Lynn Margulis What Is Life

 

Fy`` Cnroufjs n`m Merje` [non`

Ierau-erm b), @jfas Afmramoa

 

J

 

_DN] J[ FJIA5

a? O t

 

]da pubfjsdar orntaiuffy nkg`ewfamoas tda oa`areus

ke`trjbutje` te tdjs beeg prevjmam by tda ieffewj`o eron`jzntje`s n`m j`mjvjmunfs< Afjznbatd Muraj`

Ervjffa n`m Affj`n Kefub Mnvjm B. Kefm Ieu`mntje`

Ceera Incjfy Ieu`mntje` n`m by tda Ka`arnf A`mewca`t Iu`m ei tda Nssekjntas ei tda Q`jvarsjty ei Knfjier`jn Xrass.

 

FZ@@ CNRKQFJ[

MERJE@ [NKN@

IERA_ERM

BZ

@fFA[ AFMRAMKA

N Xatar @. @avrnuce`t Beeg

Q@JYAR[J]Z EI KNFJIER@JN Bargafay n`m Fes N`oafas

 

XRA[[

Q`jvarsjty ei Knfjier`jn Xras Bargafay n`m Fes N`oafas, Knfjier`jn Xubfjsdam by nrrn`oaca`t

wjtd [jce` & [kdustar.

Ijrst pnparbnkg prj`tj`o zeee. H >::1 by Fy`` Cnroufjs n`m Merje` [non`

Ierawerm E >::1 by @jfas Afmramoa Ofessnry H zeee by Fy`` Cnroufjs n`m Merje` [non` ]da [eurkas ei Jffustrntje`s ertpnoa 29: js raonrmam ns n` axta`sje` ei tda kepyrjodt pnoa.

Fjbrnry ei Ke`orass Kntnfeoj`o-j`-Xubfjkntje` Mntn Cnroufjs, Fy``, r:; 4_dnt js fjia5 / Fy`` Cnroufjs n`m Merje` [non` 7 ierawerm by @jfas Afmramoa.

'N Xatar @. jv"rrrr-er,XQeetJj Erjoj`nffy pubfjsdam< @awZerg < [jce` & [kdustar, H rqo[. _jtd `aw ofessnry. J`kfumas bjbfjeornpdjknf raOra`kas (p. ) n`m j`max. J[B@ e-1ze-zzezr-4 (pbg. < nfg. pnpar)

J.

Fjia Hjefeoy) z. Bjefeoy-Xdjfesepdy. ;. Bjefeojknf mjvarsjty. =. Fjia-Erjoj`.

J. [non`,

Merje`, ro1:- JJ. ]jma. ^D1er.C;1 zeee

1?e-mkzr

ee-e214;;

Cn`uinkturam j` Kn`nmn

8: 84 e? e9 el 8= 8; 82 et re : J J 9 [ = ; z

ee r

]da pnpar usam j` tdjs pubfjkntje` caats tda cj`jcuc raqujraca`ts ei N@[J/@J[E 2;:.=4-t:oz (R rq[\) (Xarcn`a`rk ei Xnpu). H

 

Ke`ta`ts

vjf

FJ[] EI JFFQ[]RN]JE@[ IERA_ERM Q`mranct Xdjfesepdjas, by @jfas

Afmramoa

xj

FJIA< ]DA A]AR@NF A@JOCN f` tda [pjrjt ei [kdremj`oar

'

Fjia's

Bemy ' N`jcjsc vs. Cakdn`jsc ' Ln`us nce`o tda Ka`tnurs ' Bfua jawaf ' fs ]dara Fjia e` Cnrs5 . Fjia ns Yarb . [afi-Cnj`ta`n`ka ' ]da Nutepejatjk 'f Xfn`at . ]da [tuii ei Fjia ' Cj`m j` @ntura

FE[] [EQF[ Mantd< ]da Orant Xarpfaxar ]da Brantd ei

Fjia

Knrtasjn` Fjka`sa . A`tarj`o tda Ierbjmma` Ranfc ' Kescjk _joofas ' ]da Can`j`o ei Avefutje` . Yar`nmsgy's Bjespdara ' Fevafekg's Onjn ;; Anrtd ' [pe`tn`aeus Oa`arntje` ' Erjoj`s ei Fjia . "stucbfj`o Ierwnrm" ' Catnbefjk _j`mews ' 1? ]da R@N [uparcefakufa . Kaffs Ijrst

E@KA QXE@

N XFN@A]

Baoj``j`os

. Daff e`

CN[]AR[ EI ]DA BJE[XDARA Ianr ei n Bnktarjnf Xfn`at'Fjia fs Bnktarjn . ]da Catnbefjknffy Ojitam ' ]da Ka`a ]rnmars ' Eur [pfa`mjm Gj` ' Irec Xfa`ty te Krjsjs . Branginst Iarca`t' Kraa`, Ram, n`m Xurpfa Baj`os ' Exyoa` Axkjtaca`t . ^uj`tassa`tjnf Xeffutars, ^uj`tassa`tjnf Rakykfars ' 4? Fjvj`o Knrpats n`m Krewf`o [te`as XARCN@A@] CAROAR[ ]da Krant Kaff Mjvjma' Ijva Gj`ms ei Baj`os ' ]wjsts j` tda ]raa ei Fjia . [qujrcars ' [trn`oa @aw Irujt ' _nffj`'s [ycbje`ts' Cuftjkaffufnrjty n`m Xreornccam Mantd '[axunf Oa`asjs j` tda >>; Cjkrewerfm, er _da` Antj`o _ns [ax ']da Xewar ei [fjca ]DA NCN\J@O N@JCNF[ ]da (Bewar) Bjrms n`m tda (De`ay) Baas ' _dnt fs n` N`jcnf5 ' Orant-Krn`mpnra`t ]rjkdepfnx ' [ax n`m Mantd ' Kncbrjn` Kdnuvj`jsc ' Avefutje`nry Axubarn`ka'

 

Cassa`oars

>=1

ANR]D ]da Q`marwerfm . Gjssj`o Cefms n`m Mastreyj`o N`oafs . Kress-Gj`omec Nffjn`kas . Q`marbaffy ei tda Bjespdara . IFA[D EI ]DA

Djtkddjgj`o Iu`oj, Keu`tariajt Ifewars, n`m Npdremjsjnks . Dnffukj`eoa`jk Cusdreecs n`m Mje`ysjn` Mafjodts .]rn`scjornters ei Cnttar >?>

]DA ]RN@[CQ]N]JE ]RN@[CQ]N]JE@ @ EI [Q@FJkD] Oraa` Ijra . ]da Nkkursam

[dnra . N`kja`t Reets . Xrjcavnf ]raas . Ifernf Xarsunsje` . [efnr Ake`ecy

>:;

[A@]JA@] [ZCXDE@Z N Meubfa Fjia . Kdejka . Fjttfa Xurpesas Butfar's Bfnspdacy . Dnbjts n`m Cacery Axjsta`ka's Kafabrntje`

 

.

[uparducn`jty . Axpn`mj`o Fjia . Rdytdcs n`m Kykfas

2>;

AXJFEOQA

2=1

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291

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29:

J@MAT

2?>

fffustrntje `s

XFN]A[ (ieffewj`o pnoa >==>

rn. Anrtd j` spnka

rs. Cykepfnscn 2. J`tastj`a ei baatfa fnrvn (Xnkd`emn) ;. T-rny pdeteornpd ei tda su` =. Kyfj`mars ei pdespdefjpjms iercj`o fjpesecas

ei orewtd, Xretaus cjrnbjfjs bnktarjn 1`. Mjssjpntjva struktura j` n Bafeusev-\dnberj`sgy ranktje` 9. Cuftjkaffufnr "traas" ei Cyxekekkus 1N. Xnttar`s

?. Kdrecntjuc uj`esuc, purpfa sufijrr bnktarjn 4. Ijskdaraffn, kyn`ebnktarjuc :. [trecntefjtas j` [dnrg Bny, Nustrnfjn ren n`m s. Xatrjijam iessjf strecntefjta kecpnram te n fjvj`o cjkrebjnf cnt

tr.

Casemj`juc rubruc (Cyrje`aktn rubrn), n kfjnta

rz. ]afepdnsa j` tda cjtetjk kaffs ei Dnacn`tdus sp., Nirjkn` bfeem fjfy >;a,. Kdfncymece`ns `junfjs, s`ew nfona, j` N`tnrktjkn

r;r. Kdferece`ns sp., s`ew nfona, n`m ijfnca`teus iu`oj t;k. Kdfncymece`ns `junfjs, cjkreskepjk vjaw r=. Yefuex kefe`jas Nmuft Fjcn sknbrn, sknffep >9. Acbrye ei Mresepdjfn cafn`eonstar, irujt ify r?. Q`mufjpemjuc kress saktje`

r 1.

vjf

 

vjft

fffustrntje`s

N`ofar ijsd wjtd bjefucj`aska`t tjssua r 4`. Bjefucj`aska`t bnktarjn kefe`jas

r 4=.

>:N. Russufn pnfumesn, ierast cusdreec

ryr. [kdjzepdyffuc keccu`a) iu`ous ze. N kdferepfnst zr. ^ungj`o nspa` j` [n` Lun` Ceu`tnj`s, Kefernme zz. Mjnter` cajesjs n`m oncata iercntje` 2;. Ofesseptarjs skutuc, iessjf saam iar` 2=. Xeffa` tubas mafjvar cnfa `ukfaj te Ocnfa aoo `ukfaj 21. Xnpnvar sec`iarwc, peppy 29. [ntaffjta jcnoa ei Anrtd sdewj`o cnler ze`as ei vaoatntje`

IJOQRA[

r. Arwj` [kdrkjmj`oar z. Kecpnrjse` ei ntcespdaras ei Anrtd, Ya`us, n`m Cnrs ;. Ifuktuntje`s

dacjspdara

2'f

ei knrbe` mjexjma j` tda `ertdar`

2=

=. Exnfjk nkjm krystnf j` n san squjrt 1. Acjfjn`n duxfayj, n kekkefjtdepderjm

29 1;

9. ]draa-wny oa`atjk axkdn`oa nce`o bnktarjn

:1

?. Kecpnrjse` ei pregnryeta n`m augnryeta kaffs 4. ]rjkde`ycpdn. n ptetjst

>>1 '>22

:. [pjrekdatas bakeca u`mufjpemjn

>2=

re. [tnoas ei cjtesjs

>21

rt.

@naofarjn, n pretjst

rz.

[tapdn`emjskus, n

>;4

mjntec

>=;

ei n` n`jcnf

>=9

>=. Askdj`jskus bfucj, n "wntar banr"

>9:

r

;. [axunf fjia djstery

r 1. [axunf

fjia djstery ei n iu`ous

>9. Onff e` n twjo

ei

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^uarkus, eng traa

>48

 

fffustrntje`s

r?. [axunf fjia djstery ei n pfn`t r4. Cno`atesecas j` n cno`atetnktjk bnktarjuc ]NB FA[

tx >:=

228

Cj`arnfs premukam by fjia

2N-2:

Anrtd djstery tj`rafj`as

12-NE

 

Ierawerm

Q@

MRANC] XD JFE[EXD

JA[

dns avefutje` krnitam n sa`tja`t spakjas5 _dy mjm_dnt eur ke`avefva5 purskjeus`ass, eur ranfjzntje` ei eur vary axjsta`ka, _dy pesa meas

jt

J

sarva5

nc parsunmam by badnvjerjst @jkdefns

Duc-

pdrjas's ke`laktura tdnt, j` baj`o nbfa te ke`suft tdajr j``ar safvas,

eur n`kasters onj`am j`sjodt e` tda cj`ms ei tdajr cntas, eiisprj`o, n`m etdar cacbars ei tdajr sekjnf bn`ms. Gfewj`o tdysafi js tda bast wny te g`ewj`o etdars, n`m tdus n` nmvn`tnoa j` `aoetjntj`o tda kecpfaxjtjas ei mnjfy sekjnf fjia. _a ducn`s nra, ei keursa, n`jcnfs. J dnva fe`o tdeuodt tdnt tda

vary bast j`sjodt j`te wdnt

jt

can`s

te ba

n

fjvj`o, brantdj`o n`j-

cnf js sjcpfy te ke`sjmar e`a's vary ew` fjia. Dewavar inr eur keo`jtjva, kufturnf knpnkjtjas dnva tnga` us irec trnmjtje`nf axjsta`ka

wjtdj` feknf akesystar@, wa `e`atdafass stjff ebtnj` a`aroy n`m ieem te mavafep, orew, n`m cnj`tnj` eur kerperanf axjsta`ka. Cn`y ei us (pardnps tee cn`y ei us) nfse a`onoa j` rapremuktje`. Ns Fy`` Cnroufjs n`m Merje` [non` taff ts j` _dnt Js FjLa5, tda busj`ass ei cnj`tnj`j`o kerperanf axjsta`ka n`m rapremukj`o nra quj`tassa`tjnf nktjvjtjas, tda vary dnffcnrgs ei fjia. ]e g`ew e`asafi ns n` eron`jsc, tda`, js te astnbfjsd qujta n iaw

ei tda vary bnsjks ei nff fjvj`o

systacs.

But ducn`s, ei keursa, me `et ke`stjtuta tda a`tjra bjefeojknf u`jvarsa. '_a nra but e`a spakjas ei ta`s ei cjffje`s `ew j`dnbjt-

j`o pfn`at Anrtd. N`m se wa kn``et axpakt te mjvj`a nff ei fjia's cystarjas, nff tda mjiiara`t `un`kas ei wdnt jt can`s te ba nfjva, sjcpfy by ke`suftj`o eur j``ar safvas. ]dara nra j`dara`t fjcjts te tda ravafntery prj`kjpfa ei g`ewj`o tdysafi j` ermar te g`ew tda werfm. But ava` J, n sanse`am prnktjtje`ar j` avefutje`nry bjefeoy, xt

 

Ierawerm

wns `et

iuffy prapnram ier tda wjfm spaktruc ei fjia prasa`tam te

j`

_dnt fs Fjia5 Ier j` tdasa pnoas wa caat eron`jscs vnstfy mjiiara`t irec eursafvas. N`m wa a`keu`tar us by Cnroufjs n`m [non`

wnys

ei tdj`gj`o nbeut fjia tdnt keufm `et pessjbfy nrjsa irec sjc-

pfa j`trespaktje`. _dnt Js Fjia5 js

n

ianst ei bjefeojknf n`m j`taffaktunf mjvarsjty. Dara

wa caat cjkrebas-cjkreskepjk eron`jscs-ier wdjkd exyoa`

js

n

pejse`, n`m etdars wde "brantda" sufiur kecpeu`ms. N`m stjff etd-

ars wdjkd iaam e` dymreoa` n`m knrbe` mjexjma usj`o `ajtdar tda a`aroy irec su`fjodt, `er tdnt irec tda ifasd ei etdars.

-_a

a`keu`tar

bnktarjn reutj`afy axkdn`oj`o oa`atjk cntarjnfs wjtd etdar spakjas'_a ava` nitar bjffje`s ei yanrs ei avefutje`nry sapnrntje`. saa tda

a`tjra eutar rj`m ei Anrtd pertrnyam j` ke`vj`kj`o insdje`

ns n

sj`-

ofa, caon-fjvj`o systac. N`m wa fanr` tdnt tda avefutje`nry prekass

tdnt dns premukam tdjs premjojeus nrrny dns me`a se j` nste`jsdj`o wnys-cafmj`o sapnrnta, sjcpfa eron`jscs cera tdn` e`ka te premuka cera kecpfax maska`mn`t spakjas. N`m tdaraj` fjas n pnrtjkufnrfy j`tarastj`o snon ei j`taffaktunf sfautdj`o n`m marrj`o-me. Mnrwj` tnuodt us tdnt nff ei fjia js maska`mam irec n sj`ofa kecce` n`kaster.J` _dnt g Fjia5 Cnroufjs n`m [non` taff us tda nt?>nzj`o inkt tdnt `et e`fy nra eur ew` cnccnfjn`, `ukfantam ("augnryetjk") kaffs maska`mam irec n`kja`t bnktarjn, tday nra fjtarnffy ncnfoncs ei savarnf mjiiara`t strnj`s ei bnktarjn. Ncnzj`o [trn`oar tdn` ijktje` N`m u`mranct ei j` trnmjtje`nf bjefeojknf pdjfesepdjasu`tjf Fy`` Cnroufjs baon` dar rasanrkd n qunrtar ei n ka`tury noe. Fy`` Cnroufjs dns nkdjavam wdnt avary skja`tjst mrancs ei, but iaw nra mastj`am te nkkecpfjsd< sda dns rawrjtta` tda bnsjk taxtbeegs. [da ke`kajvam ei n feojknf, yat numnkjeus axpfn`ntje` ei n` eut-

ei nff n`jcnfs, tda auknfyptus traa n`m tda cusdreec, dnva cest, but `et nff, ei tdajr M@N kerrnffam j`te n kaffufnr `ukfaus, `antfy wnffam eiiirec tda vnrjeus eron`affas tdnt met tda pfnj`s ei tdajr rypjknf kaff's kytepfnsc. Jt wns tda "`et nff" tdnt nttrnktam dar ntta`tje`< seca ei tdasa axtrn-`ukfanr stn`mj`o inkt. Ducn` kaffs, fjga tdesa

eron`affas-spakjijknffy, tda pewar pfn`ts ei nff n`jcnf n`m pfn`t kaffs,

 

@jfas Afmramoa

tda "cjtekde`mrjn"-wara nfse g`ew` te dnva tdajr ew` M@N. f` pfn`ts, betd cjtekde`mrjn n`m kdferepfnsts, tda fekus ei pdetesy`tdasjs, dnva tdajr ew` M@N kecpfaca`ts. ]da sj`apfa quasrje` sda inkam wns< wdy5 _dy js tdara n` j`mapa`ma`t sat ei oa`as j` tdasa kytepfnscjk eron`affas, wda` nff ei tda "`ercnf" oa`atjk cntarjnf js etdarwjsa eron`jzam ns meubfa sats ei kdrecesecas wjtdj` tda beu`ms ei tda `ukfanr wnffs5 Bjefeojknf strukturas nra sjo`nfs ei n`kja`t avefutje`nry ava`ts.

'_a ewa tda ijva ij`oars e` eur dn`ms `et te `evaf avefutje`nry ava`ts n cjffje` yanrs noe e` tda Nirjkn` snvn``ns, but rntdar te

tda erjoj`nf kecpfaca`t ei ijva mjojts e` tda ieraieet ei tda anrfjast fn`m vartabrntas ("tatrnpems"), wde avefvam seca ;?8 cjffje` yanrs noe. [e, tee, js cjtekde`mrjnf

M@N n defmevar,

n sjo`nf

ei n` avefu-

tje`nry ava`t. But tdjs wns fjga `e etdar ava`t avar prepesam j` avefutje`nry n``nfs< Fy`` Cnroufjs, te dar avarfnstj`o kramjt, snw tdnt sapnrnta M@N kecpfaca`ts jcpfy tda iusje` ei nt fanst `ve mjiiara`t gj`ms ei etdar eron`jscs, ankd wjtd jts ew` M@N kecpfaca`t, te ierc n sj`ofa, kecpfax "augnryetjk" kaff. J`jtjnffy ke`mac`am ns darasy, tdjs afaon`t jman dnm se cukd oej`o ier jt tdnt tda bjefeojknf werfm dns fe`o sj`ka nkkaptam jt. ]dara js sjcpfy `e etdar pfnusjbfa axpfn`ntje` ier tda axjsta`ka ei sapnrnta j` n "sj`ofa" kaff.

f`

M@N kecpfaca`ts

_dnt Js Fia5Fy`` Cnroufjs n`m Merje` [non` taff us prakjsafy

wdjkd gj`ms ei bnktarjn iusam te ierc tda erjoj`nf `ukfantam kaffsefr kaffs. But tdnt js inr irec nff, ier tda Cnroufjs cj`m, avar rastfass, dns gapt e` pusdj`o tda a`vafepa. _dnt Js Fjia5 prasa`ts tda knsa ier n` ava` anrfjar avefutje`nry iusje` ei bnktarjn spakjas. Cnroufjs dns keca te ba ke`vj`kam tdnt sukd sycbjetjk erjoj`s ei `evaf fjia iercs ("sycbjeoa`asjs") dns baa` inr cera keiju`e` tdn` avar mranct by avefutje`nry bjefeojsts staapam j` tda Mnrwj`jn` trnmjtje`-n trnmjtje` tdnt acpdnsjzas kecpatjtje` inr cera tdn` keeparntje` j` tda avefutje`nry prekass. [ycbjeoa`asjs js Cnroufjs's ka`trnf ke`trjbutje` te tda avefutje`nry mjnfeoua, wdjkd dns bakeca a`rjkdam

 

xtv

Ierawerm

tdreuod dar aiierts te saa tda orn`m jcpfjkntje`s fnta`t j` tda djstery ei tda cjkrebjnf werfm. But tdara js cera te tda Cnroufjs-[non` kn`e` tdn` ava` tdasa preieu`mfy `aw, n`m darateiera u`mranct, pdjfesepdjas. ]jrafass kdncpje`s ei tda cjkrebjnf werfm, tda nutders dnva fnberam cjodtjfy j` n` nfcest pubfjk-rafntje`s sa`sa, strjvj`o te ravanf tda jcca`safy mjvarsa nrrny ei cjkreeron`jscs. Ier r`jkrebas wjff `et e`fy j`darjt tda anrtd (sdeufm, ier axncpfa, wa kecpfax cuftjkaffufnr

kranturas inff pray te tda `axt spnsc

ei

cnss axtj`ktje`)7 cjkrebas

oet dara fe`o baiera wa mjm, n`m j` n vary ranf sa`sa tday nfranmy "ew`," n`m cest kartnj`fy ru`, tda ofebnf systac. ]day ijx n`m rakykfa `jtreoa` n`m knrbe` n`m etdar assa`tjnf afaca`ts etdarwjsa u`nvnjfnbfa te eur bemjas7 tday premuka exyoa`, `nturnf ons (catdn`a), n`m se e` n`m e`. _jtdeut tda cjkrebjnf werfm, fjO ns

wa eursafvas axparja`ka jt sjcpfy keufm `et ba. Nff ei wdjkd fjits tda Cnroufjs onza irec tda cjkreskepjk te tda ofebnf< Anrtd trufy js n fjvj`o systac, n ofebnffy pufsj`o ncnfonc ei eron`jscs n`m tda pdysjknf "j`n`jcnta" werfm. _datdar er `et e`a kdeesas te knff tdjs systac "Onjn" n`m pre`eu`ka jt ns nfjva ns n`y eron`jsc meas `et, j` n preieu`m sa`sa, ranffy cnttar. Ier j` ranmj`o _dnt g Fjia5 wa saa, kfanrfy n`m sjcpfy, tdnt tda ofebnf systa`f fj`gj`o fjO wjtd tda pdysjknf ranfc trufy meas axjst, n`m tdnt wa ducn`s, maspjta nppanrn`kas n`m pretastntje`s te tda ke`trnry, nra stjff vary cukd n pnrt ei tdnt systac. _djkd tngas us bnkg te tda uftjcnta vnfua ei baj`o nwnra ei eur ew` axjsta`ka. Ns wa ranm _dnt Js F ia5, wa tdj`g nbeut fjia's rjeteus mjvarsjty n`m avefutje`'s axubarn`ka, n`m wa ranfjza tdnt tda ofebnf systac, nff tdnt fjia, n`m, j` tda a`m, eur vary ew` axjsta`ka, nra vary cukd u`mar tdrant-irec eur vary ew` safvas. _dnt Js Fjia5 ker`bj`as tda strn`oar-tdn`-ijktje` ranfjtjas ei tda fjvj`o werfm wjtd tda gj`m ei j`taffaktunf ierka tdnt kn` ravanf `aw u`mrancr pdjfesepdjas. Jt yjafms tda u`marstn`mj`o wa se masparntafy `aam ji wa nra te ke`ire`t tda ceu`tj`o tdrant wa ducn`s pesa te tda ofebnf

 

@jfas Afmramoa S

xv

akesystac ns wa kress evar tda cjffa``jnf mjvjma. G`ewfamoa js pewar, n`m _dnt g FjLa5 aqujps us wjtd n` u`marstn`mj`o ei tda fjvj`o werfm tdnt wa se masparntafy `aam ji wa-nfe`o wjtd tda

werfm's akesystacs-nra te survjva. @jfas Afmramoa Ncarjkn` Cusauc ei @nturnf Djstery

 

FJIA< ]DA A]AR@NF A@JOCN

Fjia js secatdj`o amjbfa, fevnbfa, er fatdnf. -,NCA[ A. FEYAFEKG

Fjia js `et n tdj`o er n ifujm n`y cera tdn` dant js. _dnt wa

ebsarva nra seca u`usunf sats ei eblakts sapnrntam irec

tda rast ei tda werfm by kartnj` pakufjnr prepartjas sukd ns orewtd, rapremuktje`. n`m spakjnf wnys ei dn`mff`o a`aroy. ]dasa eblakts wa afakt

te knff "fjvj`o tdj`os."

REBAR] CERJ[E@

J@ ]DA [XJRJ] EI [KDREMJ@OAR

Dnfi n ka`tury noe, baiera tda mjskevary ei M@N, tda Nustrjn` pdysjkjst n`m pdjfesepdar Arwj` [kdremj`oar j`spjram n oa`arntje` ei skja`tjsts by rapdrnsj`o ier tdac tda tjcafass pdjfesepdjknf quas-

tte`< _dnt fs Fjia5 (ijo. ,). J` djs kfnssjk >:== beeg banrj`o tdnt tjtfa, [kdremj`oar nrouam tdnt, maspjta eur "ebvjeus j`nbijty" te maij`a jt, fjia weufm ava`tunffy ba nkkeu`tam ier by pdysjks n`m kdacjstry. Fjia, [kdremj`oar dafm, js cnttar wdjkd, fjga n krystnf-n strn`oa, "nparjemjk krystnf"-rspants jts struktura ns jt orews. But fjia js inr cera inskj`ntj`o n`m u`pramjktnbfa tdn` n`y krystnffjzj`o cj`arnf< ]da mjiiara`ka j` struktura js ei tda snca gj`m ns tdnt barwaa` n` ermj`nry wnffpnpar j` wdjkd tda snca pnttar` js rapantam nonj` n`m nou` j` raoufnr parjemjkjry n`m n cnstarpjaka ei acbrejmary, sny n Rnpdnaf tnpastry, wdjkd sdews `e muff rapatjtje`, but n` afnbernta, kedara`t, can`j`oiuf masjo` trnkam by tda orant cnstar.f

 

_dnt fs Fjia5

IJKQRA >. Arwj` [kdremj`oar< n pdysjkjst wdesa acpdnsjs e` tda pdysjekdacjknf

`ntura ei fjia dafpam j`spjra tda mjskevary ei M@N n`m tda cefakufnr bjefeojknf ravefutje`.

[kdrkjmj`oar,

n

@ebaf fnuranta, ravaram fjia j` nff jts cnrvafeus kec-

pfaxjry. J`maam, nftdeuod da mavjsam tda wnva aqunrje` tdnt dafpam ojva qun`tuc cakdn`jks tdaery n ijrc cntdacntjknf bnsjs, da `avar ke`kajvam ei fjia

sjcpfy n cakdn`jknf pda`eca`e`. Eur beeg, nmmrassj`o fjia's iuff`ass wjtdeut snkrjijkj`o n`y skja`ka, rapremukas `et e`fy [kdremj`oar's tjtfa but nfse, wa depa, djs spjrjt. _a dnva trjam te put tda fjia bnkg j`te bjefeoy. ns

_dnt js fjia5 js surafy e`a ei tda efmasr quasrje`s. _a fjva. _apaepfa, bjrms, ifewarj`o pfn`ts, ava` nfona ofewj`o j` tda ekan` nt `jodt-mjiiar irec staaf, rekgs, j`n`jcnta cnttar. -_a nra nfjva. But wdnt meas jt can` te fjva, te ba nfjva, te ba n mjskrata baj`o nt e`ka pnrt ei tda u`jvarsa but sapnrntam irec jt by eur sgj`5 _dnt js fjia5 ]decns Cn`` (r 4 ? 1- r : 1 1) onva n` nmcjrnbfa, ji fjtarnry, n`swar j` tda `evaf ]da Cnog Ceu`tnj`< '_dnt

wns fjia5

@e e`a g`aw. Jt wns u`meubtamfy nwnra ei jtsafi, se

see` ns jt wns fjO7 but jt mjm `er g`ew wdnt jt wns . . . jt wns `et cnrtar n`m jt wns `et spjrjt, but secatdj`o barwaa` tda rwe, n pda`ec-

a`e` ke`vayam by cnttar, fjga tda rnj`bew e` tda wntarinff, n`m fjga tda ifnca. Zat wdy `et cnrarjnf5-jr wns sa`rja`r te tda pej`t ei ma-

 

Fjia< ]da Atar`nf A`jocn

J

n

sjra n`m mjsoust, tda sdncafass`ass ei cnttar bakeca sa`sjbfa ei jtsafi, tda j`ke`tj`a`t ierc ei baj`o. Jt wns n sakrat n`m nrma`t stjrrj`o j` tda ireza` kdnstjty ei tda u`jvarsnf7 jt wns n stefa` n`m vefuptueus jcpurjry ei sukgj`o n`m sakratj`o7 n` axdnfntje` ei knrbe`jk ons n`m

cntarjnf jcpurjtjas ei cystarjeus erjoj` n`m kecpesjtje`.2

Eur n`kasters ieu`m spjrjts n`m oems avarywdara, n`jcnrj`o nff ei `ntura. @et e`fy wara tda traas nfjva but se wns tda wj`m dewfj`o nkress tda snvn``n. Xfnte, j` djs mjnfeoua f-nws,'snjm tdnt tdesa parOkt baj`os, tda pfn`ats, trnvaf nreu`m Anrtd vefu`tnrjfy j` kjrkfas.

CamjavnfAurepan`s bafjavam tda cjkrekesc, tda scnff werfm ei tda parse`, cjrreram tda cnkrekesc, tda u`jvarsa7 betd wara pnrt cnttar n`m pnrt spjrjt. ]djs n`kja`t vjaw fj`oars j` tda n`jcnfs ei tda zemjnk n`m j` tda nstrefeojknf `etje` tdnt kafastjnf bemjas j`ifua`ka cu`mn`a e`as. J` tda sava`taa`td ka`tury tda Oarcn` nstrefeoar-nstre`ecarLedn``as Gapfar (r 1?r-r9;e) knfkufntam tdnt pfn`ats j`kfumj`o Anrtd trnvaf nreu`m tda su` j` affjpsas. @avartdafass, Gapfar (wde wreta ns

tda ijrst werg ei skja`ka ijktje` n`m wdesa cetdar wns nrrastam n wjtkd) bafjavam tdnt tda stnrs j`dnbjt n tdraa-gjfecatar-tdjkg sdaff inr baye`m tda sefnr systac. Da ke`sjmaram Anrtd n brantdj`o, racacbarj`o, dnbjt-iercj`o ce`star. Nftdeuod Gapfar's vjaw ei n fjvj`o Anrtd `ew saacs wdjcsjknf, da racj`ms us tdnt skja`ka js ns-

ycptetjk< jt `avar nrrjvas nt but e`fy npprenkdas tda tn`tnfjzj`o oenf ei ij`nf g`ewfamoa. Nstrefeoy ojvas wny te nstre`ecy7 nfkdacy avefvas j`te kdacjstry. ]da skja`ka ei e`a noa bakecas tda cytdefeoy ei tda `axt. Dew wjff iutura tdj`gars nssass eur ew` jmans5 ]djs cevaca`t ei tdeuodt-ei fjvj`o baj`os quastje`j`o tdacsafvas n`m tdajr surreu`mj`os-js nt tda danrt ei tda n`kja`t quastje` ei wdnt jt can`s te ba nfjva. bnktarjuc te bjespdara-cnj`tnj`s by cngj`o cera ei jtsafi. _a iekus e` safi-cnj`ta`n`ka j` eur ijrst kdnXtar. @axt, j` kdnptar 2, wa trnka vjaws ei fjia irec vary anrfy e` tdreuod Aure-

Fjia-irec

 

=

_dnt fs Fjia5

pan` cj`m-bemy munfjsc n`m tda` te `femar` skja`tjijk cntarjnfjsc. Kdnptar ; axpferas fjia's erjoj`s n`m jts cacery-fjga prasarvntje` ei tda pnst. Eur n`kasters-tda bnktarjn tdnt breuodt Anrtd's surinka te fjia-nra Onturam j` kdnptar =.

]dreuod sycbjetjk caroars, bnktarjn avefvam j`te tda pretjsts ei kdnptar 1. Xretjsts nra u`jkaffs, j`kfumj`o nfona, ncabns, kjfjntas, n`m etdar pestbnktarjnf kaffs wjtd arerjk dnbjts n`tjkjpntj`o eur ew`< tday avefvam j`te cuftjkaffam baj`os axparja`kj`o sax n`m mantd. _a knff tda u`jkaffufnr pretjsts, teoatdar wjtd tdajr kfesa cuftjkaffufnr rafntjvas-seca ei wdjkd nra vary fnroa-pretektjsts. ]da bnktarjn

tdnt iercam pretektjsts wara te dnva n spaktnkufnr iutura. ]day

baknca n`jcnfs (kdnptar 9), iu`oj (kdnptar ?), n`m pfn`ts (kdnprar 4). J` tda fnst kdnptar wa pursua tda u`ertdemex but kecce`sa`sjknf jman tdnt fjia-`et lust ducn` fjia but nff fjia-js iraa te nkt n`m dns pfnyam n` u`axpaktamfy fnroa pnrt j` jts ew` avefutje`.

FJIA'[ BEMZ

Fjia, nftdeuod cntarjnf, js j`axtrjknbfa irec tda badnvjer ei tda fjvj`o. Maiyj`o maij`jtje`-n werm tdnt can`s "te ijx er cnrg tda fjcjts ei"-fjvj`o kaffs ceva n`m axpn`m j`kassn`tfy. ]day evarorew

tdajr beu`mnrjas7 e`a bakecas rwe bakeca cn`y. Nftdeuod axkdn`oj`o n orant vnrjary ei cntarjnfs n`m keccu`jkntj`o n duoa qun`tjty ei j`iercntje`, nff fjvj`o baj`os uftjcntafy sdnra n kecce` pnst. Xardnps ava` cera tdn` [kdremj`oar's "nparjemjk krystnf," fjia rasacbfas n

irnktnf-n masjo` rapantam

nt fnroar er scnffar sknfas. Irnk-

tnfs, banutjiuf ier tdajr mafjknky n`m surprjsj`o j` tdajr nppnra`t kec-

pfaxjry nra premukam by kecputars, ns ornpdjks preorncs jrarnra, er rapant, n sj`ofa cntdacntjknf eparntje` tdeusn`ms ei tjcas. ]da "irnktnfs" ei fjia nra kaffs, nrrn`oaca`ts ei kaffs, cn`y-kaffam er-

ei eron`jscs, n`m akesystacs ei keccu`jtjas. Rapantam cjffje`s ei tjcas evar tdeusn`ms ei crffje`s ei yanrs, tda prekassas ei fjia dnva fam te tda we`mariuf, tdraa-mjca`sje`nf on`jscs, keccu`jtjas

pnttar`s saa` j` eron`jscs, djvas, kjtjas, n`m pfn`atnry fjia

ns n

wdefa.

 

Fjia< ]da Atar`nf A`jocn Fjia's bemy js n va`aar ei orewj`o n`m safi-j`tarnktj`o cnttar a`knsj`oAnrtd. ]wa`ty gjfecatars tdjkg, jts tep js tda ntcespdara n`m jts bettec js ke`tj`a`tnf rekg n`m ekan` maptds. Fjia's bemy js fjga

tru`g. E`fy jts eutarcest tjssuas orew. fL`fass pretaktam by takd`efeoy, jtsafi n` axta`sje` ei fjia, n`y j`mjvjmunf racevam irec tda fjvj`o spdara js meecam. n traa

Fjia,

ns

inr

ns js

g`ew`,

js

fjcjtam te tda surinka ei tdjs tdjrm pfn`at

irec tda su`. Ceraevar, fjvj`o cnttar uttarfy mapa`ms e` tdjs su`, n camjuc-sjzam stnr

j` tda eutbnkg ei tda Crfgy'_ny Onfnxy. Fass

tdn` e`a parka`t ei tda sefnr a`aroy tdnt strjgas Anrtd js mjvartam te fjvj`o prekassas. But wdnt fjia meas wjtd tdnt e`a parka`t js ns-

teu`mj`o. Inbrjkntj`o oa`as n`m eiisprj`o irec wntar, sefnr a`aroy, n`m njr, iastjva yat mn`oareus iercs cj`ofa n`m mjvaroa, trn`sierc n`m peffuta, sfnuodtar n`m `urtura, tdranta` n`m evarkeca. Can`wdjfa, tda bjespdara jtsafi, subtfy kdn`oj`o wjtd tda kecj`os n`m oej`os ei j`mjvjmunf spakjas, fjvas e` ns jt dns ier cera tdn` ;,eee

cjffje` yanrs. N@JCJ[C Y[. CAKDN@J[C

Ji yeu wjsd te, yeu kn` rankd ier n ofnss ei wntar er s`np tdjs beeg sdut. Irec tda axparja`ka ei wjffj`o eur bemjas te ceva knca n`jcjsc< tda vjaw tdnt wj`ms keca n`m oe, rjvars ifew, n`m kafastjnf bemjas ounrm tda danva`s baknusa secatdj`o j`sjma ankd wjffs tda cevaca`t. J` n`jcjsc nff tdj`os, `et e`fy n`jcnfs, nra saa` te ba j`dnbjtam by n` j``ar, n`jcntj`o spjrjt. Iercnfjzam j` pefytdajstjk rafjoje`, tda cuftjpfjkjry ei oems-n cee` oem, Anrtd oem, su` oem, wj`m oem, n`m se

e`-wns

rapfnkam

j`

Jsfnc, Lumnjsc,

n`m Kdrjstjn`jty by n sj`ofa oem wde krnitam tda werfm. _.j`ms n`m

rjvars n`m kafastjnf bemjas fest tdajr wjff, but fjvj`o eron`jscsaspakjnffy ducn`s-ratnj`am tdajrs. Ij`nffy, tda fnst eutpests ei n`jcjsc-fjvj`o eron`jscs-yjafmam te tda pdjfesepdy ei cakdn`jsc. Cetje` `aam `et jcpfy n`y j``ar ke`skjeus`ass7 tda preornc keufm dnva baa` "bujft j`" by n kranter. _j`m-up teys n`m nutecntam cemafs ei tda sefnr systac suo-

 

_dnt fs Fjia5 oastam te tdajr j`va`ters tdnt ava` fjvj`o tdj`os cny ba ke`struktjbfa

irec fjOfass cakdn`jscs, subtfa ke`kanfam sprj`os, tj`y u`saa` puffays, favars, keos, n`m oanrs. Kecpnrj`o ifewj`o bfeem te n dymrnufjk systac, tda danrt te n pucp, A`ofjsd pdysjkjn` '_jffjnc Dnrvay ^ 1?4*>9=?) mjskevaram kjrkufntje` ei tda bfeem. [kja`tjsts sfautdam eut tda werfm's sakrat cakdn`jscs, pnrt ei n` evarnff masjo`. @nturnf djstery ravanfam tda werfm te ba n ojn`t cakdn`jsc cnma nkkermj`o te tda cj`m ei n` ec`jprasa`t, ec`jpeta`t oem.

@awte` (t9=2-r?2?) N mavetam stuma`t ei nfkdacy, skrjptura, n`m tda ekkuft, @awte` Jsnnk

baknca tda djod prjast ei cakdn`jsc.

cnma u`pnrnffafam j``evntje`s j` eptjks, pdysjks, n`m cntdacntjks.

J` mej`o se da dafpam brjmoa tda onp irec tda camjavnf kesces te tda cemar` e`a. Axpfnj`j`o tda cetje`s ei tda pfn`ats wjtd n `aw fnw ei ornvjry @awte`'s aquntje`s sdewam tdnt tda werfm ei tda danva`s n`m tdnt ei Anrtd wara e`a n`m tda snca7 tda ierka tdnt gapt tda cee` j` erbjt wns nfse tda ierka tdnt tdums n` nppfa te tda oreu`m. [e ravanfj`o wara @awte`'s mjskevarjas ei "fnws" oevar`j`o tda a`tjra u`jvarsa tdnt te seca jt saacam da dnm-j` Gapfar's werms-"ofjcpsam tda cj`m ei Oem." J`spjram by @awte`'s n`nfysas, Xjarra-[jce` ma Fnpfnka Of=o-r42?) spakufntam tdnt, wjtd suijfkja`t j`iercntje`, tda a`tjra iutura ei tda u`jvarsa, ava` tda cest cj`uta ducn` nktje`, keufm ba pramjktam. Inr irec baj`o cevam by djmma` spjrjts, tda kafastjnf bemjas `ew saacam te ba u`mar tda oevar`n`ka ei praaxjsta`t cntdacntjknf fnws. Mjvj`a j`tarva`tje` baknca j`kransj`ofy suparifueus. Oem mjm `et `aam te ijmmfa wjtd krantje`. Da dnm krnitam jt te fnst. ]da kesces wergam jtsafi. '_jtd

n

ornsp ei ornvjtntje`'s kescjk swaap, skja`tjsts wara spurram

te axpfera pda`eca`n e`ka ke`sjmaram baye`m ducn` kecpra-

da`sje`. Afaktrjkjry n`m cno`atjsc, seu`m n`m kefers, rnmjntje` n`m dant, axpfesje` n`m kdacjknf kdn`oa wara nff maskrjbam wjtd n` aya

te tdajr u`marfyj`o u`jty. Eptjknf j`struca`ts, tafaskepa n`m cjkreskepa, prasa`tam iercarfy u`saa` werfms ei tda vary inr n`m tda vary `anr. Axparjca`t n`m krjtjkjsc rapfnkam bfj`m nkkaptn`ka ei

 

Fjia< ]da Atar`nf A`jocn J kfnssjknf nutderjry n`m mjvj`afy ravanfam

\

trutd. [kja`tjsts kenxam `n-

tura te yjafm seca ei dar cest prjvnta sakrats. Exyoa`'s refa j` ijra, fjodt`j`o ns afaktrjknf mjskdnroa, ornvjry ns tda j`vjsjbfa ierka knus-

j`o tda tjmas n`m nttrnktj`o tda cee` j`te Anrtd's erbjt-e`a by e`a `ntura fnjm mew` dar knrms. fL`mar tda spaff ei tda cakdn`jknf werfmvjaw, tda n`kja`t nfkdacjknf mranc ei sdnpj`o `ntura te ducn` wjff baknca takd`efeojknf ranfjry. Nitar ka`turjas ei ducn`s cammfj`o wjtd stancy ke`-

kektje`s j` n Inustjn` quast te ba oemfjga, tda` n >:1; mjskevary saacam te ravanf tda vary sakrat ei fjia. Fjia wns kdacjknf n`m tda cntarjnf bnsjs ei daramjry wns M@N, wdesa dafjknf n`m stnjrknsa-

fjga struktura cnma kfanr dew cefakufas kepjam tdacsafvas. J`maam, tda "nparjemjk krystnf" tdnt [kdremj`oar dnm pramjktam wns u`kn`-

`jfy sjcjfnr te tda meubfa dafjx ijrst maskrjbam by tdaA`ofjsd kdacjst Irn`kjs Krjkg n`m Ncarjkn` wdjz gjm Lncas M. '_ntse`. Rapfjkntje` wns `e fe`oar badefma` te n cystarjeus "vjtnf prj`kjpfa"7 jt wns tda strnjodtierwnrm rasuft ei j`tarnktj`o cefakufas. ]da maskrjptje` ei dew M@N inbrjkntam n kepy ei jtsafi eut ei ermj`nry knrbe`, `jtreoa`, n`m pdespderus ntecs wns pardnps tda cest spaktnkufnr ei nff cakdn`jsc's sukkassas. But pnrnmexjknffy, tdjs sukkass ber` ei safi-mjraktam cj`ms saacam te pertrny fjia-j`kfumj`o tda skja`tjsts tdacsafvas-ns tda rasuft ei ntecs j`vefu`tnrjfy j`tarnkt-

j`o nkkermj`o te kdn`oafass n`m j`vjefnbfa kdacjknf fnw. Bat'evaa` tdasa rwe axtracas-tda a`tjra u`jvarsa ns nfjva, n`m tda fjvj`o eron`jsc ns kdacjknf n`m pdysjknf cnkdj`a-fjas tda pn`erncn ei epj`je`. But js tdara `et secatdj`o wre`o wjtd betd

tda cakdn`jzntre` ei fjia n`m tda vjtnfjzntje` ei cnttar5 ]da werfm ns n vnst cnkdj`a injfs te nkkeu`t ier eur ew` safi-

tda cakdn`jknf werfmvjaw ma`jas kdejka. Cakdn`jscs, nitar nff, me`'t nkt7 tday rankt. N`m cakdn`jscs, ceraevar, me`'t keca j`te axjsta`ka e` tdajr ew`. ]da nssucptje` tdnt tda u`jvarsa js n cakdn`jsc jcpfjas tdnt jt wns cnma nkkermj`o te seca ducn`fjga masjo`-tdnt js, by seca nwnra`ass n`m safi-matarcj`ntje` baknusa

fjvj`o kranter. J` etdar werms, sukkassiuf

ns

jt js, tda skja`tjijk cakd-

 

4 J

wdnt ts Fjia5

n`jstjk werfmvjaw js maapfy catnpdysjknf7

jt

js reetam j` rafjojeus

nssucptje`s.

]da n`jcjstjk vjaw ei tda kesces ns n duoa eron`jsc js nfse ifnwam. Jt bfurs tda mjstj`ktje`s nce`o wdnt js fjvj`o, wdnt js manm, n`m wdnt dns `avar baa` nfjva. Ji avarytdj`o wara nfjva, tdara weufm ba `e j`tarast j`-n`m skja`tjsts `avar weufm dnva mjskevaram tda

rapfjkntjva kdacjstry ei-fjib. _a tdus ralakt cakdn`jsc ns `njva n`m n`jcjsc ns u`skja`tjijk. Ava` se, fjia, ns n` acaroa`t badnvjer ei cnttar n`m a`aroy, js bast g`ew` by skja`ka. [kdrkjmj`oar wns kerrakt j` nmvekntj`o n sanrkd ier tda pdysjkekdacjknf u`marpj``j`os ei fjia. [e nra'_nrse` n`m

Krjkg n`m etdar pdysjkjsts n`m cefakufnr bjefeojsts wde dnjf tda

struktura ei M@N ns n gay te fjO's sakrats. Fjga n` u`kejfj`o sprj`o pusdj`o tda seit oanrs ei fjia, M@N kepjas jtsafi ns jt mjrakts tda cng-

j`o ei pretaj`s tdnt teoatdar ierc tda faepnrm's spets, tda spruka traa's ke`a, n`m fjvj`o bemjas j` oa`arnf. fL`marstn`mj`o dew M@N wergs cny ba tda orantast skja`tjijk brangtdreuod j` djstery. @e`atdafass, `ajtdar M@N `er n`y etdar gj`m ei cefakufa kn`, by jtsafi. axpfnj` fjia. LN@Q[ NCE@O ]DA KA@]NQR[

]da Ncarjkn` nrkdjtakt R. Bukgcj`star Iuffar (r 4:1-r:4;) nppfjam "sy`aroy" (irec Oraag sy`aroes, wergj`o teoatdar) te maskrjba a`-

cera tdn` tda suc ei tdajr pnrts. Irec n skja`tjijk stn`mpej`t, fjia, feva, n`m badnvjer nppanr te ba sy`arojstjk pda`eca`n. _da` kartnj` kdar`jknfs-j` wntar n`m j` ejf-knca teoatdar fe`o noe, fjia wns tda rasuft. [y`aroy nfse ijts tda acartjtjas tdnt badnva

ns

oa`ka ei pretjst kaffs irec bnktarjn, n`m ei n`jcnfs irec sukd kaffs. ]da kecce` vjaw js tdnt fjia avefvas by rn`mec oa`atjk kdn`oa

tdnt js, ceraevar, matrjca`tnf cera eita` tdn` `et. Kdn`ka cutntje`s, bfj`m n`m u`mjraktam, nra teutam ns tda fanmj`o seurka ei ave-

futje`nry `evafry. _a (n`m n orewj`o ke`tj`oa`t ei fjga-cj`mam stuma`ts ei fjia) me `et a`tjrafy noraa. Orant onps j` avefutje` dnva

 

Fjia< ]da Atar`nf A`jocn

[

S baa` fanpam by sycbjetjk j`kerperntje` ei pravjeusfy raij`am kecpe`a`ts-kecpe`a`ts tdnt dnva baa` de`am j` sapnrnta fj`anoas. Avefutje` meas`'t stnrt n`aw ankd tjca n `aw fjia ierc nppanrs. Xraaxjstj`o cemufas, wdjkd tur` eut te ba prjcnrjfy bnktarjn, nfranmy oa`arntam by cutntje` n`m ratnj`am by `nturnf safaktje`, keca teoatdar n`m j`tarinka. ]day ierc nffjn`kas, caroars, `aw eron`jscs,

wdefa `aw kecpfaxas tdnt nkt n`m nra nktam e` by `nturnf safaktje`. But `nturnf safaktje` by jtsafi kn``et oa`arnta n`y avefutje`nry j``evntje`, ns Kdnrfas Mnrwj` (r 4e:-r 4:2) wns waff nwnra. @nturnf safaktje`, rntdar, rafa`tfassfy prasarvas tda iercar raij`aca`ts n`m `awfy oa`arntam `evafry by kuffj`o tdesa fass nbfa te fjva er rapremuka. Bjetjk peta`tjnf-fjia's ta`ma`ky te rapremuka ns cukd ns

pessjbfa-tngas knra ei tda rast. But ijrst, `evafty cust nrjsa irec secawdara. W` sy`aroy `ve mjstj`kt iercs keca teoatdar te cnga n surprjsj`o `aw tdjrm e`a. Kewbeys, ier axncpfa, sattfam tda Ncarjkn`-_ast. [eca `ntjva Ncarjkn`s parkajvam tda ducn`-dersa j`vnmars ns ka`tnurstwe-danmam, cuftjfjcbam baj`os. ]da `evafjst n`m pdjfesepdar Nrtdur Geastfar (r:e1-r:4;) dns knffam tda keaxjsta`ka ei scnffar baj`os j` fnroar wdefas "defnrkdy."< Cest paepfa, by ke`trnst, tdj`g tdnt fjia e` Anrtd js djarnrkdjknf, n orant kdnj` ei baj`o wjtd ducn`s e` tep. Geastfar's kej`noa js iraa ei jcpfjkntje`s ei "djodar" er ei e`a ei tda ke`stjtua`t ke`stjtua`ts s j` tda defnrkdy secadew ke`treffj`o tda etdars. ]da ke`stjtua`ts, tee, wara ojva` n `aw `nca by Geastfar. @et carafy pnrts, tday nra "de>e`s"-wdefas tdnt nfse iu`ktje` ns pnrts. J` djs catnpdysjknf ns waff ns tarcj`efeojknf ratdj`gj`o, Geastfar j`vegam tda meubfa-inkamLn`us, wde j` Recn` cytdefeoy wns tda oem ei pertnfs n`m tda pntre` ei baoj``j`os n`m a`mj`os. J` eur vjaw, lust ns sjcuftn`aeusfy feegs bnkgwnrm n`m ierwnrm, se ducn`s nra Ln`us `et nt tda dajodt ei krantje` but pej`t munffy te tda scnffar ranf`r ei kaffs n`m tda fnroar mecnj` ei bjespdara. Fjia e` Anrtd js `et n krantam djarnrkdy but n` acaroa`t defnrkdy nrjsa` irec tda safi-j`mukam sy`aroy ei kecbj`ntje`, j`tarinkj`o, n`m raker`bj`ntje`.

 

_dnt fs Fjia5 BFQA LA_AF

]da bast pnrt ei n leur`ay kn` ba ratur`j`o. By sa`mj`o ce`gays n`m knts j`te erbjt, paepfa te tda cee`, n`m rebets te Ya`us n`m Cnrs, ducn`gj`m dns mavafepam n `aw raspakt ier, n`m n maapar u`marstn`mj`o ei, fjia e` Anrtd. J` r:9r tda [evjat fL`je`'s Yesteg J knrrjam tda ijrst ducn` j`te erbjt nreu`m Anrtd. [j`ka tda`, onzj`o "mew`" nt tdjs turquejsa

erb-va`turj`o eut e` n spnkawnfg ns ji nbeut te lucp irec tda werfm's djodast mjvj`o benrm-kesce`nuts n`m nstre`nuts dnva orepam ier werms tdnt me lustjka te tdajr axparja`ka. Auoa`a N. Kar-

`n`, n` nstre`nut

ei betd tda Oacj`j n`m Npeffe fu`nr

cjssje`s,

n`m tda fnst parse` te wnfg e` tda cee`, maskrjbas tda vjaw<

_da` yeu nra j`Anrtd erbjt feegr`o mew` yeu

saa fngas,

rjvars, pa`j`-

. . . Zeu qujkgfy ify evar kdn`oas j` tepeornpdy, fjga tda s`ewkevaram ceu`tnj`s er masarts er trepjknf bafts-nff vary vjsjbfa. Zeu pnss tdreuod n su`rjsa n`m su`sat avary `j`aiy r`j`utas. '_da` yeu sufns.

fanvaAnrtd erbjt . . . yeu kn`

saa

irecpefa te pefa n`m ekan` te ekan`

wjtdeut ava` tur`j`oyeur danm. . . . Zeu fjtarnjfy saa @ertd n`m [eutd Ncarjkn oe nreu`m tda ker`ar ns Anrtd tur`s e` n` nxjs yeu kn`'t saa n`m tda` cjrnkufeusfy Nustrnfjn, tda` Nsjn, tda` nff ei Nr`arjkn kecas te rapfnka tdac. . . . Zeu baoj` te saa dew fjttfa wa u`marstn`m ei tjca. . . . Zeu nsg yeursafi, wdara nc J j` spnka n`m tjca5 Zeu wntkd tda su` sat evar Ncarjkn n`m rjsa nonj` evar Nustrnfjn. Zeu feeg bnkg "deca" . . . n`m me`'t saa tda bnrrjars ei kefer, rafjoje`, n`m pefjtjks tdnt mjvjma up tdjs werfm.n Jcnoj`a yeursafi j` erbjt. Ns yeu kjrkfa tda pfn`at avary `j`aty cj`utas, tjca n`m spnka u`maroeas n cutunf catncerpdesjs. Ornvjry

`ertd n`m seutd bakeca rafnijva. Mny ieffews `jodt j` n pntkdwerg bfa`m. ]da su` kuts tdreuod tda tdj` rjbbe` tdnt js tda ntcespdara, ifeemj`o tda knbj` ei tda spnkakrnit wjtd ram te oraa` te purpfa, tdreuod nff tda kefers ei tda rnj`bew. Zeu nra pfu`oam j`te bfnkg. Anrtd bakecas tda pfnka wdara tdara nra `e stnrs. Ji Anrtd kn` ba saa` nt nff jt js ns n ifjkgar ei tj`y fjodts-kjtjas-e` tda surinka fassa`s7

 

Fji a< ]da Atar`nf

A`jocn |

,f.|

ei tda su`-akfjpsj`o ofeba. "Mny" brangs nonj`, ravanfj`o tda kfeumifakgam bfua ekan`. Ns yeu nra lattjse`am j`te dyparparspaktjva, tda sgy js `ew bafew. Ns ji ifentj`o mrancjfy nwny irec yeur ew` bemy, yeu wntkd tda pfn`at te wdjkd yeu nra `ew tjam by e`jy tda j`vjsjbfa ucbjfjknf kerm ei ornvjry n`m tafakecr`u`jkntje`. ]da nkt ei vjawj`oAnrtd irec spnka akdeas tdnt ei n bnby ofjcpsj`o, n`m ranffy saaj`o, jtsafi j` n cjrrer ier tda ijrst tjca. ]da nstre`nut onzas upe` tda bemy ei fjia

ns n

kden`nfystLnkquas Fnkn` pesjts

j` ducn` mavafepca`t knffam

n stnoa

wdefa. ]da Ira`kd psy-

"tda r`jrrer stnoa."s ]da j`in`t, u`nbfa te ke`tref jts fjcbs, feegs j`te tda cjrrer n`m parkajvas jts wdefa bemy. Ducn`jry's lubjfn`t parkaptje` ei tda ofebnf a`vjre`ca`t raprasa`ts tda cjrrer stnoa ei eur a`tjra spakjas. Ier tda ijrst tjca wa dnva knuodt n ofjcpsa ei

eur iuff, pfn`atnry ierc. _a nra kecj`o te ranfjza tdnt wa nra pnrt ei n ofebnf defnrkdy tdnt trn`ska`ms eur j`mjvjmunf sgj`s n`m ava` ducn`jry ns n wdefa. ]afavjsje` jcnoas d ry9: ravanfam nstre`nuts beu`mj`o evar tda fu`nr must. ]da cee`, e`ka n sy`e`yc ier tda u`nttnj`nbfa, wns rankdam. N krntaram wnstafn`m, be`a-mry, tda cee` wns `avartda-

stjff mnu`tj`o j` jts fjiafass`ass. Ns tda kesr`jk parspaktjva wns brenmknst, wa decabemjas wara ojva` n iuturjstjk rjma n`m wara eiiaram n `aw vjaw ei tda werfm, n `aw werfmvjaw wjtd tda pewar te rnffy Anrtd's paepfas nreu`m n` jke` cera peta`t tdn` n`y ifno. Cacbars ei mjspnrnta rafjojeus n`m spjrjtunf trnmjtje`s keufm `ew lej` teoatdar ns kjtjza`s ei Anrtd. J`mjvjmunfs se niiaktam, tdesa wde snw tda peta`tjnf, knca te g`ew tdnt tda wdefa iercar u`marstn`mj`o ei fjia wns pnrekdjnf, n rasuft ei wdara wa fjvam. Ava` tjca wns upsat< `jodt baknca sdnmew. ]jjbnf ke`ifjkts, `ntje`nf pefjtjks, n`m tda keferam oaeornpdjk rafass

oje`s ei cnps nra j`vjsjbfa irec spnka. [kja`ka dns, ei keursa, ravanfam te us tdnt tdjs bfua lawaf erbjts but n fnkgfustar stnr j` tda

eutsgjrts ei n spjrnf onfnxy wjtd cyrjnm stnrs wjtdj` n u`jvarsa ei cyrjnm onfnxjas. Nf> eur djstery n`m kjvjfjzntje` dns trn`spjram u`mar tda onsaeus bfn`gat ei, ranffy, n cjmmfj`o pfn`at j` e`a sefnr sys-

 

>2

_dnt fs Fjia5

tac. Yeynoj`o j` spnka, wa snw Anrtd

ns

deca. But jt js cera tdn`

deca< jt js pnrt ei us. J` ke`trnst wjtd tda pnfa cee` j` tda manm sefnr systac ei eur onfnktjk suburbs, tdjs tdjrm pfn`at irec tda su`, eur Anrtd, js n bfua-n`m-wdjta ifakgam erb tdnt feegs nfjva.

