliances because of the popularity of LCD. Each pixel OD an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are perpendicular to each other. With no actuall liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second one. The surface of the electrode that are in contact with the liquid crystal material are given so as to align the molecules in a certain direction or orientation. This kind of treatment consists of a thin polymer coat that is unidirectional and it is rubbed also in a unidirectional way. In LCD, electrodes are made up of transparent conductor called Indium. This leads us to conclusion that LCD is an intrinsic passice electronic device and its also a simple easy light valve which opens and shuts the amount of light passing which is governed by LCD drivers. Before applying an electric field, the orientation of the LCD molecules are determined by the alignment at the surfaces of the electrode. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid

crystals molecules in the centre of the layer are almost completely not twisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer.

Table 2.1: LCD pins

2.8. VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805: Voltage regulator 7805 is a well known member of the 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators. There are times when there is a not a proper voltage output because of voltage fluctuations from the input. This is when we need the voltage regulator. It does what it so needed a system,to able to control the voltage output. Hence, in our project we are using voltage regulator to maintain the fixed and constant voltage value at the output. In the well known series of 78xx, xx represents the value of fixed voltage it is designed to provide. This is how we know that while using 7805, +5V regulated power supply is used. One or more capacitor is/are used to be connected at the input and output pins, though it depends on the voltage levels at both the ends- input and output.

Fig 2J: PIN DESCRIPTION OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR: Pin 1: Input voltage – name given to it is “input” and the voltage varies from the range of 5V TO 12V. Pin2: Ground- name given to this pin is ground in the regulator and its value is 0V. Pin3:Regulated output: 5V is the exact butit also ranges from 4.8V to 5.2V. designated as a the output pin in the regulator.

78xx series: Here is the list of the commonly used positive voltage regulators. These are called positive voltage regulators as they are positive with respect to the ground. 7805 has a 5volt output. 7812 produces 12volts. Similarly, 79xx ICs can be used to give a negative supply voltage. If we combine both, 78xx and 79xx, we get a positive and negative supply voltages.

Fig 2K: Pin out of LM7805

2.9. POTENTIOMETER: A potentiometer is informally called pot. It is three terminal resistor within which there is sliding or rather a rotating contact that makes an adjustable voltage divider. When we use only two terminals of the resistor, it turns into a rheostat which is basically a variable resistor. Potentiometer is generally used to measure the potential and is also called a voltage divider.

Fig 2L: potentiometer RESISTIVE ELEMENT OF A POTENTIOMETER: Most of the times, resistive elements of an inexpensive potentiometer is made up of graphite, which is a formed by catenation of carbon molecules. There are other materials used as well, which include, carbon particles in plastic, ceramic mixture called cermet. When we talk about potentiometer, we must realize that there are innumerable applications where potentiometers are used, hence there have to various types of potentiometers evidently. Conductive track type use a substance called conductive polymer pastes. This paste contains hard wearing of resins and polymers, solvents and lubricants. This is ofcourse in addition to the main component which is carbon that leads any kind of conductive properties. USE OF POTENTIOMETER:

1. Generally potentiometer are used to control various electrical devices. Such as: volume controls on audio equipments. 2. They donot have the power to control very high power in any device. They don’t cross beyond a watt. This is only because the power dissipated in the potentiometer will be later compared to the controller load power. 3. Potentiometers are now days widely used as a displacement transducers. Sole reason is due to the fact that it generates large output signal. 4. Now days we have preset potentiometers which are fixed and pre-adjusted in the system while manufacturing. A motor-driven potentiometer can be used in place of a function generator by using a non-linear resistance to attain trigonometric functions. 5. In our project, potentiometer seemed more feasible than any other digital controls. Therefore, on an economical base,we used potentiometer. 6. We are using potentiometer to adjust and vary the light in LCD. In our project, it acts like a light dimmer controller. Potentiometer is used to control the switching process of a triac. This indirectly makes it a controller of the brightness of the lamp. Potentiometer can take multiple forms,for instance, we have a combination of a filter network with a potentiometer,this lets the potentiometer behave like an equalizer. As history tells us, potentiometer was initially only used for picture control. Various parameters come under that section like : 1. Brightness 2. Contrast 3. Color response 4. Picture synchronization 5. Motion control.

CONSTRUCTION OF A POTENTIOMETER: There are specific parts of a potentiometer. Following are the components that constitute a potentiometer: 1. Resistive element. 2. Sliding contact, which is also called a wiper that moves along the element. 3. The resistive element can be either flat or angled. Also,each end of the resistive element is connected to a terminal.

Fig 2M: Construction of potentiometer

VARIOUS TYPES OF POTENTIOMETER: 1. Linear slider potentiometer: In this kind of potentiometer, the wiper slides linearly instead of rotating along the element. There is only one significant advantage of this kind is that it depicts the visual view of the entire setting. It is a low power potentiometer. 2. Panel potentiometers: the principle is the same but the only variation is that the wiper is the center terminal of the three parts of the potentiometer.

