Macrolidos

 

Zugstb bc hìb

Bitkdkatk`atgrbpkb -Lb`rðckhas y `cbrktralk`kibHrb. Hbikgcb Zb`kgc* Hr. Ghubrha Pbvka Cbrrkgrb** *Bskstgitg y **Zraegsar Hkrg`tar. @âtghrb hg Giegrlghbhgs Kieg``kasbs. Eb`uctbh hg Lghk`kib. Wikvgrskhbh hg cb Tgpýdck`b

• Hgshg cb bpbrk`kði hg cb grktralk`kib gi cb hë`bhb hg cas 5: ia sg kitrahumgrai iugvas lb`rðckhas fbstb cas bòas ;:. @cbrktralk`kib y bzktralk`kib sg fbi vugcta bitklk`radkbias hg usa blpcka y uikvgrsbc, pbrb gc trbtblkgita hg iulgrasbs kieg``kaigs, `ala cbs hgc trb`ta rgspkrbtarka fbstb kieg``kaigs prahu`khbs  par ly`adb`tgrkbs, kieg``kaigs hg trbislkskði sgxubc , bsa`kbhbs b  pbtacaoìb oâstrk`b y atrbs. • Hgsbeartuibhblgitg gsta fb ccgvbha tbldkëi bc bdusa hg gstbs sustbi`kbs `ai cb `aiskoukgitg ogigrb`kði hg rgskstgi`kb bitklk`radkbib, ca qug b cbroa pcbza fb hgtgrlkibha cklktb`kaigs gi bcouibs hg sus kihk`b`kaigs. • Gstb rgvkskði prgtgihg prki`kpbclgitg `algitbr cbs `brb`tgrìstk`bs hg cb `cbrktralk`kib `ala bitklk`radkbia `ai kihk`b`kði prg`ksb gi hgtgrlkibhbs kieg``kaigs hg arkogi `aluiktbrka, prki`kpbclgitg hg arkogi rgspkrbtarka. Lb`rðckhas Cas lb`rðckhas sai lacë`ucbs `uyb gstru`turb quìlk`b gstâ `aistktukhb par ui bikcca cb`tðik`a hg orbi tblbòa. B`tubclgitg sg `aia`gi vbrkas `alpugstas (lâs hg has lkc) `ai vbrkbhbs eui`kaigs. Pk dkgi sai tbldkëi lb`rðcklb`r ðckhas bcouias bitkeýiok`as (bieatgrk`kib D), bitkpbrbsktbrkas (kvgrlg`tkib), kiluialahucbhargs (skracklus, tb`racklus) y pra`kiëtk`as (BDX-44;), gi cb prâ`tk`b `cìik`b `ubiha fb`glas rgegrgi`kb b lb`rðckhas pgisblas gi cb eblkckb hg bitkdkðtk`as `alpugstas `ai bikcca hg 28-25 âtalas hg `brdaia uikhas par gicb`gs ocu`asìhk`as b uia a vbrkas bzý`brgs igutras a dâsk`as. Gstbs lacë`ucbs, hg blpcka gspg`tra bitklk`radkbia, tkgigi su ârgb hg b``kði prki`kpbclgitg gi gc trbtblkgita hg kieg``kaigs rgspkrbtarkbs y hg pbrtgs dcbihbs. Hgitra hg cas lb`rðckhas hgsbrraccbhas sg gi`ugitrb cb `cbrktralk`kib, qug supgrb cbs cklktb`kaigs hg cb grktralk`kib, gc prklgr `alpugsta gi sgr utkckzbha hg gstb eblkckb,  prki`kpbclgitgg gi  prki`kpbclgit gi `ubita `ubita b dkahkspaikdkckhbh . Tgsuctb hg cb sustktu`kði hgc orupa fkhraxkca gi pask`kði 5 par ui orupa lgtaxk.

Lb`rðckhas y `cbrktralk` `cbrktralk`kib kib Ebrlb`a`kiëtk`b y ebrlb`ahkiblkb Cas lb`rðckhas hgsbrraccbi uib b`tkvkhbh bitkdb`tgrkbib cgitb, prghalkibitglgitg tkglpa hgpgihkgitg y `ai 8

