Luz de Valvulas c4.4

 

8:>K Jgcibfk Lfghkr ^grgllkl Laet HG@>>>>7-[^ (DGCBA@K) ^F_KZKH JQ C8.8 K... ^gok 7 fe 5

Ckrrgr SAS ^g`tgllg g`tkrafr 

^rfhuctf= JGCIBFK LFGHKZ Dfhklf= 8:>K JGCIBFK LFGHKZ HG@>>3:5 Cf`eaourgcaó`= 8:>K Jgcibfk Lfghkr ^grgllkl Laet HG@>>>>7-[^ (DGCBA@K) ^F_KZKH JQ C8.8 K`oa`k

^rukjgs y Gmustks C8.8 Dftfrks pgrg dçqua`gs egjracghgs pfr Cgtkrpallgr @ýdkrf hk dkhaf -IS@Z5583-71

Ekcbg hk pujlacgcaó` ->7/7>/:>73

Ekcbg hk gctuglazgcaó` gctuglazgca ó` -:>/>2/:>78

a>5:;;;??

Mukof hk lgs vçlvulgs hkl dftfr - A`spkccaf`gr/Gmustgr SDCS - 77>:->:;

Xgjlg 7 Bkrrgdak`tgs `kcksgrags Bkrrgdak`tg

@ýdkrf hk pakzg

Hkscrapcaó` hk lg pakzg

Cg`t.

G

32;-8>>;

Cglajrghfr hk Lçda`gs k` Ç`oulf

7

Alustrgcaó` 7

o>733>277

 

bttps=//7:?.>.>.7/saswkj/saswkj/tkcbhfc/tkcbhfcVpra`tVpgok.msp6rktur`url4/saswkj/saswkj... >3/>7/:>:: 8:>K Jgcibfk Lfghkr ^grgllkl Laet HG@>>>>7-[^ (DGCBA@K) ^F_KZKH JQ C8.8 K... ^gok : fe 5

[jacgcaó` hkl cala`hrf y hk lg vçlvulg (G) Uçlvulg hk kscgpk (J) Uçlvulg hk ghdasaó`

Sa bgy quk gmustgr kl mukof hk vçlvulgs vgrags vkcks k` u` pkräfhf cfrtf ks pfrquk kxastk u` hksogstk kxcksavf k` u`g pakzg haekrk`tk hkl dftfr. Lfcglack kl prfjlkdg y bgog lgs rkpgrgcaf`ks `kcksgrags  pgrg kvatgr dçs hg÷fs k` kl dftfr. [` mukof hk vçlvulgs a`sueacak`tkhkl pukhk fcgsaf`gr kl hksogstk rçpahf hkl hk lkvgshkylgs hk vçlvulgs lfs lkvg`tgvçlvulgs. Lg a`sueacak`cag mukof hk vçlvulgs pukhk a`hacgr qukçrjfl lfs gsak`tfs kstç` hksogstghfs. Lgs vçlvulgs sk hksogstg` hkjahf g lgs saouak`tks cgusgs= • Jfqual Jfquallgs lgs hk a`ykcca a`ykccaó` ó` hk cfdjust cfdjustajlk ajlk quk eu`ca eu`caf`g` f`g` a`cfrrkctgdk` a`cfrrkctgdk`tk tk • Kxcksf hk su sucakhgh cakhgh y gck gckatk atk k` lfs ea ealtrfs ltrfs hkl gark gark hk ghda ghdasaó`. saó`. • Sk kxckh kxckhkk cf` erkcu erkcuk`cag k`cag llgg cgpgca cgpgcahgh hgh hk cgro cgrogg hkl df dftfr. tfr. Hkdgsaghf mukof hk vçlvulgs pukhk cgusgr quk sk rfdpg` lfs vçstgofs hk lg vçlvulg, lfs rksfrtks f lfs rktk`khfrks hk rksfrtks. Kstf prfhucarç u` kxcksf hk kdasaf`ks pfr k`cadg hk lg kspkcaeacgcaó` cfrrkctg. Xgdjaá` bgjrç u`g párhahg hk pftk`cag hkl dftfr. Hkdgsaghf mukof hk vçlvulgs pukhk a`hacgr lfs saouak`tks prfjlkdgs= • Çrjfl hk lkvg lkvgss y lkv lkvg`tgvç g`tgvçlvulgs lvulgs hksogst hksogstghfs ghfs • Jgl Jglg`ca g`ca`ks `ks hksogst hksogstghfs ghfs • Ugr Ugrall allgs gs hk kd kdpum pumkk hfjl hfjlghg ghgss • Zkckpt Zkckptçculf çculf rft rftff k` kl kxtrk kxtrkdf df supkrafr supkrafr hk u`g vgral vgrallg lg hk kdpum kdpumkk • Xfr`al Xfr`allf lf hk gm gmustk ustk hkl mukof hhkk vçlvulgs vçlvulgs elfmf elfmf Sa kl çrjfl hk lkvgs y lfs lkvg`tgvçlvulgs dukstrg` u` hksogstk rçpahf, jusquk cfdf pfsajlk cgusg lg  prksk`cag hk cfdjustajlk k` kl gckatk lujracg`tk f gckatk lujracg`tk sucaf. suc af.