3. Single turn potentiometers: In this kind, the wiper travels just once, in one revolution,it rotates as well. There is a potential of contamination in this kind if because of the narrow space between the shaft and the housing, in which it rotates. 4. Rotary potentiometer: only an array of sliders can give a visual description of the potentiometer working. These are generally used in multiband equalisers. It a low power potentiometer. 5. Multi-turn potentiometer: it is a user accessible and as well as preset. It allows fine adjustments. Rotations through an angle changes its functioning from a simple rotary potentiometer. 6. String potentiometer: It is a type of mutliturn potentiometer which operates when a reel of wire turns against a spring. This is based on the concept of force. Done to convert linear position to a variable resistance. 7. Logarithmic potentiometer: it uses two separate resistance regions to approximate a logarithmic law. These are expensive. This kind is made with a material whose resistance varies from one end to another. A process called tapering occurs in this kind of potentiometer.

2.10. Active patch antenna ANTENNA: An antenna is the critical part of a GPS. Even when you have the best receiver, you cannot bring back a high output if you have a poor antenna. GPS signals are extremely weak and put a lot of pressure on the antenna attached to it. A GPS has to receive multiple signals from different satellites hence the antenna has to be a great good quality. There are few antenna requirements while making a choice to pick which antenna to choose. Following are the requirements: 1. Low level directivity. 2. High gain with a low noise figure. 3. There has to be a good matching and connection between the antenna and the cable impedance. 4. Filters are essential.

Fig 2N: Active patch antenna When we talk about antennas, there are two types which come in our mind. One is, active antenna and the other is passive antenna. 1. Active antenna: active antenna is generally used for longer distance, this is because when we the RF cable and the receiver distance beyond 10cm, then we prefer active antenna. Also, active antenna is the preferable one while we using GPS. GPS, we have to make sure that there is low noise level and for that active antenna Is the best suited. In active antenna, there is a need of power supply.

2. Passive antenna: passive antenna doesnot need any power supply. In this kind, RF designing experience is required. Helix antenna and patch antenna are excellent options when we talk about active antennas.For our project,we are using patch antenna. To give a better understanding to why we are using it with GPS, following are the factors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

High gain. Low cost. Large variety of sizes available in the market. The isolation between the antenna and feed is less in comparison to helix antenna. In helix antenna, there will be number of signals present on the screen coming from

different satellites which will not be there while using patch antenna. 6. In patch antenna, the probability of noise figure is lower than in a helix antenna because in helix type, the radiation is omni-directional.

2.11. Capacitor General voltage storage devices are called capacitors. These are devices are used in electronic circuits. These are also used in AC fan motors and heating devices. These are of two main types.

The types are electrolytic and non-electrolytic. The first one are used with transistors power supply and also vacuum tubes. The second type is used to regulate the surges in direct current. The disadvantage of electrolytic capacitor is that it can fail. It can fail when it is out of electrolyte or by discharging way too much current. The second category mainly fail if their stored charge leaks. The basic capacitor consist of 2 parallel metal plates which do not touch each other. And are electrically separated by air or by some insulating material example waxed paper or mica or ceramic or some liquid gel used in the first type of capacitors discussed above. The insulating layer between the capacitor plates is called a dielectric. Voltage is present across the plates of the capacitor. The insulating layers does not let the current flow through it. This in turn allows voltage to be present on the plates. The shape of the plates can be any. We can have square, circular or maybe rectangular plates. In case of direct current, the capacitor only charges up to its supply voltage and blocks the current flow because the dielectric is non- conductive and insulating. But in case of alternating current the current appears to pass directly through the capacitor with some or no resistance. The capacitance and the work done by the source voltage onto the plates determines the potential difference present across the capacitor. The capacitance in denoted by “C”. the capacitance is denoted by the permittivity multiplied with the area of the plate and then devides by the distance between the plates. The formula is given below. C= ԑ * (A/D) Where C is the capacitance. ԑ is the permittivity. A is the area between the plates and D is the distance between the plates.

2.11.1. Testing of capacitor Using digital multi meter

1. Read the value of capacitance on the capacitor. It is mostly give in micro farad, since farad is a large quantity 2. Take a digital multi meter and set the knob to capacitance. 3. Now connect the multi meter leads to the capacitor terminal and connect the read lead which is the positive one to capacitor anode and the black lead which is the negative one to the cathode of the capacitor. 4. Now check what the multi meter reading is. If the multi meter reading is close to the reading inscribed on the capacitor then we are good to go.

2.12.