J[ ]DARA FJIA E@ CNR[5

u`axpaktamfy, tda sanrkd ier fjia e` Cnrs prevjmam skja`tjijk ke`ijrcntje` ei tda "bemy" ei fjia ns n wdefa e` Anrtd. ]da Yjgj`o cjssje`, fnu`kdam j` ry?1, sa`t tvve erbjtars n`m rwe fn`mars te Cnrs. Nftdeuod ratur`j`o spaktnkufnr jcnoas ei "Cnrsknpas," tda

Yjgj`o fn`mars pariercam n sarjas ei axparjca`ts tdnt injfam te ij`m n`y avjma`ka ei Cnrtjn` >jia. Kdn``afs knrvam by n`kja`t rjvars wara saa`, iuafj`o depas tdnt avjma`ka ier pnst fjia cny yat ba ieu`m e`

tda ram pfn`at.

E`a skja`tjst, dewavar, wns nbfa te sanrkd ier fjia e` Cnrs baiera tda Yjgj`o cjssje` wns fnu`kdam. J` >:9? Lncas A. Fevafekg, A`ofjsd j`va`ter ei n mavjka tdnt cansuras kdfereifuereknrbe`s jcpfjkntam j` tda premuktje` ei eze`a defas, wns ke`suftam by tda @ntje`nf Nare`nutjks n`m [pnka Nmcj`jstrntje` (@N[N) j` jts sanrkd ier axtrntarrastrjnf fjia. @N[N wns j`tarastam j` wdnt Fevafekg's j`va`tje`, n ons-cansurj`o j`struca`t seca tdeusn`m tjcas cera sa`sjtjva te kartnj` ntcespdarjk ke`stjtua`ts tdn` n`y pravjeus mavjka, cjodt ravanf nbeut Cnrs. N` ntcespdarjk kdacjst, Fevafekg suspaktam tdnt, j` prj`kjpfa, fjia e` n`y pfn`at keufm ba mataktam by tda

kdacjknf cnrgars fait j` tdnt pfn`at's njr. Baknusa tda ke`stjtua`ts ei Cnrs's ntcespdara wara nfranmy g`ew` by tda spaktreskepjk sjo`ntura ei tda pfn`at's raifaktam fjodt, Fevafekg bafjavam tda mntn nfranmy suijjkja`t te matarcj`a wdatdar Cnrs wns n fjvj`o pfn`at. Djs

ke`kfusje`< Cnrs wns mavejm ei fjia. J`maam, da benstam wjtd djs ew` brn`m ei qujat jke`ekfnstjk cjskdjai tdnt djs pramjktje` prakfumam n`y `aam te vjsjt Cnrs nt nff n`m tdnt da keufm snva @N[N n

premjojeus suc ei ce`ay. Fevafekg dnm cansuram Anrtd's ntcespdarjk

wjtd

onsas

n kdre-

 

Fjia< ]da Atar`nf A`jocn |

,[

cnteornpd eutijttam wjtd djs `aw suparsa`sjtjva "afaktre` knptura mavjka." Da wns stnrtfam< tda kdacjstry ei Anrtd's ntcespdara, `et nt nff fjga tda ntcespdaras

ei Cnrs

n`m Ya`us, wns uttarfy

nbfa. Da ieu`m tdnt catdn`a, tda kdjai ke`stjtua`t

jcpreb-

ei `nturnf

ons

n`m prasa`t j` tda ntcespdaras ei tda ieur ojn`t pfn`ats (Lupjtar, [ntur`, (Lrn`us, n`m @aptu`a), iraafy keaxjstam j` Anrtd's ntcespdara wjtd exyoa` nt ke`ka`trntje`s cera tdn` re;s tjcas djodar tdn` axpaktam.

Catdn`a axjsts nt e`fy e`a te tvve pnrts par cjffje` j` Anrtd's ntcespdara, but ava` tdnt cj`uskufa prepertje` js inr tee djod. Catdn`a (e`a knrbe` ntec surreu`mam by ieur dymreoa` ntecs) n`m exyoa` ons (twe exyoa` ntecs) rankt axpfesjvafy wjtd ankd etdar

te oa`arnta dant, premukj`o knrbe` mjexjma n`m wntar. Exyoa`, tda sake`m cest nbu`mn`t ons j` tda ntcespdara, sdeufm tdus rankt jc-

camjntafy wjtd catdn`a te cnga tda fnttar u`mataktnbfa. Xardnps j`

tda `axt cj`uta yeu wjff mja ei nspdyxjntje` baknusa nff tda exyoa` ntecs wjff ontdar j` e`a ker`ar ei tda reec n`m yeur brnj` wjff ba maprjvam ei jts nbsefuta raqujraca`t ier exyoa` ons. [ukd n knfnr`jty js jcprebnbfa te tda pej`t ei nbsurmjry. Zat tda kdacjknf

cjxtura ei catdn`a n`m exyoa` j` tda Anrtd's njr js aqunffy irangjsd. J`maam, `et e`fy catdn`a but cn`y etdar onsas j` eur njr sdeufm `et ba mataktnbfa, ojva` stn`mnrm rufas ei kdacjknf cjxj`o. Ojva` tdajr ta`ma`ky te rankt wjtd exyoa`, seca ei eur ntcespdara's kecpe`a`ts-catdn`a, ncce`jn, sufiur onsas, catdyf kdferjma, n`m catdyf jemjma-nra inr irec kdacjknf aqujfjbrjuc. Knrbe` ce`exjma, `jtreoa`, n`m `jtreus exjma nra raspaktjvafy ta`, ta` tdeusn`m cjffje`, n`m ta` trjffje` tjcas cera nbu`mn`t tdn` kdacjstry nfe`a kn` nkkeu`t ier.

Bjefeoy, dewavar, eiiars n` n`swar. Fevafekg ranfjzam, ier j`stn`ka,

tdnt catdn`a-premu catdn`a-premukj`o kj`o bnktarjn rafansa tdjs ons j` ofebnffy sjo`jijkn`t nceu`ts. Kews ke`trjbuta catdn`a by bafkdj`o. Bafkdam catdn`a meas rankt wjtd exyoa` but, baiera jt mjsnppanrs, cera js premukam. ]da catdn`a js cnma irec ornss by bnktarjn n`m pretjsts

j` tda kew's ruca`,

n spakjnf stecnkd.

 

>=

_dnt fs Fjia5

Fjia dns cnma eur ntcespdara kdacjknffy ranktjva n`m ermarfy, wdjfa axpertj`o dant n`m mjsermar te spnka. Fevafekg cnj`tnj`am tdnt tda ntcespdara js ns djodfy ermaram ns n pnj`tam tertejsa's sdaff er n sn`m knstfa e` n masartam bankd. N`m fjia's j`vatarnta ermarj`o dns fait jts trnkas e` etdar pfn`ats. E` ze Lufy ry?9 n fn`mar wns fait e` Cnrs by tda ;.9-catrjk-te` Yjgj`o J spnkakrnit. Nftdeuod `et wdnt skja`tjsts wara feegj`o ier, tdjs cnkdj`a, sjttj`o 1?r r`jffje` gjfecatars nwny nt Kdrysa Xfn`jtjn e` ram sn`m, js tda bast, n`m se inr tda e`fy avjma`ka ei fjia e` Cnrs< sefnr-systac axpferj`o, takd`efeojknf ducn` fjia. FJIA N1 YARB

Fevafekg's n`nfysas dnva pusdam bjefeojsts te ranfjza tdnt fjia js `et ke`ij`am te tda tdj`os `ew knffam eron`jscs. [afi-trn`siercj`o, de-

fnrkdjk fjia "brangs eut" j`te `aw iercs tdnt j`kerpernta iercarfy safi-suijjkja`t j`mjvjmunfs ns j`taornf pnrts ei orantar jma`tjtjas. ]da fnroast ei tdasa favafs js tda pfn`atnry fnyar, tda bjespdara jtsafi. Ankd favaf ravanfs n mjiiara`t gj`m ei "eron`jk baj`o." ]djs js tda tarc tdnt Mnrwj` usam tdreuodeut djs epus, Erz tda Erjoj` ei [pakjas. (" Er

on`jsc," fjga "skja`tjst" n`m "bjefeoy," dnm `et yat baa` kej`am.) "Eron`jk baj`o" carjts rasurraktje` ns jt niierms tda rakeo`jtje` tdnt n "kaff" n`m tda "bjespdara" nra `e fass nfjva tdn` n` "eron`jsc."

Fjia-betd

nffy, ns tda

feknffy,

ns

bjespdara-js

n`jcnf, pfn`t, n`m cjkreba bemjas, n`m ofebn

cest j`trjknta cntarjnf pda`eca`e`. Fjia

sdews tda usunf kdacjknf n`m pdysjknf prepartjas ei cnttar, but

wjtd

n iwjst. Bankd sn`m js usunffy sjfjke` mjexjma. [e nra tda j``nrms

ei

kecputar-but n kecputar js`'t n pjfa ei sn`m. Fjia js mjstj`oujsdam `et by jts kdacjknf ke`stjtua`ts but by tda badnvjer n cnj`irnca

ei jts kdacrknfs. ]da quastje` "'_dnt js fjia5" js tdus n fj`oujstjk trnp. ]e n`swar nkkermj`o te tda rufas ei ornccnr, wa cust suppfy n `eu`, n tdj`o. But fjia e` Anrtd js cera fjga n varb. Jt rapnjrs, cnj`tnj`s, ra-krantas, n`m eutmeas jtsafi.

]djs suroa ei nktjvjry wdjkd `et e`fy nppfjas te kaffs n`m n`jcnfs

 

Fjia< ]da Atar`nf

A`jocn

>1

but te Anrtd's a`tjra ntcespdara, js j`tjcntafy ke``aktam te twe ei skja`ka's cest inceus fnws-tda fnws ei tdarcemy`ncjks. ]da ijrst fnw snys tdnt tdreuodeut n`y trn`siercntje` tda tetnf a`aroy ei n`y systac n`m jts a`vjre`ca`t js `ajtdar fest

`er onj`am. A`aroy-

wdatdar ns fjodt, cevaca`t, rnmjntje`, dant, rnmjenktjvjry kdacjknf er etdar-js ke`sarvam. But `et nff iercs ei a`aroy nra aqunf7 `et nff dnva tda snca aiOkt. Dant js tda gj`m ei a`aroy te wdjkd etdar iercs ta`m te ke`vart, n`m dant ta`ms te mjseron`jza cnttar. ]da sake`m fnw ei tdarcemy`ncjks snys tdnt pdysjknf systacs ta`m te fesa dant te tdajr surreu`mj`os. ]da sake`m fnw wns ke`kajvam murj`o tda J`mustrjnf Ravefutje`, wda` tda stanc a`oj`a raprasa`tam tda stnta-eOtda-nrt j` a`oj`aarj`o. Ira`kd pdysjkjst @jkefns Knr`et ^?:9-r4;2), njcj`o te jcpreva tda aijjkja`ky ei tda stanc a`oj`a (wdesa oevar`er cakdn`jsc wns j`va`tam byLncas _ntt Wr?;9-> 4 r:S), knca te ranfjza tdnt

dant wns nssekjntam wjtd tda cevaca`t

ei cj`uta pnrtjkfas. N`m

irec tdnt, da a`vjsje`am tda prj`kjpfa tdnt js `ew g`ew` ns tda sake`m fnw< J` n`y cevj`o er a`aroy-usj`o systac a`trepy j`kransas. J` systacs u`maroej`o kdn`oa, sukd ns stanc a`oj`as er afaktrjk tda tetnf a`aroy nvnjfnbfa js nfranmy j`, n kartnj` nceu`t ceters, n ierc tdnt js u`nvnjfnbfa ier usaiuf werg. n`m cera js ke`vartam j`te,ei Nftdeuod tda nceu`t ei a`aroy j` tda systac n`m jts a`vjre`ca`t stnys tda snca (j.a., tda ijrst fnw ei tdarcemy`ncjks, ei ke`sarvntje` ei a`aroy, defms), tda nceu`t ei a`aroy nvnjfnbfa te me werg makransas. J` kecputar skja`ka a`trepy js cansuram ns tda u`kartnj`ry j` tda j`iercntje` ke`ta`t ei n cassnoa. ]da sake`m fnw u`aqujveknffy kfnjcs tdnt j` kdn`oj`o systacs a`trepy j`kransas. jcpfyj`o tdnt dant, `ejsa, u`kartnj`ry n`m etdar sukd iercs ei a`aroy `et usaiuf ier werg, j`kransa. Ns feknf systacs fesa dant, tda u`jvarsa ns n wdefa js onj`j`o jt. Nftdeuod `et se pepufnr `ew, j` tda pnst pdysjkjsts n`m kdacjsts dnva cnma tda pramjktje` tdnt tda u`jvarsa

wjff wdjcpar eut j` n "dant mantd" ns n ke`saqua`ka ei

tda

ta`ma`ky ier a`trepy te j`kransa. Cera raka`tfy, tday dnva ava` j`va`tam tda',verm "`aoa`trepy" ier fjia, wdjkd, j` jts ta`ma`ky te j`-

 

>9

_dnt fs Fjia5

j`iercntje` n`m kartnj`ry saacs te ke`trnmjkt tda sake`m fnw. Jt meas`'t7 tda sake`m fnw defms ns fe`o ns e`a raonrms tda systac (fjia) j` jts a`vjre``aa`t. J` stanc a`oj`as, kenf wns bur`am n`m knrbe` lej`am wjtd exykransa

oa`,

n

ranktje` tdnt, oa`arntj`o dant, cnma cnkdj`a pnrts ceva. ]da

faitevar dant tdnt wns oa`arntam wns u`usnbfa. ]da dant j` n knbj` e` n s`ew-kevaram ceu`tnj` saags wjtd saa`rj`o purpesa n`y nvnjfnbfa krnkg er epa`j`o te cjx wjtd tda kefm njr eutsjma. Dant `ntu-

rnffy mjssjpntas. ]djs mjssjpntjva badnvjer ei dant jffustrntas tda sake`m fnw< tda u`jvarsa ta`ms tewnrm n` j`kransa j` a`trepy, tewnrm ava` tacparnturas avaryrvdara, ns nff tda a`aroy trn`siercs j`te usafass dant spranm se ava`fy tdnt

jt

kn` me `e werg. Dant mjssjpntje`,

wa nra usunffy tefm, rasufts irec rn`mec pnrtjkfa cetje`. But tdara nra etdar j`tarpratntje`s. [eca skja`tjsts dnva baou` te j`tarprat tda sake`m fnw's pramjfak-

tje` ier dant-a`aroy

ns

tda bnsjs ier nppnra`t purpesaiuf nktje`. Jfyn

Xrjoeoj`a, n Bafojn` @ebaf fnuranta, dafpam pje`aar tda ke`sjmarntje` ei fjia wjtdj` n fnroar kfnss ei "mjssjpntjva strukturas," wdjkd nfse j`kfumas makjmamfy `e`fjvj`o ka`tars ei nktjvjty fjga wdjrfpeefs,

N rntdar nwgwnrm tarc baknusa jt iekusas e` wdnt tda strukturas-nktunffy, systacs, `et strukturas-tdrew ter`nmeas, n`m ifncas.9

nwny rntdar tdn` wdnt tday ratnj` n`m bujfm, n mjssjpntjva systac cnj`tnj`s jtsafi, n`m `fny ava` orew, by jcpertj`o "usaiuf" iercs ei a`aroy n`m axpertj`o, er mjssjpntj`o, fass usaiuf iercs-`etnbfy, dant.

]djs tdarcemy`ncjk vjaw ei fjia nktunffy oeas bnkg te [kdrkjmj`oar,

wde nfse fjga`am fjvj`o baj`os te ifncas, "strancs ei ermar" tdnt cnj`tnj` tdajr iercs. Ncarjkn` skja`tjst Rem [wa`se` dns nrouam tdnt tda saacj`o purpesa mjspfnyam j` dant's ta`ma`ky te mjssjpnta wjtd tjca js j`tjcntafy rafntam

tda

badnvjer ei fjia iercs strjvj`o te parpatunta tdacte[wa`se`'s J` vjaw, tdjs a`trepjk u`jvarsa js pekgam by feknf raoje`s ei j`ta`sa ermarj`o, j`kfumj`o fjia, baknusa jt js tdreuod ermaram, mjssjpntjva systacs tdnt tda rnta ei a`trepy premuktje` j` tda u`jvarsa js cnxjcjzam. ]da cera fjia j` tda u`jvarsa, tda instar tdnt vnrjeus iercs ei a`aroy nra maornmam j`te dant.? safvas.

 

Fjia< ]da Atar`nf A`jocn J [wa`se`'s vjaw sdews dew fjia's saacj`o

f,

purpesa-jts saagj`o

badnvjer, jts mjraktam`ass, wdjkd pdjfesepdars knf, tafaefeoy-js raJntam te tda badnvjer ei dant. [kja`tjsts me `et ns n rufa a`mersa

jt u`skja`tjijk, n defmevar irec tda prjcjtjva mnys ei n`jr`jsc. ]afaefeoy js `avartdafass acbammam j` fn`ounoa, n`m jt kn``et n`m `aam `et ba afjcj`ntam irec tda skja`kas. ]da prapesjtje`s "te" n`m "ier," wdjkd bujfm tafaefeoy-tdnt js, purpesaiuf`ass-j`te fn`ounoa, spang ei n iutura-mjraktam`ass tdnt saacs prasa`t, te seca maoraa, j` nff fjvj`o baj`os. E`a sdeufm `et nssuca tdnt e`fy du`an`s nra iutura-erja`tam. Eur ew` ira`atjk nttacpts, n`m tdesa ei tda rast ei fjia, te survjva n`m prespar nra n tafaefeoy. ]day ke`sjmar

spakjnf, =,eee-`rjffje`-yanr-efm wny tda u`jvarsa dns eron`jzam safi "te" ebay tda sake`m fnw ei tdarcemy`ncjks.

[AFI-CNJ@]A@N@KA

jt-

Jsfn`ms ei ermar j` n` ekan`

ei kdnes, eron`jscs

nra inr suparjer te

ducn`-bujft cnkdj`as. Q`fjga Lncas'_ntts's stanc a`oj`a, ier axncpfa, tda bemy ke`ka`trntas ermar. Jt ke`tj`ueusfy safi-rapnjrs. fjvar oat n Avary ijva mnys yeu oat n `aw stecnkdjtsafi fj`j`o. Zeu `aw avary sjx waags. Avary avary r'rve ce`tds. Zeur sgj` rapfnkas yanr, :4 parka`t ei tda ntecs ei yeur bemy nra rapfnkam. ]djs `e`step kda`mknf rapfnkaca`t, catnbefjsc, js n sura sjo` ei fjia. ]djs "cnkdj`a" macn`ms ke`tj`unf j`put ei kdacjknf a`aroy n`m cntarjnfs (ieem). Kdjfan` bjefeojsts Ducbarte Cnturn`n n`m Irn`kjske Ynrafn saa

j` catnbefjsc tda assa`ka ei secatdj`o qujta iu`mnca`tnf te fjia. ]day knff jt "nutepejasjs." Kecj`o irec Oraag reets can`j`o safi (nute) n`mcngj`o (pejaj`, ns j` "peatry"), nutepejasjs raiars te fjia's ke`tj`ueus premuktje` ei jtsafi.4 _jtdeut nutepejatjk badnvjer, eron`jk baj`os me `et safi-cnj`tnj`-tday nra `et nfjva. N` nutepejatjk a`tjry catnbefjzas ke`tj`ueusfy7 jt parpatuntas

jtsafi tdreuod kdacjknf nktjvjry tda cevaca`t ei cefakufas. Nutepejasjs a`tnjfs a`aroy axpa`mjtura n`m tda cngj`o ei cassas. Nutepejasjs, j`maam, js mataktnbfa by tdnt j`kassn`t fjia kdacjstry n`m

 

>4

_dnt fs Fjia5

a`aroy ifew wdjkd js catnbefjsc. E`fy kaffs, eron`jscs cnma ei kaffs, n`m bjespdaras cnma ei eron`jscs nra nutepejatjk n`m kn` catnbefjza.

M@N js n` u`quastje`nbfy jcpertn`r cefakufa ier fjia e` Anrtd, but tda cefakufa jtsafi js `et nfjva. M@N cefakufas rapfjknta but tday me`'t catnbefjza n`m tday nra `et nutepejatjk. Rapfjkntje` js `et `anrfy ns iu`mnca`tnf n kdnrnktarjstjk ei fjia ns js nutepejasjs. Ke`sjmar< tda cufa, eiisprj`o ei n me`gay n`m n dersa, kn``et "rapfjknta." Jt js starjfa, but jt catnbefjzas wjtd ns cukd vjoer ns ajtdar ei jts pnra`ts7 nutepejatjk, jt js nfjva. Kfesar te deca, ducn`s wde `e fe`oar, `avar kn`, er sjcpfy kdeesa `et te rapremuka kn` `et ba rafaontam, by tda strnj`am tjmj`ass ei bjefeojknf maij`jtje`, te tda ranfc ei tda `e`fjvj`o. Ei keursa, tday tee nra nfjva. J` eur vjaw vjrusas nra `et. ]day nra `et nutepejatjk. ]ee scnff te safi-cnj`tnj`, tday me `et catnbefjza. Yjrusas me `etdj`o u`tjf tday a`tar n` nutepejatjk a`tjry< n bnktarjnf kaff, tda kaff ei n` n`j-

cnf, er ei n`etdar fjva eron`jsc. Bjefeojknf vjrusas rapremuka wjtdj` tdajr dests j` tda snca wny tdnt mjojtnf vjrusas rapremuka wjtdj`

kecputars. _jtdeut n` nutepejatjk eron`jk baj`o, js n cara cjxtura ei kdacjknfs7 wjtdeut n js n cara preornc.

n

bjefeojknf vjrus

kecputar,

n

mjojtnf vjrus

[cnffar tdn` kaffs, vjrusas fnkg suffjkja`t oa`as n`m pretaj`s te cnj`tnj` tdacsafvas. ]da scnffast kaffs, tdesa ei tda tj`jast bnktarjn (nbeut e`a ta`-cjffje`td ei n catar j` mjncatar) nra tda cj`jcm

nutepejatjk u`jts g`ew` temny. Fjga fn`ounoa, `ngam M@N cefakufas, er kecputar preornfrfs. vjrusas cutnta n`m avefva< but, by tdacsafvas, tday nra nt bast kdacjknf zecbjas. ]da kaff js tda scnffast u`jt ei fjia. _da` n M@N cefakufa premukas n`etdar M@N cejakufa axnktfy fjga jtsafi, wa spang ei rapfjkntje`. _da` fjvj`o cnttar, ns n kaff er ns n bemy cnma ei kaffs, orews n`etdar sjcjfnr baj`o (wjtd mjiiara`kas nttrjbutnbfa te cutnrje`, oa`atjk raker-`bj`ntje`, syc-

bjetjk nkqujsjtje`, mavafepca`tnf vnrjntje`, er etdar inkters), wa spang ei rapremuktje` (saa pfnta z). _da` fjvj`o cnttar ke`tj`uas

 

Fjia< ]da Atar`nf A`jocn J

,o

te rapremuka nftaram iercs tdnt, j` tur`, cnga nftaram eiisprj`o, wa spang ei avefutje`< kdn`oa j` pepufntje`s ei fjia iercs evar tjca. Ns Mnrwj` n`m djs faonky strass, cera rapremukj`o kaffs n`m bemjas nra premukam by bummj`o, kaff mjvjsje`, dntkdj`o, bjrtd, spera iercntje`, n`m tda fjga, tdn` kn` avar survjva. ]desa tdnt kepa fe`o a`euod te rapremuka nra "`nturnffy safaktam." Xut cera bfu`tfy, jt js `et se cukd tdnt survjvers nra safaktam ier tdajr sukkass ns tdnt tdesa wde injf te rapremuka baiera myj`o nra safaktam nonj`st.

Jma`tjty n`m safi-cnj`ta`n`ka raqujra catnbefjsc. Catnbefjk kdar`jstry (eita` knffam pdysjefeoy) prakamas rapremuktje` n`m ave-

futje`. Ier n pepufntje` te avefva, jts cacbars cust rapremuka. Zat baiera n`y eron`jk baj`o kn` rapremuka, jt cust ijrst safi-cnj`tnj`. '_jtdj` tda fjiatjca ei n kaff, ankd ei ijva tdeusn`m er se mjiiara`t pretaj`s wjff kecpfatafy j`tarkdn`oa wjtd tda surreu`mj`os tdeusn`ms ei tjcas. Bnktarjnf kaffs premuka M@N n`m R@N (`ukfajk nkjms), a`zyca pretaj`s, ints, knrbedymrntas, n`m etdar kecpfax knr-

be` kdacjknfs. Xretektjst, iu`oj, n`jcnf, n`m pfn`t bemjas nff pre-

muka tdasa n`m etdar substn`kas ns waff. But cest jcpertn`tfy, n`m ncnzj`ofy, n`y fjvj`o bemy premukas jtsafi. ]djs a`aroatjk cnj`ta`n`ka ei u`jry wdjfa kecpe`a`ts nra ke`tj`ueusfy er j`tarr`jtta`tfy ranrrn`oam, mastreyam n`m rabujft, brega` n`m rapnjram, js catnbefjsc, n`m jt raqujras a`aroy. J` nkkermn`ka wjtd

tda sake`m fnw ei tdarcemy`ncjks, nutepejatjk safi-cnj`ta`n`ka prasarvas er j`kransas j`tar`nf ermar e`fy by nmmj`o te tda "mjsermar" ei tda axtar`nf werfm, ns wnstas nra axkratam n`m dant js va`tam. Nff fjvj`o baj`os cust catnbefjza n`m tdaraiera nff cust kranta >eknf mjsermar< usafass dant, `ejsa, n`m u`kartnj`ry. ]djs js nutepejatjk badnvjer, raifaktj`o tda nutepejatjk jcparntjva raqujram ier n`y eron`jk baj`o tdnt fjvas, tdnt ke`tj`uas te iu`ktje`. ]da nutepejatjk vjaw ei fjia mjiiars irec stn`mnrm tankdj`os j` bjefeoy. Cest wrjtars ei bjefeoy taxts jcpfy tdnt n` eron`jsc axjss npnrt

irec jts a`vjre`ca`t, n`m tdnt tda a`vjre`ca`t

js cestfy n stnrjk,

`e`-

fjvj`o bnkgmrep. Eron`jk baj`os n`m a`vjre`ca`t, dewavar, j`tarwanva. [ejf, ier axncpfa, js `et u`nfjva. Jt js n cjxtura ei brega` rekg,

 

28

_dnt fs Fjia5

peffa`, iu`onf ijfnca`ts, kjfjnta kysts, bnktarjnf speras, `acntemas, n`m etdar cjkreskepjk n`jcnfs n`m tdajr pnrts. "@ntura," Nrjstema ebsarvam, "prekaams fjttfa by fjttfa irec tdj`os Fjiafass te n`jcnf fjia j` sukd n wny tdnt

jt js jcpessjbfa te matarcj`a tda axnkt fj`a ei ma-

cnrkntje`."a J`mapa`ma`ka js n pefjtjknf, `et n skja`tjijk, tarc. [j`ka fjia's erjoj`, nff fjvj`o baj`os, mjraktfy er kjrkujreusfy, dnva

baa` ke``aktam, ns tdajr bemjas n`m pepufntje`s dnva orew`. J`tarnktje`s ekkur. ns eron`jscs ke``akt vjn wntar n`m njr. Mnrwj`. j` djs Erjoj` ei [pakjas,fjga`am tda kecpfaxjry ei tdasa j`tarnktje`s te "n` a`tn`ofam bn`g"-tee kecpfax ier us ducn`s ava` te baoj`

te sert eut< "]drew up n dn`miuf ei iantdars, n`m nff inff te tda oreu`m nkkermj`o te maij`jta fnws7 but dew sjcpfa js tda prebfa`-r wdara ankd sdnff inff kecpnram te tdnt ei tda nktje` n`m ranktje` ei tda j``ucarnbfa pfn`ts n`m n`jcnfs." Zat jt js tda suc ei tdasa u`keu`tnbfa j`tarnktje`s tdnt yjafms tda fnroast favaf ei fjia< tda bfua bjespdara, j` nff tda defnrkdjk kedara`ka n`m cystarjeus orn`maur ei jts avefutje` irec tda bfnkg kesces.

]DA NQ]EXEJA]JK XFN@A]

]da bjespdara ns n wdefa js nutepejatjk j` tda sa`sa tdnt jt cnj`tnj`s jtsafi. E`a ei jts vjtnf "eron`s," tda ntcespdara, js kfanrfy ta`mam n`m `urturam. Anrtd's ntcespdara, npprexjcntafy e`a-ijitd exyoa`, mjiiars rnmjknffy irec tdnt ei Cnrs n`m Ya`us. ]da ntcespdaras ei tdasa pfn`atnry `ajodbers nra `j`a pnrts j` ta` knrbe` mjexjma7 j` Anrtd's ntcespdara, knrbe` mjexjma nkkeu`ts ier e`fy tdraa pnrts j` ta` tdeusn`m. Ji Anrtd's bjespdara wara `et cnma ei knrbe` mjexjma-ke`sucj`o baj`os (pfn`ts, nfona, n`m pdetesy`tdatjk n`m catdn`a-premukj`o bnktarjn, nce`o cyrjnm etdar fjia iercs), eur ntcespdara weufm fe`o noe dnva rankdam knrbe` mjexjma-rjkd kdacjknf stnbjfjry n`m vjrtunffy avary cefakufa knpnbfa ei ranktj`o wjtd n`etdar cefakufa weufm nfranmy dnva ranktam. J`stanm, tda kecbj`am nktjvjtjas ei nutepejatjk surinka fjia dnva fam te n` ntcespdara j` wdjkd exyoa` dns baa` cnj`tnj`am nt favafs ei nbeut 28 parka`t ier nt fanst ?ee cjffje` yanrs (ijo. z).

 

KEz :9.1% @z ;2% ]rnka onsas 8.2%

82 28.:% ]rnka onsas 8.8?%

KEz 8.E;% @2 ?:Z"

ke2 :1% @z 2.?Z" ]rnka onsas 2.;%

IJOQRA 2. Ntcespdarjk kecpnrjse` ei Anrtd n`m jts twe pfn`atnry `ajodbers. @eta tda kecpnrntjvafy djod ke`ka`trntje` ei tda axpfesjva ons exyoa` n`m tda vary few ke`ka`trntje` ei knrbe` mjexjma e` Anrtd. ]djs ntcespdarjk n`ecnfy rasufts irec tda j`kassn`t nktjvjty ei ons-axkdn`oj`o eron`jscs. ]da cj`uta pdysjefeoy ei tda kaff evar oaefeojknf tjca bakecas cno`jijam j`te tda ofebnf pdysjefeoy ei tda bjespdara.

 

22

_dnt fs Fjia5

Etdar avjma`ka ier fjia e` n pfn`atnry sknfa kecas irec nstre`ecy. Nkkermj`o te stn`mnrm nstrepdysjknf cemafs ei tda avefutje`

ei

stnrs, tda su` usam

te ba keefar tdn` jt js `ew. ]da su`'s fucj-

`esjty dns j`kransam by ; e parka`t er cera sj`ka fjia baon` e` Anrtd. Fjvj`o tdj`os kn` orew n`m rapremuka e`fy j` n fjcjtam tacparntura

wjtdj` wdjkd wntar js fjqujm. Iessjfs ei fjia cera rdn` ;,eee cjffje` yanrs efm ke`ijrc tdnt n`kja`t tacparnturas wara `et nff tdnt rn`oa

mjssjcjfnr irec tdesa pravnjfj`o temny7 etdar oaefeojknf avjma`ka suo-

fjqujm wntar wns wjmaspranm e` Anrtd nt fanst =,eee r`jffje` yanrs noe. ]da j`kransa j` tda fucj`esjry ei tda su` sdeufm dnva oasts tdnt

mrncntjknffy j`kransam tda surinka tacparntura ei Anrtd sj`ka tdesa anrfy tjcas. Baknusa `e mrncntjk j`kransa dns ekkurram-j`maam,

tda tra`m cny dnva baa` n keefj`o-jt nppanrs tdnt tda tacparntura ei tda a`tjra bjespdara dns baa` safi-cnj`tnj`am. By raspe`mj`o, fjia saacs te dnva sukkaamam j` keefj`o tda pfn`atnry surinka

te keu`tar, er cera tdn` keu`tar, tda evardantj`o su`. Cnj`fy by racevj`o irec tda ntcespdara oraa`deusa onsas (sukd ns catdn`a n`m knrbe` mjexjma) wdjkd trnp dant, but nfse by kdn`oj`o jrs sur-

inka kefer n`m ierc Hy ratnj`j`o wntar n`m orewj`o sfjca), fjia raspe`mam, prefe`oj`o jts ew` survjvnf.

Ekan`eornpdy prevjmas stjff n`etdar ofjcpsa ei tda bemy ei fjia ns n wdefa. Kdacjknf knfkufntje`s suooast tdnt snfts sdeufm nkkucufnta j` tda ekan`s te ke`ka`trntje`s parjfeus te `e`bnktarjnf iercs ei fjia. [nfts, sukd ns semjuc kdferjma n`m cno`asjuc sufinta, nra

ke`tj`ueusfy aremam irec tda ke`tj`a`ts n`m knrrjam j`te tda ekan`s by rjvars. _erfm ekan`s dnva, dewavar, racnj`am despjtnbfa te snft-sa`sjtjva eron`jscs ier nt fanst 2,eee r`jffje` yanrs. [aninrj`o

cjkreeron`jscs cny tdaraiera ba sa`sj`o n`m stnbjfjzj`o ekan` nkjmjry n`m snfj`jty favafs e` n ofebnf sknfa. Dew fjia racevas snft irer` cnrj`a wntars js ebskura. Xardnps snft ke`ka`trntje`s tee djod ier cest fjia nra fewaram, j` pnrt, by tda vjoereus pucpj`o ei semjuc, knfkjuc, n`m kdferjma eut ei kaffs n`m, j` pnrt, by iercntje` ei avnperjta ifnts. ]dasa a`krustam ijafms nra rjkd j` san snft n`m snft-fevj`o cjkrebas. ]day eita` ierc badj`m fnoee`nf bnrrjars cnma by n`j-

 

Fjia< ]da Atar`nf A`jocn J

,,

cnfs sukd ns kernfs er wda` sdjitj`o sn`ms nra trnppam by tda cukus

n`m sfjca iercam by cjkrebjnf keccu`jtjas. Ke`tj`ueus masnfj`ntje`, ji jt axjsts, cny ba pnrt ei n ofebnf pdysjefeoy. [eca avefutje`nry bjefeojsts dnva suooastam tdnt Anrtd fjia j` jts

tetnfjry kn``et ke`stjtuta n fjvj`o bemy, kn``et ba n fjvj`o baj`o, baknusa sukd n bemy keufm e`fy dnva avefvam j` kecpatjtje` wjtd etdar bemjas ei tda snca sert-prasucnbfy, etdar bjespdaras' But, j` eur vjaw, nutepejasjs ei tda pfn`at js tda nooraonta, acaroa`t preparty ei tda cn`y ons-trnmj`o, oa`a-axkdn`oj`o, orewj`o, n`m avefvj`o eron`jscs j` jt. Ns ducn` bemy raoufntje` ei tacparntura n`m bfeem kdacjstry acaroas &ec rafntje`s nce`o tda bemy's kecpe`a`t kaffs, se pfn`atnry raoufntje` avefvam irec ae`s ei j`tarnk-

tje`s nce`o Anrtd's fjvj`o j`dnbjtn`ts. Qsj`o tda a`aroy ei su`fjodt, e`fy oraa` pfn`ts, nfona, n`m kar-

tnj` oraa`- n`m purpfa-keferam bnktarjn kn` ke`vart kecpeu`ms irec surreu`mj`o wntar n`m njr j`te tda fjvj`o stuiiei tdajr bemjas. ]djs su`-a`arojzam prekass, pdetesy`tdasjs, js tda `utrjtje`nf bnsjs ier tda rast ei fjia. N`jcnfs, iu`oj, n`m cest bnktarjn iaam e` tda

purpfa n`m oraa` premukars. Xdetesy`tdasjs avefvam j` cjkrebas see` nitar tda erjoj` ei fjia. Nt avary favaf, irec cjkreba te pfn`at, eron`jk baj`os usa njr n`m wntar er etdar eron`jk baj`os te bujfm tdajr rapremukj`o safvas. Feknf akefeoy bakecas ofebnf akefeoy. Ns n kereffnry, n`m j` spjta ei A`ofjsd ornrru`nr, fjia meas `et axjst e,5 Anrtd's surinka se cukd ns jt rs Anrtd's surinka. Fjia axta`ms evar tda pfn`at tngas tda sdnpa

ns n

ke`tjoueus, but cebjfa, kevar n`m

ei tda u`marfyj`o Anrtd. Fjia, ceraevar, a`fjva`s tda

pfn`at7Anrtd, j` n vary ranf sa`sa, js nfjva. ]djs js `e vnoua pdjfesepdjknf kfnjc but rntdar n pdysjefeojknf trutd ei eur fjvas. Eron`jscs nra fass safi-a`kfesam, nute`eceus j`mjvjmunfs tdn` keccu`jtjas ei bemjas axkdn`oj`o cnttar, a`aroy, n`m j`iercntje` wjtd etdars. Ankd brantd ke``akts us te tda rast

ei tda bjespdara, wdjkd

nfse "brantdas," nf-

bajt nt n sfewar pnka. ]da bjespdara's brantd js cnrgam mnjfy by j`kransj`o knrbe` mjexjma ke`ka`trntje`s e` tda mnrg sjma ei tda ofeba n`m makransj`o ke`ka`trnrje`s e` tda fjodtam sjma. N``unf brantdj`o

 

; '3 k

e

e-

A (m e-

;>8

r

t"--

Zanrs >:98

--*--.-+..*.-*->:?8

--{-.. >:48

----.------'*f

>::8

IJkQRA ;. [anse`nf ifuktuntje`s ei knrbe` mjexjma j` tda `ertdar` dacjspdara. ]da

pangs ei tda zjoznos raprasa`t n` j`kransa j` ntcespdarjk knrbe` mjexjma murj`o succars7 tda evarnff upwnrm tra`m j`mjkntas rjsj`o favafs ei KEz mua nt fanst j` pnrt te

ducn` nktjvjty. ]djs sanse`nf n`m n``unf ifuktuntje` ei knrbe` mjexjma j` tda Anrtd's ntcespdara nttasts te " brantdj`o" e` n ofebnf sknfa. ]da tetnf knrbe` mjexjma j`kransa cny, by tda oraa`deusa aiiakt, rnjsa pfn`atnry tacparnturas te favafs j`despjtnbfa ier

ducn` baj`os-n oaepdysjefeojknf "iavar."

js cnrgam by tda pnssnoa

ei tda

sanse`s7 pdetesy`tdatjk nktrvjry gjkgs

up j` tda `ertdar` dacjspdaralust

jt js wj`mj`o mew` j` tda seutd. ]nga` nt jts orantast pdysjefeojknf axta`t, fjO fs tda pfn`atnry surinka. Anrtd js `e cera n pfn`at-sjzam kdu`g ei rekg j`dnbjtam wjtd ns

fjia tdn` yeur bemy js n sgafate` j`iastam wjtd kaffs (ijo. f fjvj`o baj`os, `et lust n`jcnfs but pfn`ts n`m cjkreeron`jscs, parkajva. ]e survjva, n` eron`jk baj`o cust

parkajva-jt

cust saag, er nt fanst rakeo`jza, ieem

n`m nvejm a`vjre`ca`tnf mn`oar.

 

CJ@ARNF[ XREMQKAM BZ FJIA GJ@KMEC[ EI ERKN@J[C[ Cj`arnfs

Bnktarjn

Xretektjstn Iu`oj

N`jcnfs

pfn`ts

KNFKJQC Knfkjuc knrbe`nta sdantd n`m ncabn n`m axtrnkaffufnr kernfs7 axtrnkaffufnr (KnKEi9=2) dnm put jt (ava` baiera Masknrtas), "j` n orant beeg wdjkd js nfwnys epa` baiera eur ayas."s Onfjfae pnjm manrfy ier djs

skja`tjijk fan`j`os. Ns qun`tjtntjva cakdn`jst, cansurar ei inffj`o bemjas, mjskevarar ei tda cee`s ei Lupjtar n`m tda retntje` ei tda su`, Onfjfae kfanram tda trnjf ier kurjeus sukkassers. Ns maijar ei peta`t pdjfesepdars n`m Kdrjstjn` tdaefeojn`s, Onfjfae prevegam tda jra ei Kdurkd nutderjtjas. Nftdeuod da wns `et, fjga Bru`e, bur`t nt tda stnga, da wns, nt noa 14, breuodt baiera tda J`qujsjtje` n`m kdnroam wjtd darasy. Onfjfae rakn`tam djs anrfjar kfnjcs se nt vnrjn`ka wjtd eiijkjnf Kdurkd mektrj`a n`m "nmcjttam" tdnt Anrtd js tda ka`tar ei tda u`jvarsa. '_nr`am nonj`st iurtdar darasy, da wns ke`mac`am te tdraa yanrs ei waagfy psnfc rakjtntje`s. Da baknca n prjse`ar j` djs ew` keu`try deca. Onfjfae's jcr`a`safy pepufnr cnstarpjaka, Mjnfeoua ei tda ]we Kdjai _erfm [ystacs, wns

bn``am-

u`tjf J 4; 4. Xepa Qrbn`YJJJ (r 194-r9==), bafjavj`o tdnt da dnm baa` cekgam ns spegascn` ei tda Kdurkd's kescefeojknf vjaws j` Onfjfae's kdnrnktar "[jcpfjkje," baon` tda ka`sersdjp. Ji Onfjfae dnm wergam u`mar Knrtasjn` parcjt da weufm dnva inram battar. ]da maveut Masknrtas nbn`me`am werg e` n beeg cn`uskrjpt j` wdjkd da wns puttj`o iertd sjcjfnr vjaws, wda` j` J9; ; da fanr`am n`m skj-

Onfjfae's ke`mac`ntje`. N`xjeus te ke`kjfjnta rafjoje` ei pdjfesepdy by meubta`ka, Masknrtas onva orant jcpatus te cemar`

j`o avarytdj`o but tda axjsta`ka ei djs ew` meubtj`o cj`m. ]da bemy wns a`tjrafy cakdn`jknf, da dafm, but ke``aktam te tda cj`m

tdreuod tda pj`anf ofn`m, n pan-sjzam struktura g`ew` nt tda tjca e`fy j` ducn` brnj`s. ]da pj`anf ofn`m nktam, Masknrtas bafjavam, ns n vnfva tdreuod wdjkd Oem wns ke``aktam te tda ducn` seuf. ]e tdjs mny tda Knrtasjn` parcjt rnffjas skja`tjsts te stumy n u`jj`vastjontje`, `, but j` tda "ij`a prj`t" js varsa tdnt js wjma epa` ier j`vastjontje

ieu`m tda axkaptje`< tda ke`skjeus ducn` seuf-wdjkd j` Masknrtas's tjca wns u`quastje`nbfy cnma j` Oem's jcnoa. Ceraevar, tda Knrtasjn` parcjt stjff ke`tnj`s j` tda ij`a prj`t tdjs nssucptje`<

tda u`jvarsa js cakdn`jknf n`m sat up nkkermj`o te jccutnbfa fnws.

 

=8

_dnt fs Fjia5

@ajtdar tda axkaptje` `er tda nssucptje` js skja`ka. Nt tda vary danrt ei tda Knrtasjn` pdjfesepdy nra tdus catnpdysjknf prasuppesjtje`s, sprj`oj`o irec tda kuftura tdnt onva rjsa te skja`ka.

Qftjcntafy-j` eur vary nbbravjntam stery-tda Knrtasjn` fjka`sa prevas te ba n gj`m ei ieroary. Nitar tdraa ka`turjas ei jcpfjkjt ra`awnf, tda fjka`sa js stjff nkkaptam ava` tdeuod tda ij`a prj`t, arnsam

er jo`eram, js `e fe`oar vjsjbfa nt nrry cno`jijkntje`. Zat tdjs ij`a prj`t wns `et j`kjma`tnf. Jt wns tda rnjse` m'9tra, tda rntje`nf bnsjs nutderjzj`o skja`tjsts ieffewj`o tda spjrjt ei Masknrtas te prekaam wjtd tdajr werg n`m te rakajva tda bfassj`os ei sekjary ji `et nfwnys tda Kdurkd. ]da Knrtasjn` vjaw ei kesces ns cnkdj`a js nt tda vary reet ei tda prnktjka ei skja`ka.

A@]ARJ@K ]DA IERBJMMA@ RANFC

-_djfa

Masknrtas keojtntam, Aurepa racnj`am u`mar tda rufa ei rey-

nfry. ]da

Gj`o n`m tda Ferm, raprasa`tj`o tda pewar n`m ermar ei

Oem, rajo`am supraca. But skja`ka see` a`taram tda ierbjmma` ranfc

ei ducn`gj`m, tda e`a pfnka jt wns `et suppesam te oe. [kja`tjijk ravafntje` ei cakdn`jsc, pnrt ei tda `aw numnkjry ei j`qujry, dafpam u`sattfa Aurepan` ce`nrkdy. Ji tda u`jvarsa cnma by Oem js n oj-

n`t nutecnte` tdnt wergs jtsafi, wdy sdeufm paepfa ebay n`y Gj`o er Ferm wdesa pewar, Oem-ojva` j` tda iaumnf systac

ei camjavnf

Kdrjstjn`jry `e fe`oar marjvam irec danva`fy makraa5 ]da djod-ber` Ira`kdcn` Me`ntja` Nfpde`sa Irn`oejs ma [nma ^?=e-r4 r=) gaa`fy iaft tda vn`jsdj`o bnsjs ier cernfjry. Ji @ntura wns n safi-parpatuntj`o

cnkdj`a n`m `e fe`oar n purvayer

ei mjvj`a nutderjry tda` jt mjm

`et cnttar wdnt da, ns tda j`inceus cnrqujs ma [nma, mjm er wreta. J` r??9 tda Brjtjsd kefe`jsts j` @ertd Ncarjkn brega iraa irec trn`sntfn`tjk rufa. J`mapa`ma`ka irec tda burma`s ei tnxas n`m reynfry wns prekfnjcam. J` r?4: tda Ira`kd Ravefutje` mapesam tda ferms n`m fnmjas ei tdajr pewars. Jrravara`t gj`o n`m strjppam tda kfnjcam Yeftnjra tdnt ji Oem mjm `et axjst jt weufm ^9:=-r??4) ba `akassnry te j`va`t djc. (N ka`tury fntar Oarcn` pdjfesepdar

 

Fest[eufs J

E't

Irjamrjkd @jatzskda Wr 4==-r:eeS weufm makfnra Oem manm.)A`ofn`m, tee, wns strukg by tda ravefutje`nry spjrjt ei tda tjca, but j` cemarntje`. Ratnj`j`o tdajr gj`o n`m quaa`, tdaA`ofjsd parkajvam tdac-

ei ermar j` n werfm oe`a cnm. A`tar Kdnrfas Mnrwj`. J` r 41: djs Erjoj` ei [pakjas

safvas n bnstje`

wns pubfjsdam,

n``eu`kj`o te tda werfm tda skja`tjijknffy marjvam j`iara`ka tdnt cn` dnm `et baa` krantam by Oem, but dnm avefvam irec cara n`jcnfs

tdreuod "`nturnf safaktje`." Mnrwj`'s fntar beegs, Maska`t ei Cn` (r 4? r) n`m Axprassje` ei Acetje`s (t4?2), axpferam tda tda`-stnrtfj`o tdasjs tdnt ducn`s n`m npas avefvam irec n`kja`t npas. Mnrwj` mekuca`tam, wjtdeut n`y axpfjkjt n`tj-Kdrjstjn` stntaca`t, tdnt `ajtdar ducn`s `er n`kastrnf npas wara krantam by Oem. ]da Orant Kdnj` ei Baj`o-tda fj`a ei defj`ass kecj`o mew` irec Oem tdreuod spjrjtunf n`oafs te ducn`gj`m n`m tda`ka te tda rast ei cakdn`jknf krantje`-wns tur`am tepsy-turvy. ]da kescjk nppfa knrt wns upsat. @e fe`oar, Mnrwj` j`sj`untam, wns Cn` axkfumam irec ke``aktje` wjtd `ntura. Ava` tda parkajvj`o r`j`m, maskrjbj`o jtsafi, avefvam irec cakdn`jknf fnws ei rn`mec vnrjntje` n`m `nturnf safaktje`. Cntarjnfjsc wns vjkterjeus. Ns j` seca cnumfj` Mjs`ay n`jcntje`, tda fnst spnrgfa ei injry stuiimjsnppanram. '_astar` tdeuodt tdus suiiaram n catnpdysjknf ravarsnf. E`ka, baiera tda axpfejts ei Bru`e n`m Onfjfae, Masknrtas n`m @awte`, n`m Mnrwj`, avarytdj`o dnm baa` nfjva, axkapt ier tda `nturnf cnojk trjkg ei mantd7 `ew, j` tda skja`tjijk-cakdn`jstjk werfm, avarytdj`o wns j`n`jcnta, manm, axkapt ier tda skja`tjijk puzzfa ei fjia. _a nff nra j`tarastam j` fjia baknusa wa g`ew jt irec tda j`sjma

ns secatdj`o cera tdn` cakdn`jknf, nutecntjk, matar`rj`am ra-

tdj`g, nkt, kdeesa. _a-n`m jt weufm ba n ke`kajt te axkfuma etdar eron`jk baj`os-nra `et @awte`jn` cnkdj`as. Ceraevar, wa nra `et eblaktjva eutsjmars. J` pdysjks, '_ar`ar Dajsa`baro's u`kartnj`ry prj`kjpfa fjcjts wdnt js cansurnbfa. J` cntdacntjks, Gurt Okjmaf's j`kecpfata`ass tdaerac wnr`s tdnt spe`sas te praermnj`am stjcufj. _a

avary cntdacntjknf systac,

ji

kecpfata, kn``et ba ke`sjsta`t n`m,

 

=2

ji

_dnt fs Fjia5

ke`sjsta`t, kn``et ba kecpfata, sj`ka

te maij`a jt nxjecs nra

jcte maij`a fjia. E` tda e`a dn`m, n ij`nf maij`jtje`

`aamam irec eutsjma tda systac. [ukd skja`tjijk u`kartnj`ry nfse pamas n`y sanrkd

ei fjia by fjia cny ba fjga gjssj`o yeur afbew er reffj`o yeur ayas te saa yeur ew` eptjk `arva< jcpessjbfa. E` tda etdar dn`m, a`fjodr a`am by n g`ewfamoa ei djstery n`m skja`ka's nsteu`mj`o sukkass nt j`vastjontj`o wdnt fjia js, wa saac kfesar tdn` avar te n maapar u`marstn`mj`o ei fjia j` jts kescjk n`m kufturnf ke`taxt. J` tda ifusd ei tdjs axdjfnrntj`o cntarjnf sukkass skja`tjsts ta`m te ofess evar tda mjstj`ktje` barwaa` fjia n`m `e`fjia, pej`tj`o te tda kda`rjknf ke`tj`ujtjas. Fjia-ns-n-wdefa js fjga etdar vnst sublakts< `n-

tje`nfjsc, kuftura, pefjtjks, er n`ytdj`o afsa `et ansjfy maij`am, cn`jpufntam, er maskrjbam. Ava` bjefeojsts cny ba sruma, mjscjssj`o raf-

'lust pdjfesepdy." But skja`ka, fjga n`ytdj`o afsa, dns n ke`taxt. N`m tdnt ke`taxt js pnrtfy catnpdysjks, orant, eita`u`stntam kntaoerjas ei tdeuodt, pardnps kufturnf, pardnps j`darjtam (tda mjstj`ktje` js jtsafi catnpdysjknff) tdnt oe baye`m skja`ka prepar. @e e`a asknpas catnpdysjks7 te u`marstn`m fjia, ns skja`ka, jt js `akassnry te u`marstn`m jts kufturnf ke`taxt. "Catnpdysjks," j`tremukam by Daffa`jstjk skdefnrs n`m raiarrj`o te kartnj` u`tjtfam taxts by Nrjstetfa, kecas irec tda Oraag tn catn tn pdysjgn bjbfjn, wdjkd fjtarnffy can`s "tda beegs nitar ('catn') tda beegs e` `ntura." ]da erjoj`nf usa ei tda praijx "catn," by anrfy amjters sukd ns N`mre`jkus ei Rdemas, cny `et dnva raiarram te n`y trn`ska`ma`tnf j`tarpratntje` ei uftjcnta ranfjry but e`fy te tda cu`mn`a pesjtje` ei tda beeg e` tda tnbfa wdara "Catnpdysjks" wns stnkgam e` tep ei "Xdysjks." Baoj``j`o wjtd tda werg ei Jcavn`t mjskussje`

ns

cn`uaf Gn`t, catnpdysjks dns keca te raOr te spakufntje`s e` quas-

tje`s `et n`swarnbfa by mjrakt ebsarvntje` er axparjca`t. Catnpdysjks, ns n wab ei jmans j` wdjkd wa nra knuodt, `aam `et ojva rjsa te iutjfjry. Jt js inskj`ntj`o te try n`m tansa npnrt tda strn`ms ei tda kufturnffy j`darjtam, fj`oujstjknffy raj`ierkam ke`kapts tdnt oujma ava` eur cest saacj`ofy erjoj`nf tdeuodts. N` axpfn`ntje` ei catn-

pdysjks cny `et fanm te nbsefuta trutd, but

jt kartnj`fy sdeufm`'t ba

n`ntdacn te epa`, skja`tjijk cj`ms.

 

Fest

kesCrk

[eufs J

E,

wrOOFAs

'N fjvj`o bemy," wreta Nfn` _ntts (r:r 1-t:?;), "js `et n ijxam tdj`o but n ifewj`o ava`t." '_'ntts, tda N`ofe-Ncarjkn` pepufnrjzar ei Anstar` pdjfesepdy, mraw irec skja`ka, ns waff, j` djs quast ier tda can`j`o ei fjia. Da fjga`am fjia te "n ifnca er n wdjrfpeef"< ]da sdnpa nfe`a js stnbfa. ]da substn`ka js n stranc ei a`aroy oej`o j` nt e`a a`m n`m eut nt tda etdar. Fjia's purpesa te cnj`tnj` n`m parpatunta jtsafi js u`marstn`mnbfa ns n pdysjke-kdacjknf pda`eca`e` stumjam by tda skja`ka ei tdarcemy`ncjks. '_a nra tacpernrjfy jma`tjijnbfa wjoofas j` n stranc tdnt a`tars us j` tda ierc ei fjodt, dant, njr, wntar, cjfg. . . . Jt oeas eut ns ons n`m axkraca`t-nfse ns saca`, bnbjas, tnfg, pefjtjks, wnr, peatry n`m cusjk.9

]darcemy`ncjk systacs fesa dant te tda u`jvarsa ns tday ke`vart a`aroy irec e`a ierc te n`etdar. Fjvj`o cnttar iraas jtsafi irec ermj`nry cnttar e`fy by parpatunffy bnsgj`o j` tda su`. Ke`ire`tam

wjtd mjssefutje` n`m mastruktje`, fjia

suiiars n parcn`a`t mantd

tdrant. Fjia js `et carafy cnttar, but cnttar a`arojzam, cnttar eron`jzam, cnttar wjtd n oferjeus n`m pakufjnr bujft-j` djstery. Fjia ns

cnttar wjtd `aams j`sapnrnbfa irec jts djstery cust cnj`tnj` n`m parpatunta jtsafi, swjc er sj`g.]da cest oferjeus eron`jk baj`o cny j`maam ba `etdj`o but "tacpernrjfy jma`tjijnbfa wjoofas," but ier

cjffje`s ei yanrs ns fjia dns baa` rnkj`o nwny &ec mjsermar, nutepejatjk baj`os dnva ke`kar`am tdacsafvas wjtd tdacsafvas, bakecj`o avar cera sa`sjtjva, avar cera iutura erja`tam, n`m avar cera iekusam e` wdnt cjodt brj`o dnrc te tda mafjknta wnva ei tdajr cnttar-surij`o ier`r. Irec n tdarcemy`ncjk, nutepejatjk par-

spaktjva, tda bnsast nkt

ei rapremuktje` n`m tda cest afaon`t nas-

tdatjk npprakjntje` npprakjntje` marjva irec n kecce` seurka n`m uftjcntafy sarva tda snca purpesa< te prasarva vjvjijam cnttar j` tda inka ei nmvarsjty n`m n u`jvarsnf ta`ma`ky tewnrm mjsermar. Mutkd-Lawjsd pdjfesepdar Bnrukd [pj`ezn (t

9;

z-r 9? ?) pertrnyam

tda iu`mnca`tnf `ntura ei n u`jvarsa wdjkd wns jtsafi nfjva. ]da orant Oarcn` wrjtar n`m `nturnfjstLedn`` _efion`o ve` Oeatda $?=:-f.4;2), nutder ei Inust, nrouam ier n pecnttar n`m a`aroy

ns

 

_dnt fs Fjia5

==

atjk bjefeoy. Da tdeuodt cnttar meas `et eparnta wjtdeut spjrjt, `er meas spjrjt axjst

wjtdeut cnttar. Nftdeuod da wns pra-Mnr-wj`jn`

n`m djs tdaerjas nra `ew ebsefata, Oeatda wreta nbfy e` skja`ka. J` e`a pnssnoa da pfukgs irec ducn` nktjvjry wdnt ctodt ba knffam jts nutepejatjk assa`ka< '_'dy nra tda paepfa tdus busjfy `revj`o5 Ier

ieem tday nra saagj`o, Kdjfmra` tday inj` weufm baoat, iaamj`o tdac waff ns tday kn`. ]rnvafar, cnrg tdjs waff, n`m, wda` tdeu nrt deca, me tdeu fjgawjsa Cera kn` `e certnf aiiakt, werg wjtd wdnt nrmer da

wj>>.?

