Lte Planning and Specific Propagation Model Selection (1)
Short Description
LTE Planning...
Description
LTE Planning and Specific Propagation Model Selection
Prepared by: Khawla Daraghmeh Ola Mashaqi Suhad Malayshi
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment requirements of BSc of Degree in Telecommunication Engineering
Supervisor: Dr. YousefDama An-Najah National University 2015
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Abstract LTE Planning and Specific Propagation Model Selection Key words: LTE, Propagation Model, Link budget, Capacity, Coverage, Path Loss, Received Power
The whole world tends to use the high rates multimedia applications. High-speed data over cellular networks will enable a rich suite of multimedia services. LTE is the latest mobile generation that achieves the required data demand. The number of LTE subscribers worldwide is rising rapidly and we will catch it in the near future. The project aims to design LTE network and to specify very accurate and efficient propagation model. In our case, the area under test is Nablus city. Our project includes numerous steps. At the beginning, Mobile Planning Process was discussed. Then, we calculate link budget using Jawwal Company dimensioning tool and specifications that leads us to start in coverage planning, after that we use some statics provided by Jawwal Company used to complete the work on capacity dimensioning .After finding number of LTE sites From Coverage and Capacity Dimensioning, these sites will be simulated by allocating it on a map tool provided by Jawwal and show received Power level and minimum achievable data rate. Also in this project, we provide a general theoretical overview of LTE optimization features as an important phase in any network planning. An important issue to discuss is site specific propagation model, because all planning procedures are based on which propagation model is used. In this part of our project we will build a model similar to Nablus city using Wireless InSite tool considering path loss and received power graphs for each model. We also make a simulation of propagation path and spread time for Full 3D propagation model.
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Acknowledgments First of all, we would like to thank Allah who has given us the power to complete this project. We would using this opportunity to express our gratitude to everyone who supported us throughout the project, gratefully and sincerely thank Dr. YousefDamaa for his guidance, understanding, patience, and most importantly during our graduation project. A special thanks to Eng.AntarSalim, Eng. ZaidAlkilani and Jawwal Company for all the time and help they provided We would like also to thank our parents for their support .Lastly, we offer our regards and blessing to all of those who inspired us during the completion of this project
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Disclaimer Statement This report was written by students at the Telecommunication Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, An-Najah National University. It has not been altered or corrected, other than editorial corrections, as a result of assessment and it may contain language as well as content errors. The views expressed in it together with any outcomes and recommendations are solely those of the students. An-Najah National University accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this report being used for a purpose other than the purpose for which it was commissioned
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Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Disclaimer Statement .................................................................................................................................... 4 Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... 8 List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 10 List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. 11 1Introduction
............................................................................................................................................... 14
1.1 Amis and objectives .......................................................................................................................... 14 1.2 Motivation ......................................................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Report structure ................................................................................................................................. 15
2 Standards and Constrains ......................................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Standards ........................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Constrains ......................................................................................................................................... 17
3 LTE network dimensioning and planning ................................................................................................. 18 3.1 Planning process ............................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Pre-Planning phase: Dimensioning of LTE Network....................................................................... 19 3.3 Planning phase .................................................................................................................................. 19 3.4 Optimization phase ........................................................................................................................... 20
4 Coverage and Cell Capacity Planning..................................................................................................... 21 4.1 Coverage Planning ............................................................................................................................ 21 4.2 Cell Capacity planning...................................................................................................................... 22 4.3 Dimensioning Tool ........................................................................................................................... 23 4.4 Coverage and Capacity Planning Results......................................................................................... 24 4.4.1 Coverage Planning Results ........................................................................................................ 24 4.4.2 Cell Capacity Planning Results.................................................................................................. 25
5 LTE Sites Allocation ................................................................................................................................ 27 5.1 Introduction to LTE Sites Allocating................................................................................................ 27 5.2 LTE Network Architecture ............................................................................................................... 27 5.3 Site Allocation Procedures................................................................................................................ 29 5
5.2.1 Tool Description ........................................................................................................................ 30 5.3 Simulation Parameters ...................................................................................................................... 30 5.3.1 Antenna parameters.................................................................................................................... 30 5.3.2 Cell power parameters ............................................................................................................... 32 5.4 Site Allocation Results ...................................................................................................................... 33 5.4.1 Rx level ...................................................................................................................................... 33 5.4.2 Maximum achievable data rate for each user............................................................................. 35
6 LTE KEY SON Features ......................................................................................................................... 39 6.1 Introduction to LTE Optimization .................................................................................................... 39 6.2 SON in 3GPP .................................................................................................................................... 39 6.3 SON Framework ............................................................................................................................... 40 6.3.1 SELF-Configuration................................................................................................................... 40 6.3.2 Self‐Optimization ....................................................................................................................... 40 6.3.3 SELF-HEALING ............................................................................................................................ 41
6.4 SON Use Cases ................................................................................................................................. 41 6.4.1 Coverage and Capacity Optimization (CCO)............................................................................ 41 6.4.2 Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) ................................................................................ 42 6.4.3 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization (MLB)......................................................................... 42 6.4.4 Intra-LTE Handover Feature ...................................................................................................... 43 6.4.5 Automated Neighbor Relations (ANR)...................................................................................... 44 6.4.6 PCI Conflict Reporting .............................................................................................................. 45 6.4.7 16-QAM uplink and 64-QAM Downlink .................................................................................. 47 6.4.8 Dual Band Support ..................................................................................................................... 47 6.4.9 Support for 15km CPRI Link..................................................................................................... 47 6.4.10 System Information Modification............................................................................................ 47 6.4.11 Enhanced Observability........................................................................................................... 48 7 Site Specific Propagation Model.............................................................................................................. 49 7.1 propagation models ........................................................................................................................... 49 7.1.1 Hata Model (Okumura Hata Model).......................................................................................... 49 7.1.2 Cost Hata Model ........................................................................................................................ 50 7.1.3 Full 3D Propagation Model........................................................................................................ 50 7.2 Tool Description ............................................................................................................................... 52 6
7.2.1 Features ...................................................................................................................................... 53 7.2.2 Study areas ................................................................................................................................. 53 7.2.3 Transmitters ............................................................................................................................... 53 7.3.4 Receivers .................................................................................................................................... 53 7.3.5 Materials .................................................................................................................................... 53 7.3.6 Antennas .................................................................................................................................... 54 7.3.7 Waveforms ................................................................................................................................. 54 7.3.8 Requested Output ....................................................................................................................... 54 7.3.9 Output ........................................................................................................................................ 54 7.3 Design Description ............................................................................................................................ 54
7.3.1 Features and Environment Layout............................................................................................. 55 7.3.2 Materials .................................................................................................................................... 55 7.3.3 Waveforms ................................................................................................................................. 55 7.3.4 Antennas .................................................................................................................................... 56 7.3.5 Transmitters and Receivers........................................................................................................ 57 7.3.6 Study Areas ................................................................................................................................ 58 7.4 site specific propagation model results............................................................................................. 58 ...................................... 58 7.4.1Comparison to Path Loss Measurements for Each Propagation Model
7.4.2 Comparison between Received Powers of Propagation Models ................................................ 72 ................................................................................ 80 7.4.3 Full 3D propagation path and delay spread
7.4.4 Effects of number of reflections and retransmissions on path loss ............................................ 82
8 Effects of the Project on Health society and Economy............................................................................ 85 8.1 LTE and economy ............................................................................................................................. 85 8.2 LTE and society ................................................................................................................................ 85 8.3 LTE and Health ................................................................................................................................. 85
9 Conclusion and Limitations ..................................................................................................................... 87 9.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 87 9.2 Limitation .......................................................................................................................................... 87 References ............................................................................................................................................... 88 Appendices .................................................................................................................................................. 90
