Ma Grammaire
February 9, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Xfur bXXragcra da Nrbgìbjs
Iebrdftta caNrbgIa
Irêcjts peftflrbpejquas Bcfma Ytfio Ytfio 0 p. > ebut lbuiea 0 © tjdjbduijcb ? e crfjta 0 © Yibgrbjd ? mbs l 0 © ]jcf ? m c 0 © pfdfdjb ? p. < l 0 © Yvjtdbgb ? c 0 © fddy ? p. 5 0 © Bdaxbgcrjtjo ? p. : l 0 © Kbosyk Zakadybgfv ? c 0 © bkagji252 ? p. 28 l 0 © marlbkfgt ? c 0 © btfss ? p. 22 0 © seykbr=< ? p. 2= 0 © caapblfpj=822 ? p. 29, l 0 © Cbgb Oagacy ? c 0 © GfkbcVYfud ? p. 25 0 © ^jbieasdbv Jbofmieuo ? p. 2:, l 0 © vjtbds ? c 0 © K.stucjf ? p. =8, e, 3:3 ? c 0 © Xbfdf Lbddf ? p. 93 e 0 © Bdaxbgcar ]btes ? m l 0 © Jlfr Galfvadfv ? m c 0 © Nrbgifjs Cfjsgad ? p. 91 0 © kbg`jo ? p. 91 0 © DJLESNJADC YSQCJFY ? p. >= c 0 © gastfgjo ? p. >3 0 © tejtebwbt ? p. >1, 298 m 0 © Xjxad-Yeft 0 © XjxadYeft ? p. >> 0 © Ytucjf ]fkbgtji ? p. >> =8. Das prfgfks parsfggads ifkpdêkagts ...........>5
Db pdbia cas bc`aitjns qubdjibtjns ..............................=3
D‚biifrc cas bc`aitjns 0 da kbsiudjg at da nêkjgjg.... =< D‚biifrc D‚biifrc D‚bi ifrc cas bc`aitjns 0 da sjgludjar at da pdurjad ....... =5
Xbrtja 1 DAY X]FGFKY .............................................. >9
=2. Das prfgfks pfssassjs ................................................. : Db pdbia cas cfumdas prfgfks ...................................... ..22> D‚jkpbrnbjt ............................................. ................................................................................... ...................................... 225 Da pbssê ifkpfsê at d‚jkpbrnbjt ...................................22: Da pdus-qua-pbrnbjt ........................................ ................................................................ ........................2=2 2=2 Da pbssê sjkpda ........................................ ....................................................................... ...............................2=9 2=9 Da pbssê sjkpda at da pbssê ifkpfsê ......................2=<
92. Das kfcas ................................................................................. 2=5
3
D‚jggjtjn .......................................... ....................................................................................... ............................................. 2=5
D‚jkpêrbtjn ............................................. .................................................................................. ..................................... 298 Da ifgcjtjfggad prêsagt ............................................ ....................................................299 ........299 Da ifgcjtjfggad pbssê ......................................... ......................................................... ................291 291 Da sum`fgitjn prêsagt ........................................... ...........................................................29< ................29< Da sum`fgitjn pbssê ........................................ ...............................................................29: .......................29: Jgcjibtjn fu sum`fgitjn 6 ............................................. .................................................... .......238 238 Da lêrfgcjn ........................................... ................................................................................ ..................................... 233
9=. D‚jgtarrflbtjfg ....................................................................235
Das trfjs trfjs typas c‚jgtarrflbtjfg ..................................... ....... .............................. 235 Das kfts jgtarrflbtjns ......................................... ........................................................ ............... 218
99. D‚axidbkbtjfg ....................................................................... 219 93. Db gêlbtjfg ............................................................................. 213
Db gêlbtjfg sjkpda .............................................................. ............................................... ............... 213 Bssfijar pdusjaurs gêlbtjfgs ........................................ .........................................21> .21> Axprassjfgs ifurbgtas bvai « gfg ¿ at « pbs ¿ ....21<
91. « Jd y b ¿ ...................................................................................... 215 9>. « ^fjij/vfjdè ¿, « jd ast ¿, « i‚ast ¿ ...................... 21:
« ^fjij/^fjdè ¿ .............................................................................21: « I‚ast/Ia sfgt ¿ ........................................ ........................................................................2>2 ................................2>2 « Jd ast ¿ ............................................ ......................................................................................... ..............................................2>= .2>=
99
Da cjsifurs rbppfrtê rbppfrtê bu prêsagt prêsagt .................................2>9 Da cjsifurs rbppfrtê bu pbssê ..................................... 2>>
Xbrtja 5 DAY ]ADBSJFGY DFLJRQAY ......... 2>: 95. D‚fppfsjtjfg ........................................................................... 2
DA LAG]A AS DA GFKM]A
Ibs pbrtjiudjars •
Xbrnfjs, tfuta db tarkjgbjsfg cu kft iebgla.
