M5 Facies Modeling

Module 5 Property Modeling

Petrel Workflow Tools Surfaces and Data edit

Stratigraphic Modeling

3D Grid Construction: Structural Modeling

Interface Studio

Pillar Gridding

Fault Modeling 3D Grid Construction Structural Framework

3D Grid Construction Structural Gridding

Property Modeling

Well Log Upscale

Facies & Petrophysical Modeling

Make Horizons Zones & Layering Make contacts & Volume Calculation Workflow Editor

Intro to Petrel

Introduction

Facies Modeling Objectives     

General Property Modeling Workflow Discuss Different Facies Modeling Techniques – Deterministic techniques – Stochastic techniques. Learn How to use Common Settings: Set filters Learn How to use Zone Settings: Define zones Learn How to use different Algorithms – Sequential Indicator Simulation – Object Modeling – Fluvial channel – General object modeling – Interactive Modeling.

Property Modeling General Workflow

Less data More uncertainty Stochastic

Estimation

Pixel based

Interpolation

Object based

Addressed

Deterministic

More data Less uncertainty

Stochastic vs. Deterministic Modeling Methods

Stochastic

Deterministic

Random (Seed number)

It is unlikely due to unpredictable factors.

It generates different equiprobable results for different seed numbers.

It generates the same result for a given set of initial conditions.

Variable states are described by probability distributions.

Variable states are described by unique values.

It does not need upscaled cells: Unconditional modeling.

Need upscaled cells; needs more data.

Allows more complexity and variability in the model; can help assess uncertainty.

Faster to run.

Algorithms Covered in the Course Stochastic methods Pixel based technique

Object-based technique

Deterministic method Direct addressing technique

Sequential Indicator Simulation algorithm

Object modeling algorithm

Interactive modeling drawing

Distributes the property using the histogram. Directional settings, such as variogram and trends, also are honored.

Allows you to populate a discrete property model with different bodies of various geometries, facies types, rules, and fractions.

Allows you to paint facies directly on the 3D model.

Facies Modeling Dialog Box Two main modeling settings buttons are available: (Common and Zone settings).

Common Settings Defines general settings for the grid properties to be made for all zones.

Zone Settings Defines settings for individual zones (captured from Models pane > Zone filter folder).

Common Settings Use filter: Should be chosen only if a filtered part of the grid is to be modeled.

Ensure that all cells get a value: If there is no input data, all cells will be populated by averaging surrounding cells. Local model update: Updates the model inside a region, inside a property, or around a well Number of realizations: When running Uncertainty analysis, multiple realizations are made with the same input data.

Overwrite: Will overwrite the previous realizations with same suffix number.

Zone Settings Zone: Click to activate zonation. Choose a zone to model from drop-down list.

Facies: If conditioning to a previous facies model, click the Facies button. Lock: Leave zone unchanged; unlock to activate zone settings.

Method: Set the appropriate method from the drop-down list for the zone to be modeled.

Create a Sequential Indicator Simulation Property Model (1) SIS is a pixel-based modeling algorithm, using upscaled cells as the basis for fraction of facies types to be modeled. The variogram constrains the distribution and connectedness of each facies. 1. Set an upscaled property: (U) as suffix.

2. Choose the zone to model and unlock it. 3. Set SIS as the Method for one zone. 4. Choose the facies from the template. Click the Blue arrow to insert them into the model.

Create a Sequential Indicator Simulation Property Model (2)

5. Variogram (2 methods): • Specify Range, Nugget and Type manually. • Click Get a variogram from Data Analysis 6. Fraction (3 methods): • Use Global fraction from Upscaled cells. • Use probabilities (property/trend). • Use attribute probability curves or vertical proportion curves from Data analysis.

Variogram: Quantifies Spatial Continuity of the Data There are many variogram types that can be fit into the data. Petrel provides three options of prominent types: exponential, spherical, and gaussian variograms. • You need three directions: Two in the horizontal (major and minor) and one in the vertical direction. • The range points the distance from which above, the spatial dependence is set to randomness. • The azimuth is the rotation angle of the major range.

Variogram is calculated in 3 directions

Major Vertical

Variogram & parameters Sill

Range

Nugget

1 2

Separation

3 4 5 distance (lag)

Create a Fluvial Channel Model (1): Facies Bodies The Object modeling method uses upscaled cells as a basis for the fraction of facies types to be modeled. The objects follow a strict geometry, distribution, and trend defined by the user. 1. Set an upscaled property: (U) as suffix. 2. Set the zone to model and unlock it. 3. Set Object modeling as the Method to use. 4. Click the Fluvial channels icon to insert a channel body.

5. Choose facies properties to match Channel and Levee. 6. Fraction (2 methods): • Use fraction of Channels and Levees from upscaled cells. (Gray field is not editable.) • Enter a fraction. (The white field is editable.)

Create a Fluvial Channel Model (2): Geometry Layout: Specify Orientation, Amplitude and Wavelength.

Note: Drift applies randomness to each parameter.

Channel: Specify the width and thickness of the channel. Thickness can be in distance units or as a fraction of the width.

Levee: Levees are the wing shaped deposits on the side of the channel. Specify width and thickness (smaller than channel).

Create a Fluvial Channel Model (3): Trends and Probabilities

Use volume probability: • Use a function • Use a surface • Use a 3D probability property (usually a seismic attribute). Use Channel trends: • Flow lines are digitized polygons used as fairways for the channels to follow • Source points are indications of paleoheighs/provenance; where channels begin.

Create a Fluvial Channel Model (4): Background Background facies • After the channel is defined, choose a background facies. This is distributed wherever channels are not placed. • Background can be undefined, a single facies type, or a previously generated property.

Create a General Object Model: Facies Bodies The General object modeling approach creates standalone objects following a strict geometry defined by the user. 1. Set an upscaled property: (U) as suffix. 2. Set the zone to model and unlock it.

3. Set Object modeling as the Method for the zone. 4. Click the Add a new geometric body button. (Ellipse geometry is chosen by default.) 5. Choose the facies type you want your body to have.

6. Fraction (2 methods): • Use fraction of upscaled cells. • Enter a fraction (white field = editable).

Perform Interactive Modeling: (Draw Facies) Interactive drawing of facies types that are not easily modeled. Tip: Use Simbox view and make a copy of the property.

Brush type

Facies type

Radius Height

Note: Irreversible process: This overwrites all other facies, including upscaled cell values. No undo!

Profile

EXERCISE Facies Modeling

Extra: Object Modeling: Fluvial Channels Result No drift applied (0)

Drift applied (>0,