geg`ta past bitkdkðtk`a. Cb b`tkvkhbh sg `aiskhgrb db`tgrkastâtk`b ergitg b cb lbyarìb hg cas lk`raarobikslas. lk`raarobikslas. Pki gldbroa, b `ai`gitrb`kaigs gcgvbhbs, gi lghka bc`bckia y/a ergitg b hgtgrlkibhas lk`raarobikslas lk`raarobikslas `ala P. pya ogigs y P. pigulaikbg, pigulaikbg, gspg`kbclgitg `ubiha sg fbccbi gi ebsg hg `rg`klkgita caobrìtlk`a, pughgi `alpartbrsg `ala db`tgrk`khbs. Cbs `ai`gitrb`kaigs kifkdktarkbs lìiklbs (@KL) sai sgiskdcglgitg kiegrkargs b pF bc`bckia (≧6), parqug cb earlb ia kaikzbhb b trbvës hg cb cb lgldrbib `ktapcbslâtk`b. Cbhkeuihg bhk`kðilgmar hg sugra rghu`g @KL hg bcouias lb`rðckhas, gi lgiar orbha, cb hg `cbrktralk`kib. @cbrktralk`kib sg gi`ugitrb hkspaikdcg gi prgsgitb`kaigs  pbrb usa vìb arbc gi uib hasks hkbrkb, a `bhb 24 farbs, bsì `ala vkbcgs pbrb usa kitrbvgiasa. Gc pbrâlgtra ebrlb`ahkiâlk`a hg cas lb`rðckhas qug sg `arrgcb`kaib lgmar `ai cb `urb`kði hg cb kieg``kði gs gc tkglpa qug gstas pgrlbig`gi par gi`klb hg cb @KL, b gx`gp`kði hg cb bzktralk`kib qug sg `arrgcb`kaib `ai vbcar hgc ârgb dbma cb `urvb par gi`klb hg cb @KL b ca cbroa hg 48 f. Cas lb`rðckhas tkgigi tbldkëi ui geg`ta bitkkiblbbitkkiblbtarka kihgpgihkgitg hg su b`tkvkhbh bitklk`radkbib. Pg fbi hgs`rkta vbrkas cuobrgs hg b``kði (rghu``kði hg cb ckdgrb`kði hg `kta`kibs prakifflblbtarkbs a hg axkhbitgs, @arrgspaihgi`kb= @âtghrb hg Giegrlghbhgs Kieg``kasbs.  Kistktuta hg Fkokgig pksa 8½. Bv. B. Ibvbrra 0:72. Laitgvkhga 225::. `ckieg`Jelgh.ghu.uy 

Lbya 4:2: •

gi Lghk`kib

 

Lb`rðckhas y @cbrktralk`kib

b`gcgrb`kði hg cb bpaptasks hg cas igutrðflcas) qug bc  pbrg`gr ia kitgrflgrgi `ai cb b`tkvkhbh bitkdb`tgrkbib hg cas cgu`a`ktas. Atra geg`ta patgi`kbclgitg dgigfl`kasa gs cb kitgregrgi`kb `ai cb sìitgsks hg bcokibta gi `gpbs hg  Z  Z.. bgruokiasb. Zgigtrbi gs`bsblgitg cb dbrrgrb fglbtagi`geâck`b (`ai`gitrb`kði gi gc cìqukha `gebcarrbquìhga ^C@T\ 3 2:% hg cb sërk`b), pbsbi b cb sbckvb, b cbs sg`rg`kaigs draiqukbcgs y b cb cg`fg lbtgrib, haihg bc`bizbi `ai`gitrb`kaigs supgrkargs bc 7:% hg cb sërk`b, pgra ia hkeuihgi b cas tgmkhas egtbcgs. Pg gcklkibi par vìb dkckbr gi earlb hg lgtbdacktas y hg prahu`ta b`tkva. Cb `ai`gitrb`kði dkckbr gs supgrkar b cb sërk`b. Cb gcklkib`kði urkibrkb gs kiegrkar bc 2:%.  Ia gs ig`gsbrka ig`gsbrka lahkfl`br lahkfl`br cb hasks gi `bsa hg kisufl`kgi`kb kisufl`kgi`kb rgibc a fgpâtk`b, pgra hgdg gvktbrsg cb bhlkikstrb`kði hg hasks gcgvbhbs. @cbrktralk`kib sg gcklkib `ai cb arkib gi `gr`b hgc 0:%. Cb hasks hgdg rghu`krsg b cb lktbh b pbrtkr hg vbcargs hg hgpurb`kði hg `rgbtkikib kiegrkargs b 0: lc/lki, pgra ia gs ig`gsbrka lahkfl`brcb gi `bsa hg kisufl`kgi`kb fgpâtk`b sk cb eui`kði rgibc gs iarlbc. Pg gcklkibi gs`bsblgitg `ai cb fglahkâcksks y `ai cb hkâcksks pgrktaigbc.

Lg`biksla hg b``kði Cb `cbrktralk`kib, bc koubc qug gc rgsta hg cas lb`rðckhas, sg uig hg earlb rgvgrskdcg bc halkika U hgc BTI rkdasðlk`a 40P, kifkdkgiha hg gstb earlb cb sìitgsks pratgk`b bc dcaqugbr cb gcaiob`kði hg cbs pratgìibs. Cb uikði sg rgbckzb lghkbitg cb earlb`kði hg pugitgs hg fkhrðogia gitrg hkegrgitgs rbhk`bcgs fkhraxkca hgc lb`rðckha y hgtgrlkibhbs dbsgs hgc BTIr, y par cb uikði hëdkc gitrg cb `cbhkiasb y gc halkika KK hgc BTIr 40P. Cb bflikhbh vbrìb sgoýi cb lacë`ucb. Dcaqugbi gc arkfl`ka hg gitrbhb bc `bibc par haihg sbcg cb pratgìib hgc rkdasalb.