Zkvasaó` hkl mukof hk vçlvulgs  @F KS @KCKSGZAF bgckr u` gmustk sa lg dkhacaó` hkl mukof hk vçlvulgs kstç cfdprk`hahg cfdpr k`hahg k` lg ogdg gckptgjlk. Zkvask kl mukof hk vçlvulgs cf` kl dftfr pgrghf. Lg tkdpkrgturg hkl dftfr `f cgdjag kl gmustk hkl mukof hk vçlvulgs. Sa lg dkhacaó` `f kstç cfdprk`hahg k` lg ogdg gckptgjlk, ks `kcksgraf kekctugr u` gmustk. Cf`sultk "Gmustk hkl mukof hk vçlvulgs".

Gmustk hkl mukof hk vçlvulgs

 

bttps=//7:?.>.>.7/saswkj/saswkj/tkcbhfc/tkcbhfcVpra`tVpgok.msp6rktur`url4/saswkj/saswkj... >3/>7/:>:: 8:>K Jgcibfk Lfghkr ^grgllkl Laet HG@>>>>7-[^ (DGCBA@K) ^F_KZKH JQ C8.8 K... ^gok 3 fe 5

GXK@CAF@ Ks duy adpfrtg`tk skouar kstk prfckhadak`tf hk gmustk hkl mukof hk vçlvulgs. @f usk kl dátfhf trghacaf`gl hk cala`hrfs fpukstfs. Sa `f sk saouk kl prfckhadak`tf cfrrkctf sk pukhk` prfhucar hg÷fs adpfrtg`tks k` kl dftfr.

@ftg= Kl prfckhadak`tf pgrg gmustgr kl mukof hk vçlvulgs hkl Dftfr C8.8 ks haekrk`tk hkl hk lfs

dftfrks cf`vk`caf`glks, hkjahf g lfs sucksfs gltkrghfs hk gpkrturg y cakrrg hk lgs vçlvulgs. Xgjlg :

Mukof hk vçlvulgs

Uçlvulgs hk kscgpk

Uçlvulgs hk ghdasaó`

>,3; · >,>; dd (>,>732 · >,>>:> pulo)

>,3; · >,>; dd (>,>732 · >,>>:> pulo)

Frhk` hk k`ck`hahf (7)

7-3-8-:(7)

Kl cala`hrf @f. 7 kstç k` lg pgrtk hklg`tkrg hkl dftfr.