]da Oarcn` bjefeojst Ar`st Dnakgaf (r 4 ; =- r : r :), j`va`ter ei tda werm "akefeoy," precetam tda jman tdnt tda nktjvjry ei tda ducn` psykda js n` eiisdeet ei pdysjefeoy< "_a defm wjtd Oeatda tdnt cnttar kn``et axjst . . . wjtdeut spjrjt. . . . _a nmdara ijrcfy te tda pura, u`aqujveknf ce`jsc ei [pj`ezn< Cnttar, er j`ij`jtafy axta`mam substn`ka, n`m [pjrjt (erA`aroy), er sa`sjtjva n`m tdj`gj`o substn`ka, nra tda twe iu`mnca`tnf nttrjbutas, er prj`kjpnf prepartjas, ei tda nff-acbrnkj`o assa`ka ei tda werfm, tda u`jvarsnf substn`ka."s

]DA CAN@J@O EI AYEFQ]JE@

Ar`st Dnakgaf wns Mnrwj`'s trn`sfnter n`m orantast nmveknta j` tda Oarcn` te`oua, but da pusdam Mnrwj`jsc iurtdar tdn` jts j`va`-

ter dnm baa` wjffj`o te knrry jt. ]da seuf, Dnakgaf kfnjcam, rasjmam

j` tda kaff, jccertnfjry wns n catnpdysjknf sdnc, fjia dnm `e purpesa etdar tdn` jtsafi, n`m baj`os wara `et spjrjtunf but cntarjnf j` `ntura. "IJucn`jry" da makfnram, "js but n trn`sjtery pdnsa ei avefutje` ei n` atar`nf substn`ka,

n

pnrtjkufnr pda`eca`nf ierc ei cnt-

tar n`m a`aroy, tda trua prepertje` ei wdjkd wa see` parkajva wda` wa sat jt e` tda bnkgoreu`m ei j`ij`jta spnka n`m atar`nf tjca."a

 

Fest

[eufs J

EQ

[ukd vjaws j`iurjntam trnmjtje`nf rafjojeus sa`sjbjfjtjas, j`kfumj`o tdesa

ei Nfiram

'_nffnka

Russaf _nffnka (r 42;-> : r ; ). N` A`ofjsd `nturnfjst,

mavafepam djs ew` tdaery ei avefutje` by `nturnf safaktje` te tdnt ei Mnrwj`. Mnrwj`'s n`m'_nftdnt wns u`kn``jfy sjcjfnr fnka's sdert pnpars e` `nturnf safaktje` wara pubfjsdam teoatdar j` tda snca jssua ei tda Leur`nf ei tda Xrekaamj`os ei tda Fj``an` [ekjaty eL Fe`me`, \eefeoy. _nffnka, wde iraqua`tam san`kas, ravjfam Dnakgaf's `etje` ei cnttar ns atar`nf n`m nFjva, n`m da ralaktam Dnakgaf's ma`jnf ei n spjrjt werfm. Da s`aaram tdnt tda rjmmfa ei tda u`jvarsa-wdjkd wns tda tjtfa ei e`a ei Dnakgaf's cest j`ifua`tjnf

ei nff by Dnakgaf. pdjfesepdar Jccn`uaf Gn`t (r?2=-

n`m pepufnr beegs-dnm `et baa` sefvam, fanst Ava` baiera Mnrwj`, Oarcn`

r4e=) `etam tdnt sgafatnf n`m etdar sjcjfnrjtjas pej`tam te bfeem tjas, n kecce` pnra`tnoa ier nff fjia. Gn`t kamam tdnt nff fjia keufm dnva nrjsa` tdreuod seca cakdn`jknf prekass sjcjfnr

te tdnt by

wdjkd `ntura premukas krystnfs, but da lumoam jt weufm ba nbsurm te depa ier "n @awte`" wde keufm cnga kecprada`sjbfa ava` tda orewtd ei n sj`ofa bfnma ei ornss by cakdn`jknf tdaery nfe`a. Dnakgaf prepesam Mnrwj` ns tda vary "@awte`" Gn`t dnm bafjavam jcpessjbfa.

By prelaktj`o Anrtd djstery cjffje`s ei yanrs baye`m tda sjx tdeusn`m yanrs nffettam j` tda Beeg ei Oa`asjs, Lncas Ifutte` (r?29ry:?) ieu`mam cemar` oaefeoy. Dutte`, se` ei n [kettjsd carkdn`t, mjstj`oujsdam rekgs fnjm mew` ns samjca`t irec tdesa breuodt iertd j` cefta` ierc tdreuod vefkn`eas. Da ebsarvam aresje` by wj`m n`m wntar n`m mamukam tda premuktje` ei rnj`inff irec keefj`o njr cnssas tdnt keufm `e fe`oar ke`tnj` tdajr cejstura. Efmar samjca`ts wara mapesjtam prjer te cera raka`t e`as. Dutte`'s "fnw ei,

suparpesjtje`" fam te Kdnrfas Fyaff's (r?::-r4? 1) stntaca`t ei tda "fnw ei u`jiercjtnrjn`jsc," tda suooastje` tdnt e`fy tdesa oaefeojknf ierkas ebsarvnbfa j` tda prasa`t `aam ba j`vegam te nkkeu`t ier strukturas cnma n`m samjca`ts nkkucufntam j` tda pnst. But Dutte`'s axtrnpefntje` axtrnpefntje` tdnt Anrtd cust ba vary efm wns ke`trevarsjnf. Ke`sarvntjva A`ofn`m, tdranta`am by tda wjfm n`m oemfass Ira`kd

 

=9

_dnt fs Fjia5

Ravefutje`, wns `et ranmy te nkkapt n` Anrtd efmar tdn` tdnt wdjkd keufm ba nskartnj`am by sucr`j`o up nff tda "baonts" ca`tje`am j` tda Bjbfa. @e`atdafass, [kettjsd oaefeojst Kdnrfas Fyaff npprevam Dutte` n`m nrouam tdnt tjca wns inr vnstar tdn` pravjeusfy tdeuodt j` djs cuf-

tjvefuca beeg, ]da Xrj`kjpfas ei Kaefeof`wdjkd mjm ier tdnt ijafm wdnt Mnrwj`'s epus fntar mjm ier zeefeoy n`m betn`y. Fyaff wns nfse inr ndanm ei djs tjca j` tngj`o n ofebnf akefeojknf parspaktjva racj`jska`t ei Onjn tdaery temny7 da knffam ntta`tje` te "tda pewars ei

vjtnfjty e` tda stnta ei tda anrtd's surinka.">8 Mnrwj` ranm Fyaff murj`o djs veynoa e` tda Banofa n`m nmeptam tda Fyaffjn` werfmvjaw. Maknmas fntarFyaff, j` tur`, acbrnkam tda Mnrwj`jn` werfmvjaw. J` r49; da ]da pubfjsdam N`tjqujty ei Cn`, wdjkd suooastam, baiera Mnrwj` dnm cnma tda axta`sje`, tdnt avefutje` nppfjam te nff ducn`gj`m.

Can`wdjfa e` tda Ke`tj`a`t, Barfj` `nturnfjst Kdrjstjn` Oettirjam Adra`baro (rfo[-t4?9) wns puttj`o tda fjia bnkg j`te bjefeoy. Ratur`j`o irec n` jff-intam axpamjtje` te Aoypt, ei wdjkd da wns pardnps tda sefa survjver, da iekusam e` tda trn`sjtje` batwaa` fjia n`m

`e`fjia. J` tda axpamjtje` te Aoypt (r 4ze) n`m n fntar e`a te [jbarjn (r42:) Adra`baro mekuca`tam tda u`saa` werfm ei `rjkrebas tdnt iartjfjza tda ekan`s n`m sejfs. ]dreuod djs leur`ays Adra`baro knca te g`ew Irjamrjkd _jfdafc Nfaxn`mar ve` Ducbefmt (r ?9:- J 4 1 :). ]da bnre` ve` Ducbefmt, wjmafy raonrmam ns tda orantast Oarcn`

`nturnfjst ei djs tjca, dnm keffaktam cera tdn` sjxry tdeusn`m pfn`t spakjca`s murj`o djs trnvafs nreu`m tda werfm. Da dnm vjsjtam Ncarjkn` prasjma`t ]decns Laiiarse` (r?=->4z9) n`m wns maskrjbam ns

"@npefae`." J` djs sava`tjas Ducbefmt baon` te kecGesces, djs orn`m nttacpt te cnp n`m axpfnj` tda a`tjra u`j-

n skja`tjijk p>?a

varsa. "Kartnj`fy," wreta Jsnnk Nsjcev (r:ze-ro:z),

iera djc, wjtd se nktjva

n

`e cn` baiera djc wns

se

Jt

"`e cn` ba-

r`j`m, dnm saa` se cukd ei tda werfm, n`m

waff aqujppam te wrjta sukd n beeg. . .

.

iferjm premuktje`, rntdar evarbfew`, but jt js e`a ei tda racnrgnbfa beegs j` skja`tjijk djstery n`m wns tda ijrst ranse`nbfy wns n

nkkurnta a`kykfepamjn

ei oaeornpdy n`m oaefeoy."rf

 

Fest

J`

[eufs J

E,

Ducbefmt sdnrasAdra`baro's mjskevary ei fjO's ofebnf swaap. "]da u`jvarsnfjty ei fjia js se preiusafy mjstrjbutam," wnxas Ducbefmt, Gesces,

tdnt tda scnffar J`iuserjn Wkjfjntas n`m etdar pretjstsS fjva ns pnrnsjtas e` tda fnroar, n`m nra tdacsafvas j`dnbjtam by etdars. . . . ]da stre`o n`m ba`aijkjnf j`ifua`ka axarkjsam e` tda iaafj`o ei cn`gj`m by tda ke`sjmarntje` ei tda mjiiusje` ei fjia tdreuodeut tda ranfcs ei `ntura js kecce` te avary ze`a, but tda jcprassje` tdus premukam js cest

pewariuf j` tda aqunterjnf raoje`s, j` tda fn`m ei pnfcs, bncbees, n`m nrberaska`t iar`s, wdara tda oreu`m rjsas irec tda sdera ei sans rjkd j` ceffuskn n`m kernfs te tda fjr`jts ei parpatunf s`ew. ]da feknf mjstrjbutje` ei pfn`ts acbrnkas nfcest nff dajodts n`m maptds. Eron`jk iercs `et e`fy maska`m j`te tda j`tarjer ei tda anrtd, wdara tda j`mustry ei tda cj`ar dns fnjm epa` axta`sjva axknvntje`s n`m spru`o maap sdnits, but J dnva nfse ieu`m s`ew-wdjta stnfnktjtjk kefuc`s a`kjrkfam by tda mafjknta wab ei n` Qs`an Wefm cn`'s banrm fjkda`S, j` knvas

wdara cataerjk wntar keufm nfe`a pa`atrnta tdreuod ijssuras. . .

WEron`jscs ifeurjsd e` tda succjts

.

ei tdaS N`mas, nt n` afavntje`

ei cera tdn` r 1,eee iaat. ]darcnf sprj`os ke`tnj` scnff j`sakts (Dymreperus tdarcnfjs), Knffje`affna Wjre` bnktarjnf cnssasS, Eskjffnterjn, n`m Ke`Laruna Wn` efm `nca ier n cjskaffn`y ei oraa` nfonaS, wdjfa tdajr wntars bntda tda reet-ijbars ei pdn`areoncjk Wke`a- n`m ifewarbanrj`oS pfn`ts.>2

Ducbefmt mjam tda snca yanr Mnrwj` pubfjsd am ]da Erjoj` ei [pakjas, JL`tjf vary raka`tfy, wjtd pubfjkntje` ei tda werg ei [kdrkjmj`oar's faonky, ebsarvntje`s cnma by Ducbefmt n`m Adra`baro e` tda cjkrebjnf werfm n`m cn`y etdar fnta `j`ataa`td-ka`tury mjskevarjas wara `et breuodt teoatdar j` n` avefutje`nry ke`taxt. ]da iartjfjzntje` ei sparc by .oo (acbrye iercntje`), j`darjtn`ka inkters ei onrma` pans (Ca`mafjn` oa`atjks), cukejm substn`kas j` tda pus ei

sefmjar's weu`ms (`ukfajk nkjms, M@N n`m R@N), n`m vjsunfjzntje`

ei

kdrecesecas wara seca

ei tda ravafntje`s

cnma fnst ka`tury wdjkd, j` oa`atjkjst ]daemesjus Mebzdn`sgy's werms, e`fy "cnga

j` tda fjodt ei avefutje`."f; Nftdeuod tdaerjas ei avefutje` dnm baa` j` tda njr ier n dnfi ka`tury n`m cera, Mnrwj`'s catdemjknf purpesaiuf`ass, djs mjpfecnky sa`sa . . .

 

=4

_dnt fs Fjia5

ei presa, n`m djs prasa`tntje` ns n` A`ofjsdcn` ei n cakdn`jknf tdaery murj`o n tjca wda` Jsnnk @awte`'s tdaery ei ornvjry wns tda fnst werm j` skja`ka nff dafpam cnga tda nppanrn`ka ei djs beeg n` apjk ava`t. Ns e`a wecn` ei sekjary wryfy racnrgam e` danrj`o tda `aws ei dar fass-tdn`-`ebfa npjsd erjoj`s, "Fat us depa jt js `et trua. But

ji jt js, fat us depa jt

[j`ka ]/ra Erjoj`

e7i [pakjas,

meas `et bakeca oa`arnffy

g`ew`."

tda jman ei avefutje` dns bakeca j`-

kransj`ofy nkkaptam-evarwdafcj`ofy by skja`tjsts n`m raspaktnbfy

by tda pubfjk (pnrtjkufnrfy tda amukntam pubfjk). But jt dns nfse baa` nbusam. Ier axncpfa, j` n pepufnr jffustrntje` Dnakgaf mapjktam tda sucr`jt ei avefutje`

ns n

`uma but macura Oarcn`jk wecn` nt tda

tep ei djs avefutje`nry traa. Dnakgaf's arrer wns `et se cukd j` djs Oarcn`jk bjns (er djs kdejka ei tda iacnfa sax) but j` djs kdejka ei n`y ducn` nt nff. ]djs js baknusa nff axtn`t spakjas nra aqunffy avefvam.

fjvj`o baj`os, irec bnktarjnf spakg te ke`orassje`nf kec`rjttaa cacbar, avefvam irec tda n`kja`t kecce` n`kaster wdjkd avefvam nutepejasjs n`m tdus baknca tda ijrst fjvj`o kaff. ]da inkt ei survjvnf jtsafi prevas "suparjerjry" ns nff nra maska`mam irec tda snca catnbefjzj`o WLr-ierc. ]da oa`tfa Fjvj`o axpfesje`, j` n kjrkujteus

N>>

=,eee-cj>fje`-yanr pntd te tda prasa`t, dns premukam us nff. J` n sa`sa tda`, tda Yamjk j`tujtje` tdnt j`mjvjmunf nwnra`ass js jffusery n`m tdnt ankd ei us bafe`os te n sj`ofa prjcnf oreu`m-Brndcn`-cny ba nkkurnta< wa sdnra n kecce` darjtnoa, kdacjstry e`fy eiwdesa cntbut ei ke`skjeus`ass, ei tda `aam te survjva j``et n kesces

tar wa sdnra but wdjkd js jtsafi j`mjiiara`t te eur fjvj`o n`m safike`kar`.

YAR@NM[GZ'[ BJE[XDARA

Ojva` tda fjcjtam faonky ei catnpdysjknf munfjsc (cj`m/bemy, spjrjt/cnttar, fjiaf`e`fjia), jt cny `et ba surprjsj`o tdnt iwe ei tda cest preieu`m ratdj`gars ei fjia n`m jts a`vjre`ca`t j` tdjs ka`tury sdnra n bjespdarjk parspaktjva yat dnva mjncatrjknffy eppesam vjaws. But wdarans Russjn` skja`tjst Yfnmjcjr Jvn`evjkd Yar`nmsgy

 

Fest[eufs J

E,

(r49;->:=1) maskrjbam eron`jscs ns da weufm cj`arnfs-knffj`o tdac "fjvj`o cnttar"-A`ofjsd skja`tjst Lncas A. Fevafekg maskrjbas Anrtd's surinka, j`kfumj`o rekgs n`m njr, ns nfjva. Yar`nmsgy pertrnyam fjvj`o cnttar ns n oaefeojknf ierka-j`maam, tda orantast ei nff oaefeojknf ierkas. Fjia cevas n`m trn`siercs cnttar nkress ekan`s n`m ke`rj`a`ts. Fjia, ns ifyj`o pdespderus-rjkd ouffs, rnkj`o skdeefs ei cnkgaraf, n`m samjca`t-kdur`j`o pefykdnata wer`$, cevas n`m kdacjknffy trn`siercs tda pfn`at's surinka. Ceraevar, fjia js `ew g`ew` te ba fnroafy raspe`sjbfa ier tda u`usunf kdnrnktar ei Anrtd's exyoa`-rjkd n`m knrbe` mjexjma-peer ntcespdara. Fjga Adra`baro n`m Ducbefmt baiera djc, Yar`nmsgy sdewam wdnt da knffam tda "ubjqujty ei fjia"-fjvj`o cnttar's nfcest tetnf pa`atrntje` j`te, n`m ke`saqua`t j`vefvaca`t j`, saacj`ofy j`n`jcnta prekassas ei rekg, wntar, n`m wj`m. Etdars spega ei n` n`j`rnf, vaoatnbfa, n`m cj`arnf gj`omec7 Yar`nmsgy n`nfyzam oaefeojknf pda`eca`n wjtdeut prake`kajvam `etje`s ei wdnt wns n`m wns `et nfjva. Xarkajvj`o fjia `et ns fjia but ns "fjvj`o cnttar," da wns iraa te brenma` jts stumy baye`m tdnt ei bjefeoy er n`y etdar trnmjtje`nf mjskjpfj`a. _dnt strukg djc cest wns tdnt tda cntarjnf ei Anrtd's krust dns baa` pnkgnoam j`te cyrjnm cevj`o baj`os wdesa rapremuktje` n`m orewtd bujfm n`m brang mew` cnttar e` n ofebnf sknfa. Xaepfa, ier axncpfa, ramjstrjbuta n`m ke`ka`trnta exyoa`, dymreoa`, `jtreoa`, knrbe`, sufiur, pdespderus, n`m etdar afaca`ts ei Anrtd's krust j`te rwe-faooam, uprjodt iercs tdnt dnva n` nrrrnzj`o prepa`sjty te wn`mar nkress, mjo j`te, n`m j` keu`tfass etdar wnys '_a nra wnfgj`o, tnfgj`o cj`arnfs. nftar Anrtd's surinka. Yar`nmsgy ke`trnstam ornvjry wdjkd puffs cnttar vartjknffy tewnrm tda ka`tar ei Anrtd, wjtd fjO-orewj`o, ru``j`o, swjccj`o, n`m ifyj`o. Fjia, kdnffa`oj`o ornvjry. `fevas cnttar derjze`tnffy nkress tda surinka. Yar`nmsgy matnjfam tda struktura n`m mjstrjbutje` ei nfucr-

`esjfjkntas j` Anrtd's krust n`m wns tda ijrst te rakeo`jza tda jcpertn`ka te oaefeojknf kdn`oa ei dant rafansam irec rnmjenktjvjry. cntarjnfjst fjga Yar`nmsgy ieu`m n pfnka ier n ava` rasefuta But J` r`j`m. Yar`nmsgy's vjaw n spakjnf tdj`gj`o fnyar ei eron`jzam cnt-

 

18

_dnt fs Fjia5

tar orewj`o n`m kdn`oj`oAnrtd's surinka js nssekjntam wjtd ducn`s n`m takd`efeoy. ]e maskrjba jt, da nmeptam rda tarc `eespdara, irec

Oraag `ees, cj`m. ]da tarc dnm baa` kej`am by Ameunrm Fa Rey, pdjfesepdar Da`rj Barose`'s sukkasser nt tda Keffmoa ma Irn`ka. Yar`nmsgy n`m Fa Rey cat j` Xnrjs ier j`taffaktunf mjskussje`s j` tda r:zes, nfe`o wjtd Xjarra]ajfdnrm ma Kdnrmj` (r44r-r:11), tda Ira`kd pnfae`tefeojst n`m Lasujt prjast wdesa wrjtj`os weufm fntar brj`o tda jman ei `eespdara-n ke`skjeus fnyar ei fjia-te n wjma numja`ka. ]ajfdnrm's n`mYar`nmsgy's usa ei tda tarc `eespdara, fjga tdajr sfn`ts e` avefutje` j` oa`arnf, mjiiaram. Ier ]ajfdnrm tda `eespdara wns tda "ducn`" pfn`atnry fnyar iercj`o "eutsjma n`m nbeva tda bjespdara," wdjfa ier Yar`nmsgy tda `eespdara raiarram te ducn`jry n`m takd`efeoy

ns n`

j`taornf pnrt ei tda pfn`atnry bjespdara.

Yar`nmsgy mjstj`oujsdam djcsafi irec etdar tdaerjzars by djs stnu`kd raiusnf te arakt n spakjnf kntaoery ier fjia. J` ratrespakt wa kn` saa tda vnfua ei djs stn`ka7 baknusa fjia dns j`maam bakeca n kntaoery, tdaerjsts ei fjO dnva cn`noam te rajijr-te cnga n tdj`o

eut ei-secatdj`o tdnt js `et n tdj`o nt nff. Yar`nmsgy's raiarrj`o te fjia ns "fjvj`o cnttar" wns `e cara rdaterjknf pfey. J` e`a mait varbnf strega Yar`nmsgy kut feesa ka`turjas ei cystjk kfuttar nttnkdam te tda werm "fjia." IJa cnma avary ntta`fpt te ke`sjmar fjia pnrt ei etdar pdysjknf prekassas n`m ke`sjsta`tfy usam tda oaru`m "fjvj`o" te strass tdnt fjia wns fass n tdj`o n`m cera n dnppa`j`o, n prekass. Eron`jscs ierYar`nmsgy nra spakjnf, mjstrjbutam iercs ei tda kecce` cj`arnf, wntar. N`jcntam wntar, fjia j` nff jts wat`ass, mjspfnys n pewar ei cevaca`t axkaamj`o tdnt ei fjcaste`a, sjfjknta, n`m ava` njr. Jt sdnpas Anrtd's surinka. Acpdnsjzj`o tda ke`tj`ujry ei wntary fjia n`m rekgs, sukd ns tdnt avjma`t j` kenf er iessjf fjcaste`a raais, Yar`nmsgy `etam dew tdasa nppnra`tfy j`art strntn nra "trnkas eibyoe`a bjespdaras."f=

Nustrjn` oaefeojst Amwnrm [uass (r 4 ; r-r : r =) dnm kej`am tda werm "bjespdara," but Yar`nmsFy breuodt jt j`te kurra`ky. Lust ns tda spdara

ei rekg js n fjtdespdara, n`m tdnt ei njr n` ntcespdara, se tda spdara wdara fjia axjsts js n "bjespdara." J` djs r:z9 beeg, ]da Bjespdara,

 

Fest

[eufs J

Q,

Yar`nmsgy sdewam dew Anrtd's surinka wns n` ermaram trn`siercntje` ei tda a`arojas ei tda su`. "]da bjespdara," wreta Yar`nmsgy,

"js nt fanst

ns

cukd n krantje` ei

tda su` ns n rasuft

ei tarrastrjnf pre-

N`kja`t rafjojeus j`tujtje`s tdnt ke`sjmaram tarrastrjnf kranturas, aspakjnffy cn`, te ba kdjfmra` ei tda su` wara inr `anrar tda trutd tdn` js tdeuodt by tdesa wde saa anrtdfy baj`os sjcpfy ns apdacarnf krantje`s nrjsj`o irec bfj`m n`m nkkjma`tnf j`tarpfny ei cnttar n`m ierkas. . . . Fjvj`o cnttar ns n wdefa . . . js tdaraiera n u`jqua systac, wdjkd nkkucufntas kdacjknf iraa a`aroy j` tda bjespdara by tda trn`siercntje` ei sefnr rnmjntje`."fs Racnrgnbfy, Yar`nmsgy mjscn`tfam tda rjojm beu`mnry baiwaa` fjvj`o eron`jscs n`m n `e`fjvj`o a`vjre`ca`t, mapjktj`o fjia ofebnffy baiera n sj`ofa sntaffjta dnm ratur`am pdeteornpds ei Anrtd irec kassas.

erbjt. J`maam, Yar`nmsgy mjm ier spnka wdnt Mnrwj` dnm me`a ier tjca< ns Mnrwj` sdewam nff fjia maska`mam irec n raceta n`kaster, se Yar`nmsgy sdewam nff fjia j`dnbjtam n cntarjnffy u`jijam pfnka, tda bjespdara. Fjia wns n sj`ofa a`tjry trn`siercj`o te anrtdfy cnttar tda kescjk a`arojas ei tda su` (saa pfnta f). Yar`nmsgy pertrnyam fjia ns n ofebnf pda`eca`e` j` wdjkd tda su`'s a`aroy wns trn`siercam. Acpdnsjzj`o pdetesy`tdatjk orewtd ei ram n`m oraa` bnktarjn, nfona, n`m pfn`ts, da snw tdasa axprassje`s ei fjvj`o cnttar ns tda "oraa` ijra" wdesa axpn`sje`, iam by tda su`, prassuram etdar baj`os j`te bakecj`o cera kecpfax n`m cera mjsparsam. Yar`nmsgy sat iertd rwe fnws. Evar tjca, da kfnjcam, cera n`m cera kdacjknf afaca`ts baknca j`vefvam j` tda kykfas ei fjia. [ake`m, tda rnta ei cjorntje` ei ntecs j` tda a`vjre`ca`t dns j`kransam wjtd tjca. N ifekg ei crorntj`o oaasa wns te Yar`nmsgy n bjespdarjk trn`spert systac ier `jtreoa`. Fekust swnrcs, rakermam j` tda Bjbfa, nttastam te cnssjva kdn`oas j` tda mjstrjbutje` ei knrbe`, pdespderus, sufiur, n`m etdar bjefeojknffy jcpertn`t kdacjknfs iwe tdeusn`m yanrs noe. Ns mncs, inkterjas, cj`as, cnkdj`a ke`struktje`,

utjfjtjas, trnj`s, pfn`as, ofebnf keccu`jkntje`s, n`m a`tartnj`ca`t systacs dnva nppanram, cera kdar`jknf afaca`ts tdn` avar dnva bakeca eron`jzam j`te iu`ktje`j`o pnrts ei nutepejatjk systacs. ]akd-

 

_dnt fs Fjia5

12

`efeoy, irec n Yar`nmsgjn` parspaktjva, js vary rfukd n pnrt ei `ntura. ]da iercar knfi cuskfa savaram j`te brekdatta kubas n`m tda pj`a traa tru`g j`te fucbar pnss tdreuod tda dn`ms ei wergars n`m tda kdutas ei cnkdj`as te acaroa trn`siercam j`te sdjsd gabnb n`m ifeerj`o. ]da pfnstjks n`m catnfs j`kerperntam j` j`mustry bafe`o te n` n`kja`t prekass ei fjia ke-eptj`o `aw cntarjnfs ier n surinka oaefeojknf ifew tdnt bakecas avar `fera rnpjm. N`m, wjtd tda ifaatj`o sy`tdasjs j` pdysjkjsts' fnbernterjas ei rnmjenktjva jsetepas, tda `ees-

pdara baoj`s te mjrakt n`m eron`jza ntecs tdnt dnva `avar baiera axjstam e` Anrtd.

FEYAFEKG'[ ONJN

cj`m/cnrtar spfjt tdreuod n ke`sjmarntje` ei fjvj`o cnttar e` n ofebnf sknfa, se Lncas A. Fevafekg upsats catnpdysjknf munfjsc by n` eppesjta strntnoac-ke`sjmarj`o Anrtd nfjva. Yar`nmsgy axncj`am fjia ns cnttar wjtdj` n rakaptjva pefjtjknf n`m kufturnf kfjcnta-tda eiijkjnf ntdajsc ei tda iercar [evjat fL`je`, njmam by skja`ka's npprevnf ei cntarjnfjsc. By ke`trnst, Fevafekg-pertrnyj`o tda safi-raoufntj`o bjespdara, n duoa n`m emmfy spdarjknf fjvj`o bemy da knffs "Onjn"-dns baa` dncparam by tda subtfa jmaefeoy ei cakdn`jsc tdnt parvnmas tda skja`tjijk keccu`jry. ]djs can`s tdnt Fevafekg cust `et e`fy sdew tdnt Anrtd Ns Yar`nmsgy mjsruptam tda

cnj`tnj`s jtsafi ns n fjvj`o bemy, da cust nfse evarkeca tda pralumjka tdnt te knff tdjs "tdj`o" nfjva js `et skja`ka but peatjk parse`jijkntje`. Ojva` tdasa ta`sje`s, jt js n rastnca`t te tdjs werfmkfnss ntcespdarjk kdacjst's

sarjeusfy

ns

jt

j`oa`ujty tdnt djs tdaery js tnga`

ns

js by nktjva skja`tjsts.f9

Ntcespdarjk, nstre`ecjknf, n`m ekan`eornpdjk avjma`ka nttast tdnt fjia cn`jiasts jtsafi e` n pfn`atnry sknfa. ]da stanmj`ass ei can` pfn`atnry tacparntura ier tda pnst ;,eee cjffje` yanrs, tda ?ee-

cjffje`-yanr cnj`ta`n`ka ei Anrtd's ranktjva ntcespdara baiwaa` djod-exyoa` favafs ei kecbustjbjfjty n`m few-exyoa` favafs ei nspdyxjntje`, n`m tda nppnra`tfy ke`tj`ueus racevnf ei dnznrmeus

snfts

 

Fest [eufs

fu,

IJkQRA 1. Acjfjn`nduxfayj, n kekkefjtdepderjm. Xdyfuc< Dnptece`nmn. Gj`omec< Xretek-

tjstn. ]djs kekkefjtdepderjm, n knfkjuc-prakjpjtntj`o nfon, js kevaram wjtd butte`-fjga sknfas. ]dasa pretjsts, ankd e`fy 28 cjf-

fje`tds ei n catar j` mjncatar, premuka mjcatdyf sufijma, n ons ei ofebnf sjo`jijkn`ka j`vefvam j` kfeum kevar evar tda ekan`.

irec ekan`s-nff tdasa pej`t te cnccnf-fjga purpesaiuf`ass j` tda eron`jzntje` ei fjia ns n wdefa (ijo. [). ]djs purpesaiuf`ass, ka`trnf te skja`tjijk Onjn tdaery, js n cnler stjkgj`o pej`t ier trnmjtje`nf bjefeojsts. Dew kn` n pfn`at badnva j` n purpesaiuf cn``ar te cnj`tnj` a`vjre`ca`tnf ke`mjtje`s invernbfa te jts fjvj`o ke`stjtua`ts5 J` cakdn`jstjk bjefeoy, kecpfax safi-raoufntje` e`fy avefvas irec `nturnf safaktje` tdnt waams eut cera peerfy safi-raoufntj`o j`mjvjmunfs. ]djs feojk js ifnwam, dewavar. Nkkermj`o te jt `e erjoj`nf, safi-cnj`tnj`j`o kaff keufm dnva avar avefvam, baknusa "purpesaiuf," safi-raoufntj`o badnvjer sjcpfy

kn``et nrjsa j` n pepufntje` wjtd e`fy e`a cacbar. N strjkt ranm-

j`o ei Mnrwj`jsc

O

wjtdj` tda beu`ms ei Mnrwj`jsc er `et, betd pfn`at, jsefntam by spnka, n`m kaff, jsefntam by sacjparcanbfa cacbrn`a, nra sefnr a`aroy-raqujrj`o systacs, ke`tj`ueus tdreuod tjca n`m Xfnusjbfa

spnka, tdnt mjspfny safi-cnj`tnj`j`o badnvjer. ]da "purpesaiuf`ass"

marjvas irec tda fjvj`o badnvjer ei cyr-

5 ,

ei Onjn` safi-cnj`ta`n`ka jnm eron`jscs, cestfy r`jkrebas, wdesa ubjqujty Adra`baro n`m Ducbefmt ijrst astnbfjsdam. Xfn`atnry pdysjefeoy, inr irec dnvj`o

 

1= |

wi,"t ts Fjia5

baa` premuk am ax `jdjfe, er by n` eutsjma Oem, js tda defnrkdjk eutkeca ei ermj`nry fjvj`o baj`os. Jt js tda nutepejasjs ei tda kaff wrjt fnroa.

Fjia kn``et ba u`marsteem wdjfa jo`erj`o tda sa`tja`t ebsarvar. Ji `et ier cj`m, `e e`a weufm knra tdnr fjia js n kartnj` gj`m ei su`fjodt-a`arojzam kesr`jk mabrjs. But jt js, n`m wa me. ]e bast u`marstn`m fjia wa `aam te saa tda fe`o n`m wj`mj`o renm irec n`jcjsc, tdreuod munfjsc, te tda fjcrtntje`s ei cakdn`jsc. Xdysjks, kdacjstry, n`m bjefeoy nra mjstj`kt npprenkdas te tda snca cntarjnf pda`eca`n. Ns Oarcn` oaer`jkrebjefeojst _efion`o Grucbaj` puts jt, ]da cj`arnf n`m r`jkrebjnf cj`arnf kykfas ns wa vjaw tdac temny e` tda bnsjs ei axparjca`tnf werg dnva baa` a`vjsnoam ns tda u`jifzj`o ke`kapt ei werfm n`m u`jvarsa, krantj`o tda prj`kjpfa ei tda e`a fjvj`o `ntura ei Bru`e n`m [pj`ezn. . . .]da bnsjk npprenkd ei Bru`e . . . js stjff nfjva n`m js avjma`kam j` skja`tjijk n`m cntdacntjk tarcs by

`e`-Aukfjmjn` oaecatry, by tda cemar` ijafm tdaerjas n`m Aj`staj`'s

rafntjvjry n`m ornvjty tdaerjas, ns waff ns by Fevafekg's "Onjndypetdasjs." Ojermn`e Bru`e maapfy j`ifua`kamBnrukd [pj`ezn 9??S, Fajb`jtz >t9=9-r? t9f, Gn`t

l?

ijijz-

z=-r4e=), Oeatda >? =:-r 4 ;zf n`m [kdaffj`o >>??1-r41=S. Da stjff j`ifua`kas u`jrnrjn` tdeuodr j` skja`ka n`mpdjfesepdy . . . n taxtbeeg e` cjkrebjnf oaekdacjstry . . . cust keca bnkg te Bru`e's erjoj`nf tdeuodts ei "kykfjk mavafepca`ts" rntdar tdn` "krantje` n`m mastj`y" ns ravanfam j` tda kfarjknf Kdrjstjn` tdeuodts ei djs tjca wdjkd dnva se savarafy j`djbjtam tda r

mavafepca`t ei skja`ka.

>?

Fjia kn` ba ratur`am te bjefeoy wjtdeut kecprecjsj`o skja`ka. Cakdn`jsc onva skja`ka tda nutderjry te axncj`a tda ranfcs ei, danva` n`m fjia e`ka ke`sjmaram "eiifjcjts." But jt nfse suooastam tda u`jvarsa wns cera matarcj`jstjk tdn` jt js, kuttj`o j`te eur sa`sa ei fjia n`m we`mar. ]da Apjkuran` Recn` pdjfesepdar Fukratjus ([[-[[ B.k.A.), j` djs peac Ma Raruc frfnturn ("E` tda @ntura ei ]dj`os"), prasa`ts n` avefutje`nry vjaw ei tda u`jvarsa ma`yj`o n

daranitar n`m nrouj`o tdnt avarytdj`o, ava` tda seuf n`m oems, js cnma ei ntecs. J` tda snca trnmjtje`, Bru`e bfa`mam cnttar wjtd

 

Fest

seufs J

QQ

a`aroy, ij`jta wjtd j`ij`jta, werfm wjtd Oem. J` tda cemar` arn, by `et spangj`o ei fjia nt nff-but knffj`o jt "fjvj`o cnttar"-Yar`nmsgy

eiiaram us n kdn`ka te saa fjia wjtd irasd ayas. N`m, u`fjga ce`e-

fjtdjk Knrtasjn` cntarjnfjsc, tda Onjn parspaktjva nkkeccemntas tda a`kdn`tca`t wa iaaf ns fjvj`o baj`os mwaffj`o j` n fjvj`o werfm.

[E, _DN] f[

FJIA5 Fjia js pfn`atnry axubarn`ka,

n sefnr

pda`ec-

a`e`. Jt js tda nstre`ecjknffy feknf trn`scutntje` ei Anrtd's njr, wntar, n`m su` j`te kaffs. Jt js n` j`trjknta pnttar` ei orewtd n`m mantd, mjspntkd n`m ratra`kdca`t, trn`siercntje` n`m makny. Fjia js tda sj`-

ofa axpn`mj`o eronrjzntje` ke``aktam tdreuod Mnrwj`jn` tjca te tda ijrst bnktarjn n`m tdreuod Yar`nmsgjn` spnka te nff kjtjza`s ei tda

bjespdara. Fjia ns Oem n`m cusjk n`m knrbe` n`m a`aroy js n wdjrfj`o `axus ei orewj`o, iusj`o, n`m myj`o baj`os. Jt js cnttar oe`a wjfm, knpnbfa ei kdeesj`o jts ew` mjraktje` j` ermar te j`maij`jtafy iera-

ei tdarcemy`ncjk aqujfjbrjuc-mantd. Fjia js nfse n quastje` tda u`jvarsa pesas te jtsafi j` tda ierc ei n stnff tda j`avjtnbfa ceca`t

ducn` baj`o. 'Y/dnt dnppa`am te fjvj`o cnttar te cnga jt se mjiiara`t5 ]da n`swar js betd skja`tjijk n`m djsterjknf. Fjia js jts ew` j`jcjtnbfa djstery. Irec n` avarymny, u`ke`ta`tjeus parspaktjva, "yeu" baon` j`

yeur cetdar's wecb seca `j`a ce`tds baiera wdntavar yeur

noa

js. Irec n maapar, avefutje`nry parspaktjva, dewavar, "yet" baon` wjtd fjia's mnrj`o oa`asjs-jts sakassje`, cera tdn` =,eee cjffje` yanrs noe, irec tda wjtkdas' braw

ei tda anrfy Anrtd. J` tda `axt

kdnptar wa saa dew tdjs braw, secatjcas knffam tda prjcavnf seup, stnrtam parkefntj`o.

 

E@KA QXE@ N XFN@A]

fi n mjrty u`maronrca`t

js squaazam . . . n

iarca`t mrnj`am

irec tda onrca`ts n`m trn`siercam by tda scaff ei tda ornj`, a`krusts tda wdant jtsafi wjtd jts ew` sgj` n`m tur`s jt j`te cjka. . . . N`m, wdnt js cera racnrgnbfa, tda cjka irec ker`

n`m u`maronrca`ts nra `ajtdar wan`fj`os er sukgfj`os `er pracntura but tday lucp eut iuffy iercam. LAN@ BNX]J[]A YN@ DAFCE@] Ier tda ducbfast eron`jsc, tda sjcpfast bnktarjuc, js nfranmy js

tda

n kenfjtje` ei a`erceus `ucbars ei cefakufas. ft eut ei quastje` ier nff tda pjakas te dnva baa` iercam j`mapa`ma`tfy

j` tda prjcavnf ekan`, te caat by kdn`ka e`a ij`a mny, n`m summa`fy nrrn`oa tdacsafvas j` sukd n kecpfax systac. IRN@aE][ LNKEB

Jt cust ba nmcjttam irec tda baoj``j`o tdnt wa me `et g`ew dew fjia baon`. []N@FAZ CJFFAR N@M FA[FJA EROAF

BAOJ@@J@O[

E` Anrtd seca =,eee cjffje` yanrs noe fjia oa`arntam

ns

cnttar u`-

marteeg n mjiiara`t mjraktje`. Irec tda baoj``j`o, fjia sntjsijam jts nutepejatjk jcparntjva j` n u`jvarsa ebayj`o tdarcemy`ncjk fnws. Beu`m n`m sapnrntam irec tda werfm by n bermar ei jts ew` cngj`o, fjia knca teoatdar ns ejfy mrepfats tdnt j`kransam tdajr ermar (saa

pfnta =). Etdar mjssjpntjva systacs j` `ntura usa a`aroy te j`kransa 1?

 

_dnt fs Fjia5 ermar, but tday fnst ier e`fy sdert parjems ei tjca. Ceraevar, n ter`nme rjsa` e` tda pfnj`s meas`'t oe "wdeeps" ns jt wn`mars j`te n ceu`tnj`eus fn`msknpa tdnt spaffs jts meec7 but ava` tda sjcpfast fjia ierc aiiaktjvafy meas, nktjvafy raspe`mj`o te jrs surreu`mj`os te prasarva n`m pretakt jtsafi.

Dew cnttar j` n bntd ei a`aroy (er dew a`aroy j` n braw ei cnttar) ijrst nkkecpfjsdam tda iant ei fjia js `er g`ew`. @e cefakufa nfe`a kn` rapremuka. Cj`jcnf fjia e` Anrtd temny js n systac, n cj`uta cacbrn`a-beu`mam spdara, n bnktarjnf kaff, raqujrj`o cn`y j`tarnktj`o cefakufas. [eca 1ee te l,eee oa`as cnga n sjr`jfnr `ucbar ei pretaj`s. Xretaj`s n`m M@N cutunffy premuka ankd etdar wjtdj` tda kaff cacbrn`a tdnt teoatdar tday inbrjknta. Banrj`o n keru`e` bjekdacjstry, nff fjia prebnbfy mntas te n sj`ofa, pardnps (but `et `akassnrjfy) jcprebnbfa djsterjknf ceca`t. ]da inkters tdnr fam cnttar te jts pakufjnr "irnktje`ntje` pej`t" wdara mjssjpntjva ba-

dnvjer baknca fjvj`o badnvjer `aam e`fy dnva dnppa`am e`ka. A`kfesam, pardnps ava` summa`fy, by n cacbrn`a n`m wjtd raseurkas

npfa`ry tda ijrst fjvj`o kaffs keufm niierm re ba secawdnt nfeei irec axtar`nf ranfjry. Ava`tunffy, jcparjfam by jts ew` preifjonky n`m by tda j`sa`sjtjvjty ei tda substn`ka irec wdjkd jo 1s9skfsm-yat upe` wdjkd jt nbsefutafy mapa`mam ier susta`n`ka-fjia wns fait te jts ew` mavjkas. Ns cnttar estrnkjzam irec jtsafi, fjia dnm baa` nbn`me`am

by tda werfm, yat tda werfm dnm oe`a `ewdara. ]dara wns `e oej`o bnkg. E`ka baou`, rapremukj`o systacs prekaamam rnpjmfy nwny irec tdajr j`jtjnf stnta, n`m temny `e vastjoas ei anrV fjia fass kecpfax bnktarjnf kaff racnj`. Bnktarjn nra `et dnfi-daw` but iuffy fjvj`o n`m avefvam baj`os tdnt dnva baa` tdrjvj`o ier cera tdn` ;,1ee tdn`

n

cjffje`

yanrs. ]da orantast kdacjknf j`va`ters j` tda djstery ei Anrtd,

tday nra `et 'lust oarcs." Baknusa ei tda ke`sarvntjva cntarjnf `ntura ei rapremukj`o fjia, bnktarjnf kaffs ratnj` kfuas te tda kdacjstry

jt axjstam j` tda raceta pnst. Bnktarjn wara tda ijrst oraa` baj`os te orew e` `etdj`o but su`, wntar, n`m njr. [tjff ei Anrtd's surinka

ns

tda e`fy baj`os nbfa te parierc cn`y catnbefjk trjkgs ei wdjkd wa

 

E`ka Qpe` n

Xfn`at J

u[

n`jcnfs n`m ava` pfn`ts nra `et knpnbfa, bnktarjn wara tda ijrst te brantda exyoa` n`m te swjc. ]day nra tda vjrtuesj ei tda bjespdara.

]day nra nfse eur rafntjvas, wdjkd prebnbfy axpfnj`s wdy wa iaaf tdac. iraa te cnfjo` Bnktarjn, `avar dnvj`o oe`a axtj`kt, ke`tj`ua te pretakt us ns tdajr pepufntje`s orew premjojeusfy. ]day cnj`tnj` sejfs ier us n`m

purjiy wntars. Bnktarjn axpaf onsas, ijffj`o tdajr jccamjnta a`vjre`ca`t wjtd wnstas `exjeus te tda premukars but nffurj`o te etdar strnj`s ns tday kefe`jza ubjqujteus `jkdas-ava` ofnkjnf jka n`m bejfj`o det sprj`os. [eca bujfm murnbfa strukturas n`m krewm tdac wjtd tdajr keccu`jtjas7 seca cnga vj`aonr7 etdars werg catnfs jre`, cn`on`asa, n`m ava` oefm. [eca sa`sa tda su`, swjccj`o te bnsg j` jts rnys, wdjfa etdars nra pdetepdebjk. [tjff etdar sukd

ns

bnktarjn sa`sa n`m swjc tewnrm tda kfesast cno`atjk pefa. Cn`y bnktarjn nra pejse`am by exyoa`7 etdars tdrjva j` jt. [eca cnga speras racnrgnbfy rasjstn`t te dant, masjkkntje`, er rnmjntje`. Bnktarjn keca j` n vnrjary ei kefers, irec s`ew-wdjta Baoojnten n`m yaffew sufiur bnktarjn te ram Kdrecntjuc n`m bfua-oraa` kyn`es fjga [pjrufj`n, @estek, er Cjkrekystjs. Bnktarjn, j` sdert, nra `e cera "oarcs" tdn` tda pfn`ts tdnt iaam, kfetda, n`m deusa us nra "waams." But dew mjm tda ijrst bnktarjuc erjoj`nta5 Nonj`, `e e`a g`ews. Bnktarjn nra se sepdjstjkntam tdnt tday keufm dnva keca irec spnka.

J` tda ijitd ka`tury B.k.A. tda Oraag skja`tjst N`nxnoerns, irja`m ei tda pfnf.wrjodt Aurjpjmas, j`va`tam "pn`sparcjn," tda `etje` tdnt fjia, mjsparsam ns saams tdreuodeut tda u`jvarsa, fn`mam e` Anrtd. Fntar, [wamjsd kdacjst [vn`t9 Nrrda`jus ( J 4 1:-r :zo), @ebaf Xrjza wj``ar ier djs je` tdaery tdnt ntecs j` sefutje` oa`arnta afaktrjknf kdnroa, prepesam tdnt dnrmy bnktarjnf speras wara pusdam by sefnr wj`ms irec stnr te stnr. Nrouj`o tdnt cj`uta pnrtjkfas weufm rjsa te tda uppar ntcespdara j` vefkn`jk aruptje`s, n`m tdnt seca ei tdasa pnrtjkfas, knrryj`o bnktarjnf speras, weufm rankd tda strntespdara-wdara afaktrjknf mjskdnroas weufm prepaf tdac j`te

spnka-Nrrda`jus knfkufntam tdnt

n` Anrtd spera se fnu`kdam temny

 

98 | wd"t fs Fjia5 weufm rankd Xfute j` ieur ce`tds n`m nrrjva nt Nfpdn Ka`tnurj, tda `anrast stnr, j`lust sava` tdeusn`m yanrs. ([peras mjskevaram j` pant n`m etdar mapesjts efmar tdn` tdnt dnva prevam te ba vjnbfa.) Cera raka`tfy, Irn`kjs Krjkg, kemjskevarar ei tda struktura ei M@N, nrouas ier "mjraktam pn`sparcrn"-tdnt j`taffjoa`t axtrntarrastrjnfs cny dnva saamam Anrtd wjtd tda kescjk aqujvnfa`t ei n stnrt-up gjt ier fjia.> Cjodt fjia dnva baou` j` seca etdar stnr systac n`m tda` dnva cjorntam (er baa` axpertam) te Anrtd5 Xardnps, but sukd n vjaw js fass nca`nbfa te skja`tjijk j`vastjontje` tdn` tda vjaw tdnt fjib erjoj`ntam rjodt dara e` Anrtd. Ceraevar, ji fjia stnrtam j` eutar spnkasny, e` n` Anrtdfjga pfn`at-stumy ei dew fjia nresa weufm nppfy te jts baoj``j`o n`ywdara. J`maam, Anrtd jtsafi js suspa`mam j` spnka, se n`y wny wa feeg nt jt, fjia knca irec spnka. DAFF E@ ANR]D

Jt js mnw`, =,9ee cjffje` yanrs noe. Anrtd js j` tda vjefa`t ram tdreas ei jts baoj``j`os, n ornvjtntje`nf jcpfesje` ei cefta` rekg n`m swjrfj`o catnf. [upardantam onsas sukd ns ncce`jn, dymreoa` sufijma, n`m catdn`a kurf j` n` ntcespdara znppam avarf,wdara n`m nt avary ceca`t by fjodt`j`o. ]da vary ekan`s dn`o u`inffa`, u`rnj`am-n spdara ei stanc akfjpsj`o n`y sacbfn`ka ei su`. Ba`antd tdasa vnpers, tdjkg wjtd iercnfmadyma n`m kyn`jma (sjcpfa eron`jk kecpeu`ms tdnt ierc `nturnffy j` spnka), tda bejfj`o krust ei tda surinka puffufntas wjtd rnmjenktjvjty n`m dant.

Can`wdjfa, tda su` dns jo`jtam, ifnsdj`o wjtd n burst ei rnmjntje` se ierkaiuf jt bfews eiiwdefa pfn`atnry ntcespdaras, rafaontj`o dymreoa` ons te tda eutar rankdas ei tda sefnr systac. ]dara dymreoa` keffakts nreu`m kefm n`m cnssjva Lupjtar, [ntur`, (Lrn`us, n`m @aptu`a-ier e`fy tdasa ojn`t pfn`ats dnva ornvjry suifjkja`t re ratnj` tdajr erjoj`nf nffetca`t ei tdjs fjodtast ei nff afaca`ts. Avarywdara, e` nff pfn`ats n`m tdajr cee`s, cataers rn`oj`o j` sjza irec must spakgs te fnroa pfn`atejms ke`tj`ua tdajr becbnrmca`t. [cnsd-

 

E`ka Qpe` n Xfn`at

9>

j`o tdajr wny nreu`m tda sefnr systac, sukd spnka rubbfa brj`os wntar n`m knrbe` kecpeu`ms nfe`o ier tda rjma, tdjkga`j`o tda braw tdnt wjff iaam anrfy fjia e` Anrtd.

E`a pnrtjkufnrfy duoa j`trumar strjgas Anrtd, ifj`oj`o ke`tj`a`tsjzam cnssas j`te spnka. But jt js sfewam a`euod by tda keffjsje` te bakeca a`trnppam j` Anrtd's erbjt. Nitar rakajvj`o n iaw cera scnffar scnsdas ei jts ew`, tda krntaram erb kecas te rasacbfa tda wdjta, su`-ofj`tj`o cee` tdnt a`kdn`ts us temny. But j` tdnt inr-eii arn tda ska`a weufm `et dnva baa` sara`a. ]da yeu`o Anrtd spu` se inst tdnt mnyfjodt fnstam n cara ijva deurs. ]da ntcespdara, fnkgj`o exyoa`, weufm dnva suppfjam `e brantd n`m `e bfua vjstns. [ukd wns Anrtd ns jt cjodt dnva nppanram j` tda Dnman` ae` =,9ee-=,eee cjffje` yanrs noe. Fjia cny waff dnva baa` nreu`m, dewavar, by tda fnta Dnman`-e`ka tda cefta` surinka ei Anrtd dnm suijjkja`tfy keefam n`m `e axtrntarrastrjnf jcpnkt wns fnroa a`euod te ranrrn`oa tda a`tjra krust nt n sj`ofa strjga. ]djs anrfjast vjefa`t parjem ei Anrtd djstery, `ncam nitar Dnmas, Oraag daff n`m nbema ei tda manm, js tda ijrst ei ieur fe`o ae`s (saa tjcafj`a, pnoas 9z-4e). Iessjfs, wdatdar ste`y traa tru`gs, trnkas ei werc burrews, ieetprj`ts nfe`o patrjijam sderafj`as, speras burjam j` fnga samjca`ts, er ejfy kdacjknfs irec maknyj`o fanvas, nra avjma`ka ei pnst fjia. @e iessjfs-`et ava` n vefkn`jk rekg-survjvas &ecAnrtd's Dnman` cansura-

ae`. ]da Dnman` e` Anrtd kn` e`fy ba j`iarram irec ca`t ei inr efmar `nttar irec cataers n`m irec tda cee`. [eca

ei tda efmast rekgs mntj`o irec tda ieffewj`o

ae` dnva, dewavar,

survjvam, n`m tdasa, j`maam, maij`a tda e`sat ei tda Nrkdan` (=,eeez,1ee cjffje` yanrs noe). N iaw "u`catncerpdesam" Nrkdan`

rekgs-tdesa `et sublaktam te nftarj`o dant n`m prassura-ratnj` trnkas ei fjia. Nustrnfjn` rekgs ;,=41 cjffje` yanrs efm ke`tnj` afava` er cera typas ei rakeo`jznbfa iessjf bnktarjn. ]da efmast rekgs e` Anrtd temny tdus ke`tnj` vastjoas ei fjia. @e e`a g`ews wda` fjia baon`, but fjO js nt fanst ns efm ns wa keufm acpjrjknffy g`ew jt te ba.

 

ANR]D DJ[]ERZ ]JCAFJ@A[ Dara eur "ducn`-ka`taram" er mjstertam-sknfa tjcafj`a raprasa`ts cnler oreups ei

eron`jscs n`m ava`ts j` Anrtd djstery ns paepfa n`m beegs usunffy perrrny tdac< wjtd `e raonrm ier kdre`efeojknf syccatry j` n werfm ke`sjstj`o e`fy ei fnroa n`jcnfs n`m pfn`ts. '_a ieffew tdjs wjtd n trua-sknfa tjcafj`a (baoj``j`o e` pnoa 9=), wdjkd ma`jas ka`tar stnoa te paepfa n`m etdar cnccnfs n`m meas `et sdert sdrjit tda ijrst =,eee

cjffje` yanrs ei eur pfn`at's djstery. _djfa jt js eita` tdeuodt tdnt `etdj`o ei j`tarast ekkurram e` Anrtd u`tjf tda erjoj` ei tda sgafatnfjzam Kncbrjn` cnrj`a n`jcnfs seca j=J cjffje` yanrs noe, n trua npprakjntje` ei djstery raqujras tdnt tda orant anrfy kdnptars ei fjia's stery `et ba mjscjssam. ]da trua-sknfa tjcafj`a mapjkts seca ei tda cest sjo`jijkn`t ava`ts j` tda stery ei fjia baiera tda avefutje` j` tda Xdn`arezejk Ae` ei incjfjnr fjia iercs.

DQCN@-KA@]ARAM ER MJ[]ER]AM-[KNFA ]JCAFJ@A

ei

(Cjffje`s yanrs noe)

f

8.881

-

Nppanrn`ka ei kjtjas

8.8'f

-

Defeka`a apekd Nppanrn`ka ei norjkufturnf urbn` ka`tars bnsam e` norjkufturnf kuftjvntje` ei ornssas (wdant, rjka, atk.)