@ubhra 2. Ek`fb të`ik`b hg @cbrktralk`kib Hasks= 47:-7:: lo `/24 f, vìb arbc a gihavgiasb Dkahkspaikdkckhbh= 77% Ukhb lghkb= 7 farbs Wikði b pratgìibs= 57% Uaculgi hg hkstrkdu`kði= 0.7 c/No Zk`a sërk`a= 4.7 `ai 7:: lo vìb arbc, 7.7 `ai 7:: lo K/U Cb sg bdsardg dkgi par `cbrktralk`kib vìb gitgrbc, kihgpgihkgitglgitg hg cb prgsgi`kb hg bcklgitas, par ca qug pughg sgr bhlkikstrbhb ski pratg`targs oâstrk`as. @ala lb`rðckha hg lgmar bdsar`kði tkgig uib dkahkspaikdkckhbh hgc 77%. Hg fg`fa, sk sg bhlkikstrb `ai bcklgitas cb dkahkspaikdkckhbh bulgitb gi gc 4:%. Caorb dugibs `ai`gitrb`kaigs gi cas tgmkhas, pbrtk`ucbrlgitg `ai gx`gcgitg pgigtrb`kði gi cas tgmkhas hgc trb`ta rgspkrbtarka, bc`bizbiha ikvgcgs 2: vg`gs lbyargs qug cas hgc pcbslb. Zgigtrb dkgi cas lb`rðeboas, par ca qug pughg sgr geg`tkvblgitg trbispartbhb b cas sktkas hg kieg``kði. Pu vkhb lghkb pracaiobhb sg hgdg b cb prahu``kði hg su lgtbdackta b`tkva (28-fkhraxk-`cbrktralk`kib) ca `ubc pgrlktg su haskek`b`kði 4 vg`gs bc hìb. Cb prahu``kði gs sbturbdcg y prâ`tk`blgitg ia sg lahkek`b b pbrtkr hg uib hasks hg `cbrktralk`kib hg 5::-6:: lo y hkslkiuyg gi `bsa hg kisuek`kgi`kb fgpâtk`b, hbha qug gs lgtbdackzbhb prki`kpbclgitg prki`kp bclgitg gi gc fìobha par gc skstglb Z87: y cb gcklkib`kði rgibc gs cklktbhb. Cb dkahkspaikdkckhbh vbrìb hgshg ui 47 b ui 67% `ai `ai`gitrb`kaigs gi sugra gitrg gitr g :.8 - 24 lo/C y ui ârgb dbma cb `urvb `ai`gitrb`kði‐tkglpa hg 0 b 227 lo/C/farb.

Lg`bikslas hg rgskstgi`kb Cas lg`bikslas hg rgskstgi`kb ki`cuygi bctgrb`kaigs gi gc sktka hg b``kði, bctgrb`kaigs gi cas lg`bikslas hg trbispartg y lahkfl`b`kaigs hg cb prapkb lacë`ucb. Cbs lahkfl`b`kaigs hgc sktka hg uikði bc rkdasalb pug-

sai luy rbrbs, pradbdcglgitg parqug gxkstgi iulgrasbs `apkbs hgc apgrai rri qug `ahkfl`b gc BTIr 40P. Cb lutb`kði hg cb pratgìib C8 bctgrb cb gstru`turb tgr`kbrkb hgc BTIr 40P gi gc halkika U g kiffluyg kihkrg`tblgitg gi cb bflikhbh par gc lb`rðckha. Cbs lutb`kaigs sg sgcg``kaibi hurbitg gc trbtblkgita y pughgi adsgrvbrsg `ubiha sg glpcgb ui lb`rðckha gi laiatgrbpkb hg uib kieg``kði  par P. burgus a par F. par F. pycark. pycark. Bcouibs `gpbs hg igula`a`a y P. pyaogigs tkgigi uib pratgìib hg lgldrbib (Lge) qug gxtrbg gspg`ìfl`blgitg lb`rðckhas hg bikcca

hgi `aiskstkr gi lgtkcb`kði hg ui rgskhua hg bhgikib a `bldkas gi cb sg`ugi`kb hg dbsgs hgc BTIr 40P a bctgrb`kaigs hg cb pratgìib rkdasðlk`b C804. Cb lgtkcb`kði hgc BTIr 40P adghg`g b cb prgsgi`kb hg uib gizklb (lgtkcbsb), `ahkfl`bhb par ogigs hgialkibhas grl qug  pughgi gxprgsbrsg hg earlb `aistktutkvb `aistktutkvb a kihu`kdcg. Cb kihu``kði sg fb rgcb`kaibha `ai cb prgsgi`kb hg `cbhkiasb gi cas lb`rðckhas hg 28 y 27 âtalas. Pg fbi khgitkfl`bha 42 `cbsgs hg ogigs grl grl.. Gi igula`a`a cb rgskstgi`kb gstâ lghkbhb par grl grl(D), (D), gi P. pya ogigs par  ogigs  par grl grl(D) (D) a grl grl(B) (B) y gi P. burgus par burgus  par grl grl(B) (B) a grl grl(@). (@). Gi eui`kði hgc ogi qug `ahkfl`b cb lgtkcbsb, gstb ki`arparb uia a has orupas lgtkcas gi gc iu`cgðtkha. Cb laia-lgtkcb`kði arkokib rgskstgi`kb `ruzbhb b tahas cas lb`rðckhas, tbldkëi b cb `ckihblk`kib y b cb gstrgp-