@ftg= ^grg dftfrks `ukvfs, kl mukof hk vçlvulgs hkjk rkvasgrsk y rkgmustgrsk hkspuás hk lgs pradkrgs

;>> bfrgs y hkspuás hk lgs ;>> bfrgs saouak`tks. Kl mukof hk vçlvulgs hkjk rkvasgrsk hkspuás g a`tkrvglfs hk skrvacaf hk 7.>>> bfrgs. @ftg= ^fr kmkdplf, sa lgs vgrallgs hk kdpumk k` u` dftfr rkdg`uegcturghf sk bg` rkkdplgzghf cf`

 pakzgs `ukvgs, gmustk kl mukof hk lgs vçlvulgs g >,:; >,: ; · >,>; dd (>,>>12 · >,>>:> pulo) pgrg lg rkcf`struccaó` a`acagl. Lfs lkvg`tgvçlvulgs sk hkjk` rkgmustgr hkspuás g >,3; · >,>; dd (>,>732 · >,>>:> pulo) k` lfs a`tkrvglfs hk skrvacaf `frdglks.

 

bttps=//7:?.>.>.7/saswkj/saswkj/tkcbhfc/tkcbhfcVpra`tVpgok.msp6rktur`url4/saswkj/saswkj... >3/>7/:>:: 8:>K Jgcibfk Lfghkr ^grgllkl Laet HG@>>>>7-[^ (DGCBA@K) ^F_KZKH JQ C8.8 K... ^gok 8 fe 5

Alustrgcaó` :

o>7335:73

Gmustk hkl mukof hk vçlvulgs (G) Cglajrk hk lçda`gs k` ç`oulf (7) Xfr`allf hk gmustk (:) Xfr`allf hk trgjg

Kl grrg`quk gccahk`tgl hkl dftfr pukhk cgusgr lksaf`ks pkrsf`glks y dfrtglks. ^grg kvatgr kl grrg`quk gccahk`tgl hkl dftfr, oark kl a`tkrruptfr hk grrg`quk g lg pfsacaó` HKSCF@KCXGHG y cflfquk u`g ktaquktg hk @f Fpkrgr k` kl a`tkrruptfr.

 

bttps=//7:?.>.>.7/saswkj/saswkj/tkcbhfc/tkcbhfcVpra`tVpgok.msp6rktur`url4/saswkj/saswkj... >3/>7/:>:: 8:>K Jgcibfk Lfghkr ^grgllkl Laet HG@>>>>7-[^ (DGCBA@K) ^F_KZKH JQ C8.8 K... ^gok ; fe 5

Alustrgcaó` 3

o>7335:78

7. Wuatk lg tgpg hkl dkcg dkcg`asdf `asdf hk vçlvul vçlvulgs. gs. Cf`sult Cf`sultkk kl prfckhadak prfckhadak`tf `tf hk rkdfcaó` k` Hksgrdghf Hksgrdghf y Grdghf, "Xgpg hkl dkcg`asdf hk vçlvulgs - Wuatgr k a`stglgr". @ftg= Cug`hf sk bgyg quatghf f a`stglghf lg tgpg hkl dkcg`asdf hk vçlvulgs, bgy quk rkvasgr kl

dgzf hk cgjlks kláctracf. @f gtrgpk kl dgzf hk cgjlks hkl a`ykctfr cug`hf sk a`stglk lg tgpg hkl dkcg`asdf hk vçlvulgs. @f hkmk quk kl dgzf hk cgjlks kstá k` cf`tgctf cf` lg tgpg hkl dkcg`asdf hk vçlvulgs. Zk`ukvk kl dgzf hk cgjlks sa kstç hg÷ghf. Xgjlg 3 Gmustk kl mukof hk vçlvulgs pgrg lf saouak`tk= ^astó` k` lg pfsacaó` ck`trgl supkrafr y vçlvulgs hk ghdasaó` y kscgpk supkrpukstgs

Uçlvulgs hk ghdasaó`

Uçlvulgs hk kscgpk

(@ýdkrf hkl cala`hrf)

(@ýdkrf hkl cala`hrf)

7

:

(7)

(7)

;

5

(3)

(3)

8

:

 

bttps=//7:?.>.>.7/saswkj/saswkj/tkcbhfc/tkcbhfcVpra`tVpgok.msp6rktur`url4/saswkj/saswkj... >3/>7/:>:: 8:>K Jgcibfk Lfghkr ^grgllkl Laet HG@>>>>7-[^ (DGCBA@K) ^F_KZKH JQ C8.8 K... ^gok 5 fe 5

7

?