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List of Figures Figure 3-1 mobile planning process ............................................................................................................ 18 Figure 4.1 typical link budget example ....................................................................................................... 21 Figure 4.2 Coverage Planning Proccess....................................................................................................... 22 Figure 4.3 Cell Capacity Planning Process ................................................................................................... 23 Figure 4.4 dimensioning tool logo .............................................................................................................. 23 Figure 5.1: LTE Network Architecture ......................................................................................................... 28 Figure5.2: some of sites distribution over a google earth .......................................................................... 29 Figure5.3: Mentum Planet Tool Logo ......................................................................................................... 30 Figure5.5: Antenna simulation Parameters ................................................................................................32 Figure5.6: Cell Power Parameter ................................................................................................................ 33 Figure5.8 RSSI color levels .......................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 6.1 Mobile Planning Process ............................................................................................................ 39 Figure 6.2 Coverage gap optimization ........................................................................................................ 41 Figure 6.3: interfaces involved in intra LTE Handover ................................................................................ 43 Figure 6.4: the process to detect and add intra-frequency LTE Handover ................................................. 45 Figure 1-5 Physical Cell ID Deployment ...................................................................................................... 46 Figure 7.1 Wireless InSite elements ............................................................................................................ 52 Figure 7.2: Environment Layout .................................................................................................................. 55 Figure7.3: Material Feature ........................................................................................................................ 55 Figure 7.4 waveform properties ................................................................................................................. 56 Figure 7.5 Antenna Specifications and Pattern........................................................................................... 57 Figure 7.6 Transmitter Configuration ......................................................................................................... 57 Figure 7.7 Transmitter and Recovers Location ........................................................................................... 58 Figure 7.8 Study areas ................................................................................................................................. 58 Figure7.9: Hata Path Loss along route 1 and 2 using Wireless InSite Tool ................................................. 59 Figure7.10: Path Loss Color Levels For Hata model .................................................................................... 59 Figure7.11: Hata Model area Coverage Prediction ..................................................................................... 60 Figure7.12: Hata Path Loss along each rout vs distance using matlab ....................................................... 61 Figure7.13: Rx grid around rout 1 ............................................................................................................... 62 Figure7.15: Cost Hata Path Loss along rout 1 and 2 using Wireles InSite Tool .......................................... 63 Figure7.16: Path Loss Color Levels For Cost Hata model ............................................................................ 63 Figure7.17: Cost Hata Model area Coverage Prediction ............................................................................. 64 Figure7.18: Cost Hata Path Loss along each rout vs distance using matlab ............................................... 65 Figuree7.19: each Rx grid path loss around rout 1 using Matlab (Cost Hata ) ........................................... 66 Figure 7.20: Full 3D Path Loss along rout 1 and 2 using Wireles InSite Tool .............................................. 67 Figure 7.21: Path Loss Color Levels For Full 3D model ............................................................................... 67 Figure 7.22: Full 3D Model area Coverage Prediction ................................................................................ 68 Figure 7.23: Full 3DPath Loss along each rout vs distance using matlab ................................................... 69 Figure7.24: each Rx grid path loss around rout 1 using Matlab (Full 3D) ................................................... 70 8
Figure7.25: Hata Path Loss along rout 1 for all models vs distance .......................................................... 71 Figure7.26: Hata Path Loss along rout 2 for all models vs distance .......................................................... 71 Figure 7.27Hata received Power along rout 1 and 2 using wireless InSite tool ......................................... 72 Figure7.29: received Power prediction calculated by Hata Model ............................................................ 73 Figure7.31: Cost Hata received Power along route 1 and 2 using wireless InSite tool .............................. 75 Figure7.32: received Power Color Levels for Cost Hata model .................................................................. 75 Figure7.33: received Power prediction calculated by Cost Hata Model .................................................... 76 Figure7.34: Cost Hata along received Power vs distance for each rout using matlab .............................. 76 Figure7.35: Full 3D received Power along rout 1 and 2 using wireless InSite tool ..................................... 77 Figure7.36: received Power Color Levels For Full 3D model ..................................................................... 77 Figure 7.37: received Power prediction calculated by Hata Model ........................................................... 78 Figure 7-38Full 3D received Power vs distance for each rout using matlab............................................... 78 Figure 7.39 received power along rout one for all models using matlab ................................................... 79
Figure7.41: Full 3D Propagation Path (rout 1)........................................................................................... 81 Figure7.42: Full 3D propagation path pn a Rx Point ................................................................................... 81 Figure7.43: Full 3D delay spread ................................................................................................................. 82 Figure7.44: Full 3D Path Loss with different number of reflection ............................................................ 83 Figure7.45: Full 3D Path Loss with different number of retransmissions .................................................. 84
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List of Tables Table 1.4 Maximum allowable Path Loss without considering clutter ....................................................... 24 Table 4.2 maximum allowable path loss considering clutter ..................................................................... 24 Table 4.3 cell range ..................................................................................................................................... 24 Table 4.4 site count ..................................................................................................................................... 25 Table 4.5 coverage parameters .................................................................................................................. 25 Table 4.6 DL Site Capacity (Mbps)............................................................................................................... 25 Table 4.7 UL Site Capacity ........................................................................................................................... 26 Table 1.8 number of capacity sites ............................................................................................................. 26 Table 5.1 RSSI ranges and percentages ...................................................................................................... 35 Table 5.2 DL Data rate Percentages ............................................................................................................ 37
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List of Abbreviations Abbreviation
Stands for
LTE
Long Term Evaluation
2G
The second generation
3G
The third generation
4G
The fourth generation
3GPP
The third generation partnership generation
RF
Radio Frequency
GSM
Global System for Mobile
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
WCDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
SON
Self Organization Network
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
E-UTRA
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRAN Access Network
Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Terrestrial Radio
UE
User Equipment
MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output
CoMP
Coordinated Multiple Point
BSs
Base Stations
dBm
Decibel-mill watts
dBi
Decibel isotropic
dB
Decibel
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
MAPL
Maximum Allowable Path Loss 11
DL
Downlink
UL
Uplink
eNB
Evolved Node B
MME
Mobility Management Entity
RRM
Radio Resource Management
NAS
Non-Access Stratum
CN
Core Network
PDN
Packet Data Network
S-GW
Serving Gateway
QoS
Quality of Service
P-GW
Packet Data Network PDN Gateway
IP address
Internet Protocol address
EPC
Evolved Packet Core
PDCCH
Physical Downlink Control Channel
EIRP
Effective Isotropic Received Power
PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
SS
Synchronization Signal
RSSI
Received Signal Strength Indicator
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
OPEX
Operational Expenditure
ANR
Automatic neighbour relations
PCI
Physical Cell Identity
CGID
Cell global ID
CAPEX
Capital Expenditure
MDT
Minimization of Drive Tests 12
CCO
Coverage and Capacity Optimization
MRO
Mobility Robustness Optimization
RLF
Radio Link Failures
MLB
Mobility Load Balancing
RATs
Radio Access Technologies
RBS
Radio Base Stations
NRT
Neighbour Relation Table
TAC
Tracking Area Code
PLMN
available Public Land Mobile Network
NR
Networks Relation
HO
HandOver
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
DUL
Digital Unit
SFPs
Factor Plugins
CPRI
Common Public Radio Interface
SBR
Shooting and Bouncing Rays
LOS
Line Of Sight
Tx/Rx
Transmitter/Receiver
VSWR
Voltage Signal to Wave Ratio
WHO
the world Health organization
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1
Introduction
LTE or Long Term Evolution is the next generation of mobile 4G for both Global System Mobile communication 2G and Code Division Multiple Access 3G cellular carriers. It was defined by the 3G partnership project in 3GPP Release 10 specification. LTE uses a different air interface and packet structure than the previous systems. In this chapter we show the aims and objectives for the project, motivations and overview of the report structure.
1.1 Amis and objectives This project aims to design LTE network for Nablus city through planning tools provided by Palestine Cellular Communications Company (Jawwal) and specify an accurate propagation model. The main objectives of project may describe as follows: 1. To provide a general theoretical overview of mobile network planning process. 2. To calculate LTE link Budget using Jawwal Company dimensioning tool and specifications. 3. To develop LTE coverage and capacity planning. 4. To allocate the sites on Nablus plane using Jawwal MP Tool. 5. 6. 7. 8.
To provide a general theoretical overview of LTE SON features. To provide a general theoretical overview of site specific propagation model. To build a model similar to Nablus city using Wireless InSite tool. To draw a path loss and received power graphs for each propagation model under discussion. 9. To simulate propagation path and spread time for Full 3D propagation model 10. To Write The report
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1.2 Motivation The world eye today is working strongly to deploy LTE networks. Most of the development countries now have LTE. By the year of 2016, LTE subscribers will be around one billion. The main motivations of working strongly to have LTE are summarized as below: 1.
Need to ensure the continuity of competitiveness of the 3G system for the future
2.
User demand for higher data rates and quality of service
3.
Packet Switch optimized system
4.
Continued demand for cost reduction
5.
Low complexity
6.
Avoid unnecessary fragmentation of technologies for paired and unpaired band operation
1.3 Report structure
This report contains nine chapters , the first chapter introduction to our work, the second chapter includes standards of LTE , the third and fourth chapter describes LTE planning processes for Nablus city and coverage , capacity dimensioning, the fifth chapter shows LTE site allocation on Nablus map was done. Then we discussed in chapter six some of LTE SON feature, then in chapter seven we compared between propagation models which are Hata, Cost_Hata and full 3D .The next chapter the effect of our project on economy, society and environment. Finally the last chapter contains the conclusion and limitations.
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Standards and Constrains
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Long Term Evolution (LTE) standardization is being carried out in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), as was also the case for Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), and the later phase of GSM evolution. This chapter illustrate the standards for which LTE is based and the constrains of LTE networks.
2.1 Standards LTE is based on standards developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE may also be referred more formally as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E UTRAN). Even though 3GPP created standards for GSM/UMTS family, the LTE standards are completely new, with exceptions where it made sense [1]. LTE-Advanced was required to deliver a peak data rate of 1000 Mbps in the downlink, and 500 Mbps in the uplink. In practice, the system has been designed so that it can eventually deliver peak data rates of 3000 and 1500 Mbps respectively, using a total bandwidth of 100MHz that is made from five separate components of 20MHz each. Note, as before, that these figures are unachievable in any realistic scenario [1]. The specification also includes targets for the spectrum efficiency in certain test scenarios. Comparison with the corresponding figures for WCDMA implies a spectral efficiency 4.5 to 7 times greater than that of Release 6 WCDMA on the downlink, and 3.5 to 6 times greater on the uplink. Finally, LTE-Advanced is designed to be backwards compatible with LTE, in the sense that an LTE mobile can communicate with a base station that is operating LTE-Advanced and vice-versa [1]. 3GPP has held a number of discussions on LTE-Advanced during 2008, and the technologies to be investigated include [2]:
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1.