hg 28 a 27 âtalas y gs pa`a a ibhb b`tkvb ergitg b cas hg 25 âtalas. Lsr(B) gs uib daldb hg gxpucskði b`tkvb (hgpgihkgitg hg bhgiaskitrkeasebta ^BXZ\) qug pughg adsgrvbrsg gi P. burgus y gs b`tkvb ergitg b lb`rðckhas. Cas egiatkpas hg rgskstgi`kb LCPD (lghkbha par cb prgsgi`kb hg lgtkcbsb) y L (hgdkha b uib daldb hg gxpucskði) sai trbisegrkdcgs lghkbitg trbispasaigs. Gi ogigrbc, gc egiatkpa LCPD arkokib ui ikvgc hg rgskstgi`kb b lb`rðckhas lbyar (@KL 9 25 lo/c) qug gc egiatkpa L (@KL 2-25 lo/c). Gi gitgradb`tgrkbs sg fb hgs`rkta cb prgsgi`kb hg gizklbs `bpb`gs hg fkhrackzbr gc bikcca cb`tðik`a a lahkfl`br (easearkcb`kði, ocu`askcb`kði) cb pask`kði @ 4‛. Zbrtk`ucbrlgitg gc P. pigulaikbg  pigulaikbg  pughg hgsbrraccbr rgskstgi`kb b lb`rðckhas b trbvës hg vbrkas lg`bikslas,

taorblkib D `aia`g (qukiuprkstkib). Gc egiatkpa hg rgskstgi`kb rgsuctbitg sg `ala egiatkpa LCPD. Cbs lutb`kaigs `ralasðlk`bs qug ogigrbi `bldkas hg cb pratgìib C8 a hg cb sg`ugi`kb hg dbsgs hgc BTIr 40P

 prki`kpbclgitg  prki`kpbclgi tg par cb prgsgi`kb prgsgi`kb hg uib lgtkcbsb lgtkcbsb rkdasalbc rkdasalbc a par ui gffluma, y gi lu`fb lgiar lghkhb par cb prgsgi`kb hg lutb`kaigs gi gc BTIr 40P a gi cbs rkdapratgìibs C8 y C44. Gc lg`biksla hg cb daldb hg gffluma gcklkib cas

Lbya 4:2: •

gi Lghk`kib 

7

 

ZB@KGC H> PBUKA G

lb`rðckhas bc gxtgrkar y sg gi`ugitrb `ahkfl`bha par gc ogi lgeB.

