Lyme Disease

LYME DISEASE FADHILAH SHARFINA ALYANI A2

Definition •

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a multisystem illness usually caused by infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi  bakteri gram-negatif, motil, berbentuk ramping dan berlekuk-lekuk The disease is transmitted to humans via tick bites, from infected ticks of the genus Ixodes (kutu)

Epidemiology •

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Lyme disease has a seasonal influence that reflects the feeding pattern of the Ixodes tick and human outdoor activity. Infection occurs most often between May and November, with a peak incidence in June through August; 75% of cases occur during the summer months These ticks are usually found in wooded areas

Etiology •

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Borrelia burgdorferi; Ixodes scapularis as the vector The Ixodes tick progresses through four stages of development: egg, larva, nymph, and adult; only ticks in the nymphal and adult stages can transmit B burgdorferi. Ticks can acquire B burgdorferi from feeding on an infected animal host during any of the three life-cycle stages Ticks carry B burgdorferi organisms in their midgut. The bacteria are introduced into the skin by a bite from an infected tick, and disease is transmitted to humans as the spirochete is translocated from the gut to the salivary glands and then to the person at the site of the

Pathogenesis •

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The spirochete may remain viable and localized in the skin, where it produces erythema migrans (EM), the characteristic skin lesion of Lyme disease Within days to weeks, the spirochete may disseminate through the lymphatics or blood, After entering the circulation, the organism shows a distinct tropism for the skin, heart, central nervous system (CNS), joints, and eyes. Any part of the body can be affected

Clinical Manifestation Stage 1 (primary or early localized infection) •

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It generally occurs within 30 days of the tick bite. Most patients present with a characteristic expanding rash (erythema migrans) at the site of the tick bite 7-14 days after the tick is removed. Nonspecific symptoms may include the following: Fatigue, Myalgias, Arthralgias, Headache, Fever, Chills, Neck stiffness

Stage 2 (early disseminated disease) •

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It generally occurs weeks to months after the bite. Musculoskeletal and neurologic symptoms are the most common  B burgdorferi spreads throughout the body and produces symptoms by direct invasion Multiple lesions of erythema migrans  B burgdorferi or its DNA can be detected in the bloodstream

Clinical Manifestation Stage 3 (chronic Lyme disease) •

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Happens months to years after infection, which sometimes involves a period of latency. Musculoskeletal (mainly joints) and neurologic systems are most commonly affected

Neurologic Involvement •

Untreated patients with Lyme disease have signs of cranial neuropathies; early neuroborreliosis develop cranial neuritis

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Seventh nerve palsy is the most common (N. Fascialis)

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Visual or auditory disturbances, facial paresthesia

Diagnosis •

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Dokter akan menanyakan riwayat gigitan kutu Pemeriksaan ruam di kulit. Two-step process when testing blood for evidence of antibodies against the Lyme disease bacteria

Treatment •

People with certain neurological or cardiac forms of illness may require intravenous treatment with antibiotics such as ceftriaxone or penicillin

Preventing •

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Menggunakan pakaian tertutup, terutama saat beraktivitas di tempat yang berumput. Memeriksa diri sendiri, keluarga, dan hewan peliharaan, serta membuang kutu yang hinggap di kulit (bila ada) setelah beraktivitas di daerah berumput. Cara membuangnya adalah dengan mengangkat kutu dari kulit secara perlahan pada bagian kepalanya menggunakan pinset. Jangan memencet maupun menepuk kutu tersebut. Gunakan antiseptik langsung pada daerah yang dihinggapi kutu setelah kutu dibuang dari kulit. Menggunakan krim antiserangga untuk kulit pada saat beraktivitas di daerah berumput. Krim ini dapat digunakan oleh orang dewasa maupun anak-anak untuk menghindari hinggapnya kutu penyebar penyakit Lyme.

Komplikasi •

Peradangan sendi kronis akibat penyakit Lyme (lyme arthritis).

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Gangguan sistem saraf, misalnya kelumpuhan otot wajah dan neuropati