< 8.28 >.91 8.81

Nppanrn`ka ei kufturnffy cemar`, knva-pnj`tj`o ducn`s Nppanrn`ka ei n`ntecjknffy cemar` ducn`s (Dece snpja`s) ^untar`nry Xarjem Xfajsteka`a apekd Dece araktus n`m Dece `an`martdnfa`sfs j` tda Cjmmfa Anst, Nirjkn, n`m Aurepa

= -88

J

J

J

Efmast g`ew` cj`arnf krystnfs (prasa`t-mny Nustrnfjn)

Anrfy sans

Xessjbfa axjsta`ka

rekg

ei ijrst ke`tj`a`ts

Efmast rekgs mntam by rnmjenktjvjty ei cee`

Axubarn`t vefkn`jsc

n`m cataerjk krntarj`o ke`tj`uas

 

99

_dnt fs Fjia5

a`am ns cukd by tda jman

ei ijxam

spakjas ns jt wns by keu`tarvnjf-

j`o ebsarvntje`s. [pakjas wara rakermam ns ijxam kntaoerjas. ]da wergs ei [wamjsd betn`jst Knrefus Fj``naus (t?e?-r??o), tda ieu`mar ei cemar` tnxe`ecy wde onva tda `nca Dece snpja`s te tda ducn` bemy (but `et te tda seuf), n`m tdesa ei Ira`kd n`nte`rjst

Oaeroas Kuvjar ^?9:-r4;2), wde axta`mam tda Fj``nan` kfnssjijkntje` te iessjfs, cnma tda `etje` ei spe`tn`aeus oa`arntje` cera

mjijjkuft te nkkapt. Ier Fj``naus, ijxam spakjas wara mjstj`kt n`m sapnrnta iercs krantam by n` ec`jpeta`t Oem. ]e Kuvjar, iessjfs nra avjma`ka ei pnst fjia, j` pnrtjkufnr ei knrnstrepdjk ifeems, nt fansr e`a ei wdjkd wns rakermam j` tda Bjbfa. Jt tdus knca te ba bafjavam tdnt n` nff-pewariuf Oem, e`ka n`m ier nff, dnm krantam nff Anrtd's "kranturas." J`maam, [wjss `nturnfjst Kdnrfas Be``at it?ze-r?y) rufam eut spe`tn`aeus oa`arntje` bajt wns suparifueus te djs tdaery ei acbejtaca`t-tdnttda erjoj`nf iacnfa ei ankd spakjas dnm baa` krantam, ns j` n sat ei Russjn` knusa

meffs, wjtd tda oarc kaffs ei nff iutura oa`arntje`s nfranmy j`sjma dar. Dnfi-bfj`m Be``at dnm mjskevaram tda nff-iacnfa rapremuktje` sys-

tac ei kartnj` j`sakts, tda pnrtda`eoa`asjs ei npdjms, n inkt wdjkd dafpam djc nroua nonj`st "svqfusj9`"-tda werm da usam te raiar te tda bafjai ei tdesa ieefdnrmy a`euod te bafjava j` tda wn`re` `etje` ei spakjas trn`siercntje`.

=,888

J n`krr`u rer* Baoj``j`o ei Anrtd krust iercntje` n`m prasucam stnrt ei takte`jk nktjvjty Anrfjast Anrtd rekgs (zjrke`s

irec Ceu`t @nrryar j`

prasa`t-mny Nustrnfjn n`m

Nknstn o`ajss irec prasa`tmny `ertdwastar` Kn`nmn)

mntam by rnmjenktjvjty

Efmast Cnrs cataer krntar (astjcntam)

;,:88

;,488

J J

J

Erjoj`s ei fjia j` tda ierc ei bnktarjnf kaffs

Kraa`ste`a fsun Baft (prasa`t-mny Kraa`fn`m), j`mjkntj`o pessjbfa bjefeojknffy premukam knrbe`nta n`m ramukam knrbe`

Nppanrn`ka ei ijrst gj`omec< BNK]ARJN (CE@ARN) N`narebjk pregnryetas n`m tdaraiera nutepejasjs, catnbefjsc, n`m rapremuktje` dnva avefvam

 

e`ka Qpe` n Xfn`at J

a,

"Fjia irec `e`fjia" wns nmdaram te ava` nitar tda Ifera`tj`a pdysjkjn` n`m peat Irn`kaske Ramj $929-t9o?) pariercam djs mjfjoa`t axparjca`ts mjsprevj`o sukd spe`tn`aeus oa`arntje`. Ramj pfnkam n vnrjaty ei cants-n s`nga, seca ijsd, n`m n sfjka ei vanf-j` sanfam

lnrs. N`etdar sat ei lnrs wara fait epa`. Ramj's axparjca`t wns n kfanr sukkass. J` djs "ebsarvntje`s e` tda oa`arntje` ei j`sakts," da rakermam tdnt da "baon` te bafjava tdnt nff wercs ieu`m j` cant wara marjvam irec ifjas, n`m `et putrainktje`."= Ramj, j` etdar werms, mavafepam n tdaery ei cnooets. Dnvj`o saa` ifjas devarj`o nreu`m n`m a`tarj`o tda epa` &ut `et tda kfesam) lnrs, da ke`ijrcam djs suspjkje` tdnt tda sanfam cants, maspjta tdajr putrjm sta`kd, mjm `et bakeca "wercy." J` pdnsa twe ei tda axparjca`t da kevaram cant wjtd n kfetd tdnt prava`tam ifjas irec fnyj`o aoos. @e varcj` nppanram. Da ke`kfumam tdnt "Anrtd, nitar dnvj`o breuodt

iertd tda

ijrst pfn`ts n`m n`jcnfs by ermar ei tda [upraca n`m Ec`jpeta`t Kranter, dns `avar sj`ka premukam n`y gj`m ei pfn`ts er n`jcnfs, ajtdar parOkt er jcpariakt7 n`m avarytdj`o wdjkd wa g`ew j` pnst er prasa`t tjca sda dnm premukam, knca sefafy . . . irec saams ei tda pfn`ts er n`jcnfs tdacsafvas, wdjkd tdus, tdreuod can`s ei tdajr ew`, prasarva tda spakjas."s [kja`tjsts nra snjm te nbn`me` tdaerjas ns see` ns tday nra ke`trnmjktam by axparjca`t. J` inkt, cn`y me tda ravarsa, jo`erj`o nwg-

;,?88

;,988

J

J

;,188 J

Ijrst nppanrn`ka ei

bn`mam jre` iercntje` (BfI), suooastj`o feknf seurkas ei exyoa` nt samjca`t-wntar j`tarinkas

Bnrbarte` Ceu`tnj` Fn`m (prasa`t-mny [eutd Nirjkn) n`m Xjfbnrn Bfekg (prasa`t-mny _astar` Nustrnfjn), ke`tnj`j`o iessjf avjma`ka ier n`exyoa`jk keccu`jtjas< cjkreiessjfs, strecntefjtas, n`m kdacjknf iessjfs

J

E`varwnkdt Kreup n`m _nrrnwee`n Kreup (prasa`t-mny [eutd Nirjkn), ke`tnj`j`o nbu`mn`t ramukam knrbe` j` sdnfas, cjkreiessjfs, n`m strecntefjtas, jcXfZ wjmaspranm ekkurra`ka ei pdetesy`tdatjk bnktarjnf keccu`jtjas Anrfjast mjrakt avjma`ka ei takte`jk

nktjvjty< orn`jta ei tda Gnnpvnnf Krnte` irec prasa`t-mny [eutd Nirjkn

 

94

_dnt Js Fjia5

wnrm axparjca`tnf avjma`ka j` n` aiiert te snva nppanrn`kas. @ewdara, te pnrnpdrnsa Cnrg ]wnj`, js se cukd marjvam irec se fjttfa ns j` tda premuktje` ei skja`tjijk tdaery irec skja`tjijk inkt. N ka`tury nitar Ramj's axparjca`t, tda A`ofjsd `nturnfjst n`m Recn` Kntdefjk prjastLed`]ubarvjffa @aamdnc (t? r ;-r?4r) keffnberntam wjtd tda anrfy avefutje`jst Oaeroas Feujs Fakfark Buiie` Ofeft?44). Buiie`, ns gaapar eitdaLnrmj` mu Rej, tda Ira`kd reynf betn`jknf onrma`s, wns nutder ei tda ierry-ieur vefuca ftLnturnf Djstery, ranm by cn`y ei tda amukntam kfnss, j`kfumj`o Arnscus Mnrwj` (r J J rr [ez), Kdnrfas's orn`mintdar. ]eoatdar, @aamdnc n`m Buiie` pariercam n` axparjca`t masjo`am te matarcj`a wdatdar spe`tn`aeus oa`arntje` nppFjam te nff ei fjO. Bejfj`o cutte` bretd, tday knraiuffy sanfam jt j` nlnr. Epa`j`o jt n iaw mnys fntar, tday snw kepjeus orewtd, suooastj`o te tdac tdnt spe`tn`aeus oa`arntje` mjm nppfy te cjkrebjnf fjia. Nftdeuod nbsefutafy cjsfanmj`o-baknusa tday injfam te

gjff tda bejf-preei cjkrebas-tda axparjca`t jre`jknffy ke`ijrcam

Buiie`'s assa`tjnffy cemar` `etje` tdnt "eron`jk cefakufas" keufm u`mar kartnj` ke`mjtje`s kecbj`a te premuka r`jkreeron`jscs.

J` r?94 Jtnfjn` bjefeojstFnzznre [pnffn`zn`t (r?2:-r?::) mace`strntam tdnt djs jffustrjeus pramakassers Buiie` n`m @aamdnc dnm `aofaktam te bejf tda bretd suijjkja`tfy. [tjff, [pnffn`zn`j's tasts mjm `et sntjsifj Ar`st Dnakgaf, wde bafjavam prefe`oam dant mastreyam n

;,=88

;,;88

J

J

Mavafepca`t ei tdjkgast (n`m tdaraiera efmast) pertfe`s ei ke`tj`a`ts

]rnka nceu`ts ei exyoa` ons (E2) j` ntcespdara n`m samjca`ts

;,288 J

Ke`tj`a`tnf takte`jk cn`y scnff pfntas

nktjvjty-

 

E`ka Qpe` n Xfn`at

9:

"vjtnf prj`kjpfa" j` tda njr. @et u`tjf Ira`kd kdacjst Feujs Xnstaur (t4zz-r4:1) axpesam bejfam cant axtrnkt te njr by can`s ei n ifnsg, wdesa fe`o `akg wns ba`t mew` n`m tda` up, wara vjtnfjsts maiantam.

Njr, but `et bnktarjn, yansts, er n`y etdar sert ei fjia, keufm rjsa nonj`st ornvjty te a`tar tda zjoznopnssnoawny te tda fjia-suppertj`o bretd. Ns see` ns tda ofnss wns brega`, n`m cjkreskepjk fjia keufm a`tar, orewtd e` tda bretd baon`. @e etdar axpfn`nfje` dafm< fjia knca e`fy irec pravjeus fjia tdnt wns baoetta` by stjff anrfjar fjia. N`m yat, tda werg ei Xnstaur, prevj`o tdnt fjia kecas e`fy irec pravjeus fjia, stre`ofy suooastam tdnt e`fy Oem keufm dnva krantam fjia

j`

tda Baoj``j`o.

ERJOJ@[ EI FJIA

J` r 4?r Mnrwj` cusam tdnt e`a "keufm ke`kajva j` seca wnrc fjttfa pe`m, wjtd nff serts ei ncce`jn n`m pdespderjk snfts, fjodt, dant, afaktrjkjry atk." n kda`rjknffy iercam "pretaj` kecpeu`m . . . ranmy te u`maroe stjff cera kecpfax kdn`oas."9]e trnka fjO bnkg te cnttar wns n feojknf axta`sje` ei tda jman tdnt nff spakjas dnm avefvam irec n kecce` n`kaster. Ji spakjas keufm avefva, wdnt wns te step cnttar jtsafi irec avefvj`o j`te fjia5 N yeu`oRussjn` bjekdacjst, Nfaxn`mar fvn`evjkd Epnrj` (r 4[+-

;,>88

ff

Iercntje` ei Ijo ]raa Oreup (prasa`t-mny [eutd Nirjkn) ei rekgs tdnt ke`tnj` cjkreiessjfs ei rapremukj`o kaffs

;,888

2,:88 J

Efmast avjma`ka ier fjia j` prasa`t-mny @ertd Ncarjkn< [taap Rekg, E`tnrje _jmaspranm strecntefjta raais prasarvam nt [taap Rekg n`m Xe`oefn Baft (prasa`t-mny [eutd Nirjkn) Mjvarsjij kntje` ei bnktarjn-prebnbfy nff cnler catnbefjk cemas avefvam by `ew (a.:., kdacenutetrepdy sukd ns Dz, Dz[, @D

f`

rozo tda Brjtjsd pdysjefeojst L.B.[. Dnfmn`a pubfjsdam n` nrtjkfa cngj`o tda pej`t tdnt ranktjva exyoa` weufm dnva mastreyam eron`jk kecpeu`ms7 mavafepj`o fjia, tdaraiera, cust dnva nrjsa` j` n` exyoa`-iraa ntcespdara.s ]da werg ei Dnfmn`a n`m Epnrj` wns n` j`spjrntje` te "erjoj`s-ei-fjia" axparjca`tars irec tda fL`jtam [tntas, sukd ns [tn`fay F. Cjffar, [jm`ay Iex, n`m Kyrjf Xe``ncparucn. @e`atdafass, Epnrj` wns `e cera racevam irec djs sekje-

kufturnf cjfjau tdn` wara djs pramakassers7 nitar _erfm _nr JJ da makfnram [kdrkjmj`oar's beeg _dnt Js Fjia5 te ba "jmaefeojknffy mn`oareus" n`m da pretastam tda `aw acpdnsjs e` oa`as, vjrusas, n`m 9nffj`o jt "cakdn`jstjk." Zat Epnrj`, by jcnoj`j`o dew `ukfajk ".j=t, fjia keufm dnva ijrst avefvam, ravjvam tda `etje` ei spe`tn`aeus oa`arntje` ei fjia irec `e`fjia.

J`

>:1: eron`jk kdacjst [jm`ay Iex n`m djs keffanouas keefam wntar-iraa cjxturas ei ncj`e nkjms te cnga "pretaj`ejm cjkrespdaras." Rasacbfj`o kekkj bnktarjn, tdasa cjkrespdaras weufm, u`mar prassura, ekknsje`nQy mjvjma. Fasfja Eroaf ei tda [nfg J`stjtuta j` Knfjier`jn mjskevaram n M@N-fjga cefakufa (ijity `ukfaetjmas

fe`o) tdnt iercam spe`tn`aeusfy irec sjcpfar knrbe` kecpeu`ms n`m fanm snfts. Ijva yanrs fntar, N]X-tda kecpeu`m tdnt js u`jvarsnffy usam by fjia te stera a`aroy-wns premukam by Knrf [non`, Rutd Cnrj`ar, n`m Kyrjf Xe``ncparucn j` n pdespderus-ke`tnj`j`o

2,188

J a`era`ezetk

aer

Kaefeojknffy cemar` prekassas baoj`< Exyoa` ons (Er) baoj`s te sanse`nffy nkkucufnta7 BfIs ke`spjkueus n`m nbu`mn`t7 axta`sjva, duoa fngas er ekan`s7 knrbe`nta pfntiercs, j`mjkntj`o bjeoa`jk raai-fjga strukturas cnma by bnktarjnf keccu`jtjas j` cnrj`a sattj`os Ijrst suparke`tj`a`t (pra-Xn`oan)

2,=88

2,;88

J

J Baoj``j`o ei werfmwjma noa ei BfIs< :8 parka`t ei Anrtd's kurra`t cj`anbfa jre` mapesjts j` prasa`t-mny

seutdar` Nirjkn, Brnzjf, Ka`trnf Ncarjkn, wastar` E`tnrje, `ertdar` Cjkdjon`, n`m Cj``asetn iercam batwaa` 2,=88 n`m >,4EE cjffje` yanrs noe

Ke`tj`uam axpn`sje` ei knrbe`nta raaifjga pfntiercs n`m BfIs

 

?2

_dnt fs Fjia5

cjxtura ei onsas tdeuodt sjcjfnr te Anrtd's anrfy ntcespdara. "Jt js, pardnps, jre`jk," wrjtas fL`jvarsjty ei Cnryfn`m kdar`jst Xe``ncparucn, "tdnt wa taff baoj``j`o stuma`ts . . . nbeut Xnstaur's axparjca`ts ns tda trjucpd ei ranse` evar `tystjkjsc yat wa nra ke`)j`o bnkg te spe`tn`aeus oa`arntje`, nfbajt j` n cera raij`am n`m skja`tjijk sa`sa, `ncafy, te kdacjknf avefutje`."a

]da "nbjetjk premuktje`" ei N]X wns nkrunffy n ke`tj`untje` ei werg baou` by [tn`fay F. Cjffar, n ornmunta stuma`t ei @ebaf fnuranta Dnrefm Qray (r4:;->:4r), nr rda Q`jvarsjry ei Kdjknoe j` t :1 ; . Cj`jnturjzj`o wdnt da tdeuodt wns Anrtd's anrfjast ncbja`ka, Cjffar ijffam ifnsgs wjtd onsas (jcjtntje` ntcespdara) evar tda surinka ei starjfjzam wntar (jcjtntje` ekan`). Ier n waag da becbnrmam djs ofnsswnra cjkrekesc wjtd n fjodt`j`o-fj-Va afaktrjknf mjskdnroa. ]da rasuft wns tda avefutje`nry bjefeojst's .Mjje` ei tda rwjtkd-

j`o fjcbs ei Cnry [daffay's Irn`ga`sraj` ce`srar. Nfn`j`a n`m ofykj`a, twe kdacjknfs assa`tjnf te fjvj`o pretaj`s, ns waff ns cn`y

etdar kecpeu`ms, dnm spe`tn`aeusfy nppanram j` tda ifnsgs. J` tda fnberntery, keegj`o irec skrntkd, skja`tjsts dnm tdus rapantam tda prabjetjk erjoj` `et qujta ei fjia but ei tda `utrja`ts `aamam ier saficnj`ta`n`ka-n sert ei prjcavnf ieem. Cjffar's fnberntery cekg-up ei tda anrfy pfn`atnry ntcespdara ke`tnj`am dymreoa`

2,288 J

_jmaspranm ekkurra`ka ei pregnryetjk pfn`gte` (bnktarjepfn`gte`) j` werfm's ekan`s

onsas

fjga tdesa fait evar irec tda ornvjtntje`nf

2,>88

t.'

f`kransj`o QY (uftrnvjefat) rny-nbserbj`o eze`a sdjafm (Er marjvam irec 82 nkkucufntj`o j` ntcespdara)

Efmast nbu`mn`t iessjf bnktarjn< Ku`ifj`tjn, Dure`espern, Faptetajkdus oef ubjkj j, atk.

2,888 J

Iraa Ez nbu`mn`t j` ntcespdara, j`mj-

kntj`o mecj`n`ka ei narebjk eron`jscs Cjtekde`mrjn, n`kasters te cest augnryetas, nkqujram by sycbjesjs ns purpfa aubnktarjn

Ku`ifj`t fre` Iercntje` (prasa`t-mny

E`tnrje, Kn`nmn) n`m aqujvnfa`t iessjf bjetns j` prasa`t-mny Kdj`n, Nustrnfjn, n`m Knfjier`jn ke`tnj`j`o kecpfax ijfnca`teus cjkreiessjfs n`m racnj`s ei strukturam keccu`jtjas

 

Xfn`at J ,t

E`ka Qpe` n

nkkratje` ei tda su`< dymreoa` (D2), wntar vnper (DzE), ncce`jn (@D,?88

>,488 J

Rapfnkaca`t ei BfIs by ram bams (exjmjzam jre`

samjca`ts), j`mjkntj`o werfmwjma trn`sjtje` te n` ntcespdara rjkd j` exyoa`

Nppanrn`ka ei sake`m gj`omec< XRE]EK]J[][ Anrfjast augnryetas meku-

ca`tam j` iessjf rakerm ns nkrjtnrkds, j`mjkntj`o kaff avefutje` by sycbjesjs Erjoj` ei spakjntje` j`iarram irec cefakufnr mntn e` pretektjsts (prjcnrjfy n`narebjk cnstjoeta pretjsts)

 

?=

_dnt fs Fjia5

j` t:?e. Nfkedef (KD,888 J

f`kransa j` mjvarsjty ei nfona (pdetesy`tdatjk

augnryetas) n`m etdar pretjsts

 

:88 J

Efmast " ojn`t" nkn`tde-

cerpd nkrjtnrkds, prebnbfy nfona

488

J _erfmwjma prefjiarntje` ei u`jma`tjijam fnroa

"qujftam " eron`jscs, iessjfjzam j` sn`mste`a, prebnbfy kefe`jnf sn`mmwaffj`o cacbars ei mjvarsa pretektjst gj`omec, tda Amjnknrn` bjetn

E`ka Qpe` n Xfn`at

??

ei wdjkd nra brjodtfy keferam, "fjva" ier n wdjfa baye`m tda fjcjt ei aqujfjbrjuc kdacjstry. ArjkdLn`tskd (r:ze-r:4 l), n` Nustrjn`-Ncarjkn` kransa tdajr j`tar`nf ermar, tdasa kdacjknf systa`@, seca

nstrepdysjkjst n`m pdjfesepdar, axpfnj`s tdnt, _darans iraa a`aroy n`m `aw ranktje` pnrtjkjpn`ts nra jcpertam, a`-

trepy n`m ranktje` a`m premukts nra axpertam-wa ij`m dara tda r`a'_jtd tnbefjsc ei n systac j` jts sjcpfast cn`jiastntje`. tda dafp ei tdjs a`aroy n`m cnttar axkdn`oa wjtd tda a`vjre`ca`t, tda systac cnj`tnj`s jts j``ar `e`-aqujfjbrjuc, n`m tda `e`-aqujfjbrjuc, j` tur`, cnj`tnj`s tda axkdn`oa prekassas. E`a cny tdj`g ei tda jcnoa ei n parse` wde stu`rbfas, fesas djs aqujfjbrjuc n`m kn` e`fy nvejm inffj`o e` djs `esa by ke`tj`uj`o te stucbfa ierwnrm. N mjssjpntjva struktura ke`tj`ueusfy ra`aws jtsafi n`m cnj`tnj`s n pnrtjkufnr my`ncjk r9ojca, ofebnffy stnbfa spnka-tjca struktura. Jt saacs te ba j`tarastam sefafy j` jts ew` j`taorjry n`m safi-ra`awnf.>2 n

Mjssjpntjva strukturas, kdacjknf systacs tdnt usa strancs ei a`aroy te j`kransa tdajr j`tar`nf ermar, nra, dewavar, rnra n`m sdert-fjvam.

But ji tda j`kransam j`tar`nf ermar js tdnt ei fjia, tda`, ojva` nkkass ei tda systac te n seurka ei a`aroy n`m tda rjodt gj`m ei cnttar (`utrja`ts), jt cnj`tnj`s j`maij`jtafy. ]djs js nutepejasjs. Nutepejasjs js wdnt dnppa`s wda` n safi-beu`mam kdacjknf systac-bnsam `et e` scnff cefakufas ei sufiurjk n`m cnfe`jk nkjms but e` fe`o-

(Baoj``j`o ei "Ducn`-ka`taram" ]jcafj`a)

?88

988

1=>

J

J

J ax`c`ezera aeru

ei werfmwjma "Ya`mjn`" jka noas ieffewam by mjvarsa

Nppanrn`ka ei tdjrm gj`omec< N@JCNF[

[arjas

`aw pfn`gtjk n`m ba`tdjk keccu`jtjas, prebnbfy ei pretektjsts

 

f`iarram erjoj`s ei aoo, sparc, acbrye, n`m bfnstufn Nppanrn`ka j` iessjf rakerm ei seit-bemjam n`jcnfs (spe`oas, keafa`tarntas, nrtdrepems, n`m etdars)

Xnfaezejk Arn Kncbrjn`. Ermevjkjn`. [jfurjn`. n`m etdar tjca-rekg mjvjsje`s (saa pnoa 1;)

"Noa ei Cnrj`a N`jcnfs" ]rjfebjtas n`m etdar dnrm-sdaffam

n`jcnfs pravnfa`t

Nppanrn`ka ei ieurtd n`m ijitd gj`omecs< XFN@][ n`m IQ@OJ

?4

_dnt fs Fjia5

cefakufa `ukfajk nkjms n`m pretaj`s-rankdas n krjtjknf pej`t n`m `avar steps catnbefjzj`o.

]da kaff, tda scnffast nutepejatjk struktura g`ew` temny, js tda cj`jcnf u`jt tdnt js knpnbfa ei j`kassn`t safi-eron`jzj`o catnbefjsc. ]da erjoj` ei tda tj`jast bnktarjnf kaff, tda ijrst nutepejatjk systac

wjtd nbeut ijva du`mram mjiiara`t gj`ms ei pretaj`s n`m etdar fe`o kdnj` cefakufas, js ebskura. Zat cest noraa tdnt kecpfax knrbe` kecpeu`ms, axpesam j` seca wny te u`kansj`o a`aroy n`m a`vjre`ca`tnf trn`siercntje`, baknca ejfy mrepfats tdnt ava`tunffy baknca cacbrn`a-beu`mam kaffs.

Catnbefjsc, tda kdacjknf cansura, tda spakjijk anrttrfy cn`jiastntje` ei nutepejasjs, dns baa` n preparty ei fjia sj`ka jt baon`. ]da ijrst kaffs catnbefjzam< tday usam a`aroy (irec fjodt er irec n scnff rn`oa ei kdacjknfs-`avar irec dant er cakdn`jknf cevaca`t) n`m cntarjnf (wntar n`m snfts, knrbe`, `jtreoa`, n`m sufiur kecpeu`ms)

irec eutsjma te cnga, cnj`tnj`, n`m racnga tdacsafvas. Nute-

pejasjs, tda kdacjknf bnsjs ier tda jcpntja`ka ei fjvj`o baj`os, js `avar

eptje`nf. Nbsefutafy raqujram nt nff tjcas ier n`y fjia ierc j` n wntary cjfjau, nutepejasjs, e`ka jt nppanram j` tda tj`jast bnktarjnf n`kaster, wns `avar kecpfatafy fest. Zeu acbemy tda prekassas ei tda anrfy Anrtd j` yeur fjvj`o kaffs. ]da injfura ei tda nutepejatjk systac ei kaff cnj`ta`n`ka js mantd.

188

 

=88

;88

t'

t

E`ka Qpe` n

Ji

nutepejasjs ei n kaff kansas, tda kaff mjas.

jsc knpnbfa ei rapfnkj`o jts kaffs survjvas

ns

Xfn`at J ,, N cn`y-kaffam eron`-

tda nutepejatjk badnv-

jer ei tda fnroar eron`jk baj`o pravnjfs. Ji tee cn`y kecpe`a`t kaffs mja, catnbefjsc ei tda fnroar a`tjry dnfts n`m mantd ieffews. N`y kaff er eron`jsc tdnt ke`tj`uas te safi-cnj`tnj` wjff orew, n`m tda jcparntjva te rapremuka wjff ieffew. Nftdeuod `et ebvjeus te tda `ngam aya, kaff catnbefjsc `avar steps. Kdacjknf trn`siercntje`s sukd

ns

`utrja`t uptnga n`m a`aroy ke`varsje`, n`m tda inbrjkntje` ei M@N, R@N, n`m pretaj`s, ekkur ke`tj`ueusfy j` nff kaffs n`m nff baj`os cnma ei kaffs. Fjia saacs te dnva erjoj`ntam j` wdntavar wara tda prjcermjnf n`kasters ei cemar` bnktarjn. Kdacjknf systacs tdnt baknca bjefeojknf systacs, tdasa ijrst baj`os weufm dnva catnbefjzam n`m j`kerperntam a`aroy, `utrja`ts, wntar, n`m snfts j`te tdajr mavafepj`o safvas. ]da ijrst kaffs iercam. Ns j` Ln`tskd's n`nfeoy ei tda parse` cacbrn`a-

inka, se stucbfj`o ierwnrm te nvejm inffj`o e` djs etdar beu`mam kaffs rapfjknrj`oR@N n`m premukj`o cefakufas stucbfam e`te M@N-bnsam R@N n`m pretaj` sy`tdasjs7 tdnt js, rapremuktje` baknca n can`s te ratnj` safi-cnj`ta`n`ka, te pestpe`a n ratur` te tdarcemy`ncjk aqujfjbrjuc. Bnktarjn rapremuka j` tda tjca jt tngas te ranm tdjs kdnptar. Afapdn`t n`m wdnfa rapremuktje` kn` raqujra n maknma. But wdntavar

2=1

288

>88

J r`asezerk r`n

J

J

]rjnssjk, Lurnssjk, n`m

Kratnkaeus parjems

"Noa ei Raptjfas"

 

48

_dnt fs Fjia5

tda rnta, rapremuktje` raqujras M@N rapfjkntje` j` kaffs. Jt raqujras R@N, pretaj`, n`m cacbrn`a sy`tdasjs n`m tda j`trj`sjk fekece-

tje` ei orewtd. Rapremuktje` ei fnroar baj`os-pretektjsts, iu`oj, n`jcnfs, n`m pfn`ts-nfse j`vefvas orewtd n`m mjvjsje` ei tdajr kecpe`a`t kaffs. Nutepejatjk cuftjkaffufnr baj`os nra kecpesam ei kaffs wdjkd tdacsafvas nra nutepejatjk. N`jcnf n`m pfn`t rapremuktje` rapremuktje` js n parcutntje` ei kaff nutepejasjs, lust ns kaff nutepejasjs js n parcutntje` ei `ukfajk nkjm n`m pretaj` catnbefjsc. Eur j`stj`ktjva masjra te fjva js mjraktfy rafntam te tda nutepejatjk jcparntjva te survjva, jtsafi rafntam te tda "yanr`j`o" ei dant te mjssjpnta. CA]NBEFJK _J@ME_[ Baknusa kaQs ratnj` tdajr eron`jzntje`

j` spjta

ei-er

baknusa

tda daftar sgaftar nreu`m tdac, tday prevjma skja`ka wjtd

n

eI-

wj`mew

e`te tda pnst. Jt js n rntdar cnojknf inkt tdnt, wjtdj` tda nutepejatjk, tdarcemy`ncjk vjaw, eur bemjas temny sdeufm dnva vjrtunffy tda snca kdacjstry ns tdnt pravnjfj`o e` Anrtd's surinka ;,eee r`jffje` yanrs noe. Racacbar tdnt wda` fjia baknca nutepejatjk jt pestpe`am

j`maij`jtafy tda ceca`t ei tetnf dant aqunfjzntje` n`m fess ei ermar. Qsj`o tda a`aroy ei ieem n`m su`fjodt, fjia dns tdwnrtam tdarcemy`nr`jk aqujfjbrjuc.

*..,..,

91= J

karuezetk-a*f f arasa`t

"Noa ei

Cnccnfs"

|jiijjfs Ke`sjmaram cntarjnffy, ns n systac ei cnttar n`m a`aroy, fjia js rakeo`jznbfa by jts pnrtjnf sapnrntje` irec tda a`vjre`ca`t by wny ei n cacbrn`a.

 

49

_dnt fs Fjia5

Evar avefutje`nry tjca, j`mjvjmunfjry nfwnys bnsam e` tda cacbrn`a-beu`mam u`jt ei tda kaff, nrjsas nt avar orantar favafs ei j`taorntje`. Fjia `et e`fy avefvas, jt apjtecjzas avefutje`nry trn`sjtje`s. N kaff cacbrn`a js j` kecce` n`m `akassnrjfy j`tnkt j` nff nutepejatjk baj`os. N cacbrn`a js n prake`mjtje` ier kaff catnbefjsc. ]da ijrst nutepejatjk systac, wdjkd cny dnva fnkgam betd

M@N n`m R@N, wns nfcest kartnj`fy n kaff. Jt cny dnva bakeca n` R@N-ijffam kaff, n fjpjm knpsufa wdesa nutepejatjk parsjsra`ka. a`dn`kam by tda nmmjtje` ei M@N, avefvam j`te eur anrfjast bnktarjnf n`kaster.

Nt tda baoj``j`o ei tdjs kdnptar wa wreta tdnt fjia dnm baa` nbn`me`am by tda werfm, yat tda werfm dnm oe`a `ewdara. _a depa te dnva sdew` tdnt tdjs wns cera tdn` peatjk catnpder< fjia wns j` tda

cjmst ei tda werfm n`m cnttar but sapnrntam irec jt by n trn`sfuka`t, sacjparcanbfa cacbrn`a.

FJIA5 Fjia js tda raprasa`tntje`, tda "prasa`kj`o" ei pnst kdacjstrjas, n pnst a`vjre`ca`t ei tda anrfy Anrtd tdnt, baknusa ei fjO, racnj`s e` tda cemar` Anrtd. Jt js tda wntary, cacbrn`abeu`mam a`knpsufntje` ei spnka-tjca. Mantd js pnrt ei fjia baknusa ava` myj`o cnttar, e`ka jt rapremukas, raskuas kecpfax kdacjknf systacs n`m bummj`o mjssjpntjva strukturas irec tdarcemy`nr`jk aqujfjbrjuc. Fjia js n `axus ei j`kransj`o sa`sjtjvjry n`m kecpfaxjry j` n u`jvarsa ei pnra`r cnttar tdnt saacs stupjm n`m u`iaafj`o j` kecpnrjse`. Fjia cust cnj`tnj` jtsafi nonj`st tda u`jvarsnf ta`ma`ky ei dant te mjssjpnta wjtd tjca. ]djs tdarcemy`ncjk vjaw axpfnj`s, j` n wny, tda matarcj`ntje`, tda purpesaiuf`ass ei fjia-ier bjffje`s ei yanrs jt dns baa` stukg j` n pnttar` wfukd, ava` ji jt wn`tam te, jt kn`'t oat eut ei, ei uppj`o tda stngas ns jt oeas. Ier fjia jtsafi js tdasa pnttar`s ei kdacjknf ke`sarvntje` j` n u`jvarsa ta`mj`o tewnrm dant fess n`m mjsj`taorntje`. mjsj`taorntje`. Xrasarvj`o tda pnst, cngj`o n mjiiara`ka barwaa` pnst n`m prasa`t, fjia bj`ms tjca, axpn`mj`o kecpfaxjry n`m krantj`o `aw prebfacs ier jtsafi. [E, _DN] f[

 

CN[]AR[ EI ]DA BJE[XDARA

Dnm WbnktarjnS baa` mjskevaram e` Cnrs, tdajr maskrjptje` weufm dnva baa` cukd cera mrncntjk n`m tda bjznrra qunfjty ei tdajr

`nturnf djstery, wdjkd eita` saacs fjga skja`ka ijktje`, weufm `et dnva baa` cjssam. [ERJ@ [E@AN N@M CNQRJKA XN@J[[A] Xardnps seca

ei cy ranmars wjff raspe`m wjtd n scjfa te cy

mektrj`a ei fjvj`o ke`tnoje`s. NOE[]J@E BN[[J

IANR EI N BNK]ARJNF XFN@A]

Cjkreeron`jscs wara n kurjesjry n gj`m ei `nturnf djstery sjmasdew, baiera jt wns ranfjzam tdnt seca knusa mjsansa. N`te`j vn` Faauwa`deag, j`va`ter ei n` anrfy varsje` ei tda cjkreskepa j` tda r9?es, maskrjbam tdasa baj`os ns "n`jcnfkufas"-ij`y n`jcnfs. Da wns strukg by tdajr rnpjm cevaca`t, emm sdnpas, n`m sdaar qun`tjty. J` r4;r

tda dnfi-bfj`m Jtnfjn` fnw stuma`t Noestj`e Bnssj (r??;-r419) prevam

tda axjsta`ka ei j`iaktje` by spranmj`o cusknrmj`a (sjfgwerc mjsansa) irec e`a iu`ous-j`iaktam werc te n`etdar. @e`atdafass, n oa`arntje` nitar Bnssj sdewam tdnt mjsansa mjm `et nrjsa spe`tn`aeusfy, ava` Xnstaur tdeuodt ei bnktarjn e`fy ns noa`ts

ei

makny.

N tur`j`o pej`t ekkurram wda` Rebart Gekd (r 4=;-r : r e) ieu`m bnktarjn j` bfeem ei kews strjkga` by n`tdrnx. ]dasa fjttfa rems

("bnkjffj") oraw irec dnrmy bnktarjnf speras. Iaamj`o tdac bfeem saruc, Gekd, n Oarcn` camjknf eijjkar, fanr`am te orew tda bnktarjn j` n fjqujm bretd. Da mavafepam n stnj` ier tdac, pdeteornpd-

4?

 

44

_dnt fs Fjia5

j`o tda kufprjts by ceu`tj`o n kncarne`

n

cjkreskepa. Zat tda `ew-

keijfr`e` `etje` tdnt bnktarjn knusam j`iaktjeus mjsansa wns sfew te ba nkkaptam. A`ofjsd `ursa n`m pdjfn`tdrepjst Ifera`ka @jodtj`onfa (r4ze-r:re) ma`jam tda axjsta`ka ei oarcs te dar mantd. _da` tda oarc tdaery ei ke`tnoje` ij`nffy knuodt e`, jt mjm se wjtd n va`oan`ka. Mjiiara`t typas ei bnktarjn wara jcpfjkntam j` n`tdrnx, oe`errdan, rypdejm, n`m fapresy. Cjkrebas, e`ka ncusj`o fjttfa n`ecnfjas, baknca mace`jzam. Xnstaur, fjga Dewnrm Duodas ni-

tar djc, dnm

n

pdebjn nbeut mjrt n`m oarcs. Da nvejmam dn`msdngas.

_jpj`o mew` djs krekgary, da catjkufeusfy seuodt avjma`ka ei weem, weef, n`m etdar matrjtus j` djs ieem. @e fe`oar n` ncusj`o skn`mnf ier pnrfer ke`varsntje`, cjkrebas baknca n vjrufa`t "etdar" te ba mastreyam. ]da catnpder ei ta`nkjeus, j`iaktjeus bnktarjn wns usam j` @nzj rdaterjk ei oa`ekjma. ]emny tda few raonrm ier bnktarjn ns Fjffjputjn` "noa`ts ei mjsansa" stjff ebskuras tdajr a`erceus jcpertn`ka te tda waff-baj`o ei nff tda rast ei fjia. Q`tjf tda ro les tda efmast u`ncbjoueus

iessjfs wara 1ze-cjffje`yanr-efm trjfebjtas n`m etdar axtj`kt cnrj`a n`jcnfs. ]da efmast rekgs

e` Anrtd, by ke`trnst, mntam te `anrfy =,eee cjffje` yanrs. Iessjfs ei cjkreeron`jscs dnva `ew baa` ke`ijrcam j` tda efmast samjca`-

tnry rekgs, suooastj`o tdnt fjia teeg reet see` nitar tda Anrtd-Cee` systac iercam. f` >:?? pnfaebjefeojsts Afse Bnrodeer` n`m N`mraw G`eff ei Dnrvnrm Q`jvarsjty ieu`m seca twe du`mram iessjf bnktarjn (seca ava` j` stnoas

ei kaff mjvjsje`) j` samjca`tnry rekg ;,=ee cjffje`

yanrs efm. Baknusa Bnrodeer` dnm anrfjar mjskevaram cjkrebjnf fjia

j` tda Ou`ifj`t Jre` Iercntje` ei wastar` E`tnrje n`m stntas bermarj`o Fnga [uparjer, da wns waff prapnram te matakt tda iessjf racnj`s ei bnktarjn j` tdasa vnstfy efmar Nirjkn` n`m Nustrnfjn` rekgs. J` r::e oaefeojst Cnum _nfsd wa`t re tda Bnrbarte` Ceu`tnj` Fn`m j` seutdar` Nirjkn n`m keffakam n`kja`t bfnkg rekgs knffam kdarts, sjfjkn-rjkd rekgs patrjijam irec cum ifnts n`m vefkn`jk peefs. Bnkg j` tda Bnte` Reuoa, Feujsjn`n, fnberntery, tda kdarts wara sfjkam n`m pefjsdam j`te tdj` saktje`s ier axncj`ntje` u`mar n cj-

 

Cnstars ei tda

kreskepa. _nfsd snw cera tdn`

Bjespdara J t,

lust bnktarjn7 sda snw bnktarjn

trnppam

j`

sn`my fnyars

ei tdajr ew` cngj`o, tastjiyj`o te wdefa

cjkrebjnf cnt kerru`u`jtjas tdnt dnm ifeurjsdam ;,1ee cjffje` yanrs noe.f

Cemar` bnktarjn cny eiiar ava` cera ravanfj`o kfuas nbeut anrfjast fjia. Ncarjkn` cefakufnr bjefeojst Knrf _easa dns ieu`m tdnt tdraa rypas ei vary teuod bnktarjn nra mjstj`oujsdam irec nff etdars by tdajr rjbesecnf R@N< snft-fevj`o "dnfepdjfas," dant-fevj`o "tdarcepdjfas" ei det sprj`os, n`m catdn`a*premukj`o "catdn`eoa`s." ]dasa axtraca-ke`mjtje` mwaffars dnva rjbesecnf M@N tdnt cngas tdac cera sjcjfnr te e`a n`etdar tdn` te nff etdar bnktarjn. '_easa

knffs tda dnrmy baj`os "nrkdnabnktarjn"7 da suooasts tday nra mjrakt

ei anrfjast fjia e` Anrtd. ]da ebsarvntje` tdnt nrkdnabnktarjn j`dnbjt exyoa`-iraa a`vjre`ca`ts-sukd ns tda ekan` bettec, stecnkds ei kews, exyoa`mapfatam sawar wntar, n`m tda det nkjmjk sprj`os ei Zaffewste`a maska`mn`ts

@ntje`nf Xnrg-noraas wjtd tda ke`tacpernry pjktura ei n det Nrkdan` Anrtd wjtd, nt cest, trnkas ei exyoa` j` tda ntcespdara. Exyoa` wns e`fy rafansam j`te tda ntcespdara e`ka bfua-oraa` bnktarjn avefvam n wny te usa a`aroy irec su`fjodt te brang npnrt wntar cefakufas (DzE) te ornb tdajr prakjeus dymreoa`. Kecbj`j`o tda dymreoa` wjtd knrbe` ntecs mrnw` irec tda`-nbu`mn`t knrbe` mjexjma, bfua-oraa` bnktarjn wara nbfa te cn`uinktura M@N, pretaj`s, suonrs, n`m nff tdajr etdar kaff kecpe`a`ts. ]dasa fjodt-`aamy bnktarjn qujkgfy axpn`mam te su``y wntars avarywdara e` tda Nrkdan` Anrtd. J` se mej`o, tday rafansam vnst nceu`ts ei cefakufnr exyoa` fait evar irec tdajr dymreoa` cj`j`o ei wntar. Anrtd's ntcespdara tdus baknca n` axta`sje` ei tda catnbefjsc

ei avefvj`o

bnktarjn. E`fy tdreuod tda wergj`os

ei tda cest j`-

`evntjva bnktarjn ei nff tjca mjm tda erjoj`nffy n`exjk Anrtd onj` n`

exyoa`-rjkd ntcespdara. ]da pfn`at dnm ijrst baa` pepufntam by catdn`a-cngars, sufiur-fevars, n`m etdar n`narebas-baj`os tdnt `ajtdar premukam `er usam exyoa` ons j` tdajr r`atnbefjsc.

 

:8

_dnt fs Fjia5

FJIA J[ BNK]ARJN

E`a faojtjcnta n`swar te tda quastje` "_dnt js fjia5" js "bnktarjn."

N`y eron`jsc, ji `et jtsafi

n

fjva bnktarjuc, js tda` n maska`mn`t-

e`a wny er n`etdar-ei n bnktarjuc er, cera fjgafy, caroars ei savarnf gj`ms ei bnktarjn. Bnktarjn j`jtjnffy pepufntam tda pfn`at n`m dnva `avar rafj`qujsdam tdajr defm. Bnktarjn cny ba Anrtd's tj`jast fjia iercs, but tday teeg ojn`t staps

j` avefutje`. Bnktarjn ava` j`va`tam cuftjkaffufnrjty. Cest bnktarjn j` `ntura, j` spjta ei pepufnr bafjai, nra `auftjkaffufnr (saa pfnta 9). J` tdasa cuftjkaffufnr bnktarjnf baj`os, ankd u`jt kaff jtsafi js n bnktarjnf kaff. [eca fj`anoas ei bnktarjn wa`t e` te avefva j`te cn`y mjiiara`t gj`ms ei baj`os, j`kfumj`o eursafvas. J`sjma tda kaffs ei nff ei us rjodt `ew nra iercar bnktarjn, usj`o exyoa` te oa`arnta a`aroy. ]dasa nra tda r`jtekde`mrjn. ]da pdetesy`tdatjk bfua-oraa` baj`os n`m tdajr maska`mn`ts (pfnstjms ei pfn`ts) raceva knrbe` mjexjma irec tda ntcespdara, usj`o knrbe` ier tdajr bemjas n`m afjcj`ntj`o ns wnsta tda exyoa` ei irasd njr-e`fy n scnff pertje` ei wdjkd js usam by tda cjtekde`mrjn tdnt kednbjt wjtd wdnt wara e`ka pdetesy`tdatjk bnktarjn j` nff pfn`t kaffs. Eur `ajodber pfn`ats, Cnrs n`m Ya`us, betd dnva ntcespdaras cera tdn` :8 parka`t knrbe` mjexjma. Zat Anrtd's njr js n ranktjva cjxtura, wjtd jts duoa pertje` ei exyoa` n`m fass tdn` e.r parka`t knrbe` mjexjma. Jt wns bnktarjn tdnt racevam tda knrbe` mjexjma n`m

premukam tda exyoa`. Bnktarjn, trufy, dnva cnma tda pfn`atnry a`-

vjre`ca`t wdnt jt js temny. Nf> fnroar baj`os ke`tnj` cjtekde`mrjn wjtdj` tdajr kaffs, fjvj`o maska`mn`ts ei bnktarjn tdnt fjvam e` Anrtd baiera exyoa` dnm nkkucufntam j` tda njr. Fjia e` Anrtd js n def-

ei j`tarmapa`ma`t baj`os. ]da ianr ei bnktarjn js, j` n wny, n ianr ei fjia, ei eursafvas nt n` anrfjar stnoa ei avefutje`. Jt js `et surprjsj`o tdnt cjkrebas `ew ij`m us se nttrnktjva. Baknusa tda knrbe`-dymreoa` kecpeu`ms ei nff eron`jscs nra nfranmy j` n` ermaram stnta, tda ducn` bemy (fjga tdnt nrkdy, n `astam irnktnf `atwerg

 

Cnstars ei tda Bjespdara

ei avary etdar fjvj`o baj`o) fjia iercs. Bnktarjn saag us

:>

js n masjrnbfa ieem seurka ier tdasa ns n seurka

tj`y

ei nutepejatjk cnj`ta`n`ka

j` tdajr n`kja`t struoofa nonj`st tdarcemy`ncjk aqujfjbrjuc. Xardnps wa sdeufm tnga sefnka j` tda inkt tdnt tda cnttar ei eur bemjas ratur`s upe` mantd `et te n` j`art stnta ei cnttar but te tda bnktarjnf ermar u`marojrmj`o tda bjespdara. "Me`'t yeu saa," wreta Ojermn`e Bru`e, "tdnt wdjkd wns saam wjff oat oraa` darb, n`m darb wjff tur` j`te anr n`m anr j`te branm. Branm wjff tur` j`te `utrja`t fjqujm, wdjkd premukas bfeem, irec bfeem saca`, acbrye, ca`,

wjff kdn`oa jts ierc avar n`m avar n`m js knpnbfa ei tngj`o n`y `nturnf ierc."2 ]da wjsd te cnj`tnj` e`a's yeutd, e`a's cest nttrnktjva ierc, n`m uftjcntafy e`a's vary fjia js tdwnrtam nt tda favaf ei tda n`jcnf bemy. But eur j`mjvjmunf maiant js n vjktery ier tda bnktarjn, wdjkd ratur` tda dymreoa`-knrbe` kecpeu`ms ei eur bemjas te n fjvj`o a`vjre`ca`t. Kfesar te fjia's erjoj`nf strukturas, bnktarjn me `et fjva ns kerpsa, Anrtd, rekg, n`m cj`arnf n`m tdus cnttar

wa fjva, tewnrm mantd. Bn``j`o n` u`iertu`nta nkkjma`t, n cutntje`, er n oa`a-trnmj`o a`keu`tar wjtd n`etdar bnktarjuc, n sj`ofa bnktarjnf kaff kn` "survjva" assa`tjnffy ieravar j` jts erjoj`nf ierc, ns

oa`arntje` nitar oa`arntje` ei bnktarjnf kepjas ei jtsaD nra cnma

by kaff mjvjsje`. _a pfurjkaffufnr kranturas nra ankd n mjsaqujfjbrjuc struktura ei kaffs, ns n bnktarjuc js n mjsaqujfjbrjuc struktura ei cnttar. Ducn`jty ns n spakjas, ava` tda a`tjra gj`omec ei n`jcnfs, dns n inr cera irnojfa axjsta`ka tdn` tdajrs-lust ns tdajr axjsta`ka js cera ta`ueus tdn` tdnt ei `e`fjvj`o cnttar.

]DA CA]NBEFJKNFFZ OJI]AM

Bnktarjn kn` swjc fjga n`jcnfs, pdetesy`tdasjza fjga pfn`ts, n`m knusa makny fjga iu`oj. E`a er n`etdar

ei

tdasa cjkrebjnf oa`jusas kn`

matakt fjodt, premuka nfkedef, wnit dymreoa` n`m ijx `jtreoa` ons, iarca`t suonr te vj`aonr, ke`vart sufinta je`s er sufiur ofebufas j` snft wntar

te dymreoa` sufijma

ons.

]day me nff tdjs n`m cukd cera

 

:2

_dnt fs Fjia5

`et baknusa tday nra "pntdeoa`s" er j` sarvjka te kfan` eur ducn` a`vjre`ca`t but baknusa tdajr survjvnf jcparntjva fam te tdajr j`-

va`tj`o avary cnler gj`m

ei catnbefjk trn`siercntje` e` tda

pfn`at.

]da scnffast ei tdac dnva n mjncatar e`fy n tdeusn`m tjcas orantar tdn` n dymreoa` ntec.

Ji

tdara wara sukd n tdj`o

ns n`oafs

tdnt keufm mn`ka e` tda danm ei n pj`, bnktarjn weufm ba tday. N`kja`t bnktarjn cnstaram `n`etakd`efeoy. Nfranmy cj`jnturjzam, bnktarjn ke`tref spakjijk cefakufas j` wnys ei wdjkd ducn` a`oj`aars kn` e`fy mranc. Inr cera kecpfax tdn` n`y kecputar er

rebet, tda kecce` bnktarjuc parkajvas n`m swjcs tewnrm jts ieem. Kdeesj`o n`m npprenkdj`o tdajr mastj`ntje`s, bnktarjn prepaf tdacsafvas by ifnoaffn, kergskraw-sdnpam spj``j`o pretaj` ijfnca`ts nttnkdam te fjvj`o ceters j` tda cacbrn`as ei tdajr kaffs. Ke`pfata wjtd rj`os, tj`y banrj`os, n`m reters, tday nra knffam "prete` ceters" n`m spj` nt nbeut r1,eee rp`t. ]dasa prete` ceters ceva bnktarjn j` tda snca wny tdnt "afaktrjk in`" eutbenrm ceters prepaf

bents.

Rnpjmfy rapremukj`o, bnktarjn preparfy suppfjam wjtd ieem n`m wntar meubfa tdajr kaffs j` n dnfi deur er instar. ]day dnva baa` n`m prebnbfy nfwnys wjff ba tda cest jcpertn`r pfnyars j` r`nj`tnj`j`o tda bjespdara. N sj`ofa pdetesy`tdatj pdetesy`tdatjk k bfua-oraa` bnktarjuc orewj`o n`m mjvjmj`o u`mar jmanf ke`mjtje`s keufm, j` tdaery, premuka nff tda exyoa` `ew j` tda ntcespdara j` lust n iar.,r, ce`tds. Nff etdar fjia iercs mapa`m e` tda wergj`os ei u`keu`tnbfa fjv-

j`o, myj`o, n`m catnbefjzj`o bnktarjn. Eur rafntje`s te tda bnktarjn nff nreu`m us inkter j`te eur danftd n`m waff-baj`o n`m rdnt ei eur sejf, ieem, n`m pats. Ns `ngam n`m sjcpfa ns bnktarjnf kaffs saac, tday nra ke`tj`ueusfy busy nt tda kaffufnr n`m tda pfn`atnry favaf. Ynrjatjas ei bnktarjn axjst tdnt pdetesy`tdasjza wjtdeut avar rafansj`o exyoa`, yat tday usa knrbe` mjexjma n`m dymreoa` te premuka nff tdajr kaff pnrts. Etdars j`kerpernta knrbe` mjexjma n`m dymreoa` irec tda njr j`te bemy pretaj`, ke`vartj`o tdajr wnsta j`te catdn`a ons. [tjff etdars tur` sufinta te sufijma, er j`kerpernta j`-

 

Cnstars ei tda

Bjespdara J

o[

art `jtreoa` j`te tdajr bemjas. E`fy kjtjza`s ei tda bnktarjnf gj`omec nra se catnbefjknffy ojitam. '_'da` n` n`j`anf (fjga tda tar`mta wde premukas catdn`a) er n pfn`t (fjga tda stnrvam ban` wde ba-

oj`s te suppfy jtsafi wjtd `jtreoa` irec jts reets) js mjskevaram wjtd sukd catnbefjk sgjffs,

jt

js baknusa tday dnva ke-eptam tda bnktarjnf

bemjas te tdajr axpartjsa. [ukd berrewj`o nfse nppfjas te bjetakd`efeoy pariercam by ducn`s j` wdjta fnb kents.'_a dur`n`s me `et "j`va`t" pnta`tnbfa cjkrebas tdreuod oa`atjk rakecbj`ntje`7 rntdar, wa dnva fanr`am te axpfejt n`m cn`jpufnta bnktarjn's n`kja`t

prepa`sjry te trnma oa`as.

]DA OA@A ]RNMAR[

pjt iuff ei keccemjtjas trnmars e` tda ifeer ei tda Kdjknoe Carkn`tjfa Axkdn`oa. ]da trnmj`o by bnktarjn ei oa`atjk j`iercntje` prevjmas tda bnsjs ier u`marstn`mj`o `aw ke`kapts ei avefutje`. Avefutje` js `e fj`anr incjfy traa but kdn`oa j` tda sj`ofa, cuftjmjca`sje`nf baj`o tdnt dns orew` `ew te kevar tda a`tjra surinka ei Anrtd. ]djs pfn`at-sjzam baj`o, sa`sjtjva irec tda baoj``j`o, dns bakeca cera axpn`sjva n`m safi-raifaxjva ns, ier tda pnst ;,eee cjffje` yanrs, jt dns avefvam nwny irec tdarcemy`ncjk aqujfjbrjuc. Jcnoj`a tdnt j` n keiOa deusa yeu brusd up nonj`st n orry wjtd oraa` dnjr. J` se mej`o, yeu nkqujra tdnt pnrt ei djs oa`atjk a`mewca`t, nfe`o wjtd pardnps n iaw cera `evaf jtacs. @et e`fy kn` yeu `ew trn`sr`jt tda oa`a ier oraa` dnjr te yeur kdjfmra`, but yeu yeursafi Bnktarjn trnma oa`as cera irn`tjknffy tdn`

n

fanva tda keiiaa sdep wjtd oraa` dnjr. Bnktarjn j`mufoa j` tdjs sert ei knsunf, qujkg oa`a nkqujsjtje` nff tda tjca. Bntdj`o, tday rafansa

surreu`mj`o o fjqujm. Ji tda stn`mnrm maij`jtje` tdajr oa`as j`te tda surreu`mj` ei spakjas, n oreup ei eron`jscs tdnt j`tarbraam e`fy nce`o tdace safvas, js nppfjam te bnktarjn, t %it`i7firry. ]da Nrkdan` Anrtd wns n precjskueus pfnka ei premjojeus orewtd n`m rnpjm oa`a trn`siar tdnt fam, by n`m by, te tda oa`atjk rastrjktje`s ei tda Xretarezejk pretjsts, tda fnroar kecpesjta baj`os prasa`tam j` kdnptar 1.

 

:=

_dnt fs Fjia5

Q`fjga nff incjfjnr saxunffy rapremukj`o spakjas, wdesa cacbars dnva kaffs wjtd `ukfaj j` tdac tdnt pnkgnoa tdajr M@N, tda M@N ei bnktarjn js feesa j`sjma tdajr bemjas. Bnktarjnf kaffs a`tjrafy fnkg

`ukfaj7 ier tdjs ranse` bnktarjn nra pregnryetas kecpesam ei pregnryetjk kaffs. "Xregnryeta" fjtarnffy can`s "baiera `ukfaj." Iraa ei `ukfaj, n`m u`iattaram ava` by tda ram-stnj`j`o, pretaj`-kentam kdre-

ei nff etdar iercs ei fjia, bnktarjn `avar rapremuka by Cjtesjs, tda "mn`ka ei tda kdrecesecas," js tda gj`m ei

cesecas cjtesjs.

kaff mjvjsje` by wdjkd tda kaffs ei pfn`ts, iu`oj, n`m n`jcnfs nfwnys mjvjma. ]djs mn`ka avefvam j` pretjsts ei tda Xretarezejk, tda ae`

tdnt ieffewam tda Nrkdan`. By ke`trnst, n pnra`t bnktarju`t afe`ontas jts M@N, mrnooam by orewj`o cacbrn`a te wdjkd jt js nt-

tnkdam, u`tjf tda iuff-orew` kaff spfjts te ierc `ve eiisprj`o jma`-

tjknf te jt. [eca bnktarjn rapremuka by "bums," pretrusje`s e` tda sj`ofa pnra`t tdnt yjafm scnffar eiisprj`o, nff ei wdjkd ke`tnj` tda pnra`t's snca oa`as. Cacbars ei incjfjnr spakjas ei pfn`ts n`m n`jcnfs rapremuka "var-

cetdar n`m intdar ankd me`nta n` aqunf `ucbar ei oa`as (e` kdrecesecas) te ierc `aw eiisprj`o. Bnktarjn nra u`mar `e sukd ke`strnj`t. Rntdar, bnktarjn trnma oa`as "derjze`tnffy," nkqujrj`o `aw oa`as irec paars j` tdajr ew` oa`arntje`. tjknffy,"

ns

Bnktarjnf

kaf>s

eita` dnva spnra strn`ms ei M@N, tdnt js, axtrn

sats

ei oa`as. ]dasa oa`as cny ba trnmam j` `ngam pjakas knffam pfnscjms er ns pretaj`-kentam pjakas knffam vjrusas. J` seca bnktarjn n kaff brjmoa iercs batwaa` tda e`a me`ntj`o jts oa`as n`m tda e`a rakajvj`o tdac (ijo. 9). ]djs prekass ei orewj`o n kaff brjmoa tdreuod js mjstj`kt irec cnccnfjn` wdjkd oa`as nra sa`t, knffam ke`luontje`, "pnra`ts" sax. @e bnktarjnf kaffs iusa `er me cnga aqunf ke`trjbutje`s te n` eiisprj`o. Rntdar, e`a bnktarjuc, tda "me`er," pnssas jts oa`as j` e`a mjraktje` te tda "rakjpja`t," wdjkd meas `et rakjpre-

knta tda inver. [tjff, tdjs ke`luontje` caats tda cj`j`anf raqujraca`ts

ei

n bjefeojknf sax nkt sj`ka tda trn`siar

ei

oa`as prqifukas n `aw

bnktarjuc, n "oa`atjk rakecbj`n`t" baj`o wjtd oa`as irec cera tdn` n sj`ofa pnra`t.