Relay nodes. These are targeted for extending coverage by allowing User Equipment (UE) further away from the base station to send their data via relay nodes that can hear the eNodeB better than, for example, UE located indoors.
UE dual transmit antenna solutions for uplink Single User MIMO (SU MIMO) and diversity MIMO. 2.
Scalable system bandwidth exceeding 20 MHz, potentially up to 100 MHz. In connection with this, the study has been investigating aspects related to multiple access technology with up to 100 MHz system bandwidth, and it is foreseen to be based strongly on the existing LTE solutions with extensions to larger bandwidths. How to extend the bandwidth (and how that is reflected in the multiple access) is the first topic where conclusions are expected in LTE-Advanced studies.
3. Nomadic/Local Area network and mobility solutions. 4.
Flexible Spectrum Usage.
5. Automatic and autonomous network configuration and operation. 6. Coordinated Multiple Point (CoMP) transmission and reception, which is referring to MIMO transmission coordinated between different transmitters (in different sectors or even different sites in an extreme case).
2.2 Constrains Jawwal Company uses bandwidth of 4.8 MHz to support GSM900 which is a very narrow bandwidth deploys LTE. The installation of LTE network on such bandwidth is not applicable since there is no license .In current project, 10 MHz bandwidth is used to design the LTE network which is not licensed yet making LTE network inapplicable in Palestine.
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LTE network dimensioning and planning
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In the context of mobile and cellular communication systems, RF Planning is the process of assigning frequencies, transmitter locations and parameters of a wireless communications system to provide sufficient coverage and capacity for the services required .This chapter illustrates the process of planning LTE network.
3.1 Planning process The flowchart for the network planning process is shown in figure 3.1. After detailed planning the network is ready for commercial launch, but the post-planning phase continues the process and targets the most optimal network configuration. Actually the network planning process is a never ending cycle due to changes in the design parameters [3].
Figure 0-1 mobile planning process
The four main steps in the network planning process are: pre-planning, planning, detailed planning and optimization. The input for the preplanning phase is the network planning criteria. The main activity is dimensioning, which gives the initial network configuration as a result. The first step in the planning phase is nominal planning; it provides the first site locations in the map based on input from the dimensioning phase. The process continues with more detailed coverage 18
planning after site hunting and transmission planning. Detailed Capacity planning is also included in the planning phase. Detailed planning covers frequency, neighbor and parameter planning. After detailed planning the network is ready for verification and acceptance, which finishes the prelaunch activities. After the launch the activities continue with optimization [3].
3.2 Pre-Planning phase: Dimensioning of LTE Network Dimensioning is the initial phase of network planning. It provides the first estimate of the network element count as well as the capacity of those elements. The purpose of dimensioning is to estimate the required number of radio base stations needed to support a specified traffic load in an area [4]. Dimensioning exercise gives an estimate which is then used for detailed planning of the network. Once the network is completely planned, network parameters are optimized maximizing the efficiency of the system. In the following are listed basic inputs for dimensioning [3]: 1. coverage requirements, the signal level for outdoor, in-car and indoor with the coverage probabilities; 2. quality requirements, drop call rate, call blocking; 3. frequency spectrum, number of channels, including information about possible needed guard bands; 4. subscriber information, number of users and growth figures; 5. traffic per user, busy hour value; 6. Services.
3.3 Planning phase The planning phase takes input from the dimensioning, initial network configuration. This is the basis for nominal planning, which means radio network coverage and capacity planning with a planning tool [3]. The nominal plan does not commit certain site locations but gives an initial idea about the locations and also distances between the sites. The nominal plan is a starting point for the site survey, finding the real site locations. The nominal plan is then supplemented when it has information about the selected site locations; as the process proceeds coverage planning becomes completed [3].
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The target for the coverage planning phase is to find optimal locations for BSs to build continuous coverage according to the planning requirements. Coverage planning is performed with a planning tool including a digital map and a tuned model for propagation. The propagation model tuning measurements have been performed with good accuracy [3]. In the capacity planning phase the final coverage plan including composite and dominance information is combined with the user density information; in this way the capacity can be allocated. Boundary conditions for capacity allocation are agreed with the customer earlier, i.e. the maximum RX number per base station. The known capacity hot spots are treated with extra care and special methods can be used to fulfill the estimated need [3].
3.4 Optimization phase After the network has been launched the planning and optimization related activities do not end because network optimization is a continuous process. For the optimization the needed input is all available information about the network and its status. The network statistic figures, alarms and traffic itself are monitored carefully. Customer complaints are also a source of input to the network optimization team. The optimization process includes both network level measurements and also field test measurements in order to analyses problem locations and also to indicate potential problems [3].
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Coverage and Cell Capacity Planning
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This chapter gives brief view of how coverage and capacity planning done.
4.1 Coverage Planning Coverage planning depends on link budget calculation. Link budget calculations estimate the maximum allowed signal attenuation, called path loss, between the mobile and the base station antenna. The maximum path loss allows the cell range to be estimated with a suitable propagation model, such as Hata [5] figure 4.1 shows a typical example of a radio link budget.
Figure 0.1 typical link budget example
Figure 4.2 is flowchart shows the process we follow in coverage planning:
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Figure 4.2 Coverage Planning Proccess
We worked in coverage planning in two considerations: clutter and without clutter. Without the consideration clutter we found maximum allowable path loss and mapped into cell count. For 43 dBmeNodeB transmitted power and 18dBi antenna gain and 23 dBm UE transmitted power assumed to have an isotropic antenna gain.
4.2 Cell Capacity planning To find the number of sites due to capacity which depends on population density and mobile phone penetration and operator market share. The following chart shows the process of cell capacity planning Figure 4.3 shows cell capacity planning flowchart
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Figure 4.3 Cell Capacity Planning Process
4.3 Dimensioning Tool We worked in coverage and capacity planning using dimensioning tool provided by Jawwal Company. The tool is” RNT_LTE_Dim v2.3.6 Approved for RL10 / RL20 / RL30 / RL15TD / RL25TD”. the figure shows tool logo 4.4
Figure 4.4 dimensioning tool logo
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4.4 Coverage and Capacity Planning Results These Results obtained using dimensioning tool described previously
4.4.1 Coverage Planning Results The maximum allowable path loss is shown in table 4.1
Maximum Allowable considered)
Path
Loss
(dB)
(clutter
not
UL
DL
149.7
156.66
Table 4.1 Maximum allowable Path Loss without considering clutter
The consideration of clutter depends on the use of propagation model. Jawwal company use Macro COST231 (Okumura-Hata) for QPSK modulation and 2 transmitter, 2 receiver MIMO configuration the maximum allowable path loss is shown in table 4.2 Dense urban Maximum Allowable Path Loss (dB)
121.27
SubRural urban
urban
129.33
132.1
136.92
(clutter considered) Table 4.2 maximum allowable path loss considering clutter
Mapping the MAPL into cell range depending in propagation model using dimensioning tool leads to cell rang and number of sites So cell range shown in table 4.3 and site count in table 4.4
Dense urban Cell Range (km)
urban
0.185
Sub-urban 0.367
Table 4.3 cell range
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0.992
Rural 4.927
Dense urban Site Count
Urban 9
Sub-urban 78
Rural 4
1
Table 4.4 site count
Other parameters determined by dimensioning Tool that used in site allocation shown in table 4.5 Dense urban
Urban
Sub-urban
Rural
Cell Area (km2)
0.022
0.088
0.640
15.780
Site Area (km2)
0.066
0.263
1.920
47.341
Inter Site Distance (km)
0.277
0.551
1.489
7.391
Deployment area (km2)
0.550
20.470
6.900
0.019
Site Count
9
78
4
1
Table 4.5 coverage parameters
According to these results, the sites will be allocated and optimized
4.4.2 Cell Capacity Planning Results According to Jawwal, we assumed that the population number (GSM subscriber) of Nablus city in 2014 around 163000. Also, we assumed that the Penetration Rate is 30 % of population number. The Avg. Data Volume per Subscriber per BH is 5.000 MB according to these assumptions site capacity is calculated in DL Table 4.6 and UL table 4.7. DL Site Capacity (Mbps) Dense Urban Urban
59.824 56.288
Suburban
39.835
Rural
30.194 Table 4.6 DL Site Capacity (Mbps)
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UL Site Capacity (Mbps) Dense Urban
29.282
Urban
26.985
Suburban Rural
16.441 8.732 Table 0.7 UL Site Capacity
Depending on assumed number of subscribers the number of sites due to capacity in uplink and downlink shown in table 4.8:
#Sites (Capacity DL) Dense Urban
5
Suburban
Urban
3 3
Rural
1 Table4.8: number of capacity sites
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LTE Sites Allocation
5
This chapter illustrates the work on site allocation. First, an introduction to site allocation work, then a brief view of LTE network architecture, the third section demonstrate procedure we follow to continue the work, section four describes simulation parameters related to antenna and cell power parameters, finally the results we obtained.