Ki`khgi`kb hg cb rgskstgi`kb Gc par`gitbmg hg `gpbs rgskstgitgs y cas lg`bikslas hg rgskstgi`kb vbrìbi blpckblgitg sgoýi gc pbìs `aiskhgrbha. Hkegrgitgs gstuhkas fbi `alpradbha uib bctb `arrgcb`kði gitrg gc usa hg lb`rðckhas y su rgskstgi`kb gi bkscblkgitas hg hg P.  P. pigulaikbg, fg`fa rgcb`kaibha `ai bc bulgita hgc usa hg gstas bitklk`radkbias pbrb kieg``kaigs rgspkrbtargspkr btarkbs gi ogigrbc. Gi Brogitkib, Brogitkib, gi gc bòa 4::6, gc par`gitbmg hg rgskstgi`kb b lb`rðckhas eug hgc 28%. Gi Wruouby, gc pralghka hg rgskstgi`kb b lb`rðckhas gi 4::8 eug hg 0.;%. Gi 4::7, cb tbsb hg rgskstgi`kb b grktralk`kib y bzâckhas lugstrb ui bulgita skoikfl`btkva skoik fl`btkva gi cas sgrvk`kas pýdck`as y prkvbhas, `ai ikvgcgs qug bc`bizbi gi bcouias `gitras hg ? bc 2:%. Gc prki`kpbc pr ki`kpbc lg`biksla hg rgskstgi`kb gi`aitrbha eug gc hg rgskstgi`kb `aistktutkvb, qug bdbr`b b lb`rðckhas, bzâckhas y `ckihblk`kib. Lâs hgc ;7% hg cas igula`a`as rgskstgitgs pasggi uib lgtkcbsb `ahkfl`bhb par grl grl(D) (D) (egiatkpa LCPD). Gi `bldka, gc 67% hg P. pyaogigs rgskstgitgs pasggi cb pratgìib Lge (egiatkpa L) y gc 27% rgstbitg sai s ai rgskstgitgs  par prgsgi`kb prgsgi`kb hg uib lgtkcbsb lgtkcbsb kihu`kdcg kihu`kdcg a `aistktutkvb. `aistktutkvb. Gc  par`gitbmg hg igula`a`as rgskstgitgs b cas cas lb`rðckhas lb`rðckhas gs skoikfl`btkvblgitg supgrkar gitrg cbs `gpbs rgskstgitgs b cb pgik`kckib. Gi Wruouby cb tbsb hg igula`a`a `ai bctb rgskstgi`kb b pgik`kckib gs lgiar bc 2%, hg tahbs earlbs cb tbsb hg rgskstgi`kb b cas lb`rðckhas b`tubc gs hgc arhgi hgc 2:% y gi bs`gisa. Gspg`tra hg b``kði Gi ogigrbc cas lb`rðckhas tkgigi dugib b``kði ergitg b cas bgradkas Orbl (+) y ergitg b bcouias bgradkas Orbl (-). Gi cìigbs ogigrbcgs, cas lb`rðckhas sai b`tkvas ergitg b hkstkitas lk`raarobikslas y pratazaas.   2. 2.  Lk`raarobikslas Orbl (+) tbita `a`as (gx`gpta gstbflca`a`as rgskstgitgs b lgtk`kckib y Gitgra y Gitgra`a``us `a``us spp.) `ala db`kcas (@castrkhkul (@castrkhkul pgrerkiogis, Zrapkaik Zrapkaikdb`db`tgrkul b`igs, b`igs, @aryigdb`tgrkul hkpftgrkbg, Db`kccus bitfrb`ks, Ckstgrkb, Ckstgrkb, Tfaha`a  Tfaha`a``us ``us gqukk, gqukk, Cb`tad  Cb`tadb`kccu b`kccuss,  Cgu`aiasta` y Zghka`a``us  Zghka`a``us)).   4. Lk`raarobikslas Orbl (-) ( Larbxgccb spp., spp., Darhg Darhgtgccb pgrtussks, @blpycadb`tgr mgmuik, mgmuik, Igkssgrkb spp. ,  ,  Fbglapfkcus hu`rgyk, Obrhigrgccb Obrhigrgccb vbokibcks). vbokibcks).   0. Lk`raarobikslas hg `rg`klkgita kitrb`gcucbr a yuxtb`gcucbr ( Ly`apcbslb  Ly`apcbslb pigulaikbg, @fcblyhkb  Cgokaigccb spp.,  Darrgckb duroharegrk, duroharegrk, @axkgccb spp., Cgokaigccb spp., spp., Darrgckb durigtkk). durigtkk ).   8. Bcouias pratazaas sai lahgrbhblgitg sgiskdcgs (Xaxapcbslb oaihkk, @ryptasparkhkul y  Zcbs  Zcbslalahkul). hkul ). Cb lbyarìb hg db`kcas Orbl (-) (DOI), ki`cuygiha bcouias lk`raarobikslas spp. y spp.  Eusadb`tgrkul spp.), spp.), saibibgradkas rgskstgitgs,( Db`tgrakhgs gitrg atras latkvas  par klpgrlgbdkckhbh hg cb pbrgh db`tgrkbib b cb hkeuskði hgc lb`rðckha. Gi `bldka, atras DOI bibgradkas `ala 5

 Zarpfyralaibs y  Zrgvatgccb y cbs earlbs C hg Zratgus hg  Zratgus lkrbdkcks (`brgitgs hg pbrgh) sai sgiskdcgs. @cbrktralk`kib gs gc lb`rðckha lâs b`tkva ergitg b Ly`ab Ly`adb`tgrkul bvkul-`alpcgx y L. `fgcaibg (`ai`gitrb`kði kifkdktarkb lìiklb hgc ;:% hg cas bkscbhas ^@KL;:\ hg 4-6 lo/c), L. lo/c), L. nbisbskk (@KL hg :.47 lo/c), L. lo/c),  L. cgprbg y  Fgck`adb`tgr pycark. Ergitg b cb lbyarìb hg `a`as Orbl (+) gs lâs b`tkvb qug cb grktralk`kib. Cb 28-fkhraxk`cbrktralk`kib gs lâs b`tkvb qug gc prahu`ta arkokibc ergitg b F. b F. kiugizbg y L. `btbrrfbcks. Hg tahbs earlbs sk cb kieg``kði `ursb `ai db`tgrkglkb a gxkstg rkgsoa hg gxtgiskði ca`bc a skstëlk`b, cb hg`kskði hg trbtblkgita `ai ui lb`rðckha hgdg supghktbrsg gstrk`tblgitg bc rgsuctbha hg cbs prugdbs hg sgiskdkckhbh ki vktra. vktra.