ug kusjijag
uga kusjijagga
ug iebkpjfg
uga iebkpjfgga
ug iujsjgjar
uga iujsjgjåra
ug sarvaur
uga sarvausa
ug bitaur
uga bitrjia
ug iebgtaur
uga iebgtausa
ug spfrtjn
uga spfrtjva
Axakpdas Kfg påra ast iujsjgjar.
_ja[
Kb kåra ast iujsjgjåra.
_jAr[
<
Gfks cjêragts bu kbsiudjg at bu êkjgjg
ug efkka
uga nakka
ug lbrìfg
uga dda
ug påra
uga kåra
ug nråra
uga sřur
ug kbrj
uga nakka
ug ds
uga dda
ug ifpbjg
uga ifpjga
ug kfgsjaur
uga cbka
Gfks saudakagt kbsiudjgs ug kêcaijg, ug mêmê Axakpda
Bggb ast ug trås mabu mêmê !
Bggb
5
DA LAG]A AS DA GFKM]A
Da kbsiudjg at da nêkjgjg cas gfks ca iefsas Xfur das fm`ats at das gftjfgs, da lagra ast brmjtrbjra. Db tarkjgbjsfg cas gfks paut pbrnfjs jgcjquar da lagra. •
Das gfks kbsiudjgs sa tarkjgagt pbr 0
Das gfks nêkjgjgs sa tarkjgagt pbr 0
-b/-j/-f/-u
-a/-ê/-êa
ug blagcb, ug tbxj, ug vêdf, da nau
db Nrbgia, db djmartê, db `furgêa
-kagt
-tjfg/-sjfg (kàka prfgfgijbtjfg) -tjfg/-sjfg
ug kêcjibkagt, ug kfgukagt
uga sfdutjfg, db pbssjfg
-abu
-atta
ug iebpabu, ug kbgtabu
uga bddukatta, uga nfurieatta
-bla
-bgia
da vjsbla, da lbrbla
d‚jgcêpagc bgia, uga ifggbjssbgia
-pefga/-sifpa
-agia
ug têdêpefga, ug têdêsifpa
uga prêsagia, uga bmsagia
-jska
-ura
d‚axftjska, d‚fptjkjska
uga sjlgbtura, uga pajgtura
- uga ifgsfgga
-bca/-uca
ug pbys
uga prfkagbca, uga êtuca
Ruadquas axiaptjfgs 0
Ruadquas axiaptjfgs 0
uga peftf
ug djvra
d‚abu
ug prfmdåka
uga pbla
ug ibnê
uga kbjsfg
ug kusêa
uga ifudaur
da sjdagia :
Da sjgludjar at da pdurjad cas gfks Ibs lêgêrbd Xfur nfrkar da pdurjad, fg b`futa « -s ¿ bu sjgludjar.
•
Gfk sjgludjar
Gfk pdurjad
(kàka prfgfgijbtjfg)
+s nruj rujtts ca s n cass mbgbgas ca
ug nrujt uga mbgbga
Rubgc da sjgludjar sa tarkjga pbr « -s ¿, « -x ¿ fu « -z ¿, da pdurjad ast jcagtjqua 0 ug mfjs cas mfjs •
uga gfjx
da gaz
cas gfjx das gaz
Fg prfgfgia da « n ¿ cas gfks sujvbgts bu sjgludjar kbjs pbs bu pdurjad. ug řun _řn[ _řn[
cas řuns _Õ[
ug mřun _mřn[ _mřn[
cas mřuns _mÕ[
28
DA LAG]A AS DA GFKM]A
Ibs pbrtjiudjars Das tarkjgbjsfgs ag « -bd ¿ at ag « -abu ¿ cavjaggagt « -bux ¿ at « -abux ¿ bu pdurjad.
•
-bd
-bux
-abu
-abux
ug `furgbd
cas `furgbu bux x
ug iebpab abu u
cas iebpabux
Db tarkjgbjsfg ag « -au ¿ cavjagt « -aux ¿ bu pdurjad.
•
-au
-aux
ug n au au
cas n aux au x
Axiaptjfgs 0 cas ibrgbvbds, cas nastjvbds, cas dbgcbus, cas pgaus...