5.1 Introduction to LTE Sites Allocating After we finished coverage and capacity planning, we obtained the number of sites that have to be allocated for Nablus city. The site allocations plan will identify sites to ensure that coverage and data rate is available in appropriate locations. Site allocation gives an indication of how the network behavior will be after deployment, so it is an important step in LTE network planning.
5.2 LTE Network Architecture The LTE network architecture is illustrated in figure 5.1. The data are exchanged between the UE and the base station (eNB) through the air interface. The eNB is part of the E-UTRAN where all the functions and network services are conducted. Whether it is voice packets or data packets, the eNB will process the data and route it accordingly [6].
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Figure 0.1: LTE Network Architecture
The main components of such a network are [5]:
User Equipment (UE): This is the user device that is connected to the LTE network via the RF channel through the BS that is part of the eNB subsystem.
Evolved NodeB (eNB): The eNB functionalities include radio resource management (RRM) for both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL), IP header compression and encryption of user data, routing of user data, selection of MME, paging, measurements, scheduling, and broadcasting.
Mobility Management Entity (MME):This portion of the network is responsible for non-access stratum (NAS) signaling and security, tracking UE, handover selection with other MMEs, authentication, bearer management, core network (CN) node signaling, and packet data network (PDN) service and selection. The MME is connected to the S-GW via an S11 interface.
Serving Gateway (S-GW): This gateway handles eNB handovers, packet data routing, quality of service (QoS), user UL/DL billing, lawful interception, and transport level packet marking. The S-GW is connected to the PDN (Packet Data Network) gateway via an S5 interface.
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PDN Gateway (P-GW): This gateway is connected to the outside global network (Internet). This stage is responsible for IP address allocation, per-user packet filtering, and service level charging, gating, and rate enforcement.
Evolved Packet Core (EPC):It includes the MME, the S-GW as well as the P-GW.
5.3 Site Allocation Procedures Our work on site allocation goes through three stages: 1. Allocate sites on Google Earth. Using Google earth, we allocate 92 sites, each site with three sectors. We take into account a lot of simulation parameters as clutter (dense urban, urban, suburban, rural), inter site distance, cell area, total deployment area and antenna specification. Figure 5.2 shows some of sites distribution for dense areas on Google earth. In appendix 1 attached 92 sites coordinates
Figure5.2: some of sites distribution over a google earth
2. Site coordinates uploaded to Mentum Planet tool. After sites pointing in Google earth we upload these sites into MP tool that gives the simulation of Rx level and data rate.
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5.2.1 Tool Description
Site allocation done by a tool provided by Jawwal Company, the tool is Mentum planet planning tool. Mentum Planet® is a robust and easy-to-use Windows-based software solution that helps operators, integrators and equipment vendors plan, manage and improve the performance of wireless access networks. Mentum Planet supports all major wireless access standards including LTE-Advanced and Wi-Fi. It addresses all stages of the network lifecycle from strategic planning to ongoing management of network performance. During the last few years, the development focus has been on providing operators with outstanding support for the planning of small cells and heterogeneous networks (HetNets), both in 2D and in 3D. Maximize your investment, increase revenue, improve profitability and accelerate time-to-market with Mentum Planet, the world‟s most innovative and advanced wireless access network planning, management and optimization platform [7]. Figure 5.3 shows tool logo
Figure5.3:Mentum Planet Tool Logo
3. Simulation parameters settings: after site distribution on a MP tool, we set the parameters for each site. Simulation parameters explained in next section.
5.3 Simulation Parameters In our work we use many simulation parameters for site allocation
5.3.1 Antenna parameters The base station is required to have 3 antennas (type 739623,739632,739634) of the following transmission specifications: 1. Front to back ratio = 28 dB 2. Horizontal eam width 66.5 3. Vertial eam width4.3 30
4. Default Azimuth and tilting .antenna tilt0, antenna azimuth 0 , 120 , 240 . 5. Antenna height = 16 m. The pattern shown in figure 5.4 and antenna simulation parameters 5.5
Figure 5.4 Antennas Pattern
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Figure5.4: Antenna simulation Parameters
5.3.2 Cell power parameters After mapping sites on Google earth, and for more efficient coverage of power for each site, power parameters should be set clearly. Power parameters which we are concerned on are: EIRP, reference signal, Synchronization signal power and average power per PDCCH and per PDSCH. Figure 5.6 shows cell power parameters.
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Figure5.5: Cell Power Parameter
1. PA power = 43dB. 2. EIRP (dBm) : The EIRP is the effective power transmitted from BS, after variable gains and attenuations, which can be calculated as the following formula EIRP = 57.34 dBm 3. Synchronization signal power: The Synchronizing Signal (SS) from LTE base station is a powerful tool for helping network operators understands the downlink signal quality for LTE networks.
5.4 Site Allocation Results The main indicators of network quality are Rx level and cell capacity
5.4.1 Rx level The power strength (RX Level) for Nablus city after sites allocation is shown figure 5.7 received signal strength indicator (RSSI). 33
Figure 5.7 RSSI (Rx Level)
The most of the region in the city covered by pink color which give us and indicate about the signal strength is around -55 dB, however there are another colors (Rx levels) at the edges of the city which are green, yellow and orange sequentially, these colors mean less signal strength than the pink color, the received signal strength are -56, -75, -85 dB for green, yellow and orange as shown in figure 5.8.
Figure5.6 RSSI color levels
Table 5.1 shows the area of each range and it's percentage from the total area 34
RSSI Ranges -200 ~ -95 -95 ~ -85 -85 ~ -75 -75 ~ -65 -65 ~ -55 -55 ~ 0 Outside range
Area (km²)
Percentage Percentage Sub Area Total Area
0 0.57409996 1.4869 2.63259983 2.6431
0 0 1.5381153 0.45506856 3.9836679 1.17861271 7.0532002 2.08676815 7.081332 2.095091
27.4273
73.48258 21.7406445
2.5609
6.861104 2.02993417
Table 0.1: RSSI ranges and percentages
So the percentages of the areas which represent each signal strength level to the total area versus the signal strength levels are shown in figure 5.9, that the higher percentage of the total area is covered by the highest signal strength power level
Figure 5.9 RSSI percentage
5.4.2 Maximum achievable data rate for each user The maximum achievable data rate for each user after sites allocation is shown figure 5.10. Black has downlink data rate 2.500 MbPs, blue has downlink data rate 5MbPs, green has 35
downlink data rate 10 MbPs, yellow has downlink data rate 15 MbPs, orange has downlink data rate 20MbPs, red has downlink data rate 30 MbPs as shown in figure 5.11.
Figure 5.10- Maximum Achievable Data rate for each user
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Figure 5.11 Data Rates Color levels
Table 5.2 shows the area of each downlink data rate range and it's percentage from the total area. Figure 5.12 show that most areas have a rate between 5 to 30 MbPs. Downlink Data
Area
Percentage
Percentage
Rate ranges
(km²)
Sub Area
Total Area
0~1
0
0
0
1~5
3.5546
9.523402
2.817605
5 ~ 10
12.4517
33.3603
9.870018
10 ~ 30
16.879
45.22182
13.37938
30 ~ 40
1.8787
5.033369
1.489178
40 ~ 285.8343
0
0
0
Outside range
2.5609
6.861104
2.029934
Table 5.2 DL Data rate Percentages
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Percentage Total Area 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Percentage Total Area
0
Figure 5.12 Downlink rates percentages
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LTE KEY SON Features
6
This chapter illustrated the key SON features of LTE network, the first section is optimization description the second section reviews in brief SON in 3GPP.Section three discuses LTE SON framework that includes self-configuration, optimization and healing categories. The fourth section discusses general basic optimization Features related to mobility and handover.
6.1 Introduction to LTE Optimization As discussed in chapter one, LTE planning process is consecutive steps as shown in figure 6.1. Optimization is very important step in LTE network planning which is the last one. The LTE specification inherently supports SON features.
Figure 0.1 Mobile Planning Process
6.2 SON in 3GPP 3GPP is an alliance and a standards body that works within the scope of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to develop 3rd Generation (3G) and 4th Generation (4G)
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specifications based on evolved Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) standards [8]. Reduction of cost and complexity is a key driver for Long Term Evolution (LTE), since with its deployment the new network layer needs to coexist with legacy systems without additional operating cost. Thus, it is of vital interest for operators to introduce automated engineering functions that minimize Operational Expenditure (OPEX) and, at the same time, increase network performance by dynamically adjusting the system configuration to the varying nature of wireless cellular networks [8]. Deploying and operating cellular networks is a complex task that comprises many activities, such as planning, dimensioning, deployment, testing, prelaunch optimization, post launch optimization, comprehensive performance monitoring, failure mitigation, failure correction and general maintenance. Today, such critical activities are extremely labor intensive and, hence, costly and prone to errors, which may result in customer dissatisfaction and increased churn [8].