POWER SUPPLY:

Fig 2O: power supply Power supply is the main source of power in our preject. Power supply unit is as an electrical device which provides electrical energy. Form of electrical energy. This is sent to a load or multiple loads. As you can see in the circuit above that there are various components required such as the following: 3. 4. 5. 6.

Step down transformer. Voltage regulator. Filter circuits. Bridge rectifier.

2.13. SOLENOID: 3. It is based on electromagnetic induction. When an electric current passes through a solenoid, 4.

there is electrical field generated. Configuration of solenoid with arduino:

Fig 2P: Solenoid

CHPATER 3: INTERFACING OF THE COMPONENTS 3.1.

Starting the Arduino

For testing purpose we need to load the program on Arduino board. The successful loading will be indicated by the on and off on on-board LED on Arduino. We then need to connect external LED using a breadboard. The new circuit will flash the external LED and will show the success of our testing. For the testing we need a 470 ohm resister (yellow-violet-brown) and a 5mm LED. We will also be needing a breadboard, wire links, an Arduino Uno board and a USB cable. Now we download the new version of Arduino IDE and install the package. We then download the necessary drivers in the package. Once the installing is done, we open the icon and double click on the Arduino icon.

Fig: 3A: Materials for testing 3.1.1. Testing the Arduino Internal LED testing We program the Arduino Uno board with a built in program that will flash the in- board LED. For this plug the Arduino Uno board to the laptop port which you configured the Arduino IDE on. Then start the Arduino IDE. Make sure that the port you have connected the board on is the right one. Then on the top bar menu. Click on file, then examples, then basics, and select the

blink option. A new window will open up and a program will show on the window. Then click on the upload button on the tool bas which is usually shown in red color. The program will upload and the LED on the Arduino board will start blinking. “Void setup() { pinMode(13, OUTPUT); } Void loop() { digitalWrite(13, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalWrite(13. LOW); delay(1000); }” External LED testing Fig below shows the interfacing of the external LED with the Arduino board for testing purposes. For this we connect the anode of the LED to pin 2 of the board. LED cathode is connected to the resistor of the predetermined value and the other pin of the resistor is connected to the GND of the Arduino Uno.

Fig 3B: external LED with Arduino

Fig 3C: Configuration of the circuit on the bread board.

Now for programing purpose star the Arduino ide and type the program desired. “Void setup() { pinMode(2, OUTPUT); } Void loop() { digitalWrite(2, HIGH);

delay(1000); digitalWrite(2, LOW); delay(1000); }” Now verify the program by clicking on the verify button on the tool bar on the top. Save the program before verifying it. Then upload the program on the Arduino ide. Click on the upload button after verifying it. After the uploading process completes the external LED should start blinking.

3.2.

Interfacing gsm (SIM900a) with Arduino

1. We are using sim900 a module which means that the module supports 900 MHz India and most

mobile providers across the globe use 900 MHz band. For other countries

2. United states- 850 MHz (band might be 850 or 1900 MHz) 3. Canada operates mostly on 1900 MHz 4. Different companies manufacture different modules and they all have different mover supply specs. We need to check our module power requirements. We need 12 Volts for our module so we have used 12 v, 1A DC power supply. Starting your GSM MODULESTEP 1: insert the SIM card to module and lock it. STEP 2: adapter is connected and module is turned ON Step 3: GSM module takes time to establish connection so wait for at least 1 minute and check the blinking rate of the module. Step 4: LED blinks evert 3 seconds to show that the module booting process was successful.

Using SIM900 means that the module supports 900mhs band. Power supply for sim900a We cannot power the GSM module directly through Arduino uno which is in cable of supply peak currents to the sim900a. The GSM module draws 2A very often. The large storage capacitor on the power supply output will supply the necessary current hence it is not important to build a 2A supply. Serial port This GSM module communicates via TTl levels which are limited by its power supply voltage. We cannot connect Arduino directly to sim900a due to mismatch of voltage. The voltage on these pins is higher than Arduinos 5v voltage. We need a TTL to RS232 convertor to hook up Arduino to the pins on the GSM model. Connection of SIM 900a to Arduino Uno For this we connect the +5v pin on Arduino to VCC of the SIM900A. Then GND of Arduino to GND of SIM900a. Then PIN2 (RX) of Arduino to 5VT (which is power port +5v) of SIM900a. Then finally Pin 3(Tx) of Arduino to 5Vr of SIM900a.

Fig 3D: connecting sim900 to Arduino uno Fix the Supplied RF antenna to the SMA Antennae connector and tighten it by Rotating the Nut (Never rotate the antennae for tightening). We cannot connect Arduino directly to the SIM900a module because of mismatch in voltage. We need a TTL to RS232 converter to hook up Arduino to those pins. The SIM900a is connected to Arduino.

Fig 3E: Block diagram representing interfacing between GSM and Arduino.