Klpck`bi`kbs tgrbpëutk`bs Gi ogigrbc, cas lb`rðckhas sai utkckzbhas gi gc trbtblkgita hg kieg``kaigs rgspkrbtarkbs `aluiktbrkbs, pbrtk`ucbrlgitg gi pb`kgitgs `ai bcgrokb b cas dgtbcb`tâlk`as. Gstâi kihk`bhas gi pbutbs hg trbtblkgita glpìrk`a hg kieg``kaigs rgspkrbtarkbs, hgc ârgb atarrkiacbrkioacðok`b  y hg pkgc y pbrtgs dcbihbs hg orbvghbh cgvg a lahgrbhb, bhqukrkhbs gi cb `aluikhbh, gi cbs qug igula`a`a, P.  pyaogigs a P. burgus sai cas lk`raarobikslas lâs pradbdcgs. Gi cb lbyarìb sai cb bctgribtkvb `busbcgs b cas dgtbcb`tâlk`as gi pb`kgitgs bcërok`as b gstas. Cb `rg`kgitg tbsb hg rgskstgi`kb adsgrvbhb gi `gpbs hg igula`a`a y hg P. pyaogigs ergitg b cas lb`rðckhas fb `aivgrtkha b tgcktralk`kib gi gc bitkdkðtk`a hg gcg``kði gi cb lbyarìb hg cbs kihk`b`kaigs hg utkckzb`kði glpìrk`b hg ui lb`rðckha (ia hkspaikdcg b`tubclgitg gi Wruouby). Cbs rg`algihb`kaigs pbrb gc trbtblkgita glpìrk`a hg cb igulaiìb bhqukrkhb gi cb `aluikhbh (IB@) ki`cuygi cb laiatgrbpkb `ai ui lb`rðckha gitrg cbs ap`kaigs hg trbtblkgita gi rëoklgi halk`kckbrka, pgra ia gi gc fglks egrka sur y ia gi gc Wruouby `ai cbs tbsbs hg rgskstgi`kb  prgsgitgs gi gc igula`a`a. igula`a`a. Cb bsa`kb`kði hg ui dgtbcb`tâlk`a (blaxk`kckib-sucdb`tbl a uib `gebcasparkib hg tgr`grb ogigrb`kði) `ai ui lb`rðckha, gs uib kihk`b`kði pbrb gc trbtblkgita hg IB@ gi cas pb`kgitgs qug rgqukgrgi kiorgsa faspktbcbrka. Bcouias gstuhkas rg`kgitgs suokgrgi qug gc praiðstk`a hg cb IB@ lgmarb `ubiha sg bòbhg ui lb`rðckha b ui  dgtbcb`tâlk`a. Cas lb`rðckhas sai gc trbtblkgita hg gcg``kði hg cb igulaiìb par L. par L. pigulaikbg y par @fcblyhkb spp. spp. Bzktralk`kib sg ki`cuyg gitrg cas bitkdkðtk`as hg gcg``kði gi gc trbtblkgita hg cb igulaiìb par Cgokaigccb par  Cgokaigccb hg orbvghbh lahgrbhb a cgvg. Cb lbyarìb hg gpksahkas hg draiquktks bouhb ia rgqukgrgi trbtblkgita bitkdkðtk`a> ia adstbitg, sk gstg sg `aiskpigulaikbg, D. pgrtussks pgrtussks hgrb kihk`bha (kieg``kði par L. par L. pigulaikbg, a @. pigulaikbg) pigulaikbg) pughg prgs`rkdkrsg ui lb`rðckha. Cb ebrkioktks bouhb hg gtkacaoìb gstrgpta`ð`k`b hgdg trbtbrsg `ai uib pgik`kckib. Cas lb`rðckhas lb`rðckha s sai cb bctgribtkvb gi `bsa hg bcgrokb b cas dgtbcb`tâlk`as. Lbya 4:2: •

gi Lghk`kib

 

Lb`rðckhas y @cbrktralk`kib

Gi cb atktks lghkb bouhb cas lb`rðckhas sai uib bctgribtkvb b cb blaxk`kckib gi `bsa hg bcgrokb a kitacgrbi`kb kitacgrb i`kb b gstb. Gi cb skiusktks y gi gxb`grdb`kaigs hg cb draiquktks `rðik`b sg `aiskhgrbi bsklksla bctgribtkvbs b cb blaxk`kckibâ`kha `cbvucâik`a y b cbs ffluarqukiacaibs (cgvafflaxb`ki ( cgvafflaxb`kibb y laxkfflaxb`kib), gi `bsas ia `alpck`bhas a ski eb`targs hg rkgsoa hg gxkstgi`kb hg db`kcas Orbl (-).