6.3 SON Framework SON solutions can be divided into three categories: Self-Configuration, Self-Optimization and Self-Healing.
6.3.1 SELF-Configuration This is the dynamic plug-and-play configuration of newly deployed eNBs. The eNB will by itself configure the Physical Cell Identity, transmission frequency and power, leading to faster cell planning and rollout [9]. The interfaces S1 and X2 are dynamically configured, as well as the IP address and connection to IP backhaul. To reduce manual work ANR (Automatic neighbour relations) is used. Dynamic configuration includes the configuration of the Layer 1 identifier, Physical cell identity (PCI) and Cell global ID (CGID) [9] [10]. Self-configuration mechanism is desirable during the pre-operational phases of network elements such as network planning and deployment, which will help reduce the CAPEX [11].
6.3.2 Self Optimization
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Utilization of measurements and performance indicators collected by the User and the base stations in order to auto-tune the network settings. This process is performed in the operational state [8] [11]. Self-optimization mechanism is desirable during the operational stage so that network operators get benefits of the dynamic optimization, e.g., mobility load balancing to make network more robust against environmental changes as well as the minimization of manual optimization steps to reduce operational costs
6.3.3 SELF-HEALING Features for automatic detection and removal of failures and automatic adjustment of parameters are mainly specified in Release 10. Coverage and Capacity Optimization enables automatic correction of capacity problems depending on slowly changing environment, like seasonal variations. Minimization of drive tests (MDT), is enabling normal UEs to provide the same type of information as those collected in drive test. A great advantage is that UEs can retrieve and report parameters from indoor environments [8] [9].
6.4 SON Use Cases This section discuss general basic optimization Features
6.4.1 Coverage and Capacity Optimization (CCO) This optimization aims at maximizing the system capacity and ensuring there is an appropriate overlapping area between adjacent cells as shown in figure 6.2. The optimal parameter setting is acquired by cooperatively adjusting antenna tilt and pilot power among the related cells. This optimization should operate with some effect even if the measurement reports from UE do not include their data on their own location [12].
Figure 6.2 Coverage gap optimization
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3GPP specifies the following requirements on CCO [12]:
Coverage and capacity optimization shall be performed with minimal human intervention. Operator shall be able to configure the objectives and targets for the coverage and capacity
Operator shall be able to configure the objectives and targets for the coverage and
capacity Optimization functions differently for different areas of the network.
The collection of data used as input into the coverage and capacity optimization function shall be automated to the maximum extent possible and shall require minimum possible amount of dedicated resources
6.4.2 Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO)
Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) encompasses the automated optimization of parameters affecting active mode and idle mode handovers to ensure good end-user quality and performance, while considering possible competing interactions with other SON features such as, automatic neighbor relation and load balancing. Incorrect handoff parameter settings can negatively affect user experience and waste network resources due to handoff and radio link failures (RLF). While handoff failures that do not lead to RLFs are often recoverable and invisible to the user, RLFs caused by incorrect handoff parameter settings have a combined impact on user experience and network resources [13]. In addition to MRO, intra-frequency Mobility Load Balancing (MLB) objective is to intelligently spread user traffi aross the system‟s radio resoures in order to optimize system apaity while maintaining quality end-user experience and performance. Additionally, MLB can be used to shape the system load according to operator policy, or to empty lightly loaded cells which can then be turned off in order to save energy. The automation of this minimizes human intervention in the network management and optimization tasks [13]. There are multiple approaches towards load balancing for MLB. One of the approaches is described here and other approaches may exist that supplement this approach [13].
6.4.3 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization (MLB) Self-optimization of the intra-LTE and inter-RAT mobility parameters to the current load in the cell and in the adjacent cells can improve the system capacity compared to static/non-optimized 42
cell reselection/handover parameters and can minimize human intervention in the network management and optimization tasks[14].
The load balancing shall not affect the user QoS negatively in addition to what a user would experience sat normal mobility without load-balancing. Service capabilities of RATs must be taken into account, and solutions should take into account network deployments with overlay of high-capacity and low-capacity layers where high-capacity layer can have spotty coverage. Objective: Optimization of cell reselection/handover parameters to cope with the unequal traffic load and minimize the number of handovers and redirections needed to achieve the load balancing [14]
6.4.4 Intra-LTE Handover Feature Intra-LTE Handover is the basic mobility function for UEs in active mode. When one or more neighbor cells are better than current serving cell the UE is ordered to handover to best cell. Best cell evaluation is based on measurements of neighbor cells, serving cell and evaluation algorithm controlling parameters set by eNodeB [15]. Figure 6.3 shows interfaces involved in intra-LTE handovers.
Figure 6.3: interfaces involved in intra LTE Handover
The benefits of the Intra-LTE Handover feature are the following [15]: • Network apaity is maximized y ensuring that UE are served y the est availale ell. • Data rates to individual UE within the network are maximized y ensuring that the UE is served by the best cell. 43
• Connected mode mobility within the network is possible with minimal interruptions to data flows during the handover process
6.4.5 Automated Neighbor Relations (ANR)
Mobile devices can report cells that are not in the neighbor list to the base station they are currently served by. This information can then be used by the network to automatically establish neighbor relationships for handovers [16] The Automated Neighbor Relation (ANR) feature in the RBS removes the need for initial configuration of neighbor relation lists and greatly simplifies the optimization of them. The feature will execute autonomously in the RBS and automatically
The process to detect and add a new intra frequency LTE neighbor is outlined below [16]: 1. The eNodeB sends each connected UE a list of neighbor PCIs with their cell individual offsets (Ocn) and configures the conditions that will trigger the events associated to the corresponding measurements. 2. When the UE detects that the received signal of a given cell becomes stronger than that of the serving cell by more than a certain offset, the PCI of that cell is reported to the eNodeB, together with the associated measurement report. UEs carry out this procedure independently of whether the reported PCIs are part of the NRT. 3. If a reported PCI is not in the NRT, the eNodeB orders the UE to decode the ECGI of the newly discovered PCI, as well as the Tracking Area Code (TAC) and all available Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) IDs. For this to happen, the eNodeB may schedule idle periods to allow the UE to read the ECGI that is broadcasted by the new neighbor associated with the detected PCI. 4. After this process has been completed, the UE reports the ECGI of the new neighbor to the eNodeB. 5. The eNodeB processes this information and may decide to update its NRT. Eventually, it may setup (if needed) a new X2 connection towards the new neighboring eNodeB. This new NR has its default attributes configured in such a way that HO, X2 connection setup and ANR actions to remove this NR are allowed The process is summarized in figure 6.4
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Figure 6.4: the process to detect and add intra-frequency LTE Handover
6.4.6 PCI Conflict Reporting Every LTE cell has a PCI that is used during the cell search procedure to distinguish the transmissions of several cells on the same carrier from each other. Only 504 IDs are available and neighboring base stations should use a certain combination for easier detection. As it is sometimes difficult to predict all cell neighbors, auto-configuration functionality is highly desirable. The mobile is required to report to the network as to which cells it looks out for the automated configuration process [16]. When a new eNB is established, it needs to select Ph-IDs for all the cells it supports. The Ph_ID of one cell should satisfy the following two criteria so that no confusion is caused [9].
The Ph_ID of one cell should not be the same as those of his neighbor cells. The Ph_IDs of the neighbor cells should not be the same.
Figure 6.5 shows an example of Physical Cell ID deployment. In this example, the eNB with red color is the one that is newly introduced. The automatic configuration of the physical Cell ID for the new cell proceeds as follows: 1. When the procedure starts, the new cell starts a timer for this configuration phase.
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2. A set of Physical Cell IDs is defined as a set of temporary Physical Cell IDs. The new cell picks one temporary Physical Cell ID randomly. 3. According to ANR (Automatic Neighbor Relation) function, UE reports those detected cells with their Physical Cell IDs to its serving cell. So the cells around the new cell receive the report of the new cell and the new cell receives the report of its surrounding cells. By ANR function, they also get the Global Cell ID of those reported cells.
Figure 0-5 Physical Cell ID Deployment
Figure 6.5: Physical Cell ID deployment
4. The new cell adds those reported cells to its neighbour cell list. It also looks up the IP addresses of those neighbor cells and establishes the X2 connection if necessary. 5. Those cells, which receive the report of the new cell, adds the new cell in their neighbor cell list, look up the IP address of the new cell and establish the X2 connections if necessary. Which trigger the X2 connection setup, the new cell or the surrounding cells, depends on which one detects the neighborhood relation first. 6. After X2 connection is set up, the surrounding cells exchange their neighbor cell lists with the new cell. As a result, the new cell also gets the neighbor relation information of its neighbor cells. 7. When the timer times out, the new cell collect all the information it gets, which includes its neighbor cell list and the neighbor cell lists of its neighbor cells. Then the new cell selects one Physical Cell ID that satisfies the two criteria, which has been explained before. 8. The new cell informs its neighbor cells that it has changed its Physical Cell ID .Those neighbor cells updates their neighbor relation table accordingly. During the configuration phase, some collisions may also happen. For example, two new cells select the same temper Physical Cell ID and they are neighbors. The collision will be detected during the configuration procedures and one of the configuration procedures will be restarted.