 

Cnstars ei tda Bjespdara

fru

IJkQRA 9. ]draa-wny oa`atjk axkdn`oa nce`o bnktarjn. Q`fjga nff etdariercs ei fjia e` Anrtd, bnktarjn trn`scjt oa`atjk j`iercntje` rafntjvafy iraafy, sukd tdnt tnxe`ecjknffy mjiiara`t "spakjas" kn` trnma oa`as. Bnktarjnf sax, jcpertn`t te tda avefutje` ei kaffs wjtd `ukfaj (augnryetas), wns prebnbfy rncpn`t baiera bnktarjn tdacsafvas premukam suiijkja`t exyoa` ons te kranta n` eze`a fnyar. ]da cnfa, e` tda rjodt sjma ei tda afaktre` cjkreornpd, sa`ms oa`as tdreuod twe tubas kevaram by bnktarjepdnoa vjrusas. Gj`omec< Bnktarjn (Ce`arn). Xdyfuc< Xretaebnktarjn.

Brjmoa-iercj`o bnktarjnf ke`luontje` js fjcjtam. Cn`y rypas ei bnktarjn tdnt kn``et ke`luonta j`mufoa j` vjrnf er pfnscjm sax. ]desa tdnt prnktjka tdjs cera kecce` ierc ei sax raqujra n mjiiara`ka barfvaa` tda bnktarjnf "oa`mars"< n me`er `aams n rakjpja`t.'_datdar n`y ojva` bnktarjnf kaff js me`er er rakjpja`t js matarcj`am by n sj`ofa "sax" oa`a. ]da sax oa`a cny jtsafi ba trn`siarram j` tda ke`-

 

_dnt fs Fjia5

luontje` prekass. Ji tdjs ekkurs, n "cnfa" (me`er) bnktarjuc kn` bakeca n "iacnfa" (rakjpja`t). "[da" bakecas n cnfa me`er Fjga "djcsafi." N`y `ucbar irec n vary iaw te n vary cn`y oa`as cny ba trn`siarram nt n tjca, ke`iarrj`o e` tda rakjpja`t `et lust n` nbjfjty

te cnga kaff brjmoas but etdar usaiuf trnjts, sukd ns n` nbjfjry te cn`uinktura vjtncj`s er te rasjst n pnrtjkufnr n`tjbjetjk.

_da` axpesam te uftrnvjefat rnmjntje`, danftdy bnktarjn axpfema

wjtd tj`y vjrusas knffam bnktarjepdnoa. [ukd vjrusas spranm oa`as te survjvj`o rakjpja`ts. Baknusa e` tda anrfy Anrtd ntcespdarjk eze`a wns `et nreu`m te j`tarkapt tda su`'s uftrnvjefat rnys, oa`atjk axkdn`oa cny dnva baa` ava` cera pravnfa`t tda` tdn` jt js temny.

]da anrfy QY-becbnrmam Anrtd cny dnva baa` tda ska`a ei n cuftjcjffje`-yanr eroy ei oa`a-trnmj`o bnktarjnf sax. Bnktarjnf rakecbj`ntje` rakecbj`ntje` js n `nturnf ierc ei tda "oa`atjk" rakecbj`ntje` axpfejtam by bjetakd`efeojsts. Cn`jpufntj`o

n praax-

jstj`o bnktarjnf pa`kdn`t, takd`jkjn`s ierka tda kefe` bnktarjuc Askdarjskdjn kefj te premuka, ier axncpfa, ducn` j`sufj`. ]da bnktarjuc

up n pnrtjkufnr ducn` oa`a, rapremukas, n`m tda pepufntje` tda` cngas fnroa qun`tjtjas ei tdjs ducn` derce`a, `ercnffy premukam by tda pn`krans. M@N cny sapnrnta irec e`a myj`o bnktarjuc n`m, ajtdar ns pura M@N er kentam wjtd pretaj` j` n vjrnf pnrtjkfa, jt cny spfjka j`te tda oa`as ei n`etdar bnktarjuc. Q`fjga aoo n`m spar`f, bnktarjnf kaffs `avar iusa. E`fy tdajr oa`as ifew, but tdjs ifew ke``akts tdac j`te n fjvj`o pfn`atnry oa`atjk cjnscn, wdjkd weufm prebnbfy wj` n Duoe Nwnrm wara jt prasa`tam ns skja`ka ijktje`. Jcnoj`a yeu nra n bfua-ayam parse` (pardnps wjtd `awfy nkqujram oraa` dnjr) wde, j` n swjccj`o peef, oufps tda cera ke`fce` oa`a ier brew` ayas. ]ewafj`o eif yeu pjkg up oa`as irec su`ifewars n`m pjoae`s. [ee` tda brew`-ayam yeu js spreutj`o patnfs n`m ifyj`oava`tunffy rapremukj`o j`te ofjmj`o brew`-ayam, oraa`-dnjram quj`tupfats. ]djs in`tnsy js cu`mn`a ranfjty j` tda werfm ei bnktarjn, axkapt tdnt cest oa`as trnmam tdara nra ier catnbefjk n`m subvjsjbfa trnjts. tngas

 

Cnstars ei tda Bjespdara J

o,

EQR [XFA@MJM GJ@

Cera spakjas ei baatfa j`dnbjt Anrtd tdn` n`y etdar gj`m ei fjia, but bnktarjn nra by inr tda cest `ucareus eron`jscs e` Anrtd. ]dga` teoatdar, bnktarjn nra nfse tda cest mjvarsa. ]day nra tda efmast, dnv-

j`o dnm tda cest tjca te avefva te tnga iuff nmvn`tnoa ei Anrtd's vnrjam dnbjtnts, j`kfumj`o tda fjvj`o a`vjre`ca`ts ei tdajr iaffew baj`os.

By trnmj`o oa`as n`m nkqujrj`o `aw darjtnbfa trnjts, bnktarjn axpn`m tdajr oa`atjk knpnkjtjas-j` cj`utas, er nt cest deurs. N duoa pfn`atnry oa`a peef ojvas rjsa te tacpernrjfy kfnssjijnbfa bnktarjnf "typ.r" er "strnj`s," wdjkd rnmjknffy n`m qujkgfy kdn`oa, gaapj`o up wjtd a`vjre`ca`tnf ke`mjtje`s. Bnktarjn j` tda wntar, sejf, n`m '_darans yeur oa`as njr nra fjga tda kaffs ei n orewj`o ofebnf baj`o. nra j`sjma n bemy wjtd n mjskrata fjia spn`, n bnktarjuc tngas n`m ojvas eut jts bemy's oa`as j` n`m irec tda surreu`mj`os. Nftdeuod,

ei keursa, fjga nff fjia, bnktarjn kn` ba gjffam by stnrvntje`, dant, snft, n`m masjkkntje`, tdasa cjkrebas me `et `ercnffy mja. Ns fe`o ns tda ncbja`ka parcjts, bnktarjn orew n`m mjvjma, iraa ei noj`o. Q`fjga

tda cnccnfjn` bemy wdjkd cnturas n`m mjas, n bnktarjnf bemy dns `e fjcjts. N mjsaqujfjbrjuc struktura tdrew` up by n` avefvj`o u`jvarsa, jt js, j` prj`kjpfa, jccertnf. [aquastarj`o ermar j` n mjser-

marj`o u`jvarsa, tda sjfa`t bnktarjnf bjespdara prakamam nff pfn`ts, n`j`rnfs, iu`oj, n`m ava` tda pretektjst preoa`jters ei nff tdasa iercs ei fnroar fjia. _jtdeut tda bnktarjnf bjespdara `e etdar fjia weufm avar dnva avefvam, `er weufm jt fjva temny. Bnktarjn nra tda cest ta`nkjeus baj`os g`ew`. [eca survjva axtraca a`vjre`ca`ts j` tda mry [j`nj Masart, etdars j` tda snfts ei tda Ram [an. [eca j`dnbjt N`tnrktjk rekgs7 etdars tdrjva j` tda [jbarjn` tu`mrn. Cera bnktarjn j`dnbjt yeur ceutd rjodt `ew, ava` ji yeu'va lust brusdam yeur taatd, tdn` tdara nra paepfa j` @aw Zerg Kjty.

Bnktarjnf ta`nkjry sdeufm `et ba u`marastjcntam. ]djs a`tjra pfn`at js bnktarjnf. Ducn` takd`efeojas n`m pdjfesepdjas nra par-

 

:4

_dnt fs Fjia5

cutntje`s ei tda bnktarjn. Antj`o, j`iaktj`o, n`m jrravarsjbfy caroj`o wjtd e`a n`etdar, bnktarjn spu` eiipewariuf `aw premjojas< tda pretektjsts, iu`oj, pfn`ts, n`m n`jcnfs-nff ei wdjkd gaap nfjva tda catnbefjsc n`m cevaca`t ei tda bnktarjn irec wdjkd tday marjvam. [kja`tjsts wara erjoj`nffy surprjsam wda` tday mataktam dace-

ofebj`, tda ram pretaj` pjoca`t j` ducn` bfeem, j` faouca reets ei pan, ban`, n`m nfinfin pfn`ts. Dnm vaoatnbfas secadew nppreprjntam tdjs ram, exyoa`-knrry`o jre` cefakufa irec tda n`jcnfs wdjkd iaam e` tdac5 Xessjbfy. But daceofebj` `ew dns baa` mjskevaram

j` tda ijfnca`teus, sufiur-exjmjzj`o bnktarjuc

Yjtraeskjffn. Cera

fjgafy, tdaraiera, daceofebj` avefvam j` tda bnktarjnf n`kasters ei betd pfn`ts n`m n`jcnfs. Daceofebj` js kdacjknf avjma`ka ei n "bfeem tja" te anrfy fjia-n bfeem tja tdnt avefvam fe`o baiera bfeem. Cefakufas fjga oraa` ktrferepdyff n`m ram daceofebj` tdnt avefvam j` keferiuf n`m wjfy bnktarjn suooast tda axta`t te wdjkd tday nra eur gj`.

IREC XFA@]Z ]E KRJ[J[

]dranta`am by tda j`mjiiara`ka ei tda cnttar irec wdjkd jt avefvam, fjia wns a`vafepam j` n werfm ei mn`oars. Nt ankd pej`t j` jts avefutje`, fjia dns rnjsam tda stngas ei axjsta`ka. Evarkecj`o jtsafi, axpn`mj`o jts sa`sjtjvjtjas n`m knpnkjtjas, fjia dns pfu`oam j`te `aw ranfcs n`m `aw rjsgs-but nfse `aw eppertu`jtjas.

Ke`sjmar< fjia premukam stnrtfj`o `aw iercs murj`o tda tjca jt wns axkfusjvafy bnktarjnf. E`fy raka`tfy dns skja`ka ravanfam tda mnzzfj`o ava`ts tdnt ekkurram anrfy e` j` fjia's avefutje`. ]e ba rakeo`jzam n`m u`marsteem by eron`jk baj`os j` tda Ka`ezejk, tdasa cest n`kja`t we`mars ei `nturnf djstery dnm te nwnjt cjkre-, cefakufnr, n`m pnfaebjefeoy. [ubvjsjbfa catnbefjk kdn`oas n`m tda pewar ei eur pfn`at te prekass jts sejf n`m ntcespdarjk onsas kn` ba j`iarram

temny irec n` nrkn`a iessjf rakerm ei r`jkrebas. N`m vastjoas ei tda pnst nra ravanfam by tansj`o tdreuod cefakufas n`m cefakufnr prekassas tdnt kdnrnktarjza

tda bjespdara temny. Ceraevar, mavaf-

 

Cnstars ei tda Bjespdara

::

epca`ts wreuodt by tda anrfy avefutje` ei fjia mjm `et stny wjtdj` tda beu`ms ei kaff cacbrn`as< tday baknca oaefeojknf, n`m uftjcntafy pfn`atefeojknf. ]da Nrkdan` bnktarjn kdn`oam Anrtd ieravar.

Fjia's ta`ma`ky te rapremuka te tda fjcjt premukas sdertnoas n`m

peffutje`. Raspe`mj`o te kdn`oj`o a`vjre`ca`ts, bnktarjn ie-

ca`tam n sarjas ei "krjsas." Ankd krjsjs wns ava`tunffy evarkeca by avefvj`o cn`y `aw catnbefjk pntdwnys, but tdasa, j` tur`, fam te

`aw sdertnoas, `aw peffutj`o substn`kas, `aw mn`oars ier fjia e` Anrtd.

BRANJ(IN[] IARCA@]

]da erjoj`nf ierc er iercs ei kaffufnr, rapremukj`o fjia spranm rnpjmfy nkress n pfn`at wdesa cnttar, nt ijrst, wns fjttfa mjiiara`t irec tdnt wjtdj` tda bemjas ei tda bjespdara's ijrst baj`os. ]da anrfjast bnktarjn oraw by iarca`tntje`7 tday brega mew` eron`jk kecpeu`ms, suonrs, n`m sjcjfnr scnff eron`jk kecpeu`ms ier tdajr kdacjknf a`aroy n`m ieem. ]da bjespdara tda` raqujram `e "prjcnry premukars."]da pfn`at wns nwnsd j` "ieem" cn`uinkturam n`m ra`awam

by prafjvj`o prekassas sukd ns sefnr rnmjntje`, tda kdur`j`o ei cnttar by dant j` tda maap Anrtd, n`m fjodt`j`o. Iarca`tars axkrata nkjms n`m nfkedefs, kecpeu`ms tdnt ke`tnj`

Cemar` iarca`tj`o bnktarjn, ier axncpfa, cnga fnktjk nkjm irec cjfg suonr n`m catnbefjza otnpa n`m ornj` suonr te cnga tda nfkedef j` wdjsgy n`m wj`a. Nftdeuod tda anrfy Anrtd dnm `e irujt er j`maam pfn`ts ei n`y gj`m, n`kastrnf iar-

fass a`aroy tdn` tda ieem j`oastam.

ca`tars Onstam e` suonr. Fnberntery axparjca`ts sjcufntj`o tda a`-

ei

anrfy Anrtd dnva sdew` tdnt cn`y a`aroyrjkd eron`jk kecpeu`ms ierc spe`tn`aeusfy. ]dasa kecpeu`ms j`kfuma sjcpfa suonrs, fjga tda iarca`tnbfa ofukesa n`m tda rjbesa

arojzam ntcespdara

ei R@N. Anrfy fjia iam e` tdasa prjcavnf swaats, rapfnkj`o knrbe`dymreoa` kecpeu`ms j` tda a`vjre`ca`t wjtd jts ew` kecpesjtje`nffy sjcjfnr, but mjstj`ktjvafy nutepejatjk, bemjas. ]dara cny ba `e sukd tdj`o ns n iraa fu`kd, but fjia mjm, jt saacs' a`ley tda

 

>88

_dnt fs Fjia5

kescjk aqujvnfa`t ei n iraa branginst. [uonr prevjmam Orca`tj`o bnktarjn betd wjtd ieem, ier bujfmj`o knrbe` kecpeu`ms ei safi n`m preoa`y, n`m wjtd a`aroy, ier mej`o tda werg ei cnj`ta`n`ka. E`a vnrjary ei iarca`tj`o bnktarjn tdeuodt sjcjfnr te vary anrfy

fjia js

]darcepfnscn. ]dasa

sufiur- n`m dant-fevj`o bnktarjn nra oreupam wjtd tda nrkdnabnktarjn baknusa ei tda kdnrnktar ei tdajr

R@N. Fjga nff fjia, ]darcepfnscndns

n cacbrn`a.

bnktarjnf kaffs,

But u`fjga etdar

axkapt tdesa cykepfnscns, jt fnkgs n rjojm kaff wnff eutsjma tda cacbrn`a. ]da ei nbsa`ka ei n` eutar kaff wnff ojvas ]dar-

jff-maij`am, cutnbfa sdnpa. J` cest bnktarjn tda kaff wnff js cnma ei suonr-beu`m paptjmas, wdeffy u`fjga tda pdespdefjpjmpretaj` cntarjnf ei tda ifaxjbfa cacbrn`a. Xardnps wnff-fass bnktarjn fjga ]darcepfnscn avefvam irec n` n`kja`t bnktarjuc prjer te tda avefutje` ei n`y kaff wnffs. Er pardnps tda wnffs wara fest. Kartnj` j`iaktjeus bnktarjn tdnt fnkg kaff wnffs kn` ba parjfeus te ducn`s baknusa tday rasjst pa`jkjffj` n`m etdar n`tjbjetjks tdnt werg by j`djbjtj`o kaff wnff orewtd-wdjkd js wdy, nt bnsa, n`tjbjetjks cepfnscn n`

kn``et dnrc eur n`jcnf kaffs mjraktfy. (Eur kaffs dnva cacbrn`as but `e kaff wnffs.) _nff-fass, iarca`tj`o fjia iraafenmam, utjfjzj`o nvnjfnbfa suonrs n`m

etdar a`aroy-rjkd kecpeu`ms irec tda swaat prjcavnf a`vjre`ca`t. @e`a ei tda anrfjast bnktarjn wara ierkam te cnga tdajr ew` ieem. But nt seca pej`t, tda prass ei axpn`mj`o oa`arntje`s can`t tdnt iraa ieem wns makransj`o instar tdn` jt wns rasteram. N krjsjs wns j`avjtnbfa.

ORAA@, RAM, N@M XQRXFA BAJ@O[

Bjefeojsts kfnssjiy

dataretrepds bnktarjn wdjkd, u`nbfa te premuka ieem, ebtnj` tdajr knrbe` n`m a`aroy irec tda eutsjma. _a n`m `anrfy nff n`jcnfs nra dataretrepds, tee. Fnkgj`o pfnstjms er sycbjetjk nfona, eur bemjas me `et pdetesy`tdasjza. _a cust ij`m ieem n`m a`aroy j` tda prainbrjkntam ierc ei etdar fjvj`o baj`os, sukd ns rda tjssuas

ns

ei pfn`ts er tdesa marjvam irec pfn`ts (n`jcnfs n`m iu`oj). Jt

 

Cnstars ei tda Bjespdara

>8>

ei tjca baiera tda ijrst wnva ei bnktarjnf dataretrepds ke`ire`tam n bjefeojknf krjsjs< a`vjre`ca`tnf ieem suppfjas baknca fjcjtam, u`pramjktnbfa, sknrkar n`m sknrkar. Iarca`tj`o fjia keufm `et keu`t e` tda mwj`mfj`o suonrs ei tda pfn`atnry pn`try. Inkam wjtd stnrvntje`, seca fukgy iarca`tars secawdara avefvam tda knpnbjfjty te cnga tdajr ew` ieem, tdaraby j`jtjntj`o wns tdus e`fy n cnttar

tda orant fj`anoa ei oraa` n`m purpfa baj`os.

]da cest jcpertn`t catnbefjk j``evntje` j` tda djstery ei tda pfn`at wns tda avefutje` ei pdetesy`tdasjs. By wny ei pdetesy`tdasjs, fjia iraam jtsafi irec a`aroy sknrkjty7 irec tda` e` fjia wns Jjcjtam prjcnrjfy by tda sknrkjry ei e`a cntarjnf bujfmj`o bfekg er n`etdar. Xdetesy`tdasjs nppanram j` bnktarjn. Cj`j`o tda a`aroy j` su`fjodt, tdasa ijrst ieem-cngars (prebnbfy oraa`-keferam sufijma sknva`oars, fjga cemar` Kdferebjuc) oa`arntam ieem n`m usnbfa a`aroy ier tda rast ei tda bjespdara. ]day wara tda ijrst nutetrepds. Ier fjia, tda cest jcpertn`t ierc ei rnmjntje` jcpj`oj`o e` Anrtd's surinka js `ajtdar sdert-wnva uftrnvjefat rnmjntje`, wdjkd mastreys bjekdacjknf prekassas, `er few-a`aroy fe`oar wnva j`irnram rnmjntje`, wdjkd ducn`s parkajva ns dant. Rntdar, fjia mapa`ms e`

tda camjuc-wnva rnmjntje` ei vjsjbfa fjodt. J` pdetesy`tdasjs tda a`aroy ei n pdete` irec tda su`'s vjsjbfa fjodt axkjtas n` afaktre` j` n cefakufa ei kdferepdyff, wdjkd tda` trn`siars tda axkass a`aroy te n cefakufa ei N]X. N]X's orant ke`trjbutje` te fjia js tdnt jt nffews n` eron`jk baj`o te usa a`aroy wda` jt js `aamam-`etlust wda` tda su` (er j`oastam ieem) dnppa`s te cnga jt nvnjfnbfa. N]X

js tda ijrst-ermar wny tdnt fjia bn`gs ier tda iutura. But N]X ns n teef ier a`aroy sternoa js jtsafi fjcjtam. Fe`oar tarc n`m djodar vefuca sternoa kn` ba nkdjavam by usj`o tda N]X te bujfm suonrs irec ntcespdarjk knrbe` mjexjma n`m seca seurka ei dymreoa`. Xarcjttj`o kaffs te cnga swaats n`m oa`as j`sjma tdacsafvas, pdetesy`tdasjs tdus iraam fjia irec jts anrfy mjat

ei a`vjre`ca`tnf

kn`my.

pdetesy`tdatjk. ]dajr n`kasters cny dnva baa` nce`o tda ijrst pdetesy`tdatjk baj`os. ]emny ke`ij`am te tda bnktarjnf u`marwerfm wdara ]emny's oraa` sufiur bnktarjn, sukd

ns

Kdferebjuc uj`esuc, nra

 

>82

_dnt fs Fjia5

wjff `et dnrc tdac, anrfy e` tday keufm dnva mecj`ntam tda surinka. ]da anrfy ntcespdara, fnkgj`o j` exyoa`, weufm `et exyoa`

dnva betdaram tdac, n`m

jt

wns n` axtrnvnon`t seurka

mjexjma. ]da n`narebjk catnbefjsc

ei knrbe`

ei tda oraa` sufiurs tdus

suo-

oasts n` n`kja`t darjtnoa.

'_darans

anrfy iarca`tars dnm te aga eut n fjvj`o e` avar-sknrkar eron`jk krucbs, anrfy pdetesy`tdasjzars keufm fjtarnffy cnga

safvas nppanr

cnga tdac-

irec

njr. _da` dymreoa` stjff ajstam e` Anrtd ns n iraa ons, tda pdetesy`tdasjzars dnm `e prebfac ij`mj`o tda dymreoa` kecpe`a`t ier sy`tdasjzj`o suonrs. Eut ei dymreoa` ons mrnw`

irec tda ntcespdara n`m knrbe` mjexjma mrnw` irec tda ntcespdara tda ijrst pdetesy`tdasjzars krnitam tdajr tj`y bemjas. N`etdar ranmy seurka ei dymreoa` wns dymreoa` sufijma. Rapremukj`o n`m seita`j`o e`ka-starjfa fn`m, oraa` sufiur bnktarjn teeg j` dymreoa` sufijma (D2[) spawam irec va`ts n`m vefkn`eas nt tda rupturam surinka. ]dajr wnsta premukt wns (n`m js) afaca`tnf sufiur ([)7 tdnt js wdy tday nra knffam sufiur bnktarjn. Q`fjga nfona n`m pfn`ts, ebtnj` tdajr dymreoa` ntecs irec wntar (DrE), tda oraa` wdjkd sufiur bnktarjn mjm `et axpjra exyoa` ons. J`stanm, tday mapesjtam afaca`tnf sufiur, n`m mjm se wjtd nbn`me`. Dymreoa` sufijma, ewj`o te tda pfn`at's takte`jk rastfass`ass, racnj`am pfa`tjiuf ava` nitar iraa dymreoa` dnm asknpam irec tda ntcespdara. ]da dymreoa` sufijma pntdwny ier pdetesy`tdasjs tdus prevam te ba n ij`a strnraoy ier anrfy fjia. [kn``j`o tda derjze` murj`o tda Nrkdan` ae` weufm dnva vjsjtam upe` tda tjca-trnvafj`o aya n qujat rjet ei ofjsta`j`o kefer. Brjodt ram, oraa`, purpfa, n`m ern`oa, tda pdetesy`tdasjzars kefe`jzam tda surinka ei `aw vefkn`jk tarrnj`, a`krenkdj`o upe` fnvn ifews, dnrma`am pucjka, n`m spnrgfj`o bfnkg sn`m. Nce`o tda in`tnstjknffy sukkassiuf bnktarjnf baj`os wara kartnj` dataretrepds tdnt avefvam swjccj`o ns n can`s te ebtnj` `aw seurkas ei ieem. [eca ei tdasa wara ram baj`os tdnt marjvam tdajr dua irec rdemepsj`, n fjodt-sa`sjtjva pjoca`t wdjkd, fjga tda oraa` kdferepdyff pjoca`t, knpturas a`aroy ier N]X te stera-but irec n mjiiara`t pertje` ei

 

Cnstars ei tda Bjespdara

>8;

tda spaktruc ei fjodt.]da rdemepsj` j` temny's vnrjatjas ei dnfepdjfjk (snft-fevj`o) nrkdnabnktarjn axacpfjiy tda iu`mnca`tnffy ke`sarvntjva kdacjstry ei fjia, ns rdemepsj` js ieu`m j` ratj`nf rems ei cn-

rj`a ijsd n`m js usam j` eur ew` vjsje`, aspakjnffy wda` fjodt js mjc. ]da tjca-trnvafj`o aya, cevj`o ierwnrm j` tjca secawdnt baye`m tda erjoj`s ei tda oraa` sufiurs n`m tda ram dnfepdjfas, weufm ava`tunffy spet n `aw pdetesy`tdatjk ierc< purpfa sufiur bnktarjn

wns `et se cukd n mjiiar-

(saa pfnta ?). ]dajr brjffjn`t j``evntje` a`tfy pjoca`tam npprenkd te pdetesy`tdasjs but n` nbrfjty te tefarnta exyoa`. ]dajr tefarn`ka wns `et, dewavar, kecpfata' Xurpfa suf-

iur bnktarjn fjvj`o temny kn` tefarnta exyoa` e`fy j` tda tacpernry mnrg`ass ei `jodtinff er etdar kevar. Zat pdetesy`tdatjk baj`os, ojva` tdajr nutepejatjk jcparntjva, cust mwaff j` su`fjodt7 `e`a kn` fjva ier fe`o j` tda mnrg.

ETZOA@ ATKJ]ACA@]

]da purpfa sufiur bnktarjn ei tda Nrkdan` tdnt keufm tefarnta exyoa` dnm n` nmvn`tnoa. Exyoa` wns `ew baoj``j`o te kraap j`te tda a`vjre`ca`t. a`vjre`ca`t. N `aw ierc ei wntar-usj`o bnktarjn, tda kyn`ebnktarjn, dnm put jt tdara. [ecatjcas stjff knffam pfn`ts er "bfua-oraa` nfona," tda kyn`es nra `ajtdar pfn`ts `er nfona. Kyn`ebnktarjn wrangam dnvek wjtd tda pfn`atnry a`vjre`ca`t-cera se tdn` dns n`y fjia ierc baiera er sj`ka. Fjia dnm nfwnys axjstam j` n camjuc rjkd j` dymreoa`< DzE, wntar. @e`atdafass, fjia's suppfy ei dymreoa` te cnga tda eron`jk kecpeu`ms ei jts bnktarjnf bemjas dnm darateiera keca irec suonrs sukd

(K9Drz89), er irec dymreoa` n`m dymreoa` sufijma j` tda njr. ]da kyn`es avefvam wda` pdetesy`tdatjk bnktarjn, acpfeyj`o n u`jqua oraa` kdferepdyff systac, cutntam irec purpfa pramakassers te oat tdajr dymreoa` ntecs irec wntar. [pfjttj`o npnrt dymreoa` mjexjma (wntar) j`te jts ke`stjtua`t ntecs, tda bfua-oraa` bnktarjn nssacbfam dymreoa` j`te tdacsafvas. Inr cera nbu`mn`t tdn` stj`gj`o dymreoa` sufijma, kfanr wntar ns ofukesa

 

>8= | nbeu`mam.

wr.,ut ts Fjia5

'_daravar

tday keufm nkkass wntar n`m su`fjodt, tda bfuaoraa` bnktarjn oraw. ]emny j` fjodt n`m wntar, tdasa exyoa`-cng-

j`o pdetesy`tdasjzars, stjff knpjtnfjzj`o e` tdajr n`kja`t catnbefjk j``evntje`, ke`tj`ua te tdrjva. Cera tdn` ta` tdeusn`m gj`ms dnva baa` kntnfeoam. ]day nra ieu`m vjrtunffy avarywdara-e` mncp, mjcfy fjt wnffs nt tda ceutds ei knvas, ieffewj`o tda sfew fangs ei rairjoarnters, e` bent makgs, beufmars, kfjiis, mrnj` pjpas, tejfat tn`gs,

n`m sdewar

kurtnj`s. ]day axjst j` tda Ram [an, j` bejfj`o sprj`os, `ukfanr rankter keefj`o tn`gs, tda [j`nj Masart, nkress tda [jbarjn` tu`mrn, n`m u`mar tda N`tnrktjk jka. Kyn`es dnva baa` knst by seca skja`tjsts ns tda baj`os cest fjgafy te rapremuka wara tday te ba straw` nbeut tda ram surinka n`m pefnr mry jka knps ei Cnrs.

]da rncpn`t orewtd ei kyn`ebnktarjn e` Anrtd wns `et n feknf pda`eca`e`. VT,'daravar bfua-oraa` kyn`ebnktarjn orarv tday j`kerperntam tda "D" irec DzE j`te tdajr tj`y bemjas n`m rafansam j`te tda njr tda "E" ns 82, ex-yoa` ons. Djodfy mastruktjva te nff kaffs wda` jt knusas cj`jntura bjefeojknf axpfesje`s, exyoa` ons wns intnf te cest iercs ei anrfy fjia. Ava` temny jt js texjk j` djod ke`ka`trntje`s. Exyoa` kecbj`as mn`oareusfy wjtd a`zy`ras n`m etdar pretaj`s, `ukfajk nkjms, vjtnr`j`s, n`m fjpjms. N`m exyoa` premukas "iraa rnmjknfs"-ranktjva, sdert-fjvam kdacjknfs tdnt j`tariara wjtd catnbefjk systacs. @utrjtje`jsts dnva jcpfjkntam iraa rnmjknfs j` tda ducn` noj`o prekass, rakecca`mj`o n`tj-exjmn`ts sukd ns vjtncj` A. J` tda Nrkdan` ae` exyoa` ranktam, secatjcas vjefa`tfy, wjtd ntcespdarjk onsas sukd ns dymreoa`, ncce`jn, catdn`a, n`m dymreoa` sufijma. Erjoj`s-ei-fjia tdaerjsts noraa tdnt fjia e` Anrtd dns

fjttfa te `e kdn`ka ei ra-avefvj`o dara baknusa iraa exfroa` weufm

exjmjza dymreoa`-rjkd kdacjknfs krukjnf re srnrtj`o n`y fjia. ]da eutar sefnr systac, dewavar, js n mjiiara`t stery. Iraa exryoa` js `et n cnler ke`stjtua`t ei tda ntcespdaras ei pfn`ats fjga Lupjtar er

cee`s fjga ]jtn`. J`maam,

ji fjia wara re avefva nonj` jt weufm ba

inr cera fjgafy te me se j` tda onsaeus dymreoa`-knrbe` a`vjre`ca`ts ei tda eutar sefnr systac, wdara iraa exfroa` js `et nreu`m te j`tarrupt anrfy fjia's erryoa`-j`tefarn`t kdacjknf systacs.

 

Cnstars ei tda Bjespdara

>81

Rafansj`o exyoa`, tda bfua-oraa` bnktarjn a`vafepam tda werfm

wjtd exyoa` ntecs. Exyoa` nkkafarntam kdn`oa ns jt spam up kdacjknf ranktje`s. Krewmj`o eut tdajr purpfa bratdra`, bfua-oraa`s swnrcam tda pdetjk ze`a, tda raoje` jffucj`ntam n`m jrrnmjntam by tda su` n`m axta`mj`o te `e cera tdn` rwe du`mram catars bafew tda ekan` surinka. J` wnrcar ce`tds kyn`ebnktarjn oraw cest vjoereusfy. [fjcj`o nfe`o surinkas, trnppj`o n`m bj`mj`o samjca`t, tday iercam raais nfe`o tda kenst n`m mncp, taxtjfa-fjga cnssas j`fn`m.

Rust, jre` exjma, iercam ns bnktarjnf wnsta exyoa` ranktam wjtd mjssefvam jre`. [j`ka jre` js Anrtd's ijitd cest nbu`mn`t afaca`t, jre` exjmas iercam j` orant preiusje` n`m, ns sefjms, sattfam qujatfy, yanr nitar yanr, te tda bettecs ei fngas n`m sans, j`kfumj`o bnsj`s ra-

ka`tfy deffewam eut by cataerjtas. Kyn`ebnktarjn ifeurjsdam j` tda dant n`m oraw cera sfewfy j` tda keef, mny nitar mny, succar nitar

wj`tar, wnrc cjffa``juc nitar cjffa``juc, premukj`o cera er fass exyoa` j` nkkermn`ka wjtd kykfjknf n`m axta`mam kfjcntjk kdn`oas. A`vjre`ca`tnf eskjffntje`s fam te n` nftar`ntje` barwaa` exyoa`rjkd n`m ex]oa`-peer vnrjatjas ei jre` era7 cno`atjta js fass exjmjzam n`m dacntjta cera se. ]da sanse`nf n`m kfjcntjk sdjits j` pepufntje` orewtd, catnbefjk nktjvjry n`m keccu`jry struktura ei exyoa`-premukj`o bnktarjn, keupfam wjtd kdn`oj`o a`vjre`ca`tnf ke`mjtje`s, iercam orant bn`mam rekgs. J` @ertd Ncarjkn bn`mam jre` iercntje`s j` n`kja`t, axpesam rekgs `ew stratkd irec anstar` E`tnrje te tda wastar` amoa ei Fnga [uparjer. ]day nra tda seurka ei tda jre` usam j` Matrejt-bujft knrs. ]_e tdeusn`m cjffje` yanrs noe `et e`fy jre` but sufiur, urn`juc, n`m cn`on`asa exjmjzam nff evar tda werfm. Axpesam te bnktarjnf wnsta ons, tday baknca dacntjta, pyrjta, urn`j`jta, n`m cn`on`asa

mjexjma. Ns ntcespdarjk exyoa` j`kransam, bn`mam jre`, wdjkd dnr-

bers `e`exryoa`ntam cj`arnfs, onva wny te "ram bams"-rust ibrcntje`s tdnt iercam nff evar tda werfm. ]da rekg rakerm ei exjmjzam cj`arnfs j` Anrtd's krust tastjijas te tda nmmjtje` ei exyoa` te eur pfn`atnry ntcespdara j` n =ee-cjffje`-yanr stratkd irec z,zee te r,4ee cjffje` yanrs noe. Ava`tunffy `e cera cj`arnfs wara fait tdnt

 

>89

_dnt fs Fjia5

dnm `et nfranmy ranktam wjtd exyoa`, se tda axkass ons wjtd `e pfnka

fait te oe baon` te nkkucufnta j` tda njr.

^QJ@]A[[A@]JNF XEFFQ]AR[, ^QJ@]A[[A@]JNF RAKZKFAR[

J` wdnt

pnssas

ier ducjfjry n`m raspakt ier tda wnys ei `ntura, cem-

ar` ducn`s werry nbeut eur peffutje` ei Anrtd. Xeffutje` js kartnj`fy mjstrassj`o. But jt js dnrmfy u``nturnf. ]da peffutje` krjsjs

aiiaktam by nff-`nturnf, bfua-oraa` bnktarjn wns cukd wersa tdn` n`y wa dnva saa` fntafy. Jt mastnbjfjzam tda pfn`atnry a`vjre`ca`t.

Jt cnma Anrtd j`ifnccnbfa, n`m te tdjs mny e`fy tda n`kja`t suriajt ei exyoa` parcjts us te strjga n cntkd te cnga ijra. Ducn` j`mustry dns j`kransam tda ke`ka`trntje` ei eze`a-u`-

irja`mfy kdfereifuereknrbe`s j` tda ntcespdara seca e`a du`mram tjcas, up te nbeut n bjffje`td ei n parka`t. ]djs maoraa ei kdn`oa kn``et ava` baoj` te kecpnra wjtd tda aiiakt upe` tda ofebnf a`-

vjre`ca`t wreuodt by tda bfua-oraa`s. By orewj`o, tday j`kransam ntcespdarjk exyoa` ke`ka`trntje` irec fass tdn` e`a pnrt j` r,eee cjffje` te e`a pnrt j` ijva (ze parka`t). N`m Anrtd's pretaktjva, uftrnvjefat-sdjafmj`o fnyar ei eze`a (E;, n tdraa-er]oa` cefakufa) wns bujft up fnroafy by "nf>-`nturnf" peffutje` j` tda ijrst pfnka. But ji peffutje` js `nturnf, se js rakykfj`o. Eur irasd njr js e`aijitd erryoa`. ]emny tda eze`a fnyar pretakts n`jcnfs sukd ns eursafvas irec uftrnvjefat sgj` kn`kar, kntnrnkts, n`m kecprecjsam jccu`a systacs. E`a ei tda orantast tur`nreu`ms j` avefutje` wns tda trn`siercntje` ei n e`ka-intnf ierc ei njr

peffutje`-exyoa`-

j`te n kevatam raseurka. Inr irec mastreyj`o tda pfn`at, ex]oa` a`arojzam jt. J` inr-irecaqujfjbrjuc systacs, wnsta premukts `akassnrjfy nkkucufnta. But wdnt cny ba onrbnoa te e`a js mj``ar er bujfmj`o cntarjnfs ier n`etdar. Bnktarjn, tda orantast catnbefjk j``evnters, nra `et e`fy tda orant-

Eur ew` kda`rjknf nbjfjry te usa exyoa` ier a`aroy marjvas irec bnktarjn. @nturnf peffutje` rakykfj`o by bnktarjn axta`ms te n dest ei etdar substn`kas. ast peffutars but nfse tda orantast kfan`ar-uppars.

 

Cnstars ei tda Bjespdara

>8?

Oraa` n`m purpfa sufiur bnktarjn, stnrtj`o wjtd sufijma, premuka suf-

iur ofebufas n`m sufinta (betd nra cera exjmjzam iercs ei sufiur), wdjkd suspa`m er mjssefva j` san wntar. ]djs sufiur js tnga` up n`m rakykfam by iarca`tj`o er sufinta-ramukj`o baj`os. Bnktarjn, j` n`etdar e`a ei tdajr ofebnf caontrjkgs, tnga `jtreoa` ons fest te tda njr n`m ratur` jt te nff etdar fjvj`o baj`os, wdara jt js assa`tjnf ier tda ke`struktje` ei pretaj`s. E`fy n iaw typas ei bnktarjn ew` tdjs cj`jnturjzam j`mustry, ns e`fy n iaw nra knpnbfa

ei brangj`o tda stre`o trjpfa be`ms ei cefakufnr `jtreoa` n`m tda` saquastarj`o tda `jtreoa` ntecs j`te eron`jk cefakufas wjtdeut exyoa` s`angj`o j` secawdara nfe`o tda wny. Bnktarjn tdus "ijx" onsaeus `jtreoa`-by inr tda cest nbu`mn`t ons j` tda ntcespdaraj`te eron`jk kecpeu`ms ier nff tda fjvj`o baj`os e`Anrtd. @jtreoa`ijxj`o strukturas, knffam datarekysts (fnroa kaffs j` kdnj`s cnj`fy cnma ei scnffar e`as) wara fait z,zee r`jffje` yanrs noe j` tda iessjf rakerm. Kyn`ebnktarjn wjtd datarekysts kn` ijx @2 ons n`m cnga jt nvnjfnbfa ns ieem (saa pfnta 4). ]da krantjva rakykfj`o catnbefjsc ei bnktarjn, kecbj`am wjtd tda jcparntjva ei nutepejasjs, j`suras tda bjespdarjk ifew ei `jtreoa`, sufiur, knrbe`, n`m etdar kecpeu`ms. E`ka `jtreoa`, ier axncpfa, js ijxam j`te pretaj` n`m `ukfajk nkjm j`sjma bnktarjnf datarekysts, n`m e`ka tdasa pretaj`s cnga tdajr wny tdreuod tda ieem

kdnj` (maornmam te ncj`e nkjms n`m vnrjeusfy rabujft nfe`o tda wny, wjtd seca fangnoa j`te tda ntcespdara ns wnsta), bnktarjn nra suc-

ce`am e`ka nonj` te me wdnt e`fy tday kn` me< ijx `jtreoa` bnkg j`te eron`jk cefakufas. ]da eron`jknffy beu`m `jtreoa` j` pretaj`s n`m ncj`e nkjms tngas cn`y reutas. [eca js maornmam te ncce`jn (@D, by n mjvarsjry ei bnktarjn. Ncce`jn js exjmjzam te `jtrjta (@E, er `jtrnta (@E, by stjff etdar bnktarjnf spakjnfjsts. @jtrjta n`m `jtrnta, j` tur`, iartjfjza tda wntar, fattj`o kyn`ebnktarjn n`m etdars orew. @jtrjta n`m `jtrnta cny ba "brantdam" by seca bnktarjn wdjkd va`t `jtreus exjma ("fnuodj`o ons") n`m `jtreoa` (@z) j`te tda njr. @jtreoa` ons j` tda ntcespdara cust tda` ba ijxam nonj`. ]da kecpfax kykfa `avar kansas. Nftdeuod `e bnktarjn yat

 

>84

_dnt fs Fjia5

maornma tda rairnktery knrbe`-dymreoa` kecpeu`ms ei cest pfns-

tjks, ava`tunffy seca

wjff

avefva n`m, `et fjcjtam by ieem suppfy,

tday wjff spranm fjga wjfmijra irec fn`mijff te fn`mijff tdreuod tda bjespdara.

FJYJ@O KNRXA][ N@M KRE_J@O []E@A[

Fjga cnojk knrpats j` kartnj` raceta ker`ars ei Anrtd, "r`jkrebjnf

p271"-fooa

`ucbars ei j`tarfjvj`o bnktarjn-dnva tda pewar te

tnga skja`tjsts bnkg j` tjca. [fjkg n`m sfjcy, eita` stj`gj`o ei sufiur,

cjkrebjnf cnts prasarva tda prjcavnf ska`a ei tda anrfy Anrtd baiera exyoa` suriajtam tda njr. ]da cejst, cuftjkeferam cnts ieu`m lust j`fn`m irec tda san iaaf keef ba`antd bnra iaat. [nva ier n sdaat ei nfona, sn`m ify aoo, ekknsje`nf ouff evardanm, er pnfaebjefeojst ieetprj`t, `e`bnktarjnf trnkas nra rnra j` cjkrebjnf cnts. Cemar` crkrebjnf cnts n`m skucs nra ieu`m avar).wdara j` tda werfm, but e`fy j` n iaw fekntje`s nra tday `et ebskuram by fnroar iercs ei fjia. Nt Fnou`n Ijouaren n`m Ouarrare @aore j` Caxjke's Bnln Knfjier`jn, ire`tj`o tda kenstnf tew` ei Banuiert j` tda stnta ei @ertd Knrefj`n, nt Xfuc Jsfn`m n`m [jppawjssatt j` Cnssnkdusatts, nfe`o tda amoa

ei tda Orant

[nft Fnga j`

Qtnd, n`m nt tda maftn

ei tda sprnwfj`o Abre Rjvar j` [pnj`, cnts nra ke`spjkueus. Yjsjbfa j` pfnkas tee det, kefm, wj`my, er snfry te suppert fnroar fjia, cjkrebjnf cnts raprasa`t wdnt fjia e` n bnktarjnf pfn`at cjodt dnva feegam fjga savarnf tdeusn`m cjffje` yanrs noe. Caroj`o catnbefjk tnfa`ts, n vnrjary ei bnktarjnf iercs eron`jzam j`te fnyars tdrjva j` tda cnts tdnt tday tdacsafvas premuka. ]da su`fevj`o kyn`ebnktarjn mwaff j` tda uppar fnyars, subtfy n`m ke`tj`u-

eusfy trn`siercj`o knrbe`, `jtreoa`, sufiur, n`m pdespderussuppfyj`o tdasa te tdajr mapa`ma`ts bafew. Cest nra cuftjkaffufnr ofjmj`o ijfnca`ts. [eca nra sj`ofa-kaffam. ]eoatdar, sdnpam ns tdranms, spdaras, er brn`kdas, tda kyn`ekefe`jas cny ierc oraa` laffy bnffs er skucs j` tda wntar. Nce`o tda pdetesy`tdasjzars, tda cest fjodttefarn`t, masjkkntje`-rasjstn`t iercs j`dnbjt tda uppar sdaats ei cj-

 

Cnstars ei tda Bjespdara

>8:

krebjnf cnts7 tda sufijma-usj`o n`m mjc fjodt-saagj`o cacbars kednbjt tda fewar fnyars. ]da purpfa sufiur bnktarjn `nvjonta tda cjmmfa ranfc, bnfn`kj`o n `aam ier sufijma irec tda `atdar raoje`s n raqujraca`t

wjtd

ier su`fjodt irec tda djodar e`as.

Fu`o-fjga, `et e`fy me tda onsas j` tda bnktarjnf keccu`jty ceva up n`m mew` mnjfy, but se me tda ke`stjtua`t oujfms. Zadumn Keda` n`m djs keffanouas nt tda cnrj`a stntje` nt tda Oufi ei Ajfnt j` Jsrnaf dnva matarcj`am tdnt wda` tda su` sats tda purpfa fnyar

ei sufijma

bnktarjn cevas up n irnktje` ei n ka`tjcatar. '_da` Maprjvam ei su`fjodt,

tda bfua-oraa`s nbruptfy step catnbefjzj`o. j`stn`tfy nt tda mjccast mnyfjodt tda bfua-oraa`s rasuca pdetesy`tdasjs, tday baoj` nonj` te bntda tda purpfa n`m oraa` bnktarjn bafew wjtd tdajr exyoa` wnsta. ]da purpfa fnyar ratrants. Fjga n treep ei san turtfas e` tda cnrkd-tdajr sdaffs luttj`o eut ei tda sdnffew ekan` j` [dnrg Bny, Nustrnfjn-nra tda mecam, fnyaram rekgs knffam strecntefjtas (saa pfnta :). ]da Ncarjkn` oaefe-

ojst Kdnrfas _nfkett (r41e-r:2?) knffam tda iessjf racnj`s ei vary sjcjfnr but vary n`kja`t rekgs `anr Nfbn`y, @awZerg, "kryptezen`s"

(irec Oraag ier "djmma` n`jcnfs"). ]da feknfs j` [nrnteon [prj`os n`m nreu`m [gjmcera Keffaoa temny knff tdasa iercntje`s "knufjifewar Fjcaste`a." Nftdeuod _nfkett dnm n` j`gfj`o tdnt tda reu`m Jjcaste`a "danms" wara premukam by fjia, e`fy raka`tfy dns jt bakeca kfanr tdnt "kryptezen`s" nra strecntefjtas cnma by vnst dermas ei bnktarjn. ]day nra, j` assa`ka, iessjfjzam cjkrebjnf cnts tdnt teeg tda

ierc ei mecas rntdar tdn` tda kefuc`s, raais, n`m pn`kngas rypjknf ei tda cera spaktnkufnr n`kja`t strecntefjtas (saa pfntas ren n`m reb). ]da cjkrebjnf keccu`jtjas, fam by bfua-oraa`s, trnppam, prakjpjtntam, n`m beu`m up knfkjuc knrbe`nta n`m ornj`s ei vefkn`jk tday mjam. J` Nustrnfjn, wdara strecntefjtas nra iercj`o temny by tda werg ei fjva bnktarjnf keccu`jtjas, tda trnppj`o n`m bj`mj`o kn` ba stumjam mjraktfy. [trecntefjtas (wdjkd secatjcas cnga usa ei a`vjre`ca`tnf sjfjkn er ava` jre` rntdar tdn` e`fy knrbe`nta ier bujfmj`o cntarjnf) orew n fnyar nt n tjca, ns pdetesy`tdasjzj`o bnktarjn ofjma pnst e`a n`etdar, sfjppj`o eut ei tdajr pefyofnss baiera

 

>>8

_dnt fs Fjia5

snkkdnrjma sdantds, wdjkd nra knrbedymrnta a`knsaca`ts sj`mfnr j` kdacjknf kecpesjtje` te cukus. ]da sdantds nra stjkgy n`m tday bj`m sn`m. ]da fjva kyn`ebnktarjn, ofjmj`o tewnrm tda su`, fanva badj`m

tdajr sdantds te ba kefe`jzam by etdar sdaftar-saagj`o cjkrebas. ]jnppj`o samjca`t n`m prakjpjtntj`o knrbe`nta eut ei wntar, seca ei tdasa kecpfax cnt keccu`jtjas sefjmjijj te cnga fjvj`o iertrassas nonj`st spuca n`m wnva. ]dasa iertrassas tdrjva, ns cn`y gj`ms

ei

pdetesy`tdatjk bnktarjn suppert n pfatdern ei kncp ieffewars. [pjspjrekdatas, kekkejms, n`m spera-iercars j` fjvafy kecr`u`jrjffn,lestfa tjas ier spnka, ieem, n`m pesjtje`.

[eca iessjf strecntefjtas (sukd ns tdesa

j` tda rekgs ei tda Xe`-

oefn Oreup j` Nirjkn, tda'_nrrnwee`n Oreup j` tda Xjfbnrn raoje`

ei '_astar` Nustrnfjn, n`m tda [wnzjfn`m j` [eutd Nirjkn) dnrber r`jkreskepjk bnktarjnf jcprj`ts. ]dasa sjfjkn strecntefjtas, ke`tnj`j`o bfnkg kdart, nra `etawertdy ier tda cjkreiessjfs j`sjma tdnt prevjma tda bast avjma`ka ier fjia j` tda Nrkdan` ae`. ]dus, nce`o tdajr etdar nkkecpfjsdca`ts, bnktarjn krantam dnrm strukturas z,eee cjffje` yanrs baiera tda ijrst n`jcnf avefvam. [tre-

cntefjta djffekgs weufm dnva baa` n kecce` ska`a j` tda fnta Nrkdan` ae`. Fjga cj`jntura kntdamrnfs, tday wara n` anrfy cn`j-

ei fjia's nbjfjry te cn`noa jts axkass. N fn`msknpa sjcjfnr te tdnt saa` nt [dnrg Bny dns baa` j` ke`tj`ueus axjsta`ka secawdara iastntje`

e` Anrtd sj`ka fjia baon`.

E` n ofebnf sknfa tda kecpfax tjssuas ei cjkrebjnf cnts-wdatdar ns fjvj`o knrpat er orewj`o ste`a-cny ba ns jcpertn`t te bjespdarjk iu`ktje`j`o ns fu`o n`m fjvar nra te us. Bnktarjn teeg evar tda werfm n`m stjff ru` jt, usj`o tdajr maka`trnfjzam pfn`atnry r`atnbefjsc n`m knpnkjry ier werfmwjma j`trnspakjas oa`a trn`siar.

[E, _DN] f[ FJIA5 Fjia js bnktarjnf n`m tdesa eron`jscs tdnt nra

`et bnktarjn dnva avefvam irec eron`jscs tdnt wara. By tda a`m ei tda Nrkdan` ae` avary masart wns a`krustam wjtd r`jkrebjnf cnts n`m tacpernry skucs7 avary det peef, sufiureFrs er ncce`jnknf,

 

Cnstars ei tda Bjespdara benstam denrms

ei kefe`jsts n`m pusdy jcr`jorn`ts. Evar

>',t>

snft ornj`s

n`m j` rusty peefs bnktarjn inbrjkntam ofuas n`m prakjpjtntam cno`atjta. Kfj`oj`o te tda kefm, bnrra` rekgs `anr tda pefas n`m sfjc-

j`o evar tda vefkn`jk rubbfa j` tda trepjknf sdnffew sans, oraa`j`o tda Anrtd, pdetesy`tdasjzars axumam tdajr wnras te du`ory eppertu`jsts. ]da wnsta ei n iarca`tar baknca tda ieem ei tda nkjm-fevj`o swjccar, wdjfa tda iatjm brantd ei n sufinta ramukar prevjmam n prakjeus rnw cntarjnf te oraa` kdferebjn er ram kdrecntjn. Avary nvnjfnbfa pjaka

ei ranf astnta e` tdjs pfn`at wns ekkupjam by a`-

fjodta`am premukar, busy trn`siercar, er nrktjk axpferar. @nturnffy

safaktam eiisprj`o survjvam, but e`fy

ji fa`t n pfnsr`jm-ber`a oa`a

kecr`u`jty cacbar. Oa`a axkdn`oas wara j`mjspa`snbfa te tdesa tdnt weufm rjm tdacsafvas ei a`vjre`ca`tnf texj`s< n pretaj` te ba maornmam, n pejse`eus cn`on`asa skuc, er n tdranta`j`o kepirec

n

par sdaa` te ba exjmjzam er ramukam. Rapfjkntj`o oa`a-knrryj`o pfnscjms ew`am by tda bjespdara nt fnroa, wda` berrewam n`m ratur`am

by bnktarjnf catnbefjk oa`jusas, nffavjntam cest feknf a`vjre`ca`tnf mn`oars, prevjmam snjm pfnscjms keufm tacpernrjfy ba j`kerperntam j`te tda kaffs ei tda tdranta`am bnktarjn. ]da tj`y bemjas ei tda pfn`atnry pntj`n spranm te avary rankd, nff cjkrebas rapremukj`o tee rnpjmfy ier nff eiisprj`o te survjva j` n`y ij`jta u`jvarsa. (L`markevar n`m u`wjt`assam, fjia bnkg tda` wns tda premjojeus preoa`y ei bnktarjn. Jt stjff

js.

 

XARCN@A@] CAROAR[

J dnva nfse saa` n sert

ei n`jcnfkufa tdnt dnm tda ijoura ei tda

rjvar aafs< ]dasa wara j` vary orant pfa`ty, n`m se scnff wjtdnf

tdnt J maacam

1EE

er 1EE ei tdac fnjm eut a`m te a`m weufm

`et rankd te tda fa`otd ei tda iuff orew` aaf sukd ns tdara nra j` vj`aonr. ]dasa dnm n vary `jcbfa cetje`, n`m ba`t tdajr bemjas sarpa`twjsa, n`m sdet tdreuod tda stuii ns qujkg ns n pjga meas

tdreuod wntar.

N@]E@ YN@ FAAQ_A@DEAG _a kn``et intdec tda cnrvafeus kecpfaxjty ei n` eron`jk baj`o7 but e` tda dypetdasjs dara nmvn`kam tdjs kecpfaxjty js cukd j`kransam. Ankd fjvj`o krantura cust ba feegam nt ns n

cjkrekesc-n fjttfa u`jvarsa, iercam ei n dest ei safi-

prepnontj`o eron`jscs, j`ke`kajvnbfy cj`uta n`m ns `ucareus ns tda stnrs j` danva`. KDNRFA[ MNR_J@

]da orantast mjvjsje` js `et ava` batwaa` pfn`ts n`m n`jcnfs,

but wjtdj` tda e`ka-jo`eram cjkreeron`jscs-tda pregnryetjk Ce`arn n`m tda augnryetjk Xretektjstn. []AXDA@ LNZ KEQFM

]da nppanrn`ka ei tdasa Wpretektjsu kaffs n bjffje`-emm yanrs noe wns tda sake`m cnler ava`t j` pfn`atnry avefutje` n`m fam mjraktfy, fj`anoa by fj`anoa, te eur ew` kecpfax safvas, brnj`

n`m nff. FA_J[ ]DECN[

>',t;

 

>>=

_dnt fs Fjia5

]DA ORAN] KAFF MJYJMA

[eca z,eee cjffje` yanrs noe, prebnbfy nt cn`y mjiiara`t sjtas e`

Anrtd, n `aw gj`m ei kaff avefvam irec bnktarjnf j`tarnktje`s. ]da avefutje` ei tdasa kecpfax `aw kaffs irec j`taorntje` ei bnktarjnf sycbje`ts prapnram tda wny ier fjO j` tda `aw, Xretarezejk ae`. ]dasa `aw kaffs wara uftjcntafy tda rasuft ei du`oar, krewmj`o, n`m tdjrst nce`o taacj`o bnktarjn. ]dasa `aw kaffs wara tda ijrst pretektjsts, n`m tdajr kecj`o breuodt tda gj`ms ei j`mjvjmunfjty n`m kaff eron`jzntje`, tda gj`m ei sax, n`m ava` tda gj`m ei certnfjry (preornc`am mantd ei tda j`mjvtmunf) incjfjnr te us ns n`jcnfs. Bnktarjn caroam. Kurbj`o tdajr vjkjeus`ass n`m surra`marj`o j`mapa`-

ma`ka, tday axpferam `aw wnys te parsjst n`m rapremuka.