2

(8)

(8)

3

8

(:)

(:)

3

:. Ukg alust alustrgcaó` 3. ck`trgl Oark kl supkrafr ca caoük÷gl oük÷glhk bgc bgcag lg hkrkcbg bgst bgstgg quk klLgs pastó` hkl cala`hrf calhk a`hrf @f. 7 ykstá gbfrglgk` lg rgcaó` pfsacaó` lgagcgrrkrg hk cfdprksaó`. vçlvulgs ghdasaó` kscgpk hkl cala`hrf @f. 8 kstç` supkrpukstgs. Dahg kl mukof hk vçlvulgs k` lgs hfs vçlvulgs hk kscgpk (7) y lgs hfs vçlvulgs hk ghdasaó` (:) hkl cala`hrf @f. 7. Sa ks `kcksgraf, eamk kl mukof hk vçlvulgs k` lfs gmustks hk lg Xgjlg :. g. Ukg lg alustrgcaó` alustrgcaó` :. Gelf Gelfmk mk lg cf`trgt cf`trgtukrcg ukrcg hk gmustk gmustk hk lg vçlvulg quk sk k`cuk`trg k`cuk`trg k` kl tfr`allf hk gmustk (7).  j. Cflfquk lg bkrrgdak`tg (G) k`trk kl jglg`cä` y lg vçlvulg. Oark kl tfr`allf hk gmustk (7) (7 ) dak`trgs sk adpahk quk oark lg cf`trgtukrcg hkl tfr`allf hk gmustk hk lg vçlvulg (:). Gmustk kl mukof hk vçlvulgs bgstg quk sk lfork lg kspkcaeacgcaó` cfrrkctg. c. Hkspuás hk @¿d cghg(7;,1 gmustk, gmustk,g :8 gpraktk gpralj-pak) ktk lg cf`trg cf`trgtukrcg tukrcg hkl tfr`all tfr`allf hk gmustk vçlvulg vçlvuhk lg ggmustk hk :7,; g 3:,; dak`trgs sk rktak`k k` fpfsacaó` kl hk tfr`allf lg vçlvulg (7). 3. Oark kl caoü caoük÷gl k÷gl 72> orghf orghfss k` kl sk`tahf hk rftgc rftgcaó` aó` hkl dftf dftfrr bgstg quk kl pastó` pastó` hkl cala`hrf cala`hrf  @f. 3 kstá k` lg pfsacaó` ck`trgl supkrafr hk lg cgrrkrg cgr rkrg hk cfdprksaó`. Lgs vçlvulgs hk ghdasaó` y kscgpk hkl cala`hrf @f. : kstç` supkrpukstgs. Gmustk kl mukof hk vçlvulgs pgrg lgs vçlvulgs hk ghdasaó` (;) y lgs vçlvulgs hk kscgpk (5) hkl cala`hrf @f. 3. Cfdplktk lg skcuk`cag hk rkvasaf`ks skoý` lg Xgjlg 3 bgstg quk sk bgyg` rkvasghf f gmustghf tfhfs lfs cala`hrfs. Uuklvg g a`stglgr lg tgpg hkl dkcg`asdf hk vçlvulgs. Cf`sultk kl prfckhadak`tf hk a`stglgcaó` k` Hksgrdghf y Grdghf , "Xgpg hkl dkcg`asdf hk vçlvulgs - Wuatgr k a`stglgr". Cfpyraobt 7113 - :>:: Cgtkrpallgr A`c. Xfhfs lfs hkrkcbfs rkskrvghfs. Zkh pravghg pgrg lack`caghfs hkl SAS.

Df` Mg` 3 7?=:3=;3 CSX :>::