46
6.4.7 16-QAM uplink and 64-QAM Downlink Under ideal transmission conditions, for example, when clear LOS exists between sender and receiver over very short distances, 64-QAM is used, which codes six bits on a single subcarrier. Under harsher conditions, less demanding modulation schemes like 16-QAM [6]. Higher-order modulation enables high peak data rates to be achieved in scenarios with high SIR, such as in indoor hotspot cells. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operation making HSDPA the first standardized cellular system to support the transmission of multiple data streams to each UE by means of multiple antennas at each end of the radio link. MIMO aims to exploit spatial multiplexing gain by making positive use of the multiple propagation paths to separate different data streams transmitted simultaneously using the same frequency and code [6].
6.4.8 Dual Band Support Enables the use of spectrum resources on two bands with one Digital Unit (DUL), it supports the configuration of up to 6 cells with two different carrier frequencies and bandwidths, for example Band 4 and Band 7 .
6.4.9 Support for 15km CPRI Link CPRI Link Increases support for long optical fiber between Radio and Baseband to 15 km. When using optical fiber and optical Small Form Factor Plugins (SFPs) the length of the optical fiber between the DUL and the radio can be up to 15 km long. It is possible to mix long and short fibers as long as no fiber distance exceeds the maximum distance [13].
6.4.10 System Information Modification This feature makes it possible to modify the System Information broadcasted in the cell without doing a lock/unlock operation on the cell [13]. An operator will need to tune the LTE coverage when building it out and hence change neighbor relations and re-selection thresholds. With this feature, such changes can be done without disturbing the service .This gives the operator the possibility to change parameters in the system information, for example, cell selection related parameters, without affecting the in service performance [6].
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6.4.11 Enhanced Observability This feature provides the operator with increased visibility in network performance statistics, enabling more diverse monitoring of the LTE RAN. The statistical granularity, including averages, peak/min values and distributions of key events and procedures, is increased within in the areas of Accessibility, Retain ability, Integrity, Mobility and Availability. New utilization type measurements, such as procedure times and processor load, are also introduced [17]
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Site Specific Propagation Model
7
In previous chapters we have complete LTE planning using Cost Hata propagation model. Other propagation models can be used which are more efficient and accurate than cost Hata. Models that will be studied are Hata and full 3D propagation model. This chapter includes four sections the first section is dissection about Hata, Cost and Full 3D model, the second one is a description for the tool that we used ,then in the third section our design description finally in the last section summarize our results .
7.1 propagation models Propagation models have been developed to be able to estimate the radio wave propagation as accurately as possible. Models have been created for different environments to predict the path loss between the transmitter and receiver. How much power needs to be transmitted using the BTS to be able to receive certain power level from the MS? The complexity of the model affects the applicability as well as the accuracy. Two well-known models are those of Okumura –Hata and cost Hata. The first mentioned is created for large cells, i.e. for rural and suburban areas [3], while the CostHata model is an enhanced version of Okumura hat model that includes 1800_ 1900 MHZ [18].
7.1.1 Hata Model (Okumura Hata Model) Hata's propagation model is the basis for several widely used propagation models in the cellular industry. The main attraction of Hata's model is its simplicity, and its main drawback is its constraints on the ranges of some parameters [19]. The Okumura-Hata model is a well- known propagation model, which can be applied for a macro cell environment to predict median radio signal attenuation. Having one component the model uses free space loss. The Okumura-Hata model is an empirical model, which means that it is based on field measurements [3]. Hata derived empirical formulas for propagation path loss based on Okumura's report containing graphs such as median field strength versus distance. This
49
empirical model simplifies calculation of path loss because it is a closed-form formula and is not based on empirical curves for the different parameters [19]. Hata's basic model includes path loss for an urbanenvironment and provides correction factors for other environments, such as suburbanand open areas. Caution should be exercised while using Hata's model because it isvalid only for specific cases. Hata's model makes the following assumptions: pathloss is between isotropic antennas and the terrain is quasi-smooth and regular [19].
7.1.2 Cost Hata Model Hata's basic model is valid in the frequency range of 150-1500 MHz. European COST 231 extended the validity of Hata's model to higher frequencies by analyzing Okumura's propagation graphs in the upper frequency band [19] CostHata model is also known as COST-231 Hata model. It is the extension of Hata model (Okumura Hata model) and it can be used for the frequencies up to 2000 MHz [20]. This model predicts the signal strength from empirical formulas which uses different correction factors for different environments which is based on field measurements taken by Okumura in Japan. Statistical formulas and correction factors of the model were derived from observation and analysis of the measured propagation data. From the measurements, Okumura generated a family of curves to predict propagation loss for various situations. Okumura also included various loss factors to account for urban losses: street orientations, terrain, mixed land and sea paths. Sometimes, it is not reliable to use these curves due to inherent vagueness of the conditions of the correction factors. Despite their simplicity the curves are cumbersome to use wireless system planning. In a subsequent study, Hata was able to fit empirical formulas to Okumura's curves to efficiently incorporate them into computer programs [20]. The COST-Hata model is valid for small and large macrocells in which the BS antenna heights are above rooftop levels in the vicinity of the BS. This model is widely used in the industry for cell coverage area prediction and for cellular system performance analysis. This model is unsuitable for microcells [19].
7.1.3 Full 3D Propagation Model The Full 3D model is the only one of Wireless InSite‟s propagation models whih plaes no restriction on object shape; it allows buildings to have sloped roofs. It is also the only model 50
which includes transmission through surfaces. For this reason, it is the only ray-based model which can be applied to indoor environments. When transmissions are included, all facets, except those comprising the terrain and foliage, should typically be doubled-sided [21]. Full 3D model Take into account number of reflections, diffractions and transmissions .but other models not. The following are the specification of Full 3D Model [21]
Maximum reflections: 30 (assuming no transmissions) Maximum transmissions: 30 (assuming no reflections) Maximum diffractions: 4 (SBR), 3 (Eigenray) Environments: all Terrain: all Urban: all Foliage: direct waves, no lateral wave Objects: all Range: depends on application Antenna heights: all Antenna types: all Ray tracing: SBR or Eigenray Minimum frequency: 100 MHz Maximum frequency: depends on application
7.1.3.1 Cell ul ar Propagation M echan i sms
As mentioned previously Full 3D model Take into account number of reflections and diffractions , this sub-section explain these mechanisms. In cellular communications, the actual path loss experiencedby a cellular radio signal is usually much higher than the free-space path loss. Raytheory is widely used for analyzing radio wave propagation. Several rays can beviewed as a single entity. As this single entity or a set of rays propagates from thetransmitter to the receiver, four basic mechanisms influence the overall path lossexperienced by the radio signal: reflection, diffraction, scattering, and absorption orpenetration [19].
1. Reflection
When an electromagnetic wave encounters an object that has large dimensions comparedto the wave's wavelength, reflection occurs. The receiver in such a case couldreceive a direct LOS 51
signal and a reflected path from the transmitter. The buildingsin an urban environment, the mountains in an open environment, and the earth'ssurface are examples of objects that cause reflections of the RF wave. When the RFwave traveling in one type of medium (e.g., the air) impinges upon an object thatrepresents another type of medium, part of the energy may be reflected back into thefirst medium, part of the energy may be absorbed by the second medium, and partof the energy may continue to flow in a wave propagating into the second medium [19]. In a cellular radio environment, a propagation model that considers a direct pathand a groundreflected path, gives a more accurate predictionthan the model that considers only the direct path [19]. 2.
Diffraction
When an electromagnetic wave encounters an object with sharp irregularities, such as edges, it bends around the object. This effect is called diffraction, and it enables signal propagation in the absence of LOS and behind obstacles. The signal strength starts to decrease quickly in the shadowed region behind obstacles, the points on a wavefront encountering an obstacle act as sources of secondary waves that become a new wavefront, facilitating propagation in thein theshadowed region [19].
7.2 Tool Description The tool we used to obtain our results is Wireless InSite .This section provide a brief description of the tool [21]. Wireless InSite is a powerful electromagnetic modeling tool for predicting the effects of buildings and terrain on the propagation of electromagnetic waves. It predicts how the locations of the transmitters and receivers within an urban area affect signal strength. Wireless InSite models the physical characteristics of the rough terrain and urban building features, performs the electromagnetic calculations, and then evaluates the signal propagation characteristics [21]. Important elementsof a Wireless InSite project shown in figure 7.1 are explained below
Figure 7.1 Wireless InSite elements
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7.2.1 Features A feature comprises all the building or terrain data loaded from a single file. Each feature is subdivided into structure groups, structures, sub-structures and faces. In addition to the geometrical data, features also contain data on the material properties of each face. The set of material properties are referred to olletively as “material types,” and the properties and editing options for these can be accessed from the Main window or the Project [21].
7.2.2 Study areas This tab lists all study areas in the project. Study areas serve several purposes. First, they can be used to define a region of the modeled environment and then to limit all computations to the buildings, terrain features and Tx/Rx locations within the study area. Different propagation models can then be applied within each study area. Second, as an organizational tool they make it possible to keep predictions made with different parameters separate from each other. The user can create as many study areas as desired [21].