kihk`b`kaigs s Atrbs kihk`b`kaig Atrbs kihk`b`kaigs hg trbtblkgita `ai `cbrktralk`kib sai cb hketgrkb, cb tas egrkib, cb giegrlghbh hg Cylg, cb biokalbtasks db`kcbr gi pb`kgitgs `ai PKHB y cb pbi draiqukacktks hkeusb. Cb praflcbxks hg cb giha`brhktks kieg``kasb kieg ``kasb y cb prgvgi`kði hg cb tas egrkib gi pgrsaibs gxpugstbs ia kiluikzbhbs y hg cb hketgrkb gi partbhargs ebrìiogas bskitalâtk`as pughg fb`grsg tbldkëi `ai ui lb`rðckha. Bsa`kbhb b gtbldutac, sg utkckzb gi pbutbs hg trbtblkgita y praflcbxks hg cb kieg``kði par  L. bvkul `alpcgx gi  pb`kgitgs `ai PKHB. Gs uib bctgribtkvb gi gc trbtblkgita hg cb cgprb. B hasks hg 7:: lo `/24 f, bsa`kbhb `ai blaxk`kckib a lgtraikhbzac y `ai ui kifkdkhar hg cb daldb hg prataigs, bhlkikstrbhas hurbitg 2 sglbib, adtkgig tbsbs hg grrbhk`b`kði hg F. hg F. pycark `gr`bibs bc ;:%. Geg`tas bhvgrsas Cas prki`kpbcgs sai cbs lacgstkbs obst  obstrakit rakitgstki gstkibcgs bcgs (hacar bdhalkibc, iâusgbs y vðlktas) hgdkhbs b su b`tkvkhbh  pra`kiëtk`b y gi gspg`kbc hg sus lgtbdacktas earlbhas gi gc lghka â`kha hgc gstðlboa. Pg adsgrvbi `ai lbyar erg`ugi`kb gi mðvgigs y bc bhlkikstrbrsg par vìb kitrbvgiasb gi pgreuskði râpkhb. Cb tacgrbi`kb hkogstkvb hg cb `cbrktralk`kib gs supgrkar b cb hg grktralk`kib. Zar vìb kitrbvgiasb pughg prahu`kr fflgdktks par ca qug hgdg bhlkikstrbrsg cgitblgitg. Pg fb hgs`rkta atataxk`khbh `ai gc glpcga hg hasks bctbs hg `cbrktralk`kib gi gc trbtblkgita hg cb kieg``kði par  L. bvkul `alpcgx. `alpcgx.

Zughg a`bskaibr ui bcbroblkgita bcbroblkgi ta hgc kitgrvbca RX. Pg fbi hgs`rkta `bsas gx`gp`kaibcgs hg gpksahkas hg tbquk`brhkb vgitrk`ucbr packlðrfl`b. Gc geg`ta pughg patgi`kbrsg `ai cas bitkbrrìtlk`as hg `cbsg K (qukikhkib, pra`bkiblkhb, hksapkrblkhb), cb tgregibhkib y gc bstglkzac y `ai cb fkpalboigsglkb g fkpapatbsglkb. Cbs rgb``kaigs hg fkpgrsgiskdkckhbh (gxbitglb, flgdrg, gaskiaflckb) y gc hgsbrracca hg `bihkhkbsks a hg `acktks par @. hke`kcg sai `alpck`b`kaigs rbrbs, buiqug paskdcgs `ala `ai `ubcqukgr atra bitkdkðtk`a. Cas lb`rðckhas sg ki`cuygi gi cb `btgoarìb D hg eârlb`as usbhas hurbitg gc gldbrbza.

Kitgrb``kaigs `ai atras eârlb`as Bcouias lb`rðckhas (grktralk`kib y gi lgiar orbha `cbrktralk`kib ) sg lgtbdackzbi gi gc skstglb sks tglb gizklâtk`a hgc `kta`rala Z-87:. Cb hgpurb`kði hg atras eârlb`as qug utkckzbi cb lkslb vìb lgtbdðck`b sg rghu`g gi lbyar a lgiar orbha, `ai gc `aisg`ugitg bulgita hg su `ai`gitrb`kði sërk`b. Gitrg gccas sg ki`cuygi= `brdblb`gpkib, â`kha vbcprak`a, `k`casparkib, tb`racklus, tgaflckib,  dgizahkb`gpkibs, gstbtkibs, dcaqugbhargs hg cas `bibcgs hgc `bc`ka, wbrebrkib, bc`bcakhgs hg cb groatblkib, lgtkc prghiksacaib g kifkdkhargs hg cb pratgbsb. @ai`cuskaigs Cas lb`rðckhas `aitkiýbi skgiha gi iugstra lghka uib fgrrblkgitb tgrbpëutk`blgitg ýtkc gi gc lbigma hg hkvgrsbs kieg``kaigs. Gi bsa`kb`kði `ai ui dgtbcb`tâlk`a rgsuctbi hg utkckhbh gi gc trbtblkgita hg cb igulaiìb bhqukrkhb gi cb `aluikhbh. Hgpgihkgiha hg cb sktub`kði, `aitbrâi `ai ui geg`ta db`tgrkastâtk`a a db`tgrk`khb, tgikgiha bhglâs prapkghbhgs bitkkifflblbtarkbs.  Ia hgdg alktkrsg su gvbcub`kði gi atrbs ârgbs `ala bcouibs kieg``kaigs hg pbrtgs dcbihbs, gxb`grdb`kaigs hg  draiquktks `rðik`b, cb grrbhk`b`kði hg F. hg  F. pycark, pycark, prgvgi`kði y trbtblkgita hg Ly`adb`tgrkul hg Ly`adb`tgrkul bvkul  bvkul `alpcgx `alpcgx gi  gi  pb`kgitgs UKF (+), y gi atrbs pbtacaoìbs kieg`tacðok`bs kie g`tacðok`bs lgias prgvbcgitgs.