Eur gj`m ei fjia, tdnt ei tda `ukfantam kaff, baon` fe`o baiera n`jcnfs. Ncjm kaff oeroj`os n`m nbertam j`vnsje`s, caroam baj`os tdnt j`iaktam e`a n`etdar wara raj`vjoerntam by tda j`kerperntje` ei tdajr parcn`a`t "mjsansa." ]da ijrst `aw gj`m ei kaff-tda `ukfantam kaffavefvam by nkqujsjtje`, `et ei j`darjtam kdnrnktarjstjks but ei j`darjtam bnktarjnf sycbje`ts. ]dasa `aw gj`ms ei kaffs cngj`o up tda bemjas ei u`jkaffufnr pretjsts n`m cuftjkaffufnr pretektjsts weufm ava`tunffy

fanm te tda ij`nf tdraa gj`omecs cnfs, iu`oj, n`m pfn`ts.

ei fjia yat te avefva e` Anrtd< n`j-

Eur pretektjstn` n`kasters wara baj`os se

ji j`iercam j` matnjf ei tdajr axjsta`ka, ava` tda kramufeus nutder ei n camjavnf bastjnry cjodt peed-peed tda tnfa ns tda jcpessjbfa premukt ei n iabrjfa jcnoj`ntje`. Ankd n`m avary eron`jk baj`o e` Anrtd js cnma ei e`a ei e`fy twe gj`ms ei kaffs. Eur gj`m-n`m tdnt ei etdar n`jcnfs, iu`oj, axkaamj`ofy wajrm tdnt,

pfn`ts, n`m pretektjsts-pessassas `ukfaj. ]da etdar gj`m, tda bnk-

tarjnf kaff, dns `e `ukfaus. J` >:;? Ameunrm Kdntte`, n Ira`kd cnrj`a bjefeojst, `ncam tda fnttar kaff rypa "preknrjetjqua"7 tda eron`jscs tdnt pessass tdjs kaff rypa nra pregnryetas (pre`eu`kam "pre-KNRRZ-ents"). Nff tda rast ei us nra augnryetas ("yeu-

KNRRZ-ents"), cnma ei `ukfantam kaffs (ijo. ?). [e tda prasa`ka ei n cacbrn`a-beu`mam `ukfaus maij`as n kaff ns "augnryetjk." Nff augnryetas keca irec pretektjsts7 bnktarjn me`'t. ]da fe`o M@N

 

kaff cacbrn`a

retnry ceter

u`mufjpemjuc

gj`ateseca

cjtekde`mrjn

kaff cacbrn`a

ka`trjefa j` nstar

Ifk

Q RA

?. fffustrntam kecpnrjse` ei n pregnryeta (n bnktarjuc) nt tep n`m

n

augnryeta

(n `ukfantam kaff) nt bettec. Nff fjvj`o kaffs e` Anrtd nra ajtdar pregnryetas er augnryetas. ]da `e`bnktarjnf gj`omecs-Xretektjstn, Iu`oj, Xfn`tna, n`m N`jcnfjn-nff ke`sjst

ei eron`jscs wdesa kaffs nra augnryetjk. Augnryetas avefvam sycbjetjknffy irec

catnbefjzj`o, j`vnmj`o, j`iaktj`o, n`m kednbjtj`o bnktarjn.

 

>>9

_dnt fs Fjia5

cefakufas, tda oa`as

ei augnryetas,

nra eron`jzam

wjtdj` tda `u-

kfaus j`te nt fanst tr,ve n`m ns cn`y ns savarnf tdeusn`m kdrecesecas

ei prakjeus oa`atjk cntarjnf j`sjma n spakjnf cacbrn`a n`m tda ijrc bj`mj`o ei M@N j`te n pnrtjkufnr saqua`ka j` n pnrtjkufnr kdrer`eseca fjcjtam tda oa`atjk precjskujry tdnt wns n`m stjff js nkkaptam prnktjka j` tda bnktarjnf ranfur. N ojrniia js n augnryetjk eron`jsc, cnma ei augnryetjk kaffs. [e js n mnjsy. N`m n` ncabn. ]da mjiiara`kas j` badnvjer, oa`atjks, er(ducn`s dnva ierty-sjx). Ns wa sdnff saa, tdjs saquastarj`o

on`jzntje`, catnbefjsc, n`m aspakjnffy struktura batwaa` pregnryetas n`m augnryetas nra inr cera mrncntjk tdn` n`y batwaa` pfn`ts n`m n`jcnfs. ]desa mjiiara`kas cnrg tda orant kaff mjvjma. Xregnry-

etas n`m augnryetas tdus ierc tda rwe "suparoreups"

ei fjia e`

Anrtd.

Nff ei e`a suparoreup n`m n oeem pertje` ei tda etdar j`dnbjt

tda cjkrebjnf ranfc. Bnktarjn, tda scnffar pretektjsts, n`m yansts n`m

etdar scnff iu`oj nra cjkrebas. ]da augnryetjk kaffs ei pretektjsts n`m iu`oj nra bjooar tdn` tda pregnryetjk kaffs ei bnktarjn7 but, fjga n`y kaff, tday cust ba vjawam wjtd n r`jkreskepa. ]da pntd ei trn`sjtje` batwaa` tda twe suparoreups js ebskura. ]da avefutje` irec pregnryetas te augnryetas, irec bnktarjn te pretektjsts, wns n "ry*-

catry brang" tdnt kntnpuftam fjia te n orantar favaf ei kecpfaxjry n`m onva jt mjiiara`t peta`tjnfs n`m rjsgs. @et lust by ornmunf cutntje` but summa`fy tdreuod sycbjetjk nffjn`ka mjm tda ijrst augnryetas ierc.

IJYA GJ@M[ EI BAJ@O[

]da anrfjast augnryetjk kaffs, fjvj`o e` tdajr ew`, wara pretektjsts tdnt avefvam by parcn`a`t bnktarjnf caroj`o. Ifentj`o er iraa-swjccj`o, seca wa`t e` te bakeca n`jcnfs, iu`oj, n`m pfn`ts.

]da pretektjsts nra n wjma-rn`oj`o oreup ei ebskura baj`os. ]emny n` astjcntam 2Le,eee spakjas j`kfuma tj`y ncabns n`m mjntecs, n`m ojn`t gafps n`m ram sanwaams. fLftjcntafy, tdjs oreup onva rjsa

 

Xarcn`a`t Caroars

>>?

te incjfjnr pfn`ts n`m n`jcnfs sukd ns pnfc traas n`m kfncs. But ava` ns raka`tfy ns n tdeusn`m cjffje` yanrs noe `et n sj`ofa n`jcnf, pfn`t, er ava` iu`ous mwaffam e` Anrtd. Bjespdarjk iu`ktje`s wara dn`mfam a`tjrafy by bnktarjn n`m pretektjsts. ]da u`onj`fy `nca "pretektjst" wns j`tremukam by n`A`ofjsd `nturnfjst wjtd n` aqunffy u`a`vjnbfa `nca< Deoo. Led` Deoo (J4eer49r) sat iertd djs vjaws j` n` nrtjkfa pubfjsdam j` r49r, lust baiera da mjam< "E` tda Mjstj`ktje`s ei n Xfn`t n`m n` N`jcnf, n`m e` n

Ieurtd Gj`omec ei @ntura."> (Djs tdjrm wns tda "cj`arnf gj`omec.") @ajtdar Deoo `er n`ye`a afsa nt tdnt tjca wns nwnra ei pregnryetjk n`m augnryetjk kaffs. But Deoo snw tdnt cn`y eron`jscs wara `ajtdar pfn`t `er n`jcnf. Q`fjga tda tarc pretezen ("ijrst n`jcnfs"), wjtd jts u`iertu`nta

ke``etntje` tdnt eron`jscs rn`oj`o irec ierncj`jiarn te sfjca `ats wara secadew n`jcnfs, pretektjst sjcpfy can`s "ijrst baj`os." Xretektjsts nra `ajtdar n`jcnfs `er `akassnrjfy sj`ofa-kaffam. But wda` tday nra sj`ofa-kaffam-er etdarwjsa

tj`y-tday

nra knffam pretjsts.

Baknusa nff n`jcnfs orew irec cuftjkaffam acbryes, tdara nra, by

maij`jtje`, `e sj`ofa-kaffam n`jcnfs. [e-knffam sj`ofa-kaffam n`jcnfs nra ranffy tda pretjsts, tda scnffar pretektjsts. Deoo suooastam "Rao`uc Xrjceoa`juc" ns tda `nca ier tdjs prjcermjnf gj`omec. Jts ieu`mj`o cacbars nra `ew g`ew` te dnva erjoj`ntam prjer te pfn`ts n`m n`jcnfs, n`m yat pretektjsts ke`tj`ua te tdrjva e` Anrtd temny (saa pfnta r r). J` Oarcn`yAr`st Dnakgaf nfse nrouam ier n `aw gj`omec. "]dasa j`tarastj`o n`m jcpertn`t eron`jk baj`os nra tda prjcnry kranturas er Xretjstn."2 ]da

Ce`arn-bnktarjn-wara pnrt ei Dnakgaf's prepesam

Xretjstn. Dnakgaf, raknff, wns `et parsunma m by Fnzznre [pnffn`zn`j's

bejfj`o ei cutte` bretd te gjff cjkrebas. Jt saacam kfanr te djc tdnt prjcermjnf baj`os sjcpfar tdn` n`ytdj`o yat mjskevaram cust axjst. N` nrma`t bafjavar betd j` avefutje` n`m j` tda spe`tn`aeus oa`arntje` ei cnttar, Dnakgaf seuodt "n` a`tjrafy deceoa`aeus n`m strukturafass substn`ka, n fjvj`o pnrtjkfa ei nfbucj`, knpnbfa ei `eurjsdca`t n`m rapremuktje`.";

 

>>4

_dnt fs Fjia5

A`ofjsd bjefeojst]decns Da`ry Duxfay (r421-r4:1) wns tnga` wjtd Dnakgaf's `etje` ei n prjcermjnf pretaj` ofebufa. Axncj`j`o ta`-yanr-efm cum sncpfas mramoam up irec tda sanbam eirtda `ertdwast kenst ei frafn`m, Duxfay mjskevaram n cystarjeus wdjta eeza. '_ara tdasa Dnakgaf's pestufntam anrfjast Xretjstn5 FLpe` axncj`n-

tje`, tda orn`ufnr eeza wns saa` te ke`sjst ei tj`y knfknraeus pfntas. Axkjtam, Duxfay wreta te Dnakgaf tdnt da dnm a`keu`taram tda n`kastrnf fjia ierc. J`maam j` tda ifusd ei djs mjskevary, Duxfay de`eram djs keffanoua by `ncr`o tda "eron`jscs" nitar Dnakgaf. Betd `ra` mafjvaram tda axkjtj`o `aws tdnt Bntdybjus dnakgafjj, tda orant JLrskdfajc (prjcermjnf oeep), dnm ij`nffy baa` ieu`m. E`fy fntar wns jt ranfjzamtdnt Bntdybjus dnakgafjj wns lust cnrj`a samjca`t. ]da wdjta sfjca tdnt nppanram wda`avar Duxfay meusam

tda eeza te prasarva jt wns n` nfkedef prakjpjtnta ei eron`jk mabrjs tdnt j`kfumam laffyijsd stj`oars. Inr ijec baj`o eur prjcermjnf pnra`t, tda fLrskdfajc wns `et ava` nfjva. @avartdafass, Dnakgaf's ke`-

kapt iekusam skja`tjijk ntta`tje` e` baj`os tdnt asknpam tda mjkde tec eus pfn`t / n`t`nf kfnssjij kntj e` skdaca. ]emny tda ta`ma`ky te mjvjma fjia j`te n`jcnf varsus pfn`t racnj`s. Iu`oj,

ji tday axjst nt nff j` tda pepufnr jcnoj`ntje`,

orny pfn`t. [cnffar pretjsts n`m

ufnr

nra n gj`m

ei

bnktarjn-`er qujta fjia j` tda pep-

cj`m-nra jo`eram er fucpam teoatdar

ns

"oarcs." Nknmacjn

stjff mapnrtca`tnfjzas fjO j`te betn`y, tda stumy ei pfn`ts, n`m zeefeoy, tda stumy ei n`jcnfs. Iu`oj, bnktarjn, n`m kartnj` pretektjsts nra eita` ierkam j` tdjs skdaca te ba pfn`ts u`mar tda lurjsmjktje` ei betn`jsts. ]djs qunj`t pfn`t-n`jcnf spfjt meas `et raifakt avefutje`. ]da n`kasters te pfn`ts n`m n`jcnfs wara `ajtdar7 rntdar tday wara kecr`u`jtjas-bnktarjn tdnt caroam te ierc n `aw gj`m ei kaff. ]da ijrst assa`tjnffy cemar` kfnssjijkntje` wns j`va`tam by Darbart I. Kepafn`m (r:ez-j:94), n bjefeoy tankdar nt [nkrnca`te Kjty Keffaoa j` Knfjier`jn. Kepafn`m nrouam ier ieur gj`omecs< Ce`arn (bnktarjn), pfn`ts, n`jcnfs, n`m pretektjsts. Da pfnkam nff iu`oj (cefms, cusdreecs, puiibnffs, atk., wdjkd da knffam "f`epdytn") j`te n submjvjsje`

ei Deoo's Xretektjstn. Djs beeg, ]da Kfnssjikntje` ei

tda Fewar Eron`jscs, pubfjsdam nt Kepafn`m's

ew` axpa`sa by

n se-

 

Xarcn`a`t Caroars

>>:

knffam vn`jry prass, wns ranm by nfcest `e e`a axkapt Ker`aff

'_djttngar

Q`j-

(r:2=-t:4e). _djttngar mavarsjry akefeojst Rebart D. vjsam tda cest usaiuf oreupj`os ei nff wda` da racevam iu`oj irec djs Xretjstn n`m rakeo`jzam tdac ns n mjstj`kt "ijitd gj`omec." Irec temny's vn`tnoa, _djttngar's ijva-gj`omec kfnssjijkntje` skdaca bast raifakts avefutje`nry rafntje`sdjps. E`a ei us (Fy`` Cnroufj$ dns keffnberntam wjtd zeefeojst Gnrfa`a [kdwnrtz ei tda Q`jvarsjry ei Cnssnkdusatts nt Beste` te sdnrpa` tda bfurram beu`mnrjas ei _djttngar's pretjsts. ]da Gj`omec Xretektjstn, wdjkd _djttngar fjcjtam te u`jkaffufnr n`m tda scnffast cuftjkaffufnr baj`os, `ew j`kfumas fnroar eron`jscs tdnt nra `et pfn`t, n`jcnf, iu`oj, er bnktarjn, sukd ns sanwaams.

]_J[][ J@ ]DA ]RAA EI FJIA

]da stery ei dew n ducn`-n baj`o cnma ei `ukfantam kaffsavefvas irec n` ncabejm baj`o-n `ukfantam kaff-js bjznrra. But ava` tdjs stery dns n prancbfa< tda avefutje` ei n kaff wjtd n `ukfaus. Dew mjm sukd n kaff avefva5 ]da qujkg n`swar js by tda caroj`o ei mjiiara`t gj`ms ei bnktarjn. Xretektjsts avefvam tdreuod sycbjesjs7 twjos n`m fjcbs e` tda traa ei fjia `et e`fy brn`kdam eut but oraw teoatdar n`m iusam. [ycbjesjs raiars te n` akefeojknf n`m pdysjknf rafntje`sdjp batwaa` twe gj`ms ei eron`jscs tdnt js inr cera j`tjcnta tdn` cest nssekjntje`s. J` Nirjkn, ier axncpfa, pfevars pfukg n`m ant faakdas irec tda epa` ceutds ei krekemjfas wjtdeut Onr. Bjrm n`m banst j` tdjs j`stn`ka nra badnvjernf sycbje`ts7 krekemjfas a`ley kfan` taatd j` tda kecpn`y ei waff-iam pfevars. Bnktarjn fjva j` tda spnkas batwaa` eur taatd n`m j` eur j`tastj`as, cjtas j`dnbjt eur ayafnsdas7 nff tdasa tj`y baj`os mrnw `utrjca`t irec eur kaffs er eur u`anta` ieem, ns kaffs nra sdam er ns tday axkrata eron`jk axkass. [ycbjesjs, fjga cnrrjnoa, can`s fjvj`o teoatdar ier battar er wersa7 but wdarans cnrrjnoa js barwaa` twe mjiiara`t paepfa, sycbjesjs js ba`vaa` twe er cera

mjiiara`t rypas ei fjva baj`os. Eron`jscs ierc cn`y gj`ms ei sycbjesas, but tda cest nwa-j`-

 

>28

_dnt fs Fjia5

spjrj`o js tda axkaamj`ofy kfesa nssekjntje` g`ew` ns a`mesycbjesjs. ]djs js n rafntje`sdjp j` wdjkd e`a baj`o-cjkreba er fnroarfjvas `et lust `anr (`er ava` parcn`a`my e`) n`etdar, but j`sjma jt. J` a`mesycbjesjs, eron`jk baj`os caroa. A`mesycbjesjs js fjga n fe`o-fnstj`o saxunf a`keu`tar axkapt tdnt tda pnrtjkjpn`rs nra cacbars ei mjiiara`t spakjas. J`maam, seca a`mesycbjetjk fj`gnoas dnva bakeca parcn`a`t.

Bnktarjn, cnstars ei sycbjesjs j` oa`arnf, nra nfse tda bast a`mesycbje`ts ier nt fanst ieur ranse`s. Ijrst, baknusa tday dnva baa` a`tarj`o j`te stnbfa rafntje`sdjps wjtd e`a n`etdar ier evar ;,eee cjffje` yanrs, tday nra oeem nt iercj`o parcn`a`r rafntje`sdjps. [ake`m, tdajr tj`y bemjas ifujmfy fesa n`m nkqujra oa`as, cngj`o tdac nca`nbfa te rnpjm oa`atjk kdn`oa. ]djrm, bnktarjn dnva e`fy n fjc-

jtam axprassje` ei j`mjvjmunfjry7 `e kjrkufntj`o n`tjbemjas ounrm

tdac-n` "j`iaktje`," inr irec baj`o ralaktam ns jt cjodt ba j` n` n`jcnf wjtd n` jccu`a systac, kn` tdus bakeca tda bnsjs ier fjiafe`o nssekjntje`, n cutunf avefutje`. Ieurtd, bnktarjn's vnst kdacjknf rapartejra fanms te n ta`ma`ky ier catnbefjk kecpfaca`tnrjry fass eita` saa`

j` nssekjntje`s batwaa` nganmy djodfy j`mjvjmunfjzam

cacbars ei pfn`t n`m n`jcnf spakjas. Ei keursa, ojva` tjca, seca pfn`ts n`m n`jcnfs cny keca teoatdar ns kfesafy ns seca bnktarjn dnva.

[ycbjesjs premukas `aw j`mjvjmunfs. "'_'a" keufm `et sy`tdasjza

B er G vjtncj`s wjtdeut bnktarjn j` eur out. Kews n`m tarcjtas nra `et tdacsafvas wjtdeut tda swjccj`o iarca`tars j` tdajr mjoastjva systacs-pretjsts n`m bnktarjn tdnt brang mew` ornss n`m weem. [eca nfona fjvj`o j`sjma trn`sfuka`t ifntwercs nra sukd oeem prevjmars tdnt tda wercs dnva ntrepdjam ceutds7 tda kfesa-ceutdam oraa` wercs "su`bntda" rntdar tdn` saag ieem, n`m tda a`mesyc-

bjetjk nfona ava` rakykfa tda werc's urjk nkjm wnsta j`te ieem. ]deusn`ms ei etdar strn`oa pnrt`arsdjps axjst. Nff ei tda astjcntam 28,eee fjkda`s, ier axncpfa, baon` ns sycbjetjk nssekjntje`s ei nfona wjtd iu`oj er ei kyn`ebnktarjn wjtd iu`oj. But tda cest jcpertn`t sycbjesas wara tdesa tdnt fam te tda augnryetjk ka>f.

 

Xarcn`a`t

Caroars J `t

]emny cest pretektjst kaffs n`m nff pfn`t, n`jcnf, n`m iu`onf kaffs ke`tnj` cjtekde`mrjn. ]da exyoa` raspjrntje` tdnt gaaps cacbars

ei tda yeu`oast ieur gj`omecs ei fjia nfjva tngas pfnka j`sjma tdasa pnrtjkufnr eron`affas. (Fjga eron`s wjtdj` bemjas, eron`affas nra iu`ktje`j`o strukturas wjtdj` augnryetjk kaffs.) Cjtekde`mrjnf eron`affas feeg fjga bnktarjn. ]day ava` orew n`m mjvjma j` rwe nt tdajr ew` pnka wjtdj` tda fnroar kaff. ]day nra tdeuodt te ker`a irec bnktarjn-but nitar cera tdn` n tdeusn`m cjffje` yanrs ei nssekjntje` tday kn``et survjva eutsjma tda ke`ij`as ei tda kaff. ]da kaffs ei pfn`ts n`m seca pretektjsts, nff nfona, nfse pessass keferiuf bemjas knffam pfnstjms. Nff tda pdetesy`tdasjs u`maroe`a by nfona n`m pfn`ts dnppa`s j`sjma tda M@N-ke`tnj`j`o pfnstjm eron`affas. Xfnstjms ke`tnj` tda snca pjoca`ts n`m etdar bjekdacjknfs ieu`m j` tda spdarjknf, exyoa`-premukj`o bfua-oraa` bnktarjn tdnt tdrjva

j` tda ekan`. Kej`kjma`ka5 _'a me`'t tdj`g se. J`maam, M@N j` tda pfnstjms ei tda kaffs ei tda ram sanwaam Xerpdyrjmjuc js kfesar j` jts `ukfaetjma saqua`ka te tdnt ei kartnj` kyn`ebnktarjn tdn` jt js te

M@N j` tda

`ukfaus

ei tda ram

sanwaam jtsafi.

[ukd oa`atjk avjma`ka fj`gs tda kaff eron`affas te tdajr erjoj` irec

iraa-fjvj`o bnktarjn j` n maij`jtjva (n`m `ew vjrtunffy u`mjsputam) wny. Oa`atjk sjcjfnrjtjas tdnt kress gj`omecs nra tda bjefeojknf aqujvnfa`t ei n`kja`t "ij`oarprj`ts," prevj`o tdnt pdetesy`tdatjk eron`affas mjm `et avefva ornmunffy by n bujfmup ei cutntje`s j` tda M@N ei pfn`t n`m nfonf preoa`jters, but summa`fy, wda` mjoastje`rasjstn`t bnktarjn teeg up rasjma`ka j` fnroar kaffs. J` n ceca`t wa wjff ratur` te tda quastje` ei dew tda bnktarjn tdnt baknca cjtekde`mrjn n`m pfnstjms ieu`m tdajr wny te tdajr kurra`t, kezy fekntje` j`sjma tda kaff. But, te ba kdre`efeojknffy kerrakt, wa cust ijrst axpfera wdnt cny ba n stjff efmar, n`m maapar, sycbjesjs.

[^QJRCAR[

@anrfy nff bjefeojsts `ew nkkapt tdnt kartnj` bnktarjn, nitar n parjem ei kdacjknf `aoetjntje` n`m oa`a trn`siar, baon` ns sycbje`ts n`m

 

>22

_dnt fs Fjia5

g *

 s Jr t

L

. >sm IJKQRA 4. ]rjkde`ycpdn, n kdjcarjknf pretjst. Xdyfuc< Nrkdnapretjstn. Gj`omec< Xretektjstn. ]djs baj`o, ns pakufjnr strukturnffy ns n`y te ba ieu`m j` n camjavnf bastjnry, js kecpesam ei n fnroa pretektjst dest n`m n swnrc ei betd u`mufjpemjn (jts er-

on`affas j` tda ire`t) n`m sycbjetjknffy nttnkdam spjrekdata bnktarjn j` tda ranr.

Jrj

kde`ycpdn js jtsafi sycbjetjk j` tda tarcjtas' dj`mout, n cjkreskepjk zee ke`tnj`j`o cn`y mjiiara`t serts ei pretjsts n`m bnktarjn tdnt teoatdar njm j` tda mjoastje` ei weem.

baknca tda cjtekde`mrjn n`m pfnstjms ei fnroar kaffs. Cest bjefeojsts, dewavar, ralakt er nra jo`ern`t ei n`etdar jman. @e`atdafass, kjrkucstn`tjnf avjma`ka suooasts tdnt n stjff efmar bnktarjnf sycbjesjs prakamam tda nkqujsjtje` ei tdasa eron`affas.

Baiera exyoa` usars j`iaktam n`narebjk, swjcr`j`o pretjsts te ierc nffjn`kas, n`m baiera bfua-oraa` bnktarjn wara a`oufiam by tdasa nffjn`kas, instar bnktarjn saac te dnva ke`lej`am. ]jn`siercj`o irec

iraa-fjvj`o bnktarjn te bakeca pnrts ei kaffs, wrjoofj`o spjrekdatas cny dnva ke`iarram tdajr ke`sjmarnbfa pewars ei cevaca`t upe` tda eutsjma, n`m tda` tda j`sjma, ei vjktjcs tdnt baknca n`kastrnf kaffs. ]emny's spjrekdatas nra prete`-pewaram bnktarjn tdnt iarca`t

knrbedymrntas n`m wdjp nbeut fjga pessassam kergskraws. ]da cest rnpjm swjccars ei tda a`tjra bnktarjnf gj`omec, tday fjtarnffy skraw

tdajr wny tdreuod cum, tjssua, n`m sfjca. ]drjvj`o j` snfjvn, tda krystnffj`a sryfas-mjoastjva tjssuas-ei eys-

 

Xarcn`a`t Caroars

|

't\\

tars, tda dj`mouts ei tarcjtas, n`m n tdeusn`m etdar aqunffy j`oa`jeus `jkdas, j`vnsjva spjrekdatas nra e`a ei tda cest sukkassiuf fjia iercs e` Anrtd. N`m tday ierc nffjn`kas-eita` ravarsjbfy nttnkdj`o te fnroar eron`jscs n`m prepaffj`o tdac nfe`o. [eca pretjst

kaffs-sukd ns Cjxetrjkdn

pnrnmexn n`m ]jjkde`ycpdn-dtva oe`a se

inr ns te avefva defminst strukturas wdara iraa-fjvj`o spjrekdatas nra a`keurnoam te ravarsjbfy "mekg"-wjtd tdajr a`oj`as ru``j`o (ijo. 4). ]da spjrekdatas nktjvafy iaam e` tda catnbefjk faitevars ei tda kaffs te wdjkd tday nttnkd. ]da sycbjetjk nmvn`tnoa js ebvjeus< tda

squjrcj`o spjrekdatas ceva tda kaffs tdnt iaam tdac. N Cjxetrjkdn er ]jjkde`ycpdn kafiwjtdeut spjrekdatas js fjga n bent fnkgj`o n ceter er fjga n taa`noar wjtdeut n knr. Ke`sertjn nbfa te swjc qujkgjy dnva cera eppertu`jtjas tdn` tdajr sfuoojsd pramakassers te ij`m ieem, asknpa pramnters, n`m caat cntas. But axtar`nf spjrekdatnf nttnkdca`ts nra `et tda wdefa stery (ijo. :).

Xretektjst kaffs, duoa kecpnram te bnktarjn, mjspfny j`kassn`t j`tar`nf cevaca`t. Bnktarjnf kaffs, fnkgj`o n`y j`tar`nf cevaca`t n`m ranf kdrecesecas, me `et mjvjma cjtetjknffy7 tday me `et parierc

"tda mn`ka ei tda kdrecesecas." Cjtesjs, tda kdreceseca styfa ei kaff rapremuktje`, js wjmaspranm nce`o pretektjsts n`m u`jvarsnf j` tdajr n`jcnf, pfn`t, n`m iu`onf maska`mn`ts. Cntkdj`o kdrecesecas fj`a up n`m ceva te eppesjta pefas j` n gj`m ei cjkrebnffat. Nt tda cjtetjk pefas j` n`jcnf n`m cn`y pretjst kaffs nra ka`trjefas, strukturas rasacbfj`o retnry tafapde`a mjnfs tdnt cny ba tda rac`n`ts ei spjrekdatas tdnt fe`o noe a`taram fnroar kaffs te iaam

(ijo. re). ]da cjtesjs by wdjkd cest augnryetjk kaffs mjvjma a`suras tdnt kdrecesecas meubfam j` tda pnra`t nra pnrtjtje`am ava`fy j`te iwe eiisprj`o kaffs. Cjtesjs saacs j`mjspa`snbfa ns n oa`atjk ijfj`o n`m mjstrjbutje` systac ier tda duoa qun`tjtjas ei M@N tdnt cest augnryetjk kaffs ke`tnj`. J` ankd apjsema ei cjtesjs n sarjas ei tj`y pretaj` tubas, cjkretubufas (keffaktjvafy knffam tda cjtetjk spj`mfa), nppanrs.

Nt tda a`m ei tda prekass, wda` e`a kaff

 

bnktarjn

dns bakeca @ve,

V bnktarjuc u`mufjpemjn

IJkQRA :. [pjrekdatas nttnkd te etdar bnktarjn n`m ava`tunffy bakeca tda u`mufjpemjn ei fnroar, `ew augnryetjk kaffs.

 

anrfy stnoa ei mjvjsje`

kdrecesecas

nppanrj`o7 `ukfaefus

mjsnppanrj`o anrfy stnoa ei kdreceseca sapnrntje`

rapremukam ka`trjefas

rapremukam

IJkQRA >8. Mjiiara`tstnoasei cjtesjs, tda usunf catdem ei kdrecesecnf sapnrntje` murj`o kaff mjvjsje`, er rapremuktje`, ei augnryetjk kaffs. ]da orant j`tar`nf cevaca`t j` kaffs wjtd `ukfaj, kecpnram te jts nbsa`ka j` bnktarjn, cny rasuft irec tda 2,8E8cjffje`-yanr-efm rac`n`ts ei rnpjmfy squjrcj`o spjrekdatas.

 

>29

_dnt fs Fjia5

tdjs cjtetjk spj`mfa mjsnppanrs. ]da kdrecesecas nttnkdam te tda tubufas ei tda spj`mfa fj`a up nfe`o tda pfn`a ei tda kaff's aqunrer. ]dasa kdrecesecas, wdjkd meubfam anrfjar, `ew sapnrnta ns ankd dnfi cevas nfe`o tda spj`mfa te tda eppesjta sjma ei tda kaff. ]da kdrecesecas `ew nt tda pefas u`kejf ns tda kaff prekaams te mjvjma j`te rwe. ]da a`jocntjk cjtetjk spj`mfa tda` inmas bnkg j`te tda j`vjsjbjfjty irec wdjkd jt acaroam (saa pfnta rz). J` cn`y n`jcnfs tda ka`trjefas (tda tafapde`a mjnf-fjga strukturas) ceva te tda amoas ei tda kaff, wdara tday bakeca gj`atesecas by orewj`o sdnits. J` kress saktje`, tda sdnits sdew n mjstj`krjva ":^)+2" pnttar`< `j`a sats ei rwe tubufas nrrn`oam `anr tda parjcatar ei tda

kjrkufnr nxjs, wjtd e`a sat ei twe tubufas nt tda ka`tar. ]da gj`ateseca n`m ka`trjefa dnva mjiiara`t `ncas e`fy te mjstj`oujsd tda sdnitam &ec tda sdnitfass pdnsa ei tda snca eron`affa. Cuftjpfa `ncas

ier tda snca eron`affa nra cera nkkjma`ts ei djstery tdn` `eca`kfnturnf `akassjtjas. ]we `ncas wara bastewam baknusa tda mjstj`kt

pdnsas wara `etjkam n`m `ncam fe`o baiera n`y rafntje`sdjp batwaa`

tdac wns rakeo`jzam.

]da u`jvarsnfjry ei tda gj`ateseca sdnits-ieu`m j` pfn`ts, n`jcnfs, iu`oj, n`m pretjsts-js stre`o avjma`ka ier n kecce` erjoj`. ]da :(z)+z syccatry js ieu`m, ier axncpfa, j` tda kaff axta`sje`s ei tda bnfn`ka eron` ei eur j``ar anrs n`m j` tnjfs prepaffj`o tda swjccj`o pretjst Auofa`n. ]da :(z)+z nrrn`oaca`t kn` ba saa` j` kress saktje` j` sparc kaffs ei ca`. Baknusa ei tdajr sjcjfnrjry nff :(z)+z sdnits tdnt orew irec gj`atesecas nra bast raiarram te by n kecce` `nca.-_a knff tdac u`muFjpemjn ("wnvj`o iaat"). ]da kaff rapremuktje` ei cjtesjs-racnrgnbfy sjr`jfnr j` seca pretektjst n`m nff pfn`t, n`jcnf, n`m iu`onf kaffs-cusr dnva avefvam j` tda efmast ei tdasa ieur gj`omecs. ]da pretektjsts, irec wdjkd acaroam pfn`ts, n`jcnfs, n`m iu`oj, wara tda ijrst baj`os wjtd tdjs cetjjjry nppnrntus `akassnry ier tda rapremuktje` ei tda `aw kaffs wjtd `ukfaj. But jt saacs meubtiuf tdnt tda scnffar pretektjsts j`va`tam tda u`mufjpemjuc n`m j`tar`nf kaff cevaca`r. Cetjfjry rntdar, wa bafjava wns tda ojit ei tda efmast n`m erjoj`nf gj`omec ei fjia.

 

Xarcn`a`t

]n`tnfjzj`oavjma`ka jcpfjkntas gj`ateseca eron`affa. Betd

n

M@N

Caroars

>2?

bnktarjnf erjoj` ei tda ka`trjefan`m

R@N

dnva baa` rapertam j`

tdasa j`trnkaffufnr strukturas. MnvjmFukg n`mLed` Dnff nt Rekgaiaffar

Q`jvarsjry j` @aw Zerg Kjry pdeteornpdam n pakufjnr, bnktarjn-fjga M@N j` tda iwe ka`trjefa-gj`atesecas ei tda oraa` nfon Kdfncymece`ns. Leaf Resa`bnuc n`m djs keffanouas ntZnfa fL`jvarsjry nfe`o wjtd savarnf etdar skja`tjsts wergj`o j`mapa`ma`tfy, dnva `et, dewavar, baa` nbfa te ke`ijrc n`y ka`trjefa-gj`atesecnf M@N j` tdjs oraa` nfon.

Fjvj`o kaffs nra makerntam by u`mufjpemjn tdnt oe by cn`y mjiiara`t `ncas. Q`mufjpemjn j`kfuma nff kjfjn n`m tda "tnjfs" ei cest sparc. ]da sj`ofa-tnjfam swjccar j` buff saca` n`m tda du`mramtnjfam sparc rafansam by cnfa iar` pfn`ts nra betd axncpfas ei :^)+z u`mufjpemjn. ]da jccetjfa kjfjn rac`n`ts j` tda rem n`m ke`a kaffs ei eur ratj`ns, tda cetjfa e`as ei tda inffepjn` tuba kaffs tdnt pusd n wecn`'s aoo tewnrm tda wecb, n`m tdesa ralaktj`o mabrjs j` eur wj`mpjpas nra iurtdar axncpfas ei u`mufjpemjn.

Jt

cny ba tdnt tda spjrekdatas tdnt sycbjetjknffy baknca u`mufjpemjn (j`vefvam betd ns kaff tnjfs n`m kdreceseca cevars) dnva bakeca se j`taorntam wjtd tdajr pnrt`ars tdnt tday dnva mjssefvam nwny te cara trnkas n`m oa`atjk sdnmews ei tdajr iercar safvas. Fjga n` nrtjst wdesa pariercn`ka ei n mjijjkuft reutj`a saacs aiiertfass, tda iercar spjrekdata oa`as cny ba se maapfy jcpfjkntam j` kaff iu`k-

tje` tdnt temny tday nff but maiy mataktje`. Exierm Q`jvarsjry bjefeojst Mnvjm K. [cjtd fjga`s sukd sycbjetjk racnj`s te tda scjfa ei tda Kdasdjra Knt, tda ijktje`nf iafj`a j` Fawjs Knrreff's Nfjka j` _e`marfn`m wde sfewfy inmas nwny te bakeca `etdj`o but n` a`jocntjk orj`, ifentj`o j` cjmnjr< "tda eron`jsc preorassjvafy fesas pjakas ei jtsafi, sfewfy bfa`mj`o j`te tda oa`arnf bnkgoreu`m, jts iercar axjsta`ka batrnyam by seca rafjk."n ]da racnj`j`o trnkas ei tda baquantdars

ei cetjfjty nra iawar n`m dnzjar tdn` tdesa fait by tda kaffs wdjkd onva tda oraa` ojit ei pdetesy`tdasjs n`m exyoa`-bubbfj`o raspjrntje`. Cetjfjry j` eur vjaw, wns tda ijrst a`mesycbjetjk nkqujsjtje` ei tda `nska`t augnryeta7 fesj`o pnrts ei tdacsafvas ns tday avefvam, squjrcj`o spjre-

 

>2=

_dnt fs Fjia5

kdatas j`vnmam n`m n`jcntam wdnt wara te bakeca `ukfantam kaffs.

ei tjca, tda avjma`ka js tdj`. ]da pdeteornpds dnva nff but inmam n`m tda pnoas dnva krucbfam. Kaff djstery cust ba rake`struktam irec tda inj`tast kfuas. N ranse` te tdj`g tdnt spjrekdata sycbjesjs prakamam tda etdars js tda raka`t mjskevary ei cn`y pretjsts tdnt dnva u`mufjpemjn but fnkg cjtekde`mrjn. ]dasa njr-sdu``j`o nrkdnapretjsts nra pejse`am by exyoa`-suooastj`o tday mnta irec n tjca baiera n`kastrnf pretjsts dnm bakeca sycbjetjk wjtd tda e0'ryoa`-usj`o bnktarjn tdnt avefvam j`te r`jtekde`mrjn. Cjtetjk kaff mjvjsje` j` wdjkd kdrecesecas fj`a up e` tda spj`mfa js u`jvarsnf j` n`jcnf, pfn`t, n`m iu`onf kaffs. E`fy n iaw mnrg-mwaffj`o, exfzoa`-sdu``j`o, swjccj`o "ncjtekde`mrjntas" n`m tdajr ebskura rafntjvas (nrkdnapretjs (nrkdnapretjsts) ts) sdew jcpertn`t vnrjntje` e` tda cjtesjs tdaca. ]da nbsa`ka ei j`tarcamjntas batwaa` bnktarjn n`m sukd saa`fj`ofy nbarrn`t pretjsts taffs us tdnt avefutje` irec bnktarjn te `ukfantam but stjff n`narebjk swjccar prebnbfy mjm `et ekkur by rn`]emny, baknusa

mec cutntje` nfe`a. ]da summa` avefutje` ei kaffs wjtd `ukfaj n`m :^)+z swjccj`o eron`affas js bast axpfnj`am by n`kja`t cetjfjry

sycbjesjs. _da` tda kfesa ke``aktje`

ei u`mufjpemjn n`m cjtetjk

nppnrntus js ebsarvam j` fjva n`narebjk kaffs, sycbjesjs bakecas tda

cest pnrsjce`jeus ei nff skja`tjijk axpfn`ntje`s. f`maam, by kecpnrjse`, cutntje` axpfn`ntje`s ier tda erjoj` ei u`mufjpemjn saac inr-iatkdam.

Ke`sjmar n vary n`kja`t n`kaster

ei e`a ei temny's bnktarjnf

ma`jza`s ei det sprj`os, ]darcepfnscn. Jcnoj`a tdnt n`kaster u`mar nttnkg by spjrekdatas. Defmj`o ijrc, jts pretaktjva cacbrn`a rasjsts

pa`atrntje`. ]da spjrekdatas nttnkd e` tda eutsjma, astnbfjsdj`o nssekjntje`, ns tday iaam e` ]darcepfnscn's wnsta. Ava`tunffy seca onj`

a`try n`m caroa wjtd tda mabjfjtntam ]darcepfnscn bakeca jts te fjvj`o enrs. E`ka j`sjma, tda spjrekdata sycbje`ts axta`m tdajr cetjfjry sgjffs te tda j`tar`nf eparntje`s ei tdajr weufm-ba vjktjc. N sert ei bjekdacjknf truka pravnjfs, ns betd serts ei rapremukj`o pnrt`ar cn`-

 

Xarcn`a`t Caroars

>2:

ei ka`trnf oa`atjk oevar`ca`t, cjodt dnva avefvam ns cacbrn`a prefjiarntam te gaap tda nttnkgj`o spjrekdatas irec antj`o eut ]darcepfnscn's M@N. ]da knptjva spjrekdatas, stjff cevj`o, uftjcntafy baknca cevars ei kdrecesecas. Cjtesjs avefvam. [pjrekdata nttnkdca`ts baknca ka`trjefagj`atesecas. Xardnps seca ei tdasa strukturas-tdesa tdnt dnva ranoa te keaxjst. ]da `ukfaus, nktj`o temny ns n sert

tnj`am tda pewar te rapremuka-stjff ke`tnj` M@N. '_dntavar tda prakjsa ska`nrje ier tda nkqujsjtje` ei cetjfjry n`m tda secatjr`as raspjrntery n`m pdetesy`tdatjk tnfa`ts ei augnryetas, sycbjesjs cest nssuramfy bafe`os j` tda `nrrntjva. J`tjcnta sycbjesas

wara assa`tjnf te tda avefutje` ei kaffs.

[]RN@OA @A_ IRQJ]

tdarcepfnscns caroam ]da dypetdasjs tdnt iercar spjrekdatas n`m tdarcepfnscns te ierc swjccj`o pretjsts js u`mar j`vastjontje` `ew. ]dasa caroam baj`os `rny dnva baa` tda erjoj`nf cacbars ei ke`Omarnkjas ei bnk-

tarjn irec wdjkd nff fnroar fjia avefvam. But wdnt nbeut etdar syc-

bjetjk bnktarjn5 Dew mjm tday bakeca j`vefvam5 ]dj`g bnkg te tdesa bfua-oraa`, pdetesy`tdatjk bnktarjn tdnt peffutam Anrtd wjtd exyoa` ons. Nitar ranktj`o te cnga `aw cj`arnfs sukd ns sufinta ([E=), cno`atjta (IazE;8 |

wr''rut ts Fjia5

tar. '_jtdeut sukd kdacjknf buiiars tda knrbe` ei eron`jk tjssua skerkdam, terkdam, n`m fnjm te wnsta by exyoa`.

js

@e`atdafass, tda cjtekde`mrjn ei eur kaffs keca irec bnktarjn tdnt

`ajtdar sdu``am `er carafy tefarntam exyoa`. ]da bnktarjn tdnt avefvam j`te tda cntrjfj`anffy trn`scjttam cjtekde`mrjn-e`fy tda evuc baquantds tdac te tda ducn` acbrye-axpfejtam exyoa`'s orant ranktjvjty. Fjga `ukfanr pdysjkjsts mavjsj`o n wny te pewar spnkakrnit by usj`o a`vjre`ca`tnffy dnznrmeus pfute`juc, tda cjtekde`-

mrjnf n`kasters tur`am n` j`ta`sa mn`oar j`te n rnmjknf eppertu`jty. J` pardnps tda orantast axncpfa avar ei rakykfj`o, bnktarjn acpfeyam ranktjva exyoa` te jcpreva kaff prekassas

ei a`aroy trn`s-

iercntje`. Exjmjzj`o tda cntarjnf tday premukam by trnppj`o tda a`aroy ei fjodt, purpfa pdetesy`tdatjk bnktarjn j`kransam tdajr nbjfjty te catnbefjza N]X, tda a`aroy sternoa kecpeu`m-tda bjekdacjknf "kej`" usam by avary kaff ei avary fjvj`o baj`o. Brangj`o mew` eron`jk cefakufas n`m premukj`o knrbe` mjexjma n`m wntar, bnktarjn mjvartam tda `nturnf kecbustje` ei exyoa` te tdajr ew` purpesas. '_darans e` nvarnoa twe cefakufas ei N]X nra pre-

mukam by iarca`tntje` ei n suonr cefakufa, wjtd tda avefutje` raspjrntje` tda snca suonr cefakufa wns cnma te yjafm ns cn`y

ei ns

tdjrty-sjx N]X cefakufas. ]da `aw bnkrarjn-j`kfumj`o tda n`kasters ei eur cjtekde`mrjn-rakeupam a`aroy irec suonr cefakufas wjtd evar ijitaa` tjcas tda aijjkja`ky ei tdajr exyoa`-pejse`am pramakassers.

]dnt eur cjtekde`mrjn's n`kasters wara exyoa`-raspjrj`o purpfa bnktarjn dns baa` sdew` baye`m n meubt by M@N saqua`kj`o. Fjga n vjffnoa rn`snkgam by bnrbnrjn`s wde uftjcntafy baknca kjvjfjzam, iarca`tj`o eron`jscs wara nttnkgam by exyoa`-usj`o pramnters tdnt baknca cjtekde`mrjnf fnberars.'_a suspakt tda anrfjast dests wara ]darcepfnscn-fjga nrkdnabnktarjn (nfranmy squjrcj`o wjtd spjrekdata

sycbje`ts), nbfa te wjtdstn`m dant n`m nkjm but `et iraa exyoa`. ]dasa ke`sertjn avefvam j`te tda ijrst pretjsts7 tdajr spjrekdatas dnm bakeca u`mufjpemjn.]da ]darcepfnscnfj`anoa js jcpfjkntam j` tdjs cnler avefutje`nry ava`t baknusa cemar` raprasa`tntjvas rasacbfa tda `ukfaekytepfnsc pertje`s ei augnryetjk kaffs. ]darcepfnscn nkj-

 

Xarcn`a`tCaroars J mepdjfuc, ier axncpfa, pessassas djste`a-fjga pretaj`s

rif

`anrV u`jvarsnf

j` fnroar fjia iercs-n`jcnfs, pfn`ts, iu`oj, n`m seca pretektjstsbut fnkgj`o j` etdar pregnryetas. ]da prasa`ka ei djste`a pretaj`s j` ducn` kdrecesecas cny ba n mjrakt j`darjtn`ka irec tda pretjsts tdnt wara j`Ynmam by pretecjtekde`mrjn. ]da j`vnmars wara prebnbfy ei tda "purpfa bnktarjnf fj`anoa," ns kfnssjijam by Knrf'_easa. ]dasa pretecjtekde`mrjn cny dnva baa` sjcjfnr te cemar` exyoa`-raspjrj`o, rem-sdnpam bnktarjn sukd ns Xnrnkekkus ma`jtrjikn`s. ]djs bnktarjuc ke`tnj`s cera tdn` ierry a`zycas j` kecce` wjtd ducn` cjtekde`mrjn. Cera prebnbfy, tday wara sjcjfnr te tda raspjrj`o Bmaffeujbrje er Mnptebnktar-cemar` pramntery pregnryetas j` tda dnbjt ei nttnkgj`o n`m cuftjpfyj`o j`sjma fnroar bnktarjn. Ava`tunffy, tda vjktjcs axpfema n`m.n bnttnfje` ei j`trumars carrjfy swjc eut. Mnptebnktar, Bmaffeujbrje, n`m sjcjfnr

u``ncam bnktarjn nra `akrebas-baj`os tdnt fjva eii tda mantd ei etdars. But ava` ji tday baon` ns n pnrnsjtjk j`iaktje`, tda n`kasters te tda cjtekde`mrjn mjm `et stny tdnt wny. Iam n`m pretaktam j` n

fjvj`o a`vjre`ca`t, tda pretecjtekde`mrjn wara battar eii`et ma-

streyj`o tdajr exyoa`-j`tefarn`t dests. ]emny, nftdeuod cjtekde`mrjn stjff pessass tdajr ew`

M@N

n`m

stjff rapremuka fjga bnktarjn, tday kn``et fjva e` tdajr ew`. ]da pnrnsjtjsc dns bakeca parcn`a`t< `ajtdar pnrt`ar kn` asknpa, `ajtdar kn` survjva sapnrntje`. ]da ijrst pretjsts wara tdus emm keupfas, tda rasufts ei iusje` ei rwe, er (j` tda knsa ei pfn`ts), nt fanst tdraa e`kaijra-brantdj`o baj`o ei Oraag j`mapa`ma`t baj`os. But u`fjga tda ijra-brantdj`o cytdefeoy wde dns tda danm ei n fje`ass, tda cjmsaktje` ei n oent, n`m n mrnoe`'s tnjf, tdasa kdjcarns wara ranf.

Dew me pramnters bakeca sycbje`ts5 Dew meas n manmfy j`iaktje` bakeca n bemjfy pnrt5 ]da Geran`-Ncarjkn` bjefeojst Gwn`oLae` nt tda FL`jvarsjty ei ]a``assaa dns nfranmy wjt`assam sukd n trn`siercntje` j` tda fnberntery. ]da n`swar js tdus fass n cystary tdn` baiera. Lae`'s axparjca`ts mrncntjknffy sdew dew bnktarjn kn` kdn`oa irec vjrufa`t pntdeoa`s te `aamam eron`affas. Fjga cn`y ei skja`ka's cest ncnzj`o mjskevarjas, Lae`'s knca

 

>;2

_dnt fs Fjia5

nbeut nkkjma`tnffy te tda prapnram cj`m. ]e djs j`jtjnf mjscny da ieu`m e`a mny tdnt djs ncabns, wdjkd da oraw j` fnberntery mjsdas, wara sjkg n`m myj`o. Cjkreskepjk j`vastjontje` ravanfam tdnt ankd Nceabn pretaus wns j`iaktam wjtd seca r 1e,eee strn`oa bnktarjn. Nff but n iaw ncabns mjam. Kurjeus nbeut tda cerjbu`m survjvers, Lae` j`laktam `aw, danftdy ncabns wjtd j`iaktjeus bnktarjn tnga` irec tda cerjbu`m. Cest `awfy j`laktam ncabns mjam wjtdj` n iaw mnys nftdeuod, nonj`, seca cn`noam te survjva. ]desa tdnt mjm rapremukam cera sfewfy. Nitar seca ce`tds nff tda survjvers wara j`iaktam. But tdasa survjvers dnm iawar bnktarjn j`sjma tdac tdn` tdesa

wdjkd dnm mjam. Nitar orewj`o oa`arntje` upe` oa`arntje` ei j`iaktam ncabns, Lae` axtrnktam tda `ukfaj irec savarnf. Da trn`spfn`tam tdasa `ukfaj j`te danftdy, bnktarjn-iraa ncabns, wdesa ew` `ukfaj dnm baa` r`jkresurojknffy racevam. ]da ncabns wjtd tda trn`spfn`tam `ukfaj mjam e` tda tdjrm er ieurtd mny-u`fassLae` raskuam tdac wjtd n `aamfaiuf ei bnktarjnf "j`iaktje`." ]da mjsansa dnm tdus bakeca rda kura, N manmfy bnktarjuc dnm bakeca n vjtnf kaff pnrt. Maknmas fntarLae`'s j`iaktam ncabns nra nfjva n`m waff n`m fjvj`o

j` G`exvjffa,

]a``assaa.

Djs axparjca`ts dnva baa` rapantam `u-

careus tjcas, n`m `ew da ebsarvas tdnt tda ncabns mjiiar j` cn`y ianturas irec tdajr `avar-j`iaktam n`kasters. Xntdeoa`s dnva bakeca sycbje`ts e` nt fanst ieur ekknsje`s. [ycbje`ts dnva bakeca eron`affas ankd tjca. J`vnmar n`m j`vnmam caroa, avefva j`te `aw fjia iercs. Brn`kdas e` tda traa ei fjia me `et nfwnys mjvaroa but secatjcas keca teoatdar te premuka strn`oa `aw irujt. _NFFJ@'[ [ZCBJE@][

J` toz] tda Ncarjkn` bjefeojst Jvn` _nffj` (r 44;-r:9:) wreta, "Jt js n rntdar stnrtfj`o prepesnf tdnt bnktarjn, tda eron`jscs wdjkd nra pepufnrV nssekjntam wjtd mjsansa, cny raprasa`t tda iu`mnca`tnf knusntjva inkter j` tda erjoj` ei spakjas."s Da kfnjcam te dnva orew` cjtekde`mrjn eutsjma tdajr n`jcnf "dest kaffs." Xubfjkfy sdeutam

 

Xarcn`a`t Caroars

>;;

mew` by keffanouas, _nffj` onva up maia`sa ei tda bnktarjnf erjoj` ei cjtekde`mrjn wdjfa stjff j` djs iertjas. '_'nffj`

wns nfcest kartnj`fy cjstnga`, ns `e e`a dns avar baa` nbfa

te orew cjtekde`mrjn by tdacsafvas. @e`atdafass, _nffj`'s tdaeratjknf nssartje`s wara praskja`t. Xfn`t n`m n`jcnf fjia, da nssartam, dnm nppanram tdreuod wdnt da knffam "sycbje`tjkjsc" er "tda iercntje` ei r`jkresycbjetjk kecpfaxas." Da can`t `aw spakjas ierc by tda parcn`a`t nkqujsjtje` ei sycbjetjk bnktarjn. '_nffj` ]emny dns baa` vj`mjkntam. Djs t:z? kfnssjk beeg, [ycbje`tjkjsc n`m tda Erjoj` ei tda [pakjas, wns tda ijrst systacntjk maskrjptje` j` A`ofjsd ei tda jcpertn`ka ei sycbjesjs j` kaff avefutje`. Nftdeuod darasy e`fy maknmas noe, ke`tacpernry bjefeojsts noraa tdnt n`jcnfs, iu`oj, n`m pfn`ts avefvam irec pretektjst n`kas-

ters tdacsafvas erjoj`ntj`o irec sycbjetjk bnktarjnf nssekjntje`s. ]da krukjnf pjaka ei avjma`ka u`nvnjfnbfa te _nffj` u`tjf lust baiera da mjam wns tda mjskevary tdnt cjtekde`mrjn n`m pfnstjms pessass tdajr ew` M@N. _nffj` g`aw, tdeuod, tdnt cjtekde`mrtn n`m pfnstjms ta`m te rapremuka nt mjiiara`t tjcas tdn` me tda kaffs j` wdjkd tday rasjma-ns ji mace`strntj`o n rasjmunf jcpufsa ei tdajr anrfjar,

wjfmar mnys. Bnktarjnf raspjrars, fjga tdesa j`iaktj`o Lae`'s ncabns, nffjam wjtd `ukfantam swjccars te ierc tda ncabn-fjga n`kasters ei fnroar fjia iercs< narebjk pretjsts. Kecbj`j`o catnbefjsc n`m oa`as, mjiiara`t fj`anoas ei narebjk pretjsts wa`t e` te avefva j`te n`jcnfs n`m iu`oj.

Nfona n`m pfn`ts nra n iurtdar kdnptar j` tda snca stery. J` subsaqua`t sycbjetjk ava`ts, swjccj`o pretjsts tdnt dnm nfranmy iuffy j`taorntam wjtd purpfa bnktarjn (`ew cjtekde`mrjn) knca te pessass pfnstjms. Dew5 By j`mjoastje`. ]da rasjstn`t oraa` bnktarjntda ieem-racnj`am nfjva j`sjma trn`spnra`t, vaoatnrjn` pretjsts. N

ke`tj`ueus suppfy ei pdetesy`tdnta-ieem cnma by tda trnppam

pdetesy`tdatjk bnktarjn-rawnrmam tda pretjst, wdjkd qujkgfy mavafepam n pa`kdn`t ier su`fjt wntars. Fjga scnff inrcars wde dnrvast tdajr ew` onrma`s rntdar tdn` sdep nt n orekary, pretjsts wdjkd j`kerperntam tdajr knptjvas baknca j`kransj`ofy safi-suiijkja`t. J` ra-

 

't;=

_dnt fs Fjia5

tur` ier tda inver ei ieem, tda a`oufOm pdetesy`tdatjk bnktarjn rakajvam n pfnka te fjva n`m rnpjm iraa trn`sperrntje` j`re tda su`fjodt. ]dasa swjccj`opretjsts, wdjkd fntar avefvam j`te nfona, wara fjvj`o oraa`deusas. _eufm-ba ieem, ranffy a`mesycbjetjk bnktarjn, pdetesy`tdasjzam j`sjma tda fuxury prjse` ei fjva kaffs. ]da erjoj`nf u`mjoastam ieem wns prebnbfy sjcjfnr te Xrekdfere` ]djs ornssoraa` bnktarjuc orews j` tda ranr kdncbar-tda kfenkn-ei kartnj` gj`ms ei cnrj`a kranturas g`ew` ns mjmac`jms er "san face`s." Xrekdfere`-|>ga bnktarjn nra n oeem skja`tjijk kdejka ier tda pfnstjms ei nfonf n`m pfn`t kaffs. [pdarjknf prekdfere`s n`m n rem-sdnpam (but sjcjfnrfy ornss-oraa`) bnktarjuc knffam Xrekdferetdrjx cnga prakjsafy tda snca pjoca`ts-ktrferepdyffs n n`m b-cnma by oraa` nfona n`m pfn`ts.