7.2.3 Transmitters Transmitter locations and properties are defined by transmitter sets. Transmitter sets contain one or more transmitter locations. In addition to the geographical location of the site, the transmitter set also includes antenna type, the direction of the antenna beam, the radiated power and the waveform assigned to each set. The types of transmitter sets are points, routes, circular arcs, rectangular grids, polygons, circular cylinders, vertical surfaces and user-defined data files [21].
7.3.4 Receivers Receiver locations and properties are defined by receiver sets. Receiver sets also includes antenna type, the direction of the antenna beam, and the waveform assigned to each set. The types of receiver sets are points, routes, circular arcs, rectangular grids, polygons, circular cylinders and user-defined data files [21].
7.3.5 Materials The electromagnetic interactions of each face are determined by the material properties assigned to the face. The display properties, such as the color and in some cases the thickness, are also part of the material definition [21]. 53
7.3.6 Antennas To perform propagation calculations using Wireless InSite, the model requires both transmitters and receivers, each with an associated waveform, and antenna. When an antenna is added to a project and its parameters are set using the Antenna Properties dialog box. An antenna can be used in multiple instances by associating it with any number of transmitters and/or receivers. The location and position of the antenna will be set by the location and position of the associated transmitter or receiver for each new instance of the antenna. Any number of different antenna types can be added to the project to simulate real-world scenarios or to test the effects that different antennas have on propagation performance. Wireless InSite has several choices for the antennas used in a simulation [21].
7.3.7 Waveforms Waveforms describe the signal radiated from transmitter antennas and act as a kind of band pass filter at the receiver. Wireless InSite contains several built-in waveform definitions, the shape of which can be modified by providing carrier frequency and signal duration. All active and inactive waveforms associated with the Wireless InSite project are listed under this tab [21].
7.3.8 Requested Output This tab is used to select all the desired output. The available output includes animated fields, carrier-interferer ratio, complex E-field, delay spread, direction of arrival, direction of departure, E-field magnitude and phase, excess path loss, free space path loss, free space power, impulse response, path loss, power, propagation paths, strongest transmitter to receiver, and time of arrival [21].
7.3.9 Output With this tab the user can access a hierarchical tree view of all currently available output and graphs. The output data is organized by study area [21]. The next section shows our Wireless InSite design elements.
7.3 Design Description Our design is similar as possible to Nablus city; the following sub-sections describe design parameters. 54
7.3.1 Features and Environment Layout Figure 7.2 shows a map of the area in which the measurements were made. The measurements were made within the 1000 m x 600 m area. The buildings were at height up to 24 m and the transmitters were at a height of 18 m which is higher than the higher closest building by two meters and the mobile receiving antennas were at a height of 1.5 m. All antennas were vertically polarized
Figure 7.2: Environment Layout
7.3.2 Materials Building material is concrete with thickness 0.3 m and conductivity 0.050000. Figure 7.3 shows materials features
Figure7.3: Material Feature
7.3.3 Waveforms In our design, we use a waveform with carrier frequency 900MHz (within GSM900 band) with effective bandwidth 4.8 MHZ (Jawwal Bandwidth) as shown in figure 7.4
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Figure 7.4 waveform properties
7.3.4 Antennas Antenna arrays of similar elements can be created from the Antenna properties window. Wireless InSite uses the amplitude, phase, and relative location of each element to create a combined antenna pattern that users can be assign to a single transmitter or receiver point. This alleviates the need to represent each element as an individual transmitter or receiver point in the project .Figure 7.5 shows antenna specifications and pattern, it is 18 dBi half wave dipole gain and -120 dBm. Receiver threshold assuming VSWR equals to one.
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Figure 7.5 Antenna Specifications and Pattern
7.3.5 Transmitters and Receivers Transmitter 43.00 dBm input power work on previously described antenna and waveform as shown in figure 7.6, the location of transmitter is chosen to be between buildings with concrete material, as shown in figure 7.7while receivers are varied. Actually, we choose two routs with around 200 measurements points with one meter spacing with different locations. And we design Rx grid receiver to view output on the whole area
Figure 7.6 Transmitter Configuration
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Figure 7.7 Transmitter and Recovers Location
7.3.6 Study Areas Three study areas will be studied,each study area for specific propagation model which are Hata, Cost Hata and Full 3D models as shown in figure 7.8.
Figure 7.8 Study areas
7.4 site specific propagation model results After we have completed the design of propagation model, we will continue the study for the two scenarios (route 1and route 2). Path loss and received power for Hata, Cost Hata and Full 3D propagation models will be obtained by running the program. By careful comparison between these results, we will be able to determine which propagation model is more efficient to be employed.
7.4.1Comparison to Path Loss Measurementsfor Each Propagation Model
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First, we will start running the tool to get the path loss of the environment layout with transmitter and receivers location shown in figure 7.7. 7.4.1.1 Hata Model Pathless Results The figure 7.9 below shows the path loss of the two scenarios (route 1 and 2):
Figure7.9: Hata Path Loss along route 1 and 2 using Wireless InSite Tool
As shown above and according to the transmitter antenna location, different path loss classes are appeared. These classes with different colors express the signal strength on each route. Figure 7.10 shows the scale of each color:
Figure7.10: Path Loss Color Levels ForHata model
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Figure7.11: Hata Model area Coverage Prediction
From figures 7.9 and 7.10 and 7.11, it is clear that the minimum Path Loss in purple and blue colors which covers up to 100 meter beside the antenna (which is very small distance) then the path loss started to increase up to 94.07 dB (Yellow color) which is very high path loss value at small distance (250 meter).
Path loss measurements of each receiver was imported to Matlab to plot it versus distance between receivers, based on Hata model, figure 7.12 shows path loss vs. distance .
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Figure7.12: Hata Path Loss along each rout vs distance using matlab
From figure 7.12above, and by comparing each result of the two routes, we can see that for both routs, as moving far from antenna the path loss increases, and the region near the antenna have the least path loss. Around rout one; we set a grid of receivers to show the path loss of each receiver as shown in Figure 7.13
61
Figure7.13: Rx grid around rout 1
Figure 7.14 shows each Rx grid path loss on grid around route 1.
Figure 7.14: each Rx grid path loss around rout 1 using Matlab (Hata)
62
From scatter plot above we see that Rx points not belonging to rout 1 have the same behavior of rout 1 Rx points 7.4.1.2 Cost H ata M odel Path L oss Resul ts
The figure 7.15 below shows the path loss of the two routes (route 1 and 2) for Cost Model
Figure7.14: Cost Hata Path Loss along rout 1 and 2 using WirelesInSite Tool
As shown above and according to the transmitter antenna location, different path loss levels are appeared. These levels with different colors express the signal strength on each route. Figure 7.16 shows the scale of each color:
Figure7.15: Path Loss Color Levels ForCost Hata model
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The whole coverage power for the region using Cost Hata model is shown in the figure 7.17below:
Figure7.16: Cost Hata Model area Coverage Prediction
From figures 7.15 and 7.16and 7.17 it is clear that the minimum Path Loss in purple andblue colors which covers up to 100 meter beside the antenna (which is very small distance) then the path loss started to increase up to 94.07 dB (Yellow color) which isvery high path loss value at small distance (250 meter).
Path loss measurements of each receiver was imported to Matlab to plot it versus distance between receivers, based on Cost_Hata model, figure 7.18 shows path loss vs. distance .
64
Figure7.17: Cost Hata Path Loss along each rout vs distance using matlab
From above figure, the path loss behavior is very close to Hata model. For both routs, as we moving closure to the antenna, the path loss reaches its minimal value. For Rx Grid shown in Figure7.13 , the path loss for each point in Rx grid around route 1 shown in 7.19.
65
Figuree7.18: each Rx grid path loss around rout 1 using Matlab (Cost Hata )
From scatter plot above we see that Rx points not belonging to rout 1 have the same behavior of rout 1 Rx points
7.4.1.3 Fu ll 3DM odel Path L oss Resul ts
Figure7. 20 below show the path loss of the two routes (route 1 and 2) for Full 3D Model:
66
Figure 7.19: Full 3D Path Loss along rout 1 and 2 using WirelesInSite Tool
The scale of each color that appeared in previous figure is shown below in figure 7.21
Figure 7.20: Path Loss Color Levels ForFull 3D m odel
The whole coverage power for the region using Full 3D model is shown in the figure 7.22 below:
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Figure 7.21: Full 3D Model area Coverage Prediction
From figures 7.20 and 7.21 and 7.22 it is clear that the minimum Path loss in purple and blue colors which covers very large area around the transmitter (even building restriction are exist ) , and some of areas which are covered by green color up to 83 dB path loss in the presence of building . Which differ from the behavior of Hata and Cost Hatamodels. Path loss vs. distance for two routs scenarios for Full 3D model is shown in figure 7.23 below:
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Figure 7.22: Full 3DPath Loss along each rout vs distance using matlab
Full 3D path loss behavior is verydifferent to Hata and Cost Hata models because it has no restriction on object shape , more over it takes into account number of reflections, diffractions and retransmissions but other models not, which will be shown later in this chapter.