Dkdckaorbeìb   2. Dbitbr @ y `ac. Igulaiìb Igulaiìb Bouhb Gxtrbfaspktbcbrk Gxtrbfaspktbcbrkb= b= ±Hglbskbhbs ±Hglbskbhbs Ouìbs pbrb gc Lksla Zradcglb1 Zgrspg`tkvb Zgrspg`tkvb B`tubc hgc @aisgisa hgc @aia Pur Blgrk`bia (@aisgiPur) www.skk`sbcuh.`al/hbta/ hbt:88/:7?47::?.ftl   4. @cglgitg HB. Tgvkskai dkdckaorbek`b. B`tubckzb`kai B`t ubckzb`kai sadrg cb rgskstgi`kb y cb tgrbpëutk`b bitkdkðtk`b hgc Gstrgpta`a`a pigulaikbg. Giegrlghbhgs Kieg``kasbs, Lk`radkacaoìb y Zbrbsktacaoìb Muika 4::;. fttp=//www.partbcgslghk`as.`al/pudck`b`kaigs/ brtk`cgs/277:/4/Tgvkskði-dkdckaorâek`b.-B`tubckzb`kði-sadrgcb-rgskstgi`kb-y-cb-tgrbpgutk`b-bitkdkatk`b-hgc-Gstrgpta`a`apigulaikbg 0. _. Zghrgkrb y `ac. Orupa hg vkokcbi`kb hg rgskstgi`kb gi pbtðogias bkscbhas hg kieg``kaigs hg cb `aluikhbh. DKALGHK@KIB, 4::5>4(4)=26?-2;0 KPPI= 272:-;?8?.   8. Lgisb M, gt bc. Lb`rðckhas, `gtðckhas y gstrgptaorb gstrgptaorblkibs. lkibs. Giegrl Kieg`` Lk`radkac @cki 4::0>42(8)=4::-6.   7. Laik`b Nrbet, y `ac. `ac. Ly`apcbslb pigulaikbgbih @fcblyhkb pigupigulaikbg ki Bstflb. Geeg`t ae @cbrktfraly`ki. @fgst 4::4>242=2?642?66.

Lbya 4:2: •

gi Lghk`kib 

  5. Rubi ]fau y `ac. Hruo utkckzbtkai ae `cbrktfraly`ki ear obstrakitgstkibc hksgbsg trgbtlgit. _arch M Obstragitgrac 4::6 A`tadgr 42>28(0;)=5:57-5:?2.   ?. L`Ngiib P y `ac. Lb`rackhgs= B @bibhkbi Kieg`tkaus Hksgbsg Pa`kgty pasktkai pbpgr. pbpgr. @bi M Kieg`t Hks. 4::2 Muc>24(8)=426-02.   6. Zgtgrs HF, @ckssach PZ.@cbrktfraly`ki. .@cbrktf raly`ki. B rgvkgw ae kts bitklk`radkb bitklk`radkbcc b`tkvkty, pfbrlb`ankigtk` prapgrtkgs bih tfgrbpgutk` patgitkbc. Hruos. 2;;4 Muc>88(2)=22?-58.   ;. Bihgrsai T y `ac. @.@cbrktfraly`ki @.@cbrktfraly`ki bcaig bcaig bih ki `aldkibtkai `aldkibtkai wktf `getrkbxaig kifkdkts tfg prahu`tkai ae pigulacyski dy datf lb`rackhg-sus`gptkdcg ckhg-sus`gptkd cg bih lb`rackhg-rgskstbit lb`rackhg-rgskstbit strbkis ae Ptrgpta`a``us Ptrgpta`a``us pigulaikbg. M Bitklk`rad @fglatfgr. @fglatfgr. 4::? Egd>7;(4)=448-;. Egd>7;(4)=448-;.  2:. Dcaihgbu ML y `ac. Xfg lb`rackhgs. Gxpgrt Apki Kivgstko Hruos. 2:. 4::4 Egd>22(4)=26;-427. Egd>22(4)=26;-427.  22. Oaassgis F. Bitkdkatk` `aisulptkai bih ckin ta rgskstbi`g. @cki 22. Lk`radkac Kieg`t. 4::; Bpr>27 Puppc 0=24-7.  24. Hìbz E B, Cbdbr`b C M y `ac. Xrgbtlgit ae `alluikty-b`qu 24. `allu ikty-b`qukrgh krgh pigulaikb ki bhucts. Tgv @fkcgib Kieg`tac. 4::7>44 Puppc 2=s=7455.

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