Cuftjta`tnkfam dymrns, rafntjvas ei laffyijsd n`m kernf, nra wdjta but tj`t oraa` wda` tday pessass sycbjetjk oraa` pdetesy`tdatjk cjkrebas. ]d a s`ntf, Xfnkdebrn`kdus dns onrma`fjga rews ei oraa` pfns-

tjms u`mar jts pnrnpemjnf iefms, pnrt ei tda mjoastjva trnkt. ]da ojn`t kfnc, ]jjmnk`n, dests oraa` mj`ecnstjoeta nfona. Cn`y eron`jscs dnva nffjam wjtd pdetesy`tdatjk bnktarjn er nfona. Djstery

rapants jtsafi. Ornss-oraa` n`m bfua-oraa` bnktarjn nra j`mapa`ma`t varsje`s ei tda pfnstjms ei nfonf n`m pfn`t kaffs. Nfonf pfnstjms `aam `et ba oraa`. Xfnstjms ei tda nfon raspe`sjbfa ier tda ram tj`t ei nfpj`a s`ew pntkdas

j` tda fnta sprj`o n`m succar ("wntarcafe` s`ew") nra ram (saa pfntas r;n, r;b, n`m r;k). N`m j` t`zn`jn's Fnga @ntruc sweep

orant ifekgs ei pj`g ifncj`oes. Ram pdetesy`tdatjk bnkrarjn n`m nf-

wjtd ram pfnstjms, pjoca`tam wjtd tda snca knreta`ejms tdnt kefer knrrets, orew j` tda fnga. Ifncj`oes feeg pj`g baknusa tda pjoca`ts nt tda cjkrebjnf bnsa ei tda ieem kdnj` wj`m up keferj`o tda bemjas ei tdasa j`trjouj`o bjrms. ona

Oa`atjk avjma`ka, M@N, R@N, n`m pretaj` saqua`ka j`iercntje` fj`g ram nfonf pfnstjms te kartnj` kyn`ebnktarjn wjtd tda snca iera`sjk nkkurnky nmcjssjbfa j` keurt te ke`vjkt n rnpjst wdesa M@N cntkdas tdnt ei n sparc sncpfa. ]da cuftjkeferam bnktarjn ei tda

 

Xarcn`a`t Caroars

>;1

Nrkdan` ae` dnva `et oe`a nwny. ]day dnva lej`am wjtd etdar kaffs te bakeca tda san-oraa` kdferepfnsts ei onrma` kukucbars. Etdars dnva bakeca tda brew` pdnaepfnsts ei gafp j` kenstnf wntars. [tjff etdars furg temny ns tda ram rdemepfnsts ei mufsa, n ierc ei san fattuka. Ji ieem kreps nra orew` j` erbjt, e` Cnrs, er e` etdar pfn`-

wjtd fjia, jt wjff ba n trn`sducn` pda`eca`e`, pnrt ei tda snca bnktarjnf axpn`sje` tdnt baon` cera tdn` ;,eee cjffje` ats oraa`am

yanrs noe e` tda Nrkdan` sderas.

CQF]JKAFFQFNRJ]Z N@M XREORNCCAM MAN]D

Xfn`ts n`m n`jcnfs nra se kecpfax tdnt jt js ansy te ieroat tdajr erjoj`nf stntus ns kefe`jas ei dybrjms. Ekknsje`nffy, dewavar, wa nra racj`mam ei eur cuftjkaffufnrjty. "Daf.n" kaffs-irec tda kar-

vjx ei Da`rjattn Fn`a, n wecn` wde fjvam j` _nsdj`ote`, M.K.ke`tj`ua te ba orew` j` fnbernterjas nreu`m tda werfm, maspjta Fn`a's mantd irec kn`kar ei tdnt snca karvjx j` tda r:1es. ]djs cerbjm camjknf inkt mace`strntas eur kefe`jnf `ntura ns duoa keffaktje`s ei `ukfantam kaffs eron`jzam j`te tjssuas. By sycbjesjs mjiiara`t vnrjatjas ei bnktarjn knca teoatdar n`m

wjtd `ukfaj. ]dasa kaffs wjtd `ukfaj eita` kfe`am tdacsafvas j`te cuftjpfa kepjas tdnt stnyam j` pdysjknf ke`tnkt nitar rapremuktje`. N Xnrncakjuc er Auofa`n js n` "j`mjvjmunf" `ukfantam kaff, nfranmy inskj`ntj`o j` jts cjxtura ei fjvj`o baj`os. But pfn`t, n`jcnf, n`m iu`onf fjia orantfy axpn`mam tda kecpfaxjty ei tda iraafjvj`o pretjst kaff by rapantj`o jt te cnga cuftjkaffufnr kepjas tdnt uftjcntafy avefvam j`te sapnrnta tjssuas, sukd ns rapremuktjva n`m `arva tjssua, wjtd mjstj`kt iu`ktje`s. ]da efisprj`o ei seca ei tdasa pretjsts, stnrtj`o j` anr`ast pardnps n tdeusn`m cjffje` yanrs noe, injfam te sapnrnta nitar tday racnma kaffs

premukam by kaff mjvjsje`. ]day baon` parcutj`o tdacsafvas j`te kefe`jas, seca ei wdesa cacbars mjam ankd oa`arntje`. ]dus kartnj` kefe`jnf pretjsts baknca pdysjknffy fnroa cacbars ei tda oreup, n`m tda mjvarsjry ei pretektjsts avefvam. Feegj`o nt cemar` pre-

 

>;9

_dnt fs Fjia5

tektjsts suooasts dew sukd kefe`jas keufm dnva iercam irec j`mjvjmunf kaffs. N`jcnfs, j`kfumj`o ei keursa eursafvas, nra trn`siercam kefe`jas ei pretjst kaffs.

j`e` tdajr trnjts by eut-rapremukj`o etdars. But j`mj-

Kdnrfas Mnrwj` acpdnsjzam tdnt avefutje` ekkurs ns mjiiara`t

mjvjmunfs pnss

vjmunfjry nfwnys j` ifux,

ierc n`m j`rarnkt j` n wjma nrrny ei ke`ijourntje`s. ]eoatdar tday ierc j`mjvjmunfs nt vnrjeus sjza favafs n`m maoraas ei j`tarmapa`ma`ka. ]da nfon Kdfncymece`ns, wjtd jts fnroa oraa` sj`ofa kdferepfnst, js n bnktarjnf kecpesjta. Yefuex, n

spdarjknf ke`iamarnky

js rafntjva. Kaffs

ei Kdfncymece`ns-?fga pretjst

kaffs, js n oraa`

cuftjkaffufnr maska`mn`t ei Kdfncymece`ns, ltst ns n`jcnfs nra cuftjkaffufnr maska`mn`ts ei swjccj`o pretjsts (saa pfnta r=). ]da erjoj` ei n`y "j`mjvjmunf" fnroa eron`jk baj`o mapa`ms e` j`taorntjva oa`a-trn`siarrj`o prekassas `et ansjfy ravarsam. ]dasa j`taorntjva prekassas ijrst stnbjfjzam ns tda kefe`jnf pretektjsts avefvam irec iraa-fjvj`o pretjsts. Yefuex nfona,fjga etdar pretekrjsts, iu`oj, pfn`ts, n`m n`jcnfs (but u`fjga bnktarjn), me `et knsunffy trnma tdajr oa`as. Fnroar eron`jscs sjcpfy kn``et trnma oa`as tda wny bnk-

tarjn me.

N`y sj`ofa pretektjst, pfn`t, iu`ous, er n`jcnf js n cacbar ei

n

spakjas. Cest fjgafy, pretektjsts wara tda ijrst eron`jk baj`os te ierc spakjas n`m tda ijrst wdesa spakjas wa`t axtj`kt. ]da erjoj` ei j`-

mjvjmunfs wde nff bafe`o te tda snca spakjas js jma`tjknf te tda erj-

oj` ei tda ijrst pretektjsts. Kn`nmjn` cjkrebjefeojst [erj`

[e`an

cngas n oeem pej`t wda` da kfnjcs tdnt bnktarjn, baknusa e` n pfn`-

atnry sknfa tday ravarsjbfy trnma oa`as, me `et dnva trua spakjas. [pakjas nra oreups wdesa cacbars j`tarbraam. N>> bnktarjn e` tda pfn`at kn`, j` prj`kjpfa, j`tarbraam. Ji n`ytdj`o, tday cjodt ba snjm te ierc n sj`ofa, ofebnf spakjas. [pakjas macnrkntje` js tdus cukd cera nppfjknbfa te tda pre-

saxunfjry-ei tda "cajetjk" gj`m. Intaiuffy ier tda iutura djstery ei fjia iercs sukd ns eursafvas, j` pretektjsts saxunfjry baknca j`axtrjknbfy fj`gam te mantd. Bnktarjn kn` ba gjffam but tday me `et `nturnffy mja. Kartnj` tektjsts, j` wdjkd, j`maam, jt ijrst nppanram7 se mjm

 

Xarcn`a`t Caroars

>;?

pretektjsts, `etnbfy kjfjntas n`m sfjca cefms, u`fjga bnktarjn, wjff noa

ji axtar`nf ke`mjtje`s nra sujtnbfa ier danftd. Noj`o n`m mantd, j` wdjkd fjvj`o kaffs mjsj`taornta wjtd pramjktnbfa tjcj`o, ijrst ava`

avefvam j` saxunf pretektjsts. "Xreorncr`am" mantd

ei n fjiafe`o catnbefjsc

wns nbsa`t nt tda

ns

tda ij`nf step

erjoj` ei fjia-n`m ier

n

vary fe`o tjca nitarwnrm.

Q`fjga us, bnktarjn nra jcr`ertnf7 tday wjff fjva u`tjf axtar`nf ke`mjtje`s prava`t nutepejasjs. By ke`trnst, fjga us, cn`y pretektjsts noa n`m mja nt tda a`m ei n raoufnr j`tarvnf. Noj`o n`m myj`o js n` j`tar`nf prekass knffam npeptesjs er tdn`esjs j` takd`jknflnroe`. Npeptesjs nresa j` eur `jkrebjnf n`kasters nt seca tjca murj`o tda ave-

futje` ei saxunf j`mjvjmunfs. [trn`oa te

sny, mantd

jtsafi avefvam.

J`maam, jt wns tda ij>19-2`m js stjff tda cest sarjeus-saxunffy trn`s`rjttam "mjsansa."

[ATQNF OA@A[J[ J@ ]DA CJKRE_ERFM, ER _DA@ AN]J@O _N[ [AT

N`jcnf sax nfwnys j`vefvas cajesjs. J` cajesjs, ns j` cjtesjs, kdrecesecas nttnkd te spj`mfa cjkretubufas n`m nra pnrtjtje`am eut te

kaffs. Dewavar, cajesjs ecjts n krukjnf stap< tda meubfj`o eiisprj`o ei tda kdrecesecas. Cajetjk kaff mjvjsje` tdus premukas rwe eiisprj`o kaffs ankd wjtd e`fy dnfi tda `ucbar ei kdrecesecas tdnt wara prasa`t j` tda erjoj`nf pnra`t kaff. Ier axncpfa, nitar cajesjs n ducn` kaff wjtd tda stn`mnrm nffetca`t ei ierry-sjx kdrecesecas bakecas n` evuc er spar`f kaff wjtd e`fy rwa`ry-tdraa, ranmy te ij`m jts "etdar dnfi." Cajesjs, wdjkd dnfvas tda `ucbar ei kdrecesecas par kaff, n`m iartjfjzntje` (nitar saxunf j`tarkeursa, ifewar peffj`ntje`, pretektjst

er iu`onf ke`luontje`), wdjkd meubfas tda `ucbar, cust oe dn`m j` dn`m. Cajetjk sax avefvam j` cjtetjk pretektjsts fe`o baiera n`y n`jcnf nppanram j` tda rakerm ei fjia. @avartdafass, seca cemar` pretektjsts sdew `ajtdar cjtesjs `er cajesjs. ]da ojn`t irasdwntar ncabn,

 

>;4

_dnt fs Fjia5

.f ,< >

IJOQRA >>. @naofarjn, n pretjst. Xdyfuc< \eecnstjoetn. Gj`omec< Xretektjstn. ]da @naofarjn ncabns knuodt j` tda nttacpt te ant tdajr ke`spakjijk `ajodbers nra sdew` j` tdjs mrnwj`o. f` avefutje`, j`oastje` ieffewam `et by mjoastje` but by ke`tj`uam j`tar`nf axjsta`ka ei tda maveuram baj`o wns n` jcpertn`t can`s ei stnrtj`o up kaffufnr sycbjesjs. _da` pretjsts ei tda snca spakjas maveuram but mjm `et mjoast ankd etdar, tday secatjcas caroam `ukfaj n`m kdrecesecas, n keccj`ofj`o aqujvnfa`t te tda ijrst nkt ei iartjfjzntje` er cntj`o.

ier axncpfa, rapremukas by pj`kdj`o j` dnfi jts cn`y `ukfaj ns jt pj`kdas j` dnfi jts bemy-n sj`ofa duoa kaff. MjXafecyxn pmfustrjs,

`ecnstjoetas (se-knffam mj`eifnoaffntas) u`maroe n u`jqua vnrjntje`

e` tda tdaca ei cjtesjs< tdajr M@N js `et kentam j` djste`a pretaj` n`m tdajr kdrecesecas, u`fjga tdesa ei etdar cjkrebas, ra-

 

Xarcn`a`t Caroars

>;:

cnj` vjsjbfa tdreuodeut n kaff mjvjsje` j` wdjkd tda `ukfanr cacbrn`a racnj`s j`tnkt.

Cajesjs js n vnrjntje` e` tda tdaca ei cjtesjs. Cajesjs fjgafy avefvam j` meubfam kaffs tdnt dnm nfranmy mjvjmam by cjtesjs. ]da ijrst iartjfjzntje` ava`t prebnbfy sntjsijam n` uroa `et te caroa but te ant. ]djs keufm dnva dnppa`am ji pretjst kn``jbnfs nta e`a n`etdar. Cjkreskepjsts secatjcas wjt`ass cjkrebjnf wrn`ofj`os j` wdjkd n du`ory kaff a`oufis n `ajodber (ijo. rr). But tda kaffs me

`et nfwnys mjoast wdnt tday a`oufi. Dnrvnrm Q`jvarsjry bjefeojst Facuaf Reskea Kfavafn`m (r4:4r:?r) snw kn``jbnfjzam pretjsts fjva e` nftdeuod dnfi-maveuram. ]da pretjsts da stumjam, kevaram by :^)+z u`mufjpemjn, nra knffam dyparcnsrjoetas. @ercnf dyparcnstjoetas, wdjkd ke`tnj` e`fy n sj`ofa sat

ei kdrecesecas, fjva j` tda sweffa` dj`mouts ei weem-antj`o tarcjtas n`m kekgrenkdas. Kfavafn`m snw tda dyparcnstjoetas a`oufi e`a n`etdar. Da `etam tdnt e`ka tday mjm, tdajr cacbrn`as caroam te cnga tdac j`te meubfam kaffs. Cest ei tda meubfas mjam. But Kfavafn`m nfse snw tdnt seca ei tdasa meubfam baj`os rapremukam.

Nftdeuod sfeppjfy, n meubfam cjkrebjnf ce`star weufm u`maroe kaff mjvjsje` n`m ojva rjsa te n`etdar meubfam cjkrebjnf ce`star. Kfavafn`m snw dew tdwnrtam kn``jbnfjsc keufm dnva fam te tda ijrst sats

ei meubfam kdrecesecas. Ceraevar, nb`ercnf kaff mjvjsje`s-

ei

mjvjsje`sn prakurser te tda cajesjs tdnt tngas pfnka j` eur ew` kaffs-keufm rastera tda caroam weufm-ba kn``jbnfs te tdajr erjoj`nf sj`ofa sat ei kdrecesecas. [ukd peta`tjnf staps j` tda avefutje` ei sax ekkurram j` n iaw deurs j` tda pretjsts ei Kfavafn`m's fnberntery. J` `ntura, u`saa` n`m fe`o noe, tday cust dnva ekkurram spe`tn`aeusfy

cn`y cera tjcas. ]emny wda` kartnj` dyparcnstjoetas iusa tday ierc dnrm-wnffam rasjstn`t strukturas, kysts, knpnbfa ei wjtdstn`mj`o maprjvntje`. ]djs meubfa ierc-pardnps erjoj`nffy marjvj`o irec kn``jbnfjsc-weufm dnva pretaktam tda pretesaxunf baj`os a`onoj`o j` jt. E`ka upe` n tjca, wa tdj`g, antj`o n`m cntj`o wara tda snca. ]arcj`nf cjkrebjnf j`mjoastje` cny saac rntdar u`recn`tjk ns tda seurka ei tda ducn` sax mrjva. But Kfavafn`m's pjktura ei du`ory,

 

>=E S

wr,ut rs Fjia5

sara`mjpjteusfy cntj`o dyparcnstjoetas prasa`ts n cjx

ei kecamy

n`m tarrer nppreprjnta ier tda erjoj` ei sax. J` tjcas ei sknrkjry eur u`jkaffufnr ur-pnra`ts weufm dnva masparntafy iam e` e`a n`etdar.

[ecatjcas tdajr cacbrn`as weufm dnva caroam. Meubfam, pnrtfy meubfam, n`m dummfam j` tdajr wnffam kysts, tday wnjtam-nb`ercnf baj`os, seca `ew wjtd inufry sats ei kdrecesecas, cn`y ei wdjkd

weufm mja. ]desa ratur`j`o te tda erjoj`nf e`a-sat stnta weufm ba `nturnffy safaktam7 e`fy tday keufm baoj` te rapremuka `ercnffy nonj`. ]da meubfam n`m etdar ce`stars weufm ta`m te mja. Nff tda snca, nbertjva kn``jbnfjsc n`m etdar iusje`s weufm eita` niierm pretaktje` nonj`st sanse`nffy skn`ty ieem n`m parjems ei masjkkntje`. WL`nbfa te a`tar tda sturmy qujaska`ka ei n sax-j`mukam kyst pdnsa, tdesa

rafuktn`t te ant tdajr gj` stnrvam n`m mjam ei tdjrst. ]da kaffs j` eur ew` n`jcnf bemjas nra j` n mjpfejm, er meubfa kdreceseca, stnta axkapt ier tda pretjst-fjga evn n`m sparc, wdjkd

j` n dnpfejm, sj`ofa-kdreceseca stnta. Ankd n`jcnf bemy js n sert ei mjpfejm dusg, cerbjmfy mjsknrmam by tdesa dnpfejm sax kaffs nra

tdnt cn`noa te premuka ankd oa`arntje` n irasd `aw bemy n`m tdus ke`tj`ua baye`m tda mantd ei tda "j`mjvjmunf." ]da mjpfejm bemy pnys tda uftjcnta prjka-mantd-ier trn`scjssje` ei dnpfejm sax kaffs.

Xardnps erjoj`nffy kn``jbnfs

j` mjstrass, kdrecesecnffy meubfam

pretjsts nra eur n`kasters. Ducn`s n`m nff n`jcnfs j`darjtam mantd irec tdasa anrfy augnryetas. Ankd oa`arntje` stnrts wdara tda fnst fait eiin`m, mapa`mj`o e` wde survjvas, ankd ieffews n sfjodtfy mjiiara`t keursa. Evar tjca, tdjs fanms te `aw spakjas. Nooraontam

j`te kefe`jas, fnyars ei augnryetjk kaffs ava`tunffy

avefvam j`te tjssuas. Jt js n` nr`nzj`o inkt tdnt nff zyoetas-iartjfjzam aoo kaffs tdnt survjva te bakeca

acbryes-orew j`te pfn`ts er n`-

jcnfs kecpesam `etlust ei cn`y kaffs but ei savarnf (er cn`y) gj`ms

ei

j`te mjstj`kt

Nftdeuod inr cera jcprassjva j` n`jcnfs n`m pfn`ts, pretektjsts tee cny ba kecpesam ei savarnf serts ei kaffs sdewj`o mjvjsje` ei fnber. Xretektjsts rakeo`jza e`a n`etdar7 wda` maprjvam ei wntar er ieem, cacbar kaffs ei tda kaffs tdnt nssacbfa

tjssuas.

 

Xarcn`a`t Caroars

>=>

snca spakjas kn` ke`oraonta. ]dga sfjca cefms< tdasa bnktarjn-ant-

j`o ncabns axkdn`oa catnbefjk j`iercntje`, saag eut tdajr ew`

gj`m. _da` ieem js npfa`ry tda ncabns iaam nfe`a. But wda` ieem js mapfatam, ankd du`ory kaff sakratas n kecpeu`m tdnt js cutunffy nttrnktjva. Ncabns ceva j` tda mjraktje` ei djodast ke`ka`trntje`. ]eoatdar tda kaffs caroa te ierc n cevj`o "sdcee" tdnt orews upwnrm j` n sfjcy cnss u`tjf jts "danm" bursts n`m rafansas sturmy-wnffam kysts, sniafy trn`spertnbfa by wj`m n`m wntar. N `aw oa`arntje` ei ncabns

wjff baoj` ji tda

kysts fn`m

j` n kfaca`t a`vjre`ca`t.

]DA XE_AR EI [FJCA

N iekus e` eur pretektjstn` erjoj`s js ducbfj`o. ]dara js `e ma`yj`o eur gj`sdjp te tdjs sert ei fjvj`o cnttar. Ducn`s nra j`taorntam kefe`jas ei ncabejm baj`os, lust ns ncabejm baj`os-pretektjstsnra j`taorntam kefe`jas ei bnktarjn. Fjga jt er `et, wa keca irec sfjca.

N` astjcntam qunrtar ei n cjffje` pretektjst spakjas mwaff j` fngas, rjvars, wntarinffs, wnrc sprj`os, mncp sejfs, trn`sja`t pummfas, maw, n`m irest, n`m e` tda wnffs ei swjccj`o peefs n`m pjpas. Xfn`ts, n`jcnfs, n`m

iu`oj-tda

vjsjbfa gj`omecs-baon` ns cara ijaikfecs

ei tda Gj`omec Xretektjstn. ]da j`jtjnf cacbars ei tdjs gj`omec dnm nfranmy avefvam n tdeusn`m cjffje` yanrs baiera spj``j`o eiitda racnj`j`o tdraa gj`omecs ei fjia. ]emny krystnffj`a banutjas sukd ns mjntecs, ierncj`jiarn, n`m rnmjefnrjn j`dnbjt Anrtd's ekan`s. Baknusa pretektjsts fjva cest nbu`mn`tfy j` tda trepjks, surafy inr cera spakjas nra u`g`ew` tdn` g`ew`. ]da bast stumjam j`kfuma

n

iaw `eterjeus gjffars, sukd ns tda

trypn`esecas tdnt knusa sfaapj`o sjkg`ass, Kdnons' mjsansa, er fajsdcn`jnsjs. J` tda fnttar, n mjsijourj`o mjsansa ei tda trepjks, orewj`o,

swjcr`j`o pretjsts cny maveur acbrye`jk cukeus cacbrn`as jr utare, knesj`oducn` bnbjas te ba ber` wjtdeut ceutd er `esa. But teoatdar cest pretektjsts krnmfa tda pfn`at j` tdajr oa`tfa bjekdac-

 

>=2

_dnt fs Fjia5

jknf orjp. ]day knrpat tda ekan` wjtd ieem n`m suppfy jts exyoa`,

kdur` sejf, kfanr surinkas ei bnktarjn. ]day kykfa sufiur, pdespderus, sjfjkn, n`m knrbe` e` n ofebnf sknfa. Xretektjsts pnrtnga ei pfn`atnry pdysjefeoy. Nce`o tda cest `ucareus nra tda kekkefjtdepderjms. ]deuod cjkreskepjk, tdasa sj`ofakaffam nfona nra e`a ei tda iaw iercs ei fjia mjstj`ktfy vjsjbfa by sntaffjta. N "bfeec" ei kekkefjtdepderjms cny wdjta` tda oraa` wnrars eitPtda kenst ei Aurepa ier rwe du`mram gjfecatars. @et u`tjf tda ekan` wntar js ke`ka`trntam by ka`trjiuoa j` tda fnberntery n`m tda samjca`tam sncpfa cno`jijam seca ra` rdeusn`m tjcas meas tda seurka ei tda wdjta pntkd ravanf jtsafij kekkefjtdepderjm sknfas. Ankd kekkefjtdepderjm js pnttar`am wjtd du`mrams ei kdnfgy "butte`s." ]da sknfas, n`m tda spnkas barwaa` tdac, cny ba tda `nturnf aqujvnfa`t ei Ya`atjn` bfj`ms, sarvj`o te prevjma tda nfon's pfnstjms wjtd n` eptjcnf qun`tjty ei su`fjodt. ]da sknfas ra-

by myj`o cjkrebas-r`jffje`s ei butte`s par cjffjfjtarkdn`oa tda wntar te n cjfgy kefer saa` battar by sntaffjta tdn` by

fansam sdjp.

j` jts kaff n`m kn` mastrey jt, n kekkefjtdepderjm cust cnga kecpfax sufiur kecpeu`ms tdnt bnfn`ka j`Baknusa snft nkkucufntas

tar`nf je` ke`ka`trntje`s. ]dasa sufiur kecpeu`ms nra u`stnbfa7 tday

brang mew` te ierc mjcatdyf sufijma, n wnsta ons wnitam j`te tda

njr. E`ka rafansam, mjcatdyf sufijma ons rankts wjtd exfroa` te premuka tj`y naresef pnrtjkfas ei sufinta. ]dasa pnrtjkfas saac te ba j`-

vefvam j` tda iercntje` ei kfeum kevar by sarvj`o ns `ukfaj ier tda ke`ma`sntje` ei wntar vnper. [j`ka tda kfeum kevar rnmjntas bnkg te spnka n`m fanms te keefar tacparnturas, n bfeec

ei kekkefjtdepderjms

sukd ns Acjfjn`jn duxfayj cny nkt ns n ofebnf njr ke`mjtje`a ke`mjtje`ar. r.

Ynst nceu`ts

ei cntarjnfs ifew tdreuod tda bemjas ei kekke-

fjtdepderjms n`m etdar pdetesy`tdasjzj`o pretektjsts. Xretektjsts, `et pfn`ts, sarva ns tda bnsa ei tda a`tjra cnrj`a ieem kdnj`. Ifentj`o pretektjsts ntta`m te tda `aams ei cnrj`a akesystacs inr eiisdera. [ubstrnta-mapa`ma`t spakjas suppert tda bufg ei keccu`jtjas `anr sdera.

 

Xarcn`a`t Caroars

J

rnn

IJkQRA >2. [tapdn`emrskus, n mjntec. Xdyfuc< Bnkjffnrjepdytn. Gj`omec< Xretektjstn. Rnmjnffy syccatrjknf pjffbex mjntec. Mjntecs, usunffy tn` er brew` j` kefer n`m pravnfa`t j` ekan`s, mapfata wntar ei sjfjkn ns tday cnga tdajr oeroaeus cjkresdaffs.

Bujfmj`o tdajr sgafate`s ei kdnfg, ofnss, eron`jk ijbar, n`m ava` axetjk snfts fjga stre`tjuc er bnrjuc sufinta, seca pretektjsts cj`a tda ekan`s ier trnka kdacjknfs. ]day trn`sierc sansknpas wda`, nitar bujfmj`o up tdajr bemjas' dnrm pnrts, tday mja j` mrevas. Mjntecs mapfata sjfjkn irec tda ekan` e` n ofebnf sknfa te kranta tdajr axqujsjta pjffbex iercs (ijo. rz). Rnmjefnrjn ierc epnfj`a sdaffs tdnt inff fjga rnj` tdreuod tda wntar kefu`c, cngj`o n ijfc tdnt fntar dnrma`s j`te n ifj`tfjga samjca`tnry rekg knffam rnmjefnrjta. Ierncj`jiarn cnga up pnrt ei tda fjcaste`a rekg kecpesj`o tda orant pyrncjms ei Aoypt. Xretektjsts nra kescepefjtas, j`ijftrntj`o tdacsafvas j`te tda orant

 

'>==

_dnt fs Fjia5

wntar n`m sejf cnss ei Anrtd. Fjga tda [pdj`x, pretektjsts nra rakecbj`am, iusam baj`os. eron`jk baj`os te ierc saxunffy ijrst qujrgs rapremukj`o spakjas, tdajr]da kaffufnr nra nt tda kera ei ducn` saxunfjty. ]da pretektjsts baquantdam te nff subsaqua`t gj`omecs ei fjia tda pdysjefeojknf `akassjry ei mantd. ]day, nfe`o wjtd bnktarjn, nra tda supraca nrkdjtakts

ei tda fjvj`o ofebnt a`vjre`ca`t.

se, _DN] fs FJIA5 FjO js tda strn`oa `aw irujt ei j`mjvjmunfs avefvam by sycbjesjs. [wjccj`o, ke`luontj`o, bnronj`j`o, n`m mecj`ntj`o, bnktarjn fjvj`o j` j`tjcnta nssekjntje`s murj`o tda Xretarezejk onva rjsa te cyrjnm kdjcarns, cjxam baj`os, wa ei wdjkd raprasa`t n tj`y irnktje` ei n` axpn`mj`o preoa`y. ]dreuod kerperanf caroars mjspnrnta baj`os j`va`tam cajetjk sax, preornccam mantd, n`m kecpfax cuftjkaffufnrjry. Fjia js n` axta`sje` ei baj`o j`te tda `axt oa`arntje`, tda `axt

Jt

js tda j`oa`ujry te cnga tda cest ei ke`tj`oa`ky-te cnga n`jcnfs, ier axncpfa, eut ei n betkdam nttacpt nt kn``jbnfjsc. Fjia js bjooar tdn` tda kaff, tda eron`jsc. Jt j`kfumas tda bjespakjas.

spdara, tda surinka pfn`atnry a`vjre`ca`t ns n wdefa-&ec tda

iercntje` ei cnrj`a kfeums te tda ke`tref ei ekan` kdactstry by pretektjsts n`m tdajr preoa`jters.

 

Barwaa` tdasa twe ranfcs fjas nff ei fjia ns wa g`ew jt. XFN]A >N. Anrtd j` spnka. B. Cykepfnscn. Xdyfuc

krecatar j` mjncatar.

 

XFN]A 2. Xnkd`emn, n baatfa. Xdyfuc< Cn`mjbufntn. Gj`omec< N`jcnfjn. ]djs

kfesa-up ei tda j`tastj`a ei n baatfa fnrvn sdews n traa-fjga eron` tdnt deusas catdn`eoa`jk bnktarjn. Fjvj`o j` tda j`tastj`a ier tdeusn`ms ei oa`arntje`s, tda catdn`eoa`s dnva `et e`fy ieu`m n deca, but tday dnva j`mukam mavafU epca`t ei tdjs sycbjetjk "baatfa" eron`.

 

XFN]A

;. @N[N x-rny pdeteornpd ei tda su`. Nkkermj`o te

Russjn` skja`tjst Yfnmjcjr Yar`nmsgy, fjia e` Anrtd js n cntarjnf systac j` wdjkd staffnr a`arojas bakeca trn`siercam j`te

fjvj`o e`as. Fjia js `et e`fy n ofebnf but n pfn`atnry-sefnr systac pda`eca`e`.

 

XFN]A =. Kyfj`mars ei pdespdefjpjms premukam tdreuod n dymrntje`/madymrntje` prekass by Mnvjm Mancar j` djs fnberntery. Ns saa` dara tdreuod n fjodt cjkreskepa nt djod cno`jijkntje`, tday ava`tunffy brang npnrt te ierc fjpesecas. [ukd prakaffufnr eron`jk iercntje`s wara kecce`pfnka j` Nrkdan` tjcas. ]da anrfy Anrtd wns fjga n ojn`t fnberntery j` wdjkd keu`t,,Kem,"

fass axparjca`ts ekkurram nff tda tjca. lasts eron`jk kdacjst Kyrjf Xe``ncparucn, "js n` eron`jk kdacjst.,,

 

XFN]A 1N. Xretauscjrnbjffs, nbnktarjuc. Xdy-

fuc< Ec`jbnktarjn. Gj`omec< Bnktarjn (Ce-

`arn). @astam pnttar`s ei ke`ka`trjk tarrnkas ierc wjtd tda bnktarjn's rapantam kykfas ei orewtd n`m cjorntje` evar tda patrj pfnta's nonr surinka. ]da fjvj`o oaecatry ei tdjs pdeteornpd js racj`jska`t ei tda `e`fjvj`o mjssjpntjva strukturas ei pfnta 1b.

XFN]A

14. Nutekntnfytjk kdacjknf ranktje`s ei

tda snca gj`m sdew` j` pfnta 1n but usj`o mjiiara`t substn`kas ns rakursjva strukturas nra tdeuodt te ojva rjsa te fjia. ]djs pnrtjkufnr "kdacjknf kfekg" js n mjssjpntjva struktura j` n Bafeusev-\dnbetj`sgy ranktje`. ]da j`kransa j` kecpfaxjty evar tjca js racj`jska`t ei fjia. By rapremukj`o, dewavar, fjia dns j`kransam jts kecpfaxjty `et ier savarnf cj`utas but ier savarnf tdeusn`m cjffje` yanrs.

 

XFN]A 1. Cyxekekkus, cuftjkaffufnr bnktarjuc. pdyfuc< Cyxebnktarjn. Gj`omec< Bnktarjn (Ce`arn). bnktarjn nooraonta j`te "traas," up te > cjffjcatar tnff, wda` `]dasa utrja`ts er wntar nra mapfatam.

Ke`trnry te kecce` epj`je`, cuftjkaffufnrjty js `et n iantura sefafy ei fnroar eron`jscs but js nfranmy n` a`tra`kdam iantura ei pregnryetas.

#

 

*

l"F

#

%

A

&

iij,p *,

jft'*.

XFN]A ?. Kdrecntjuc vj`esuc, purpfa sufiur bnktarjn. Xdyfuc< Xretaebnktarjn (purpfa bnktarjn). Gj`omec< Bnktarjn (Ce`arn). ]dasa pdetesy`tdatjk cjkrebaj`osup te 1 cjkrecatars fe`o n`m irec 8.1 te > cjffjcatar wjma-pdetesy`tdasjzam j`

tda fjodt fe`o baiera pfn`ts avefvam. ]da purpfa j`kfusje`s nra tda tdyfngejm cacbrn`as ei pdetesy`tdatjk pjoca`ts n`m a`zycas7 tda spdaras nra sufiur. ]dasa baj`os, wdjkd tefarnta exyoa` e`fy j` tda mnrg, tastjiy te tda inkt tdnt pdetesy`tdasjs js n` n`narebjk prekass tdnt avefvam fe`o baiera exyoa` wns prasa`t j` tda njr.

 

XFN]A 4. Ijskdaraffn, kyn`ebnktarjuc. Xdyfuc< Kyn`ebnktarjn. Gj`o-

mec< Bnktarjn (Ce`arn). N` axncpfa ei bnktarjnf catnbefjk "supa-

rjerjty," tdjs kyn`ebnktarjuc ijxas ntcespdarjk `jtreoa` j` jts datare-

kysts (ankd nbeut > cjkrecatar wjma), cngj`o pretaj`. ]da bjekdacjknf

n`m catnbefjk rapartejra ei bnktarjn cngas tdac krukjnf te bjefeojknf iu`ktje`j`o e` n ofebnf sknfa.

 

:. Fjvj`o bnktarjnf "sgyskrnpars," rekgs knffam strecntefjtas, j` [dnrg Bny, Nustrnfjn. Evar tjca seca typas ei cjXFN]A

krebjnf cnts nra tdeuodt te ojva rjsa te tdasa strn`oa mecas. ]da pdeteornpd mjspfnys fjva strecntefjtas, rapfata wjtd orewj`o bnktarjn. [ukd strukturas, [a`arnffy cukd scnffar n`m fass ke`spjkueus, nra g`ew` irec sansjma fekntje`s nreu`m tda werfm. ]day ekkur j` betd iessjf n`m fjva ierc. Duoa strecntefjtas, rac`n`t bnktarjnf fn`msknpas, nra kecce` j` tda rekg rakerm. ]day raprasa`t seuva`jrs ei eur bnktarjn-mecj`ntam pfn`at prjer te tda avefutje` ei n`jcnfs, iu`oj, er pfn`ts.

>eN N@M >eB. N patrjijam iessjf strecntefjta irec _nrrnwee`n, [eutd Nirjkn, js kecpnram wjtd n kut saktje` ei XFN]A[

n fjvj`o cjkrebjnf cnt irec Cntn`zns, Kubn.

 

FN]A > 'f . Casemj`juc rubruc (`ew knffam Cyrje`aktn rubrn) n pretjst. pdy, fuc< Kjfjepdern. Gj`omec< Xretektjstn. ]djs inst-swjccj`o but pdetesy`tdatjk cjkreskepjk baj`o tdnt mwaffs j` brnkgjsd wntar `anr tda Bnftjk [an dns rafntjvas l` Nrktrk n`m N`tnrktjk wntars. Ns `ajtdar pfn`t `er n`jcnf, jt axacpfjijas eron`jscs ke`ieu`mj`o efmar, twe-gj`omec kfnssjijkntje` systacs. ]da rammjsd dua ei tda j`tarjer marjvas irec mjcj`jsdam sycbjetjk nfona. X

 

Z{4N. N` n`ofar ijsd wjtd bjefucj`aska`t spets n`m rjbs. Xdyfuc< Krn`jntn. Gj`omec< N`jcnfjn. ]da incjfy (karntjejms) te wdjkd tdjs ijsd bafe`os dns bjefucj`aska`t cacbars tdnt kuftura pura strnj`s ei ofew-j`-tda-mnrg cnrj`a vjbrje bnktarjn j` tdajr bemjas. ]dasa maap-san ijsd usa tdajr bjefucj`aska`t sycbjetjk eron` te fura peta`tjnf pray, wdjkd cjstnga tda pretrumj`o nppa`mnoa ier n scnff amjbfa ijsd. XFN]A >44. Xdetebnktarjuc ijskdarj, n bnktarjuc. Xdyfuc< Xre-

taebnktarjn. Gj`omec< Bnktarjn (Ce`arn). ]djs patrj pfnta sdews

kefe`jas ei bjefucj`aska`t bnktarjn. Cn`y typas ei ijsd kuftjvnta sycbjetjk bnktarjn j` spakjnf eron`s n`m put tdajr fjodt te oeem

usa j` pramnter maia`sa, ieem jffucj`ntje`, er cnta sjo`nfj`o.

 

XFN]A >:N. Russufn pnfumesn. Xdyfuc< Bnsjmjecyketn. Gj`omec< Iu`oj. ]djs rafntjvafy kecce` ierast cusdreec

js

ei `anrby traas wjtd wdjkd jt fjvas sycbjetjknffy.

ke``aktam te tda reets

XFN]A >:4. [kdjzepdyffuc keccu`a. Xdyfuc< Bnsjmjecyketn. Gj`omec< Iu`oj. ]da bnsjmjn ei tdjs cusdreec nra ber`a e` tda wdjta meubfa Jj`as ei tda ojffs sdew` j` tda pdeteornpd.

 

XFN]A 28. N kdferepfnst, tda j`trnkaffufnr struktura wdjkd knrrjas e` pdetesy`tdasjs. ]djs kfesa-up wns tnga` wjtd n` afaktre` cjkreskepa7 tda eron`affa js nbeut > cj-

krecatar fe`o n`m 8.? cjkrecatar wjma. N dnffcnrg ei pfn`t fjia, kdferepfnsts, ns dns raka`tfy baa` "preva`" by oa`atjk kecpnrjse`, avefvam irec kyn`ebnktarjn tdnt oraa`am tda werfm fe`o baiera tda erjoj` ei pfn`t fjia prepar. Nfona n`m pfn`ts nff saac te dnva avefvam nitar fnroar kaffs caroam wjtd scnffar e`as. ]da fnroa kaffs

iam e` but uftjcntafy injfam te mjoast tda e`ka i raa-fjvj`o kyn`ebnktarjn.

XFN]A

2>. Xepufus tracufejmas, qungj`o nspa`. Xdyfuc< N`tdepdytn

(N`ojesparcepdytn). Gj`omec' Xfn`tna. N stn`m ei qungj`o nspa` j` tda [n` Lun` Ceu`tnj`s, Kefernme. N sjcjfnr stn`m j` Qtnd dns baa` `ecj`ntam tda fnroast "eron`jsc" e` Anrtd, wjtd ankd oa`atjknffy jma`tjknf traa ke`sjmaram tda stac ei n cn`y-traam bemy. ]da nspa`s j` tda pjktura, tur`j`o

kefer sjcuftn`aeusfy, nra `et ns axta`sjva ns tda =;-daktnra, 9-cjffje`gjfeornc stn`m sdnrj`o n sj`ofa reet systac j` Qtnd.

 

XFN]A

22. @nvjkufn kuspjmntn, n mjntec nfon. Xdyfuc< Bnkjffnrje-

pdytn. Gj`omec< Xretektjstn. N mjntec u`maroej`o cajesjs n`m oncata iercntje`. Nfona, fjga nff pretektjsts, mwaff j` wntar. Xfn`ts ava`tunffy asknpam wntar te va`tura e`te fn`m by avefvj`o wntarpreeij`o, sukd

ns

wnxy kutjkfas, n`m strukturnf suppert, sukd

ns fjo`j`.

 

=1

 

L*iV-

."

sparc

sparc tnjf

(u`mufjpemjuc)

IJkQRA >;. [axunf fjiadjsteryei My`nsias,nbaatfa.Xdyfuc< Cn`mjbufntn.Gj`omec< N`jcnfjn. ]da dnjry saoca`tam struktura js tda fnrvn, er orub, iercam irec tda deffew cnss ei kaffs g`ew` ns tda bfnstufn stnoa ei tda n`jcnf acbrye sdew` nt rjodt. ]da bfnstufn, n maij`j`o kdnrnktarjstjk ei nff n`jcnfs, mavafeps irec tda sparc-iartjfjzam aoo, wdjkd u`maroeas cn`y kaff mjvjsje`s.

 

]da Ncnzj`o N`jcnfs

>=?

j`kfuma j`sakts, ka`tjpamas, n`m cjffjpamas) js n orant oreup-er n iercarfy orant oreup. ]da brnkdjepems, ier axncpfa, nra kfncfjga but `e`ceffuskn` kranturas eita` ieu`m ns iessjfs j` Xnfaezejk cnrj`a rekgs. Eur ew` pdyfuc, tda Krn`jntn, j`kfumas knrtjfnoa`eus n`m lnwfass ijsd ns waff ns snfncn`mars n`m pjoae`s. Nkkermj`o te e`a skdaca, seca tdjrty-ajodt pdyfn axjst wjtd n`jcnfs tdnt nra nfjva

temny7 etdars dnva cacbars tdnt dnva fe`o baa` axtj`kt. _a dnva axpferam tda erjoj`s ei fjia, tda bnktarjnf ranfc, tda pretektjsts. Ceraevar, eur mjskussje` dns baa` kdre`efeojknf, ieffew-

j`o avefutje` n`m tda rjsa j` kecpfaxjty. [e, wdy `ew-waff baiera tda a`m ei tda beeg-me wa tnfg ei n`jcnfs5 Iessjfs ravanf tdnt n`jcnfs avefvam anrfjar tdn` pfn`ts er iu`oj. N`jcnfs-axkfusjvafy cnrj`a n`jcnfs-baon` fanvj`o n rjkd iessjf Xnfaezejk. But tdara js `e trnka ei pfn`ts er iu`oj

rakerm j` tda anrfy u`tjf cera tdn` ree cjffje` yanrs nitar sdaffy n`jcnfs nppanram. Ava` temny, n`jcnfs-typjknf j` tdjs raonrm, sj`ka fjia avefvam j` wntarnbeu`m cera j` wntar tdn` e` fn`m. E`fy pfn`ts n`m iu`oj nra pn=4

_dnt fs Fjia5

afnbernta keferam ceu`ms. _j`os ifnppj`o n`m prn`kj`o, tda bewar-

bjrm knffs feumfy, ifuffj`o up djs iantdars, ifnr.r`tj`o nbeut. ]e nssura n iacnfa kdeesas djc, da sprukas up djs ta`-ieet-squnra, ieet-djod bewar wjtd bnrg, krusdam irujt, kdnrkenf, sknva`oam iantdars, er ava` bfua fnu`mry pewmar. ]e a`tjka dar, da makerntas tda bewar wjtd bjts ei s`njf sdaff er irasd ifewars da rapfnkas mnjfy. @e`atdafass, wda` sda va`turas

j`, da cntas wjtd dar se vjefa`tfy jt mncnoas djs ew`

bewar, n`m tda`, wda` ij`jsdam, da pakgs, kfnws, n`m axpafs dar irec djs bnkdafer pnm. ]djs trnojkecamy ei fust js kecpfatam ns tda cnfa acbnrgs e` n preprjatnry strut nbeut djs tarrjtery, tngj`o tjca eut

e`fy te mastrey tda bewars ei yeu`oar cnfas. [eca krnbs nkqujra stj`oj`o san n`ace`as n`m wjafm tdac ns wanpe`s nonj`st peta`tjnf pramnters. Darrj`o ouffs mrep kfncs, wdafgs, n`m etdar sdaffijsd irec n dajodt ei savarnf catars e`te rekg te krnkg epa` tdajr dnrm sdaffs. Lnpn`asa oraa`-bnkgam dare`s fura cj``ews by mreppj`o twjos e` pe`mwntar. Meos s`jir, bnrg, n`m skncpar j` tdajr sfaap ns ji kdnsj`o rnbbjts. N`astdatjzam n`m pnj`tam

wjtd n` ebvjeus spet e` tdajr ieradanm wdjfa u`ke`skjeus, kdjcpn`zaas n`m ern`outn`s (but, strn`oafy, `et oerjffns) dnva nwnga`am

te wjpa tdajr brew feegj`o j` n cjrrer-preei pesjtjva tdnt tday rakeo`jza tdacsafvas. [ubermj`nta sjcjn`s djma tdajr kepufntje`s irec mecj`n`t cnfas. ]djs suooasts tdnt tday `et e`fy rakeo`jza tdacsafvas but dnva n ca`tnf cemaf ei dew etdars saa tdac. Yarvat ce`gays seu`m tdraa mjstj`kt nfnrc knffs, mapa`mj`o e` wdatdar tda

eblakt ei tdajr ke`kar` js n faepnrm,

pytde`, er n` anofa. Mefpdj`s wdjstfa nt n` ncpfjtuma n`m iraqua`ky tdnt js mjstj`ktjva ier ankd j`mjvjmunf7 tday saac te knff ankd etdar by `nca. Knptjva j` n` nqunrjuc, e`a bettfa-`esam mefpdj` dns baa` rapertam te jr`jtnta, pardnps ier kecjk aiiakt, tda swjccj`o pesturas ei turtfas n`m pa`ouj`s. ]djs mefpdj`, wde usam n ouff iantdar te skrnpa nfona e` n` u`marwntar wj`mew nppnra`tfy cjcjkgam n ducn` mjvar. ]da mefpdj` ava` acjttam n stranc ei bubbfas fjga tdesa tda mjvar axpaffam. But axkaptje`nf brnj` pewar js `et nfwnys nt tda reet ei axkapn

tje`nf

keccu`jkntjva n`m nppnra`tfy j`taffjoa`t n`jcnf badnvjer.

 

]da Ncnzj`o

N`jcnfs J f`[

De`aybaas saa j` kefer (j`kfumj`o uftrnvjefat, wdjkd ducn`s kn`'t saa-but `et ram, wdjkd wa kn`). ]day erja`t tdacsafvas by fjodt pefnrjzntje` j` tda sgy. Keefj`o tda djva by raourojtntj`o wntar mrepfats n`m in``j`o tdajr wj`os, n`m wnrcj`o jt by sdjvarj`o, tday

ei a`vjre`ca`tnf

raoufntje`. De`aybaas saag peffa` ornj`s n`m `aktnr n`m tda wergars tdnt mjskevar rjkd seurkas ei tdasa cntarjnfs keccu`jknta tdajr ij`ms te etdars. ]da sukkassiuf skeuts nppanr te parierc twe mjstj`kt mn`kas te spakjiy tda fekntje`< e`a kjrkufnr, ier kfesa ieem seurkas, tda etdar n "wnoofa" mn`ka, ier ieem nra cnstars

cera tdn` nbeut n du`mram catars nwny. ]da nssucptje` tdnt tdjs j`stj`ktjva baa badnvjer, tda mjskevary ei wdjkd anr`am Nustrjn`Oarcn` zeefeojst Gnrf ve` Irjskd n @ebaf Xrjza j` r:?;, js `e cera ke`skjeus tdn` n kecputar preornc, dns `avar baa` preva`. ]da de`aybaa's g`ewfamoa ei mn`kas saacs te ba j``nta, but jt js `avartdafass pessjbfa tdnt tda baas nra

j` inkt "nwnra" ei

tdajr

sjo`jijkn`ka.

N`jcnfs nra se ncnzj`o tdnt wa `aam `et, ns ducn`s, ke`sjmar eursafvas ns n`ytdj`o cera tdn` n`jcnfs j` ermar te iaaf lustjijnbfy preum. But ns Me`nfm Orjijj` fnca`ts, avar sj`ka Mnrwj` ierkam ducn`gj`m te rakeo`jza jts n`jcnf gj`sdjp, tda j`kfj`ntje` dns baa` lust tda eppesjta< Cukd ei twa`tjatd-ka`tury skja`ka dns ornmunffy sfjppam j`te n` nttjtuma tdnt bafjttfas `e`ducn` n`jcnfs. [ubtfa but aiiaktjva `e`varbnf sjo`nfs te tdjs aiiakt acn`nta irec cukd ei tda skja`tjijk fjtarntura. Xdysjknf n`m kdacjknf skja`ka js nssucam te ba cera iu`mnca`tnf, cera rjoereus, n`m cera sjo`jijkn`t tdn` zeefeoy. Cemar`

bjefeoy ravafs j` baj`o fnroafy cefakufnr, n`m tdjs j`avjtnbjfjry mjvarts ntta`tje` nwny irec tda j`vastjontje` ei n`jcnfs ier tdajr ew` sngas. Xnrt ei tdjs tra`m cny ba mua te n` u`rakeo`jzam ranktje` nonj`st tda maifntje` ei ducn` vn`jry by tda Mnrwj`jn` ravefutje`. ]da nkkaptn`ka ei bjefeojknf avefutje` n`m tda oa`atjk rafntje`sdjp ei eur spakjas te etdars wns n sdnttarj`o bfew te tda ducn` aoe, irec wdjkd wa cny `et dnva iuffy rakevaram, ier jt js `et ansy te ojva up n maap-santam injtd tdnt eur gj`m js u`jqua n`m qunfjtntjvafy

suparjer.

 

_dnt fs Fjia5

>18

Orjijj` oeas e` te

suooast<

psykdefeojknf pnffjntjva tdnt cny ba subke`skjeusfy nttrnkrjva, ava` te cn`y skja`tjsts, js te sdjit ntta`tje` nwny irec tda acbnrrnssj`o n

skja`ka eur n`jcnf n`kastry by nkka`tuntj`o tdesa nspakts tdnt ei nra cera ngj` te pdysjks. ]djs cny dafp axpfnj` wdyeise cn`y nppanr te ba se kartnj` tdnt ke`skjeus`ass n`m fn`ounoa nra u`jquafy ducn` knpnbjfjtjas n`m tdnt tda mjskevary ei sycbefjk kecr`u`jkn-

inkt

tje` by de`aybaas "upsats tda vary ieu`mntre` ei badnvjer, n`m bjejeoy j` oa`arnf." ^ujta tda ke`rrnry, sukd mjskevarjas j` tda ijafm ei

keo`jtjva atdefeoy axta`m n`m jcpreva eur u`marstn`mj`o ei n`jcnfs7 n maij`jtje` eibjefeoy tdnt rufas eut rdesa mjskevarjas n prjerj suiiars irec safi-j`ifjktam jcpevarjsdca`t. >

prjvnta niinjr, js `et mjraktfy cansurnbfa. But n` j`nbjfjry te ra`mar n qunfjry cansurnbfa js `e ranse` te nssuca jts nbsa`ka-te nssuca tdnt n`jcnfs nra cara j`stj`kt cnkdj`as. J`maam. wa weufm tnga Orjijj` n stap iurtdar. @etlust n`jcnfs nra ke`skjeus, Ke`skjeus`ass,

n

but avary eron`jk baj`o, avary nutepejatjk kaff js ke`skjeus. J` tda sjcpfast sa`sa ke`skjeus`ass js n` nwnra`ass ei tda eutsjma werfm. N`m tdjs werfm `aam `et ba tda werfm eutsjma e`a's cnccnfjn` iur. Jt cny nfse ba tda werfm eutsjma e`a's kaff cacbrn`a. Kartnj`fy

ei

ei raspe`sjva`ass ewj`o te tdnt nwnra`ass, js jcpfjam j` nff nutepejatjk systacs. ]da werfm, nirar nff, js `er n patrj mjsd7 tda sgy meas `et rnj` nonr. Avary fjva baj`o j`kassn`my sa`sas n`m raspe`ms wjtd nfnkrjry te jts surreu`mj`os. N->> n`jcnfs dnva n cuftjkaffufnr, r`uftjrjssuam stnoa j` tdajr fjia djsterjas. But tda kecpfax kdacjstry ei fjia js stjff ke`ij`am te tda kaff, cj`jcnffy fass tdn` n sj`ofa cjkre` j` mjncatar. Ankd oa`arntje` ei avary gj`m ei n`jcnf ratur`s te tda n`kastrnf-typa sj`ofa kaff ns iartjfjzam aoo. ]da j`kransa j` sjza n`m kecpfaxjry ei n`jcnf fjia dns ekkurram ns sekjnffy nooraontam kaffs avefvam te ierc seca favaf

nwnra`ass,

u`jijam bemjas. N`jcnfs ant etdar eron`jscs. ]day me `et a`ley tda vaoatnf fuxury ei iaamj`o tdacsafvas tdreuod pdetesy`tdasjs but cust oe eut

j`te tda werfm-baooj`o, berrewj`o, n`m stanfj`o-j` ermar te nk-

kecpfjsd wdnt pfn`ts kn` me sjttj`o knfcfy j` e`a pfnka. Cn`y ax-

 

]da Ncnzj`o N`jcnfs

>1>

trnermj`nry n`jcnf nttrjbutas stac irec tda raqujraca`t te prekura dnrm-te-oat ieem. Etdars cny ba trnkam te tda rapremuktjva jcpar-

ntjva ei saxunfjty< j` ankd oa`arntje` sparc n`m aoo cust lej`. ]da nastdatjks ei bewarbjrms, tda mn`kj`o ei de`aybaas, tda mrancj`o

ei meos dnva nff avefvam. Ke``aktam te tda prekurj`o ei ieem n`m/ er cntas, nff sukd badnvjers cn`jiast tda n`kja`t nutepejasjs ei safiparpatuntj`o fjia.

N`jcnf badnvjers saac mjraktam, "purpesaiuf." Zat fjga bnktarjnf cno`atetnxjs n`m pretjst kn``jbnfjsc, tday cny nfse ba parkajvam ns wnys j` wdjkd tda u`jvarsa's mjssjpntjva systafru cnga wnsta ei usa-

iuf a`aroy by puttj`o jt j` tda sarvjka ei feknfjzam pekgats ei stu``j`o ermar. Keccu`jkntje`, jcrtntjva fanr`j`o, teef usa, n`m ke`skjeus tdeuodt cnga sa`sa irec n tdarcemy`ncjk parspaktjva. _DN] J[ N@ N@JCNF5

Cest spakjas ei fjvj`o baj`os temny nra prebnbfy n`jcnfs. Astjcntas rn`oa irec nbeut tdraa te cera tdn` tdjrry cjffje` spakjas j` tdjs e`a gj`omec. [eca pdyfn, ke`spjkueusfy sukkassiuf, nra waff g`ew`< tda akdj`emarcs (stnrijsd,

san

urkdj`s,

san

kukucbars), tda ceffusgs

(kfncs, s`njfs, squjm), tda krn`jntas (ijsd, raptjfas, bjrms), tda keafa`-

tarntas (dymrns, kernfs, laffyijsd), tda cn`mjbufntas (j`sakts n`m cjffjpama$. Fassar-g`ew` pdyfn j`kfuma tda peoe`epdern`s (seca ei

tda maap san wercs), e`ykdepdern`s (vafvat wercs e` tda [eutd Ncarjkn` ierast ifeer), n`m pa`tnstecas (wdjkd fjva j` tda `nsnf pnssnoawnys

ei cnccnfs).

