Ergonomi Makro Yassierli, PhD (
[email protected])
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Yassierli, assierli, PhD - 2015
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THE BHOP B HOPAL AL DISASTER Terja jadi di • Ter
pada pada seki sekita tarr jam jam 1 pagi pagi,, pada 3 Desember Desember 1984, in Kota Kota Bhopal, Bhopal, India • Bocornya tangki gas metil isosianat (MIC), suatu suatu gas yang yang beracu beracun n diguna digunakan kan dalam dalam produksi pestisida. Sekitar 20-40 ton MIC lepas ke udara • Korban: • •
• •
2,000 langsung langsung meninggal meninggal 300,000 cacat (gannguan pernapasan, sakit mata, pemb pemben engk gkak akan an otak otak,, caca cacatt lahi lahirr, masa masala lah h neurologi neurologis, s, penurunan sistem sistem kekebala kekebalan n tubuh, tubuh, dan kerusakan jantung) Ribuan hewan meninggal meninggal Efek berkepanjangan berkepanjangan hingga generasi generasi ke-2
Yassierli, assierli, PhD - 2015
DAERAH YANG MENJADI KORBAN
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Mengapa?
Meshkati, Meshkati, 1989 1989 (An etiological etiological investigatio investigation n of mico- and macro ergonomic factors in the Bhopal disaster) “ … the Bhopal plant could literally be characterized as a group of untrained and unprepared operators, working with with an unsa unsafe fe tech techno nolo logy gy in an 'unk 'unkin ind d (wor (worki king ng)) environmen environment', t', using unfriendly unfriendly hardware hardware and unreliable unreliable inst instru rume ment ntat atio ion, n, bein beingg asse assemb mble led d in an unor unorga gani nize zed d facility, facility, and supervised by unseasoned managers….” managers….” “…. “…. mana manage geme ment nt and and orga organi niza zati tion onal al syst system em fail failur ures es acco accoun untt for for 80-9 80-90% 0% of the the caus causes es of majo majorr chem chemic ical al accidents, while human errors comprise only 10-20% of such causes.”
Yassierli, assierli, PhD - 2015
The Ergonomics Ergonomics Three Three
ERGONOMICS MICROERGONOMICS ORGANIZATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL ERGONOMICS MACROERGONOMICS
SOCIAL ERGONOMICS
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Microergonomics Di tataran Sistem Kerja : Diseputar sistem manusia-alat-bahan-lingkungan klimat mikro Pengaturannya : DESAIN
DESAIN
Alat Manusia
Bahan
Lingkungan Yassierli, assierli, PhD - 2015
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Yassierli, assierli, PhD - 2015
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Macroergonomics : Organizational Ergonomics Pada Pada tataran tataran Perusah erusahaan aan : Berunsurkan manusia, teknologi, organisasi, lingkungan perusahaan
Pengaturannya : ORGANISASI
teknologi lingkungan manusia
ORGANISASI Yassierli, assierli, PhD - 2015
Contoh Aplikasi Ergonomi Organisasi:
Rancangan alur kerja kerja yang ergonomis
Rancangan struktur organisasi
Rancangan kebijakan organisasi : jam kerja, shift kerja
Rancangan budaya perusahaan
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Untaian Sejarah … Bureaucracy
(1940s-1950s; (1940s-19 50s; Weber)
Classical
(1910-1935: (1910-19 35: Taylor, Gilbreth )
Human Relation
(1938-1950; Hawtorne)
Kelahiran STS (1950’s; Emery, & Trist at Tavistock Institute of Human Relations)
Pre-Classical (Fayol)
1940s : Kelahiran Human Factors 1980s: Formalisasi Ergonomi Makro
Yassierli, assierli, PhD - 2015
Tavistock Study (Aplikasi Ergonomi Makro)
Metode Konvensional Konvensional (Pre-1950)
Small autonomous group, hand-tools hand-too ls
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Ergonomi Makro Perspektif/filosofis Keilmuan Sub-disiplin Keilmuan Research Metode
“... for the human factors/ergonomics profession to be truly effective, and and responsive to the foreseeable requirements of the next two decades and beyond, there there is a strong need to integrate organizational design and management (ODAM) factors into our research and practice. “ (Hendrick and Kleiner, 2001) Yassierli, assierli, PhD - 2015
Ergonomi Makro = Perspektif Sosio-Teknikal
Tantangan organisasi saat ini:
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Ergonomi Makro = Perspektif Sociotechnical System
Kunci implementasi STS ( ergonomics way ): ): Innovation: creativity, learning organization Development of human resource Awareness of external environment
Maximizing cooperative effort: autonomous Developing commitment Utilizing social and technical resources effectively: joint optimization
Yassierli, assierli, PhD - 2015
Ergonomi Makro =Analisis, Disain & Evaluasi “Sistem Kerja”
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Macroergonomic Analysis of Structure (MAS)
(Haro & Kleiner, 2008)
Yassierli, assierli, PhD - 2015