3.3.

Interfacing GPS to Arduino Uno

We use GY-GPS6MV2 with arduino. It is an electronic device that helps us to the Arduino board in order to get location in the form of latitude and longitude. We use serial ports for the connection. Pins 0 and 1 of the arduino board are used to connect the GPS module with Arduino. The pin 0 of Arduino is connected to SIO of the gps module. GND AND /RAW of the gps module is connected to the GND of the arduino uno and Vcc of the GPS is connected to 5V of arduino.

Fig 3F: connection Arduino to GPS module

3.4.

Interfacing LCD with Arduino Uno

LCD pins are from 8 to 13 and are connected to the arduino.

Fig 3G: config of LCD to arduino

3.5.

Interfacing of solenoid with Arduino We connect the solenoid to the digital pin 2 of the Arduino uno board.

Fig 3H: Interfacing of solenoid and arduino

3.6.

Interfacing of magnetic sensor to Arduino

We connect the reed switch to digital pin 2 of Arduino board in the manner given below.

Fig 3I: Interfacing magnetic switch to arduino

CHAPTER 4: SOFTWARE AND PROGRAMMING 4.1.

Arduino IDE

For programming purposes, Arduino projects have a feature known as Integrated Development Environment(IDE) designed on the basis of a programming language called Processing, which mostly supports languages like C and C++.With the help of this developing environment for Arduino,many automation projects are done.In fact this more prefferable in most of the cases because all the feedbacks show that they have been quite useful in programming and controlling the module effectively.Through the programs and codes,it gets connected to the Arduino hardware and communicates with them.The toolbar options present there helps us to upload and verify our codes.Serial monitor can be opened by this.So,we can say that Arduino IDE software has been acting as a backbone to many automation projects concerning Arduino. Our project is already provided with the Arduino based Integrated Development Environment (IDE), which is a type of cross-platform application where programs and codes are written in Java. It was designed to expose the techniques of programming to all those who are unfamiliar with software development. It has a code editor containing features like brace matching,assyntax highlighting,and automatic indentation, and also helps to compile and load programs to an Arduino board by just one click.Programs written for Arduino using the IDE are usually called as a sketches.Most of the IDEs have a system of intelligent coding completion and other features like class browsers, object browsers, and class hierarchical diagrams, so that we can use them in object-oriented software development. The IDE mainly aims to reduce the configurations required to bind the “multiple development utilities all together, instead of providing the same set of capabilities as a cohesive unit. Reducing the setup time will increase the productivity of the developer, in some cases where learning to use the IDE is quite faster than manually integrating all of the individual tools. A tight integration of all development tasks” usually carries the potential of improving the overall productivity beyond just helping with setup tasks. For e.g.,Parsing can be done on a continuous basis while the code gets edited, providing instant feedback when there is an occurence of some syntax errors. That can help to learn a new programming language and its associated libraries more faster.

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ which have the rules and abilities to organize the coding part. The Arduino IDE supplies a special software library called Wiring , which gives many common input and output procedures. An Arduino C/C++ sketch consists of two functions that are compiled and linked with a program called “stub main( )” into an executable cyclic program: 

setup( ): name of a function that runs once the program gets started and helps to initialize the settings.



loop( ): name of a function which is being called repeatedly until the board’s power is turned off.

After getting it compiled and linked with the GNU toolchain(Since the main “source code for the IDE is released under the authorisation of “ GNU General Public License ”, version 2 ),and also included with the IDE distribution, the Arduino IDE employs the program “avrdude” for the conversion of the executable code to a text file in hexadecimal coding that is loaded into the Arduino board” by a loader program present in the board's firmware. Specifications:-

 The type of Operating system in Arduino IDE is Cross platform.  It is licensed under GPL or LGPL  The version we are using is 1.6.1  It supports 30+ different languages.By default it switches to the language,which is present in our Operating System.  Accepts only three programming languages,namely,C,C++ and JAVA

The options present in the toolbar have their own respective functionsVerify :- Checks the code and detects the errors,if there is any. Upload:-Helps in the compilation of the code and uploads it to the Arduino board.

New:- Opens a fresh page to write a new program or sketch Open:- Holds a list of all the sketches written earlier Save:- Saves the code Serial Monitor:-The serial monitor can be opened by this.

Fig 4A: Arduino IDE

4.2.

Arduino IDE program

#include LiquidCrystal lcd(8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13); char str[70]; char *test="$GPGGA"; char logitude[10]; char latitude[10]; int i,j,k; int temp; //int Ctrl+z=26; //for sending msg void setup() { lcd.begin(16,2); Serial.begin(9600); lcd.setCursor(0,0); lcd.print("Luggage"); lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Tracking System"); delay(1000); } void loop() { if (temp==1) { for(i=18;i