N`jcnfs-nff wjtd tfve-pnra`t sax n`m iartjfjzam aoos tdnt ierc acbryes-cntura j`te rapremuktjvas sublakt te j`mjvjmunf preornccam mantd (saa ijo. t12

_dnt fs Fjia5

j` tda iessjf rakerm u`tjf tda a`m ei tda Xretarezejk ae`, seca 98e cjffje` yanrs noe. ]da inceus trjfebjtas, anrfy Kncbrjn` cnrj`a n`jcnfs, nra ava` cera raka`t. Kfanr avjma`ka ei nbu`mn`t n`jcnf iessjfs wjtd dnrm pnrts mntas te iawar tdn` 9ee cjffje` yanrs noe. Ns cest n`jcnfs me temny, nff j`dnbjtam sanwntar. E`fy n vary iaw n`kasters ei cemar` n`jcnfs-seca krn`jntas, wercs, j`sakts, spjmars, n`m ceffusgs-avar sukkaamam j` fanvj`o tda ekan` badj`m te survjva e` fn`m (saa pfnta r1). Fn`m n`jcnfs-wjtd tdajr j`trjknta bemjas, mavjeus cj`ms, n`m secatjcas afnbernta sekjatjas-saac te dnva avefvam iurtdast irec tda anrfjast kaff. But ke`sjmar< n` n`jcnf js tda vary krantura taftj`o tdjs stery ei avefutje`. Cjodt rdnt taffar ba lust n tnm bjt bjnsam j` inver ei jts ew` gj`omec5 Xardnps, ke`sjmarj`o tda seurka, tda `etje` ei preorass irec "few" bnktarjuc te "djod" ducn` js n mafusje` ei orn`maur. Ns pnfae`tefeojst [tapda` Lny Oeufm e`ka racnrgam, n` j`taffjoa`t ektepus weufm prebnbfy raonrm ajodt nrcs ns cera pariakt tdn` twe. ]da avefutje` ei tda ijrst n`jcnfs js n inskj`ntj`o quastje`. But wdnt js n` n`jcnf5 Dew cjodt wa dnva rakeo`jzam tda ijrst cacbar ei tda `aw n`jcnf gj`omec j` jts ew` mny5 Kartnj`fy n` n`jcnf js `et lust n` eron`jsc tdnt cevas but meas `et pdetesy`tdasjza, baknusa cest bnktarjn n`m cn`y pretektjsts weufm tda`, by maij`jtje`, ba n`jcnfs. _dnt cngas n`y n`jcnf mjstj`ktjvafy n`m u`jquafy n` n`jcnf5 _dnt dns n parse` j` kecce` wjtd n werc, n stnrijsd, n`m n cjffje` gj`ms ei baatfa5 N`jcnfs, wdatdar j` tda urbn` mnrg ei n bnrreec er by n cee`fjt aqunterjnf raai, nff sdnra tda snca fjia kykfa. Iusje` ei tda rwe mjiiara`t-sjzam kaffs, aoo n`m sparc, baoj`s tda prekass ei n`jcnfjry. ]da sparc n`m aoo caroa j`te n sj`ofa iartjfjzam aoo rdnr mjvjmas by `rjtesjs te ierc tda bfnstufn. Ns kaff mjvjsje` ke`tj`uas, tda iartjfa aoo bakecas tda acbrye-eita` n deffew bnff ei kaffs (saa pfnta >9). Lust ns tda acbrye mjstj`oujsdas tda n`jcnf n`m pfn`t gj`omecs irec tda etdar tdraa gj`omecs, se tda bfnstufn acbrye mjstj`oujsdas tda n`jcnf irec tda pfn`t. N pfn`t acbrye js n sefjm cnss

 

]da Ncnzj`o N`jcnfs

>1;

wjtdj` tda cntar`nf tjssua. N bfnstufn js usunffy deffew7 cest n`jcnf aoos mavafep j`te acbryes j` tda wntar, iraa ei cntar`nf tjssua. N`jcnf acbryes nssura tda n`jcnf gj`m ei j`mjvjmunfjry. Ava` saxunf pretektjsts me `et raqujra sax te rapremuka7 ceraevar, tday `avar

cnga tda saxunf premukt wa knff n` acbrye. Acbrye`jk mavafepca`t js `et pnrt ei pretektjst j`mjvjmunfjry. Feesa kefe`jas ei pretektjsts ta`m `et te dnva ijxam bemy sjzas n`m sdnpas7 rntdar, pjakas

ei pretektjsts brang eii n`m ierc `aw ncerpdeus wdefas. Kecpesam ei tjssuas wjtd mjstj`kt ke``aktje`s batwaa` tda kaffsmascesecas, onp lu`ktje`s, saptnta lu`ktje`s, n`m tda fjga-tda bemjas ei n`jcnfs nra j`mjvjmunfjzam. [ukd kaff-te-kaff ke``aktje`s,

u`g`ew` j` n`y etdar gj`omec, cust ba premukam by acbrye mavafepca`t. J` n pramjktnbfa saqua`ka, kaffs ei tda acbrye`jk n`jcnf mjvjma by cjtesjs, tday reff evar e`a n`etdar n`m sat up nffjn`kas sukd tdnt cn`y, secatjcas cest, ei tda n`jcnf's bemy kaffs cust mja j` n prapreornccam insdje`. Ji tda yeu`o acbrye kaffs me `et mja e` kua er me `et astnbfjsd maij`jta ke``aktje`s te sa`m spakjijk sjo`nfs tdreuod tdajr lu`ktje`s, `e n`jcnf bemy mavafeps. N`jcnf

acbryes nra krukjnf. f` n`jcnfs tda cuskfas, `arvas, n`m kjrkufntj`o ifujms sukd ns bfeem nff marjva by cjtetjk kaff mjvjsje` n`m mjiiara`tjntje` irec tda bfnstufn. Meecam te certnfjry, tda bfeem, cuskfa, n`m `arva kaffs step

mjvjmj`o7 tdajr preornccam mantd ke`trjbutas te tda ke`struktje` tdaeratjknffy y jcr`ertnf aoo ei tda bemy n`m tda ke`tj`uj`o ei tda tdaeratjknff n`m sparc. _jtdeut tda bfnstufn acbrye iercam irec tda iartjfa u`je` ei sparc n`m aoo, n`jcnfs weufm `et axjst. ]da bfnstufn acbrye js tda n`jcnf u`jvarsnf j` nff tdjrty-ajodt er se pdyfn. J` tda usunf keursa ei n`jcnf mavafepca`t tda kaffs ei tda bfnstufn ke`tj`ua te mjvjma, ceva, n`m mja. ]day ierc tda `axt stnoa, tda onstrufn, wdjkd cngas n `aw ceutd nt tda ire`t a`m ei n mjoastjva tuba. ]da ceutd js sukkaamam by n swaffj`o, n stecnkd, n`m n` n`us j` tdjs u`iefmj`o prekass, knffam, feojknffy a`euod, "onstrufntje`." ]da vnst cnlerjry ei bfnstufns j` tda tdjrty cjffje` n`jcnf spakjas "onstrufnta" n`m a`m up wjtd n mjstj`ktjva "tuba-wjtdj`-n tuba" mj-

 

>1=

_dnt fs Fjia5

te dataretrepdjk `utrjtje`. Iercam by kaff-te-kaff keccu`jkntje` vjn onp er saptnta lu`ktje`s wjtd `arva kaff sy`npsas, tda tuba er out astnbfjsdas tda j`oastjva `utrjtje` se `anrfy u`jvarsnf j` tda gj`omec. But n iaw gj`ms ei axkaptje`nf n`oastjva systac, keccjttam

jcnfs fnkg j`tastj`as n`m ava` tdasa cust pnss tdreuod

n

bfnstufn stnoa.

]djs gj`m ei acbrye js tda dnffcnrg ei n`y n`jcnf. @ajtdar iu`oj `er pretektjsr, nftdeuod cesr nra dataretrepds, iercs n`y acbrye nt nff. Xrebnbfy kerrafntam wjtd tda nbsa`ka ei tda acbrye js tda nbsa`ka ei n`jcnf-sryfa mjstj`ktjva j`mjvjmunfjry. Xfn`t j`mjvjmundry js inr fass ijxam tdn` tdnt ei n`jcnfs. Nftdeuod nff cacbars ei tda pfn`t gj`omec me ierc acbryes, pfn`t acbryes nra vary mjJf-ara`t irec n`y bfnstufn. Ankd pfn`t kaff js wnffam irec jts `ajodber, prakfumj`o tda cevaca`ts n`m ranfjo`ca`ts tdnt nff bfnstufns u`martnga ns tday bakeca j`mjvjmunf n`jcnf fnrvna er nmufts.

N` acbrye`jk pfn`t kaff kn``et ierc onp er saprnta lu`ktje`s, `arva sy`npsas, er n`y etdar ei tda n`jcnf kaff-te-kaff ke``aktje`s. [tn-

tje`nry j` jts pfnka, tda pfn`t kaff e`fy orews, mjvjmj`o by cjtesjs, er mjas. Jt js tda intaiuf bfnstufn rdnt prasnoas nff rda `un`kas ei n`jcnf badnvjer n`m mjstj`oujsdas eur gj`omec irec nff tda rast ei

fjia.

ORAN]-ORN@MXNRA@]

]RJ KDE

X

FNT

]e tda bnktarjnf ranfc oeas tda nwnrm ier catnbefjk j``evntje`. Ns

ei tda bjespdara, pregnryetas nra tda cest j`va`tjva iercs ei fjia, n`m tdajr maska`mn`ts j`kfuma tda `ew-assa`tjnf eron`affas wjtdj` eur ew` kaffs. ]da pretektjsts, tee, manft erjoj`nffy wjtd tda prebfac ei a`vjre`ca`tnf tdrant< j` nutepejatjknffy kdn`oj`o te stny tda snca, tday avefvam `aw cemas ei preornccam mantd, kaff iusje`, sax. Cn`y fj`anoas j`va`tam catncerpdesjs< tdajr wntary bemjas mavafepam-ravarsjbfy-j`te mreuodt-rasjstn`t strukruras. But wjtd tda erjoj` ei n`jcnfs `ntura saacs te dnva rankdam `aw gaapars

favafs ei pfnyiuf`ass, nwnra`ass, kecpfaxjry ei ierc, raspe`sjva`ass,

n`m makaptje`.

 

]da Ncnzj`o N`jcnfs

>11

N buttarify's wj`o banrj`o n` jcjtntje` rnj`mrep wjtd n fj`a mjspfnkam lust ns ji jt dnm baa` rairnktam tdreuod ranf wntar7 n kdaatnd pejsam te peu`ka7 n` nkrebnt luoofj`o upe` n djod wjra< n`jcnfs n`nza. ]emny's cj`jcnf n`jcnf js ]jjkdepfnx-n danmfass, tnjffass krantura mjskevaram krnwfj`o e` jts baffy nfe`o tda sjma ei n cnrj`a nqunrjuc j` Xdjfnmafpdjn j` >:91. _ara jt `et ier jts sax fjia n`m jts acbrye,

weufm ba n pretektjst. _nitam nfe`o by jts u`mufjpemjn, ]jjkdepfnx suparijkjnffy rasacbfas n sfjca cefm sfuo er n ojn`t ncabnBut jt js n cuftjkaffufnr baj`o tdreuodeut jts fjia n`m js n trua n`jcnf. Jt dns cera u`mufjpemjn e` jts baffy tdn` jts bnkg. Dnvj`o `ajtdar danm `er dj`m a`m, rjodt `er fait sjma, `e ayas, `e stecnkd, tdjs cj`uskufa sfew krnwfar ojvas nwny tda sakrat ei jts n`jcnfjty e`fy nt rapremuktje`. Nitar iusje` wjtd sparc, n spdarjknf ]jjkdepfnx aoo ba]rjkdepfnx

wjtd cera kaff mjvjsje`, ifntta`s n`m, ncabn-fjga, sfj`gs nwny. Nftdeuod yeu prebnbfy weufm`'t wn`t te dn`o n pertrnjt ei jt j` tda mrnwj`o reec, ]jjkdepfnx fjgafy banrs n stre`o rasacbfn`ka te eur anrfjast n`jcnf n`kasters. N spe`oa js n` n`jcnf kecpesam ei e`fy n iaw rypas ei iu`kkecas n bfnstufn acbrye tdnt,

tje`nffy n`m cerpdefeojknffy mjiiara`t kaffs. Ier axncpfa, tdesa e` tda eutsjma cny orew ofnssy rems ier suppert n`m pretaktje`7 tdesa e` tda j`sjma usa tdajr u`mufjpemjn te cnj`tnj` n ifew ei wntar irec wdjkd ieem kn` ba axtrnktam. Ji yaffew n`m ern`oa (Dnfjkje`n) spe`oas nra squaazam tdreuod kdaasakfetd se tdnt ankd js brega`

j`te bjts n`m cjxam wjtd tda etdar, tda kaffs cn`noa te ij`m tdajr ew` gj`m j` tda nquaeus a`vjre`ca`t. Nitar n iaw deurs tda kaffs raeron`jza j`te iuffy iercam n`m mjstj`kt yaffew n`m ern`oa spe`oas. [e tee, n irasdwntar pefyp, n laffyijsd rafntjva dnvj`o nbeut n du`-

mram tdeusn`m kaffs ei n meza` kaff rypas, kn` ba mjsnssekjntam j`te sj`ofa kaffs. J` parcjssjva sefutje`s tday baoj` te ranrrn`oa tdacsafvas. Q`fjga spe`oas, tday kn``et kecpfata tda prekass. Ce`streus

orewtds, j` wdjkd danm, out, n`m ieet (bnsnf stnfg) ranfjo` u`sukkassiuffy, nra tda rasuft. J` tdjs knsa, tda j`taorntj`o cakdn`jscs nssurj`o nutepejatjk safi-cnj`ta`n`ka injf.

 

>19

_dnt fs Fjia5

J` cest kefe`jnf oraa` nfona n`m kjfjntas (nff ei wdjkd nra pretektjsts) n`y sj`ofa kaff cny sapnrnta n`m rapremuka e` jts ew`. J` etdars, e`fy kartnj` kaffs rapremuka. ]da tdaca ei n`jcnf avefutje`, tda mavafepca`t ei mjskrata j`mjvjmunfs, j`vefvas kurtnjfj`o rapremuktje` j` inver ei spakjnfjzntje`. Xretektjst n`nrkdjas, j` wdjkd n`y kaff keufm rapremuka, wara rapfnkam murj`o tda acaroa`ka ei n`jcnfs by kaff efjonrkdjas, j` wdjkd e`fy n iaw (secatjcas n vary iaw) dnm tda prjvjfaoa ei fjvj`o e` j`te tda `axt oa`arntje` by wny

ei preoa`y.

]da trn`sjtje` irec kaff, te kaff sekjary te n`jcnf eron`jsc js n` efm stery j` avefutje`< j`mjvjmunfs oreup j`te sekjatjas, wdjkd tdacsafvas bakeca j`mjvjmunfs. Q`mar j`ta`sa safaktje` prassuras,

swjcr`j`o pretjsts baknca kefe`jnf pretektjsts. ]da`, j` tda fntar Xretarezejk ae`, ]jjkdepfnx-ffga n`jcnf bemjas nppanram. ]da spakjndzntje` ei cnssjva `ucbars ei kaffs j`te j`taorntam j`mjvjmunfs js nt tda bnsa ei n`jcnf fjia-n`m ei tdesa fntar oreups, iu`oj n`m pfn`ts.

[AT

N@M MAN]D

E`fy nkkjma`tnf, axtar`nffy knusam mantd axrstam nt tda erjoj` ei fjia. [e jt wns ier n fe`o tjca tdaranitar. But wjtd pretektjsts knca "preornccam mantd"< mantd j` wdjkd kaffs noa n`m mja ns pnrt ei tda fjia ei tda j`mjvjmunf. J` inr`jfjnr n`jcnfs-j`sakts, cnccnfs, n`m

bjrms-tda mjiiara`ka batwaa` rda pnrt tdnt

mjas n`m tda pnrt

tdnt peta`tjnffy fjvas e` js tda mjirara`ka barwaa` tda bemy n`m tda sax kaffs. J` cnccnfs tda sax kaffs (er "oarc pfnsc," ns bjefeojsts secatjcas sny) nra tda e`fy kaffs wdesa mjrakt preoa`y survjva j`te tda `axt oa`arntje`. J` ke`trnst te tda evn n`m sparc,

>ius

('sqr`s"-

tda n`jcnf bemy-dns n mjskrata fjia spn`. _jtd n djod maoraa ei prakjsje`, n`jcnf kaffs cust rapremukaer kansa rapremukj`o. Ier axncpfa, murj`o tda j`trnutarj`a mavafepca`t ei tda cncr`nf brnj` cera tdn` :8 parka`r ei tda kaffs tdnt mavafep mja baiera tda iatus bakecas n` j`in`t. ]dasa brnj` kaffs step orewj`o n`m mjsj`taornta, nra snkrjijkam j` tda prekass ei orew-

 

]da Ncnzj`o N`jcnfs

>1?

j`o n danftdy j`in`t. ]da assa`tjnf mjiiara`ka barwaa` tda fjvj`o oarc kaffs n`m tda myj`o bemy kaffs ei n`jcnfs js fjgafy vary efm. _a spakufnta tdnt tda n`kasters ei n`jcnfs wara kecpesam ei raf-

mjiiara`tjntam j`te nt fanst rwe mjstj`kt gj`ms. ntjvafy iaw kaffs tdnt mjiiara`tjntam E`a gj`m spakjnfjzam j` usj`o tdajr :(z)+z cjkretubufa eron`affas te ierc u`mufjpemjn ier prepufsje`, ier sa`sj`o pray, ier iestarj`o wntar ifew evar er tdreuod tda n`jcnf, er ier swaapj`o ieem pnrtjkfas j`te n`m nfe`o mjoastjva systacs (saa pfnta J?). But jt js n` emmjty ei pdysjefeoy tdnt e`ka n`jcnf kaffs mamjknta tdajr ka`trjefas te iercj`o u`mufjpemjnf sdnits, tday kn` `e fe`oar usa tdac te kranta tda cetjfjty nppnrntus ier cjtetjk kaff mjvjsje`. ]djs can`s tdnt n`jcnf kaffs steem te onj` by stjkgj`o teoatdar j` spakjnfjzam kefe`jas.

orewj`o tda u`mufjpemjuc, `e fe`oar mjvjmas. N ka`trjefa iercs n gj`at-

Ava` temny n` n`jcnf kaff, wdatdar ei

n

tjssua er n sparc nitar

eseca n`m rafj`qujsdas kaff jccertnfjry7

gj`ateseca kn``et ravart jrravarsjbjfjry ei gj`ateseca iercntje` npXanrs te n ka`trjefa. ]da jrravarsjbjfjry te ba n` j`vjefnbfa rufa wjtdj` tda n`jcnf gj`omec. N`jcnf kaffs n

kn` ajtdar ierc gj`atesecas (orew u`mufjpemjn irec ka`trjefas) er

rapremuka by cjtesjs-but `et betd. N` n`jc.nf kaff wjtd n gj`ateseca js n manm n`jcnf kaff-jts mnys nra `ucbaram, ns jt wjff `et mj-

vjma nonj`.

M@N rapertam by Mnvjm Fukg n`m Led` Dnff te ba j` tda gj`ateseca-ka`trjefa js usam ier cjtesjs er te ierc n` u`Xardnps tda

mufjpemjuc but `et ier betd. Fjga kdegj`o irec j`dnfj`o wntar, n`y nttacpts ei kaffs te sjcuftn`aeusfy rapremuka n`m cnj`tnj` u`mufjpemjn weufm dnva baa` tdwnrtam. N`m yat n`jcnfs saac te dnva

ieu`m n` n`swar te tdjs oa`atjk mjfaccn< by stjkgj`o teoatdar j` kefe`jas-kefe`jas wdara seca kaffs rapremuka wdjfa etdars ierc u`mufjpemjn-tday keufm j` aiiakt dnva tdajr knga n`m ant jt tee. ]da rastrjktje` ei n kaff u`nbfa te mjvjma nitar orewtd ei jts :(z)+z eron`affa wns evarkeca by kefe`y iercntje`. ]da orant cnlerjry ei kaffs ratnj`am tdajr eptje` te mjvjma, wdjfa n iaw snkrjijkam jccertnfjry te ba u`mufjpemjntam. But ava` tda kaffs tdnt me mjvjma j` tda n`jcnf me `et me se j`maij`jtafy. Nitar 9ee cjffje` yanrs tda

 

>14

_dnt fs Fjia5

nmuft n`jcnf js stjff n cntam pretjst's wny ei cngj`o etdar cntj`o pretjsts.

Eur wdefa fjia irec wecb te tecb js j` inkt n` j`tarjc stnoa j` tda fjia kykfa ei tj`y iusam kaffs. N`jcnfs acaroa j`te n`etdar mjca`sje`, vjsjbfa fjia n`m ke`skjeus`ass, e`fy te ratur` vjn sax te tdajr n`kja`t sj`ofa-kaffam, cjkrebjnf stnta. Mantd js tda prjka wa nff pny

ier tdjs n`kja`t djstery ei cuftjkaffufnr kecpeu`mj`o, ier tdjs j`nbjfjty ei du`ory pretjsts te u`me tdajr Xretarezejk a`tn`ofaca`ts. -_dnt "mjas" js tda bemy, tda nmuft ifasd nitar jt dns rafansam j`te tda wntar er bemy ifujm tda pretjst-fjga tnjfam sparc n`m kdubbjar aoo. N`jcnf fjia mjm `et nppanr ma `eve, but irec pretektjst pramakassers. Xretektjsts wjtd afnbernta kykfas ei iartf]tzntje`, cuftjkaffufnr-

jry

n`m cajesjs baknca n`jcnfs.

Fjga preornccam mantd, oa`mar js `et j`trj`sjk te fjia. Oa`mar avefvam. Kaffs ei mjiiara`t cntj`o rypas, fjga pretekrjsr fevars temny, wara j`jtjnffy jma`tjknf te ankd etdar j` nppanrn`ka. ]da sanse`nf

caroj`o n`m rasterntje` ei kdrecesecnf `ucbars j` Ortjfjzntje` sat tda stnoa ier tda erjoj` ei oa`mar. ]da ijrst cntas cat sfnpmnsd j` n wntary a`vjre`ca`t tda`, ns pretektjsts me temny. Raspe`mj`o te sfjodt kdacjknf mjiiara`kas j` ankd etdar, cntas knca teoatdar. [pe`oa, san urkdj`, ijsd, n`m ava` cnccnfjn` sax kaffs, fjga tdajr

pretektjst n`kasters, stjff caat j` wntary pfnkas. N`jcnf kaffs ke`tj`ua tdajr n`kja`t prnktjka ei nquntjk a`keu`tar. ]da sax kaffs ei eystars n`m ava` seca ireos n`m ijsd caat mjraktfy

j` tda wntar, te iusa u`ntta`mam by nmuft bemjas. J` raptjfas, bjrms, n`m cnccnfs, dewavar, saxunf caroars ekker j` vjue. Oa`ttnfs avefvam j`mapa`ma`tfy j` cn`y n`jcnf fj`anoas. ]da pa`js er j`trer`jtta`t eron` ei tda cnfa krantam n mafjvary systac ier sparc. ]da iacnfa oa`jtnf trnkt niiermam tda evn n pretaktam pfnka wdara iusje` keufm ekkur. ]da cn`y scnff sparc ei cnfas kecpnram te tda iaw fnroar aoos ei iacnfas wns tda baoj``j`o ei n` avefutje`nry nsyccatry wdjkd temny axpn`ms j`te tda ranfcs ei pefjtjknf, se-

kjefj`oujstjk, n`m psykdefeojknf mabnta. Avefutje`nry bjefeojsts suooast tdnt anrfy saxunf j`aqunfjty-cnfas cnxjcjza rapremuktje` by

 

]da Ncnzj`o N`jcnfs

>1:

j`sar`j`ntj`o tda fnroast pessjbfa `ucbar ei iacnfas, wdarans nitar

fjr`jt cntj`o bakecas suparifueus te iacnfas ke`strnj`am by mavetje` te tdajr fassar qun`tjry ei aoos-js badj`m mjstj`kt cnfa n kartnj`

n`m iacnfa nttjtumas tewnrm sax.

KNCBRJN@ KDNQYJ@J[C

A`ofjsd oaefeojst Nmnc [amowjkg (r?41-r 4?;) `ncam tda tjca pa-

rjem te wdjkd tda efmast iessjfs bafe`oam Kncbrjn`, nitar "Kncbrjn," tda efm `nca ier _nfas j` seutdwastar` Orant Brjtnj`. ]e djc n`m etdar anrfy pnfae`tefeojsts tda nppanrn`ka upe` Anrtd cnfs saacam cjrnkufeusfy summa`.

Kncbrjn` baknca g`ew`

ns

N>>

ei n`j-

pradjstery prjer te [amowjkg's

tda "Xrakncbrjn`." J-L`tjf tda fnta twa`-

tjatd ka`tury tda erjoj` ei tda Kncbrjn` n`jcnf iessjfs wns ke`sjmaram "tda cest vaxj`o rjmmfa j` pnfae`tefeoy."2 [e qujkg wns tda nppnra`t nppanrn`ka ei n`jcnf fjia j` tda iessjf rakerm-`et e`fy j`

j` @aw{eu`mfn`m, [jbarjn, Kdj`n, n`m tda Orn`m Kn`ye` ei Nrjze`n-tdnt jt js stjff raiarram te ns tda "Kncbrjn` ax-

_nfas but nfse

pfesje`." ]emny, cukd

ei tda n`swar te tda rjmmfa js g`ew`. [eit-bemjam

n`m etdar j`ke`spjkueus pretekfjsts, se-knffam "pretezen" wdesa ies-

ei tj`y j`vartabrnta n`jcnfs, j` inkt prakamam n`jcnfs by nt fanst 1ee cjffje` yanrs. Baknusa, Jjga anrfy n`jcnfs, cest pretektjsts wara scnff n`m mjm `et ierc dnrm pnrts, sjfs wara e`ka mjscjssam ns tdesa

tday racnj`am fnroafy u`mataktam n`m u`prasarvam. Fjia prjer te tda Kncbrjn`, maspjta jts nsteu`mj`o bjekdacjknf n`m catnbefjk j``evntje`s, js stjff eita` mjscjssam ns "Xrakncbrjn`"-wjtd tda ke``e-

tntje` tdnt `etdj`o cukd wertd ca`tje`j`o j` avefutje` dnppa`am barvrzaa` tda erjoj` ei fjia n`m tda nppanrn`ka ei sdaffam n`jcnfs. Bnktarjn n`m pretektjsts sat tda stnoa. ]day, `et n`jcnfs, j`tremukam

M@N rakecbj`ntje`, fekecetje`, rapremuktje` fanmj`o te axpe`a`tjnf orewtd, pdetesy`tdasjs, bejf-preei speras. ]day, `et n`jcnfs, pje`aaram sycbjesjs n`m tda eron`jzntje` ei j`mjvjmunfs irec cuftjkaffufnr keffaktjvas. ]day j`va`tam j`trnkaffufnr cetjfjry (j`kfumj`o

 

't98

_dnt fs Fjia5

cjtesjs), kecpfax mavafepca`tnf kykfas, cajesjs, saxunf iusje`, j`mjvjmunfjry n`m preornccam mantd. ]da pregnryetjk cjkrebas, `et n`jcnfs er pfn`ts, stjff ru` nff tda oaekdacjknf kykfas tdnt cnga tda

pfn`at dnbjtnbfa. ]da pretektjsts,

j` tdajr `aw

stntus ns j`mjvjmunfs

keavefvam bnktarjnf keccu`jtjas, j`va`tam rasjstn`t kysts, irec sgafate`s n`m sdaffs, oa`mar badnvjers, kaff-te-kaff keccu`jkntje`, fatdnf texj`s, n`m cn`y etdar prekassas fntar ke-eptam by n`jcnfs. N`jcnfs wara prakamam by bnktarjn n`m pretektjsts, `et by kdacjknfs. ]da n`jcnf axpfesje` dnm n fe`o cjkrebjnf iusa. Xnttar`am iessjfs ei tj`y sdaffy pfntas, g`ew` keffaktjvafy ns skfarjtas, cnrg tda baoj``j`o ei tda Kncbrjn` nbeut l=r cjffje` yanrs noe. ]da fewarcest tjca-rekg mjvjsje` er parjem ei tda Xdn`arezejk ae` js tda Kncbrjn`. Mjstj`ktjva n`jcnf iessjfs nbeu`m j` Xdn`arezejk rekgs evarfnyj`o bnrra` Xretarezejk strntn. [amjca`tnry rekgs irec nff evar tda werfm mapesjtam 1 re cjffje` yanrs noe (stjff j` tda Kncbrjn`) ke`tnj` n strjgj`o nrrny ei sgafatnfjzam cnrj`a n`-

jcnfs. Nt nbeut tdjs tjca, brnkdjepems (fncpsdaffs) n`m n``afjm wercs nppanram. [e mjm trjfebjtas n`m etdar lej`t-ieetam n`jcnfs (ei wdjkd j`sakts n`m febstars nra cemar` axncpfas). [eca pnfae`tefeojsts stjff we`mar dew tdasa vnrjeus pdyfn keufm dnva kreppam up "nff kfuas

ei tda summa`." @etj`o jre` rust n`m etdar tdnt exyoa` dnm a`taram tda ntcespdara 2,eee cjffje` yanrs

noe, seca skja`tjsts suooast tdnt n tdrasdefm favaf ei ntcespdarjk exy-

oa` (Ez) jtsafi j`mukam n`jcnf avefutje`. But n`y ska`nrje te nkkeu`t ier tda "summa`" nppanrn`ka ei n`jcnfs js nfcest surafy n `rjsranmj`o ei tda avjma`ka. N`jcnfs, nftdeuod tday avefvam fnta j` tda

djstery ei fjia, mjm `et avefva sr"rmma`fy. "[aacj`ofy," wrjtas pnfae`tefeojst Dnrry B. _djttj`ote`, "tdara wns n fe`o parjem ei catnzen` Wn`jcnfS avefutje` baiera tda Kncbrjn`, but jt js e`fy j` tda anrjjast Kncbrjn` rekgs tdnt cj`uta sdaffs ei catnzen`s nppanr. . .

.

]da Buroass [dnfa sdews tdnt jt wns `et e`fy catnzen`s wjtd dnrm pnrts tdnt wara mjvarsjijjj`o j` tda Kncbrjn`, but nfse seit-bemjam catnzen`s, j`kfumj`o keafa`tarntas, wercs, nrtdrepems, kdermntas, n`m vnrjeus strn`oa n`jcnfs.";

 

]da Ncnzj`o N`jcnfs

't 9>

]da Buroass sdnfa js n keffaktje` ei Kncbrjn` iessjfs axpesam e` n djod ceu`tnj` j` Zede @ntje`nf Xnrg j` Brjtjsd Kefucbjn, Kn`nmn. Mjskevaram by Kdnrfas _nfkett j` r:e:, tda axqujsjta n`m `ucareus Buroass sdnfa iessjfs dnva ojva` pnfae`tefeojsts fjiatjcas ei werg. Baknusa ava` seit-bemjam n`jcnfs wara prasarvam j` jt, tdjs sdnfa js n transura. [dnffew cnrj`a mwaffars wara prasarvam j` tda u`marwntar cumsfjmas tdnt cnma tda Buroass sdnfa. ]dasa wara

n

fnroa

vnrjaty ei eron`jscs, seca sjcjfnr te cemar` iercs, etdars wjtd `e g`ew` maska`mn`ts. Nce`o tda banutjiuf, ji ce`streus, n`jcnfs nra Epnbj`jn, n ijva-ayam san-bettec krnwfar wjtd kurvam tnjf ij`s n`m n ornspj`o, lej`tam eron` tdnt suooasts jt wns n iercjmnbfa pramnter, tdeuod e`fy ieur j`kdas fe`o. Dnffukj`eoa`jn, j` nkkermn`ka wjtd jts `nca, dns puzzfam pnfae`tefeojsts, baknusa u`tjf raka`tfy `e e`a wns sura wdjkd sjma wns up (spjgas ns nrcer) n`m wdjkd sjma wns tdnt tda mew` (spjgas ns faos). Ei tda cn`y Kncbrjn` nrtdrepems Buroass sdnfa dns prasarvam, e`fy e`a sert onva rjsa te n fj`anoa tdnt cukd fntar avefvam j`te tda vnst nrrny ei fn`m kranturas wjtd sjx faos g`ew` temny ns j`sakts. Dnm avefutje` tnga` n`etdar keursa, n`etdar Kncbrjn` nrtdrepem-er n` a`tjrafy mjiiara`t n`jcnf, ier tdnt

cnttar-cjodt

dnva oe`a e` te pepufnta tda ke`tj`a`ts.

Nce`o tda cest teukdj`o ei tda Buroass spakjca`s ts Xjgnjn, tda ijrst g`ew` cacbar ei eur ew` kdermnta oreup-tda e`a te wdjkd du`rn`s n`m nff etdar n`jcnfs wjtd bnkgbe`as bafe`o. Xjgnjn, n saoca`tam wercfjga swjccj`o krantura, js j`ke`spjkueus kecpnram

te cera spaktnkufnr Buroass iercs. But jt dnm n sefjm knrtjfnoj`eus rem-tda `etekderm-ru``j`o mew` jts bnkg. ]djs u`jvarsnf struktura ei kdermntas ji `et prasa`t j` tda nmuft js ifaatj`ofy nppnra`t j` fnrvna er etdar jccntura fjia kykfa stnoas. Q`tjf tda mjskevary ei Xjgnjnr`tda Buroass sdnfa, `e kdermntas wara g`ew` irec n`y rekg efmar tdn` nbeut =1e cjffje` yanrs, mapesjtam murj`o tda Ermevjkjn`, tda oaefeojknf parjem nitar tda Kncbrjn`. ]da Buroass kdermnta js n stu``j`o mjskevary, baknusa jt sdews tdnt tda pramakassers ei mnrtj`o Xjgnjn-wdjkd cny dnva baa` tda

uftjcnta n`kaster ei nff ijsd, ncpdjbjn`s, raptjfas, bjrms, cnccnfs,

 

_dnt fs Fjia5

>92

us-wara nfjva n`m `nvjontj`o tda cummy wnrars 1re cjffje` yanrs noe. ]da sukkass ei Xjgnjn cny ba mjraktfy raspe`sjbfa ier tda n`m

fntar acaroa`ka ei sukd

wjma mjvarsjty ei iercs, irec cuowucp te turtfa, ceesa, rnbbjt, n`m ojrniia. ]da prasa`ka ei strancfj`am Xjgnjn, wjtd jts pej`ry secawdnt kebrnfjga ifntta`am danm n`m bjiurkntj`o s`njf-sdnpam tnjf, sdews tdnt eur n`kasters swnc j` tda prjcavnf ekan`s. n

Baiera tda nrcer-danmam trjfebjtas krnwfam tda pfn`at, baiera mrevas ei kfncfjga fncpsdaffs axpjram j` Kncbrjn` cums, baiera auryptarjm "san skerpje`s" fait tdajr dnrm axesgafate`s j` tda iessjf rakerm, seit-bemjam n`jcnfs prefjiarntam. Ava` fass ebvjeus n`m inr efmar tdn` tda Buroass sdnfa n`jcnfs nra tda "Amjnknrn`" baj`os prasarvam

j`

sn`mste`as ?ee

cjffje` yanrs efm-baiera tda Kncbrjn`

parjem, baiera tda Xdn`arezejk ae`. Cest nra prebnbfy `et n`jcnfs nt nff but bjznrra, axtj`kt pretektjsts. J` tda r:1es Ofnass`ar Cnrtj` iessjfs niei tda fL`jvarsjry ei Nmafnjma `ncam tdasa axtrnermj`nry tar n rekg iercntje` j` tda Amjnknrn Djffs ei Nustrnfjn. [jcjfnr seitbemjam baj`os dnva baa` ieu`m j`A`ofn`m, @ncjbjn, Oraa`fn`m, tda kenst ei tda _djta [an j` Russjn, n`m seca rwa`ty etdar feknfjtjas. ]da Amjnknrn` eron`jscs saac te dnva baa` ifentj`o oafntj`eus baj`os a`leyj`o sdnffew wntar nt sn`my bankdas. [eca wara ifnt, etd-

ars "qujftam," etdars j`trjkntafy taxturam eron`jscs. ]day rn`oam, sdnpawjsa, irec fanifjga Xtarjmj`juc te rdraa-nrcam ]rjbrnkdjmjuc. But tdasa Amjnknrn` baj`os saac te dnva iercam `e dnrm pnrts, aoos,

sparc, er bfnstufn acbryes. ]day cny dnva baa` fnroa pretektjsts, n`jcnfs, er betd. [eca ei tda fnroar Amjnknrn` baj`os prebnbfy pde-

j` sdnffew kenstnf sans. Etdars iam e` bnktarjnf pnsturas. But tdajr fnkg ei nrcer j`mjkntas tdnt fnroa pramntery eron`jscs dnm `et yat avefvam-jt wns trufy n "Onrma` ei Amjnknrn."n tesy`tdasjzam

Amjnknrn`s cny dnva baa` n`kasters te tda Buroass Kncbrjn` n`-

jcnfs er, cera fjgafy, baknusa tday nra uttarfy u`jqua, tday cny dnva

baa` e`a

ei avefutje`'s

cn`y "infsa stnrts." ]da anrfjast cnrj`a n`jcnfs-wdntavar tdasa wara-cny dnva iam e` pretektjsts, j`kfumj`o nfona. ]da scnff sjza n`m rafnrjva cebjfjry ei tdasa nfona

 

]da Ncnzj`o N`jcnfs

>9;

wjtdeut cukd kecpatjtje`. E`fy nitar n`jcnfs baon` tryj`o te ant e`a n`etdar-n`m avefvj`o fnroar sjza n`m dnrm bemjas ns maia`sas-mjm tday bakeca ebvjeus j` tda iessjf rakerm. Cntj`o, acbrye-iercj`o n`jcnfs cust dnva axpfejtam raseurkas ier cjffje`s ei yanrs baiera tday avefvam dnrm, ansjfy prasarvam pnrts. Kncbrjn` iessjfs nra e`fy tda tjp ei tda jkabaro ei n`jcnf avefutje`. ]day wara dnrmfy "tda ijrst n`jcnfs." N tdarcemy`ncjk trutd js tdnt ns dant mjssjpntas fjia eron`jzas n`m jts surreu`mj`os maornma. ]dara js `e fjia wjtdeut wnsta, axumnta, peffutje`. J` tda premjonfjry ei jts spranmj`o, fjia j`avjtnbfy tdranta`s jtsafi wjtd peta`tjnffy intnf cassas tdnt precpt iurtdar avefutje`. But secatjcas wnsta kn` ba insdje`am j`te secatdj`o usaiuf. _jtdj` pretektjst er n`jcnf kaffs tda ke`ka`trntje` ei knfkjuc antars prebnbfy ounrn`taam n `utrjtje`nf `jkda

je`s-Kn++ kdnroam pnrtjkfas-js seca ta` tdeusn`m tjcas fass tdn` tdnt ei sanwntar. Knfkjuc pdespdnta bakecas n intnf prakjpjtnta ns "rekgs" ierc j`sjma kaffs wda` tee cukd knfkjuc a`tars. N`m by bj`mj`o wjtd pdespderus (ns pdespdnta), arrn`t ntecs ei knfkjuc maprjva tda kaff ei n` assa`tjnf j`oramja`t ier cngj`o M@N, R@N, n`m cacbrn`as. By ke`trnst, j` ke`treffam, scnff qun`tjtjas knfkjuc je`s kn` ba n` j`trnkaffufnr raseurka. Xejse` mapa`ms e` mesa. J` scnff mesas knfkjuc je`s sjo`nf7 j`maam, tday nra pnrt ei tda afaktrekdacjstry ei tdeuodt. But tda knfkjuc axkass cust nfwnys ba sdu`tam eutsjma ei tda kaff. Ji tda prekass ei axtrumj`o knfkjuc baye`m kaff ire`tjars fnpsas, tda` kdacjstry tngas evar. Ns paepfa wjtd waff, knfkjuc pdespdnta, wdara jt ste`as gjm`ay tee_djfa n`jcnfs racnj`am seit tday ratreubfa. knusas e`fy meas`'t bafe`o,g`ew fansam knfkjuc j`te sanwntar. @anr tda baoj``j`o ei tda Kncbrjn` parjem j` tda Xdn`arezejk ae`, dewavar, seca baon` te ke`tref tdajr knfkjuc axtrusje`. Avefvj`o, anrfy n`jcnfs ke`vartam peta`tjnffy tdranta`j`o bfekgnoas j`te fjvj`o nrkdjtaktura. Eur be`as n`m sguffs, fjga tdesa ei tda ijsd-danmam ncpdjbjn`s tdnt prakamam us, nra stjff cnma ei knfkjuc pdespdnta snfts (KnzXE+). [eca n`jcnfs, sukd ns kernfs, insdje`am knfkjuc, pdespdntas, n`m knrbe`ntas (KnKE9=

_dnt fs Fjia5

Etdar eron`jscs mapesjtam knfkjuc j`sjma ns taatd. Rapfnkj`o eron`jk knrtjfnoa, dnrm knfkjuc pdespdnta j`ijftrntam tda pretaj`s te

prevjma tda strukturnf irncawerg (sdaffs n`m be`as) nttnkdam te cuskfas. Ns nrcer acaroam j` seca Kn`tbrjn` kranturas, taatd n`m peg-

j`o nppa`mnoas avefvam j` etdars te pa`atrnta tdnt nrcer. Ducn` j`mustry dns `e ce`epefy e` dnznrmeus wnsta. Anrfjar fjO iercs taff us by tdajr axncpfas tdnt fe`o-tarc survjvnf j`vefvas `et se cukd dnftj`o peffutje` ns trn`siercj`o peffutn`ts. ]ar`rjtas bujfm `asts irec iakas n`m snfjvn. Xeffutje` j` tda ierc ei knfkjuc axkraca`t, pntkdam n`m rawergam by tda busy cuskfas ei n`jcnfs, iercam tda bnsjs ier tda ijrst sdaffs.

AYEFQ]JE@NRZ ATQBARN@KA

Bakecj`o `ucareus, usj`o tdajr pewars ei cevaca`t te kefe`jza `aw tarrjterjas, n`jcnfs avefvam, tdus krantj`o n`m j`dnbjtj`o `aw akefeojknf `jkdas. ]da Russjn`-Ncarjkn` `evafjst n`m raspaktam a`te`refeojst Yfnmj`rjr @nbegev (r 4::-r :??) e`ka suooastam tdnt pnt-

tar`s ei kartnj` buttarifjas feeg cera fjga tda wdjcsjknf teukdas ei n` nrtjst oem tdn` trnjts tdnt dnm carafy bfj`mfy avefvam. Zat wjtd n iuffar, fass cakdn`jknf vjaw ei avefutje` sukd n`jcnf trnjts kn` ba axpfnj`am.

Avefutje` js `e cakdn`jknf fnw but n ker`pfax ei prekassas, sa`sjtjva n`m sy`rbjeoa`atjk, j` pnrt rasuftj`o irec tda kdejkas n`m nktje`s ei avefvj`o eron`jk baj`os tdacsafvas. @nturnf safaktje` js eita` snjm te "inyer" tdjs er tdnt trnjt. But tda `ntura tdnt safakts js fnroafy nfjva. @nrura js `e bfnkg bex but n gj`m ei sa`tja`t sycpde`y.

Ei nff tda eron`js`as ke`kajvam, spnw`am, dntkdam, n`m ber`, vary iaw survjva. tstas j` ieem n`m cntas fanm kartnj` baj`os re oa`arnta cera eiisprj`o tdn` tdajr iaffews premuka. J` seca knsas iacnfas

dafp masjo`nta tda oa`atjk cngaup ei pepufntje`s by kdeesj`o tda danftdjast, cest esta`tntjeus, er stre`oast cnfas. But ke`skjeus j`-

tarva`tje` j` avefutje` by tdesa se avefvj`o kn` ba ei n cera subtfa vnrjary. N buttarify's wj`o wjtd n` jcjtntje` rnj`mrep sdewj`o

 

]da Ncnzj`o

N`jcnfs

>91

fj`a mjspfnkam ns ji jt dnm baa` rairnktam tdreuod wntar meas `et raqujra n ke`skjeus nutder, n`m yat jt keufm nrjsa irec ke`skjeus`ass. Baoujfj`o1 nrtjijkas cjodt nrjsa irec cjsparkaptje` by j`taffjoa`t nkters, ier axncpfa, bjrms ke`sjsta`tfy cjstngj`o n` j`sakt's wj`o pnttar` ier n fani. @ntura js cnma pnrtfy j` tda jcnoa ei cj`m. @nbegev wns rjodt te sny tdnt tda orantast a`kdn`tca`ts j` betd nrt n`m `ntura j`vefva makaptje`. ]da afaca`t ei surprjsa js tda ravafntje` tdnt n ojva` pda`eca`e` ei tda a`vjre`ca`t wns, u`cjsj`tarpratam. N`jcnfs wde axparja`ka surprjsa tjf tdjs ceca`t, cjsj`tarpratam. ns n pfansura nra fjgafy te rakeo`jza knr`euifnoa n`m fanva cera effsprj`o tdn` nra tdajr fass parspjknkjeus bratdra`. [afaktje` ns `ntura, ijffam wjtd fjva, sa`sjtjva baj`os, js by `e can`s bfj`m (saa n

pfntas r4n n`m J4b). Makaptje` js vary jcpertn`t j` n`jcnf sekjatjas-se cukd se tdnt seca sekjefeojsts spakufnta tdnt ducn` takd`efeojknf j`taffjoa`ka

ei "Cnkdjnvaffjn`" sekjnf j`taffjoa`katda knpnkjty te prekura ieem, cntas, kdjfm knra, n`m se e` by eutwjttj`o etdars j` tda trjba.]da eurwjttj`o, eutru``j`o, er eutijodtj`o `aam `et ba a`tjrafy ke`skjeus. Ianriuf npas n`m ce`gays u`maroe n pdysjefeojknf ranktje` tdnt stn`ms tdajr dnjrs e` A`m. ]da aiiakt te n peta`tjnf kecbntn`t js n` j`kransa j` sjza ei tda eppe`a`t, keccn`mj`o ji `et ianr tda` raspakt.B-12, pu`g, n`m etdar "bjo dnjr" dnjrsryfas cny sjcjfnrfy niiakt e`feegars. [j`ka ns `ngam prjcntas wa ducn`s ravanf cera sgj` tdn` dnjr, js rntdar cansfy< n prjkgfy iaafj`o, n dnjr-rnjsj`o raspe`sa eur ew` det ifusd nkress tda `npa ei tda `akg, n tj`ofj`o nfe`o tda spj`a. Oeesaifasd saacs te ba tda avefutje`nry vastjoa ei ieffjkfas tdnt stjff js n` avefutje`nry eiisdeet

oe tdreuod tda cetje`s. Oeesaifasd `avartdafass axacpfjijas tda avefutje`nry fj`g batwaa` bemy n`m cj`m. N oeesabucp-camjntam j`kransa j` n cnccnf's nppnra`t sjza weufm ba usafass j` n sa`safass werfm. But wa fjva j` n sa`sueus e`a, wdara matnjfs matarcj`a ieem n`m cnta kdejkas tdnt j` seca knsas spaff tda mjiiara`ka barwaa` fjia n`m mantd, batwaa` prekrantje` n`m bnrra``ass.

E`a ei tda subfjca cystarjas ei fjia-suppesamfy knffj`o avefu-

tje` j`te quastje` by jts vary prasa`ka-js tda aya. Mnrwj` wreta

 

'>99 |

wi,ut ts Fjia5

ei tda aya's "jffjcjtnbfa parOktje`." ]da pardnps saacs pariakt baknusa

aya, ke``aktam te tda brnj`,

jt js tda avefutje`jst's prj`kjpnf teef.

But dew r`jodt tda aya, tdjs subtfa seurka ei parspaktjvnf n`m raifaxjva cystary, dnva avefvam5

]da prebfac nt ijrst sjodt saacs jcpessjbfy mjiijkuft. But `et ji wa racacbar tda cjkrebas. Yjsje` wns n`tjkjpntam j` fjodt-sa`sjtjva bnktarjn. Rdemepsj`, "vjsunf purpfa" ei tda cnccnfjn` ratj`n, js n keferam pretaj` kecpfax prasa`t j` nbu`mn`ka j` tda pj`g, snftfevj`o nrkdnabnktarjur` Dnfebnktar, wdara jt js aqunffy sa`sjtjva te fjodt. ]da keferam pjoca`t pertje` ei rdemepsj` js ratj`nf, n kdacjknf sjcjfnr te knreta`a ei knrrets n`m iercam by tda exjmntje` ei vjtncj` N. Ratj`nf, tda nbserbar ei fjodt j` tda ratj`n ei tda cnccnfjn` aya, dns n ;,1ee-cjffje`-yanr djstery. Qsj`o n pfnstjm j`darjtam irec n kyn`ebnkrarjnf n`kaster, tda mj`ecnstjoeta Arytdremj`ju` iu`ktje`s ns n gj`m ei sj`ofa-kaff aya. _jtd jts "jcjtntje` fa`s" n`m "jcjtntje` ratj`n," tdjs pretjst avefvam n fjodt-sa`sjtjva iekusj`o mavjka tdnt j`vefvas cest ei jts tj`y bemy. J`sakts, ifntwercs, san sfuos, n`m ireos dnva ayas tdnt nra vary mjiiara`t irec e`a n`etdar, but nff dnva knreta`a-marjvam fjodt-sa`sjtjva cacbrn`as, fa`sas, n`m cevnbfa pnrts tdnt mjrakt fjodt sjo`nfs te fekecetery eron`affas (sukd ns u`mufjpemjn) er tjssuas (sukd ns `ruskfas). [eca avefutje`jsts suspakt ayas avefvam j` cera tdn` ierty mjstj`kt fj`anoas ei n`jcnfs. J` nff, fjodt sa`sj`o js ke``akram te cevaca`t j` seca wny se tdnt, e`ka sjo`nfam, tda krantura kn` raspe`m.

[jodt, n`m jts eron`, tda aya, cny saac cjrnkufeus. @e`atdafass, ayas axjst nfe`o n ke`tj`uuc ei kecpfaxjty tdnt betd prakamas cnccnfs n`m js fntafy surpnssj`o tdac, j` iercs sukd ns j`irnram matakters, rnmje tafaskepas, n`m sntaffjta jcnoj`o takd`efeoy. Fjodt sa`sj-

tjvjry j` tda rumjca`tnry sa`sa, ava` n`tamntas fjia jtsafi keferam kecpeu`ms rankt j` djotrfy spakjijk wnys te vjsjbfa sefnr rnmjntje`. ]da ducn` aya banrs tda cnrgs ei jts cjkrebjnf pramakassers j` etdar wnys. ]da "rem" n`m "ke`a" kaffs nra j`knpnbfa ei cjtetjk mjvjsje`7 tday banr gj`atesecas n`m sdert u`mufjpemjn, j`darjtam irec tdajr pretjst n`kasters. ]da be`y sekgat j` wdjkd tda aya rasjmas ma-

 

]da Ncnzj`o

N`jcnfs J faf

rjvas irec tda nutepejatjk `akassjry ei rakykfj`o knfkjuc wnsta. Evar

tjca, fjia bakecas cera eron`jzam, j`taorntj`o kdacjknfs n`m ava` wnsta j`te baj`os se sa`sjtjva tday ava`tunffy baoj` te parkajva tdajr ew` ke`mjtje`.

CA[[A@ OAR[

By tda fnta Mave`jn` tda pdyfn Cn`mjbufntn, N``afjmn, n`m Krn`jntn dnm avefvam raprasa`tntjvas nbfa te survjva tda rjoers ei fjia e` fn`m. Fjvj`o baj`os avefvam j` wntar. ]da bnktarjn n`m pretektjstn kaffs sj`ka tdajr j`kaptje` wara bntdam j` irasd n`m snfty wntar. Masjkkntje` wns n mjra tdrant n`y fn`m pje`aar dnm te evarkeca. Avefutje` ei tarrastrjnf spakjas wns `e canoar nkkecpfjsdca`t. But tda

avefutje` ei fn`m n`jcnfs wns n trjucpd `et lust ier j`mjvjmunf eron`jscs n`m spakjas7 jt wns n vjktery ier tda bjespdara.

Cevaca`t n`m j`taffjoa`ka parcjttam fn`m n`jcnfs te nkt ns vakters n`m cassa`oars, te spranm tdacsafvas te e`ka-raceta raoje`s.

By tda anrfy]artjnry bjrms dnm baou` mjstrjbutj`o pdespderus, n fjcjtam raseurka, te `ertdar` fngas n`m nfpj`a pangs-sjcpfy by ant-

j`o j` e`a nran n`m axkratj`o j` n`etdar. Knrryj`o nrkdnabnktarjn, kjfjntas, n`m etdar cjkrebas j` tdajr ruca`s, kewfjga n`jcnfs mjoastam

j`te tda ntcespdara. @jtreoa`-rjkd n`jcnf axkraca`t nkkafarntam nfona orewtd, n`m iam ijsd n`m kepapems j` kefm-wntar akesystacs. Aspakjnffy murj`o tda

ornss, rafansj`o catdn`a, n oraa`deusa ons,

Ka`ezejk, tda cest raka`t 91 cjffje` yanrs, tda qujkg ranktje` tjcas, ke`tj`a`t-kressj`o cjorntje`s, n`m kecpfax sekjnf j`tarnktje`s ei n`jcnfs dnva nkkafarntam nktjvjtjas wjtdj` tda bjespdara. But fe`o baiera tda Ka`ezejk, fjia wns nfse n oaefeojknf ierka. Xdetesy`tdasjzj`o bfua-oraa` bnktarjn ratnj`am wntar j` sejf n`m sn`m, cngj`oAnrtd's surinka oraa` wjtd kdferepdyff. Knrbe`-prakjpjtntj`o

fjia saquastaram cera n`m cera knrbe` j`te kenf n`m fjcaste`as, ke`vartj`o n tapjm pfn`at j`te e`a tdnt j`mufoam j` ofnkjnf apjsemas. Fn`m fjia krantam sejf irec pfn`atnry rubbfa. Ekan` fjia trn`siercam snfts

j`te raais n`m avnperjta ifnts. "Xreprjekaptje`" js tda werm ier n` n`jcnf's sa`sj`o vnrjeus pnrts

 

>9N

_dnt fs Fji a5

ei jts ew` bemy. Ducn` baj`os temny, fjgafy tda cest pepufeus ei

nff cnccnfjn` spakjas n`m kartnj`fy tda cest wjmaspranm, teoatdar badnva ns n gj`m ei pfn`atnry preprjekapter, ojvj`o tda bjespdara sa`sntje`s ei jtsafi. ]da orantast mjvarsjry ei fjia axjsts j` trepjknf

lu`ofas, sukd ns tda Ncnze` rnj` ierast. Ke`sjmarj`o tdnt mjstj`kt

ei bnktarjn dnva caroam te ierc tda augnryetjk kaff, n`m tdnt kefe`jas ei augnryetjk kaffs avefvam j`te n`jcnfs, e`a we`mars wdnt cny rasuft irec j`tarnktje`s j` ma`sa, n`jcnf-rjkd ke`rr`u`jtjas. Lust ns n`jcnf ifasd wns de`am irec tda rnw cntarjnf ei bnktarjn evar ae`s, se kecpfax j`tarnktje`s premukam ifamofj`o j`mjvjmunfs nt n sknfa baye`m tdnt ei n`jcnfs. N`ts, tarcjtas, n`m baas ierc sekjatjas tdnt knrry eut wergs j` kecce`. Racj`jska`t ei ducn` kjvjfjzntje`, tdasa j`sakt wergars catdemjknffy knra ier tda yeu`o n`m mjvjma fnber nce`o spakjnfjzam knstas ei sefmjars, wergars, n`m rapremuktjvas. But wdarans ducn` kjvjfjzntje` js e`fy savarnf tdeurypas

sn`m yanrs efm, iessjf avjma`ka sdews tdnt n`ts n`m baas dnva baa`

eron`jzam j`te keffaktjvas ier nt fanst =e crffje`, n`m tarcjtas ier pardnps zee cjffje` yanrs. ]eoatdar, n`jcnfs ke`iar tdajr pewars ei cevaca`t n`m parkaptje` e` tda bjespdara, cngj`o jt n` eronrjzam keffaktjva, tda fnroast eron`jk baj`o ei nff. ]da n`jcnf nkrers ei tda ofebnf djva nra nt fanst 9ee cjffje` yanrs efm. [`ngas sa`sa j`irnram rnmjntje`. _dnfas danr uftrnseu`m. Baas matakt tda pfn`a ei pefnrjzntje` ei vjsjbfa fjodt.'_nsps

fjodt pnttar`s j` ifewars tdnt feeg u`pnttar`am te us. Meos a`ley "uftrnsr`aff." [dnrgs Orrar eur burjam pray by mataktj`o afaktrjknf peta`tjnfs irec tda danrtbanrs ei tda djmma`. N`jcnfs sjo`nf, n`m sa`sa, n`m a`onoa ankd etdar n`m tdajr fjvj`o a`vjre`ca`t j` tda vjsjbfa, numjtery, efinktery, n`m j`vjsjbfa rnmjntjva ranfcs. [ukd sa`sjtjvjry se wjmafy mjsparsam, sa`sjtjzas tda a`tjra bjespdara. Ducn`s dnva axta`mam e`a varsje` ei n`jcnf sa`sjtjvjry j`te `anr Anrtd erbjt. ]da jcnoa ei Anrtd irec spnka axpn`ms eur nwnra`ass ei tda ofebnf a`vjre`ca`t. Irec tda rumjca`ts ei n`jcnf sa`sjbjfjty n`m cevaca`t dnva keca takd`efeojknf j`struca`tntje`, wdaafam vadjkfas, n`m tafakeccu`jkntje`. ]eoatdar, tda ayas ei bfnkgbjrms, saa uftrnvjefat

 

]da Ncnzj`o N`jcnfs

>9:

IJOQRA >=. Askdj`jskus bfucj, n "wntar banr." Xdyfuc< ]nrmjornmn. Gj`omec< N`jcnfjn. ]dasa cjkreskepjk n`jcnfs, `ncam wntar banrs by A`ofjsd `nturnfjst ]decns Duxfay, nra g`ew` ns tnrmjornmas. Djodfy sa`sjtjva te tdajr beooy a`vjre`ca`ts, tday survjva mryj`o eut j` tacparntura rn`oas irec >18eK te -2?E"K. ]dasa cjkrebansts ekkur nff evar tda werfm, but baknusa tda fnroast nra `e cera tdn` >.2 cc j` fa`otd, tday racnj` ebskura. ]da spn` irec kfnw te kfnw j` tda pdete js iawartdn` E.1 cc.

tda se`nr ej bnts, tda dant nbserptje` ei rvercs, tda bnktarjn-marjvam fur.`j`aska`ka ei `rnrj`a ijsd, n`m tda nooraonta nwnra`ass ei u`tr0fm `u`rba rs ei rvnfgj`q, krnwfj`o, ifyj`o, burrervj`s, tdj`gj`a ba-

ei tda pnrts. [a`sjtjvjtjas j`tarnkt. ]dara nra raspe`sas te rasperfsas. N`jcnf nwnra`ass js `et e`fy n strnjodtib`v