Da pdurjad cas gfks ag « -bjd ¿ at ag « -fu ¿ ast rêludjar.
•
ug cêtbjd
ug nfu
cas cêtbjds
cas n fus fus
Axiaptjfgs 0 Ruadquas gfks è db tarkjgbjsfg ag « -bjd ¿ sa tarkjgagt pbr « -bux ¿ 0 ug trbvbjd cas trbvbux, ug vjtrbjd cas vjtrbux…
•
Ruadquas gfks è db tarkjgbjsfg ag « -fu ¿ praggagt p raggagt ug « x ¿ 0 cas lagfux, cas mj`fux, cas ibjddfux, cas iefux, cas ejmfux, cas `fu`fux, cas pfux. •
Xdurjads jrrêludjars 0
•
kbcbka
kascbkas
kbcakfjsadda kfgsjaur
kascakfjsaddas kassjaurs
ug řjd
cas yaux
ug ijad
cas ijaux
22
=
DB GFKJGBDJYBSJFG ^A]MBDA Ibs lêgêrbd Db gfkjgbdjsbtjfg kat ag vbdaur da gfk. Fg b`futa ug sunxa bu varma pfur da trbgsnfrkar ag gfk.
•
Axakpda
bulkagtar
bulkagtbtjfg bulkagt btjfg Dêlåra bulkagt bulkagtbtjfg btjfg
Da ieókbla b dêlårakagt bulkagtê ag `ujg.
^arma pfdduar
cu ieókbla ag `ujg.
+
Yunxa
nêkjgjg
-tjfg
;
Gfk db pfddutjfg
irêar
btjfg
db irêbtjfg
axpdfsar
-sjfg
d‚axpdfsjfg
ifggaitar
-xjfg
db ifggaxjfg
luêrjr
-sfg
db luêrjsfg
prfkagar
-bca
db prfkagbca
mrÿdar
-ura
db mrÿdura
parcra
-ta
db parta
sa kêar
-bgia
db kêbgia
bppbrbçtra
-agia
d‚bppbragia
nêkjgjg cu pbrtjijpa pbssê
d‚agtrêa db sfrtja db prjsa
agtrar sfrtjr pragcra
2=
DB GFKJGBDJYBSJFG ^A]MBDA
^arma
+
Yunxa
kbsiudjg
;
Gfk
eêrjtar
-bla
d‚eêrjtbla
agsajlgar
-kagt
d‚agsajlgakagt
rêsudtar
-bt
da rêsudtbt
lbzfujddar
-js
da lbzfujddjs
Fg paut bussj supprjkar db tarkjgbjsfg ca d‚jggjtjn d‚j ggjtjn (fg b`futa ug « a ¿ pfur das gfks nêkjgjgs) fu lbrcar d‚jggjtjn at b`futar d‚brtjida. •
cêmutar
da cêmut
pbyar
db pby a, db pbja pbja (y 7 j)
iebgtar
da iebgt
sbutar
da sbut
lbrcar
db lbrca lbrca
rjra
da rjra
Axiaptjfgs 0 gbçtra kfurjr
db gbjssbgia db kfrt
Ibs pbrtjiudjar
pbrtjr ravagjr
da cêpbrt da ratfur
bljr
d‚bitjfg
•
Cbgs iartbjgs ibs, gfkjgbdjsbtjfg ug kàka varma. paut cfggar caux gfkjgbdjsbtjfgs, bvai caux sags cjstjgits cj stjgits 0 fg pbrda ca cfumda
Axakpdas Brràtar 0 Gfus casiagcfgs bu prfiebjg brràt.
D‚brrastbtjfg cas kbgjnastbgts s‚ast cêrfudêa cbgs ug idjkbt ca vjfdagia. vj fdagia.
Bljr 0 D‚bitjfg cas cênagsaurs ca d‚agvjrfg d‚agvjrfggakagt gakagt ast sfutagua pbr tfut da kfgca.
Das vfdaurs fgt êtê ifgcbkgês pfur daurs bljssakagts. 29
Xfur bXXragcra da Nrbgìbjs Qga lrbkkbjra ifkpdåta at tfuta ag ifudaurs pfur bppragcra nbijdakagt da nrbgìbjs, bvai cas axpdjibtjfgs sjkpdas quj s‚bcbptagt è tfus das gjvabux, cas sieêkbs, cas jddustrbtjfgs at cas axakpdas ifkkagtês.
Bcudtas at lrBgcs Bcfdasiagts
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