For Rx Grid shown in Figure7.14, the path loss for each point in Rx grid around route 1 shown in 7.24
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Figure7.23: each Rx grid path loss around rout 1 using Matlab (Full 3D)
Figure 7.24 shows, the power scatter plot for rout 1 and the pints around the rout, its noticeable that the paths loss points have random distribution due to the nature of the under test area. 7.4.1.4 Compari son between Path L oss for t hr ee model s for both r outes
Figure 7.25 shows the path loss for each of the three propagation models (Hata, Cost Hata, Full 3D) for route 1. And figure 7.26 for rout 2
70
Figure7.24: Hata Path Loss along rout 1 for all models vs distance
Figure7.25:Hata Path Loss along rout2 for all models vs distance
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As seen above, Hata and Cost Hata models share most of its characteristics, and its behavior is very matched despite only 0.5 dB difference. But full 3D model has low path loss (about 85 dB) for distances far from transmitter compared with Hata and Cost Hata which have high path loss (about 110 dB). At small distances from transmitter (up to 100 m) path loss of Hata and Cost Hata is smaller than Full 3D, but Full 3D Path Loss is accepted too.
7.4.2 Comparison between Received Powers of Propagation Models After running Wireless InSite the received power results was as follows:
7.4.2.1 H ata M odel Received Power Resul ts The figure 7.27 below shows the received power of the two routes (route 1 and 2) for Hata Model.
Figure 7.26Hata received Power along rout 1 and 2 using wireless InSite tool
Each color is a received power level which shown in figure 7.28 below
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Figure7.28:received Power Color Levels ForHata model
Received power prediction calculated by Hata model i-s shown in figure 7.29 below:
Figure7.27: received Power prediction calculated by Hata Model
From figures 7.27 and 7.28 and 7.29, it is clear that the maximum received power in red and orange colors up to -35 dBm, which covers up to 150 meter beside the antenna (which is very small distance) then the received started to decrease to -62.00 dBm (green color) which is very low received power value at small distance (250 meter).
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Figure 7.30: Hata along received Power vs distance for each rout using matlab From figure 7.30 above, and by comparing each result of the two routes, we can see that for both routs, as moving far from antenna the received power decreases, and very small region near the antenna have good received power . 7.4.2.2 Cost H ata M odel Recei ved Power Resul ts
The figure 7.31 below shows the received power of the two routes (route 1 and 2) for Cost Hata model
74
Figure7.28: Cost Hata received Power along route 1 and 2 using wireless InSite tool The scale of each color that appeared in previous figure is shown below in figure 7.32
Figure7.29: received Power Color Levels for Cost Hata model
Received power prediction calculated by CostHata model is shown in figure 7.33 below:
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Figure7.30: received Power predictioncalculated by Cost Hata Model Received power measurements of each receiver was imported to Matlab to plot it versus distance between receivers, based on CostHata model, figure 7.34 shows received power vs. distance for each rout .
Figure7.31: Cost Hata along received Powervs distance for each rout using matlab 76
7.4.2.3 F ul l 3D M odel Recei ved Power Resul ts
The figure 7.35 below shows the received power of the two scenarios (route 1 and 2) for Full 3D model:
Figure7.32: Full 3D received Power along rout 1 and 2 u sing wireless InSite tool The scale properties for received power for Full 3D model are shown in figure 7.36 below:
Figure7.33: received Power Color Levels For Full 3D model The whole coverage power for the region using Full 3D model is shown in the figure 7.37below:
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Figure 0.34: received Power prediction calculated by Hata Model Very large areas have very good received power even of restrictions -25.4 dBm signal on distances up to 700 meter which is very good The received power with respect to Full 3D model is shown below in figure 7.38 for the two routes:
Figure 0-35Full 3D received Power vs distance for each r out using matlab 78
7.4.4.4 Compar ison between t hr ee model s f or both r outes:
Figure 7.39 shows the received power for each of the three propagation models (Hata, Cost Hata, Full 3D) for route 1. And figure 7.40 for rout 2
Figure 0.36 received power along rout one for all models using matlab
79
Figure7.40: Received power along route 2 for all models using matlab
As seen above, Hata and Cost Hata models share most of its characteristics, and its behavior is much matched on different positions along each rout. But full 3D model has high received power for distances far from transmitter compared with Hata and Cost Hata which have low received power.
7.4.3 Full 3D propagation path and delay spread Figure 7.41 shows Full 3D propagation path it‟s olor levels, as desried previously the Full 3D model is the only one of Wireless InSite‟s propagation models which places no restriction on object shape. Other model which requires all buildings to have flat roofs, the Full 3D model allows buildings to have sloped roofs. It is also the only model which includes transmission through surfaces. When transmissions are included, all facets, except those comprising the terrain and foliage, should typically be doubled-sided.
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Figure7.37: Full 3D Propagation Path (rout 1)
Figure 7.42 shows a magnified path for a transmitted signal; one can notice the number of reflections and transmissions from the transmitter to the receiver.
Figure7.38: Full 3D propagation path pna Rx Point
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Figure 7.43 shows the delay spread for the Full 3D model, its noticeable that the delay spared is almost uniformly distributed around a peak which the last to arrive rays.
Figure7.39: Full 3D delay spread
As a result, Caution should be exercised while using Hata's models because it is valid only for specific cases. Hata's model makes the following assumptions: path loss is between isotropic antennas and the terrain is quasi-smooth and regular. Actually it is not efficient at higher distances from transmitter .But Full 3D model is very accurate and efficient because it places no restriction on object shape; it allows buildings to have sloped roofs. It is also the only model which includes transmission through surface
7.4.4 Effects of number of reflections and retransmissions on path loss So Full3D model is more accurate and efficient than Hata Models, because it is affected by number of reflections and retransmissions. To determine the effect of number of reflections and transmission we design three study areas all are Full3D propagation model. With different number of reflections and transmissions. The results were as follows.
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Figure 7.44 shows path loss for rout 1 under Full 3D propagation model with different number of reflections. From the figure two reflections has higher path loss and six reflections has the lowest path loss. Actually, increasing number of reflections will increase the replicas of the received signal at receiver and decrease the path loss. In a cellular radio environment, a propagation model that considers a direct pathand a groundreflected path, gives a more accurate predictionthan the model that considers only the direct path [19].
Figure7.40: Full 3D Path Loss with different number of reflection
Figure 7.45 shows path loss for rout 1 under Full 3D propagation model with different number of retransmissions. From the figure two retransmissions has higher path loss and six reflections has the lowest path loss. Actually, increasing number of retransmissions will increase the replicas of the received signal at receiver and decrease the path loss.
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Figure7.41: Full 3D Path Loss with different number of retransmissions
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Effects of the Project on Health society and Economy
8
As any system, LTE has its effect on economy, society and environment. In this chapter we will consider some of its effect on mention sides
8.1 LTE and economy As any project LTE has its positive effect on the economy, although it is an investigation so it needs huge capital, whatever the frequency band that LTE will be implemented on is already exist this can reduce the capital , moreover when the network works , the profit will start and increase rapidly by increasing the number of subscribers. As well as the operators of LTE part of the society then the economy of the society will be improved.
8.2 LTE and society In new word the development of any society can be described by the technology evolution that it reached , and LTE one of the most important new technology that increasing rapidly around the world , also LTE makes people life easier by the data services it provides for them at any time.
8.3 LTE and Health In relation to radio frequency emissions and wireless technology and health, the general conclusion from the world Health organization (WHO) is; „‟ Despite extensive researh , to data there is no evidene that exposure to low level electromagnetic fields is harmful to human health‟‟. In relation wireless networks (including LTE) and health the conclusion from WHO is;
85
‟‟ onsidering the very low exposure levels and researh results olleted to data , there is no convincing scientific evidence that the week RF signals from base stations and wireless networks ause adverse health effet „‟ . On mobile phone safety the world health organization advise, „‟A large numer of studies have een performed over the last two deades to aesses whether mobile phones pose a potential health risk. To data, no adverse health effects have been estalished as eing aused y moile phone use‟‟.
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Conclusion and Limitations
9
9.1 Conclusion In our project we accomplish a lot of points, first we calculate link budget for Cost231 Hata propagation model to estimate maximum allowable path loss and use this values to find the number of sites due to coverage .we found number of sites due to capacity requirement depends on some statics provided by Jawwal Company so we determine the number of sites,base stations that Nablus city needs for initial LTE network, capacity and traffic for each site. Then we complete sites allocation on Nablus map to obtain the results of this distribute of locations using MP tool provided by (Jawwal) company which its implementation showed us the distributed of data rate and coverage over Nablus regions.
Then we went to site specific propagation models to compare between CostHata, Hata and Full 3D models we find the Path Loss for each Propagation Model and also find received power .we discuss the effect of number of reflection and retransmissions on Full 3D model and we found the Delay spread and simulate Propagation Path for it.
9.2 Limitation The deployment of LTE in Palestine will be extremely hard due to the occupation.
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References [1] Christopher Cox,”An Introdution to LTE: LTE, LTE-Advanced, SAE and 4G Mobile Communiations”, First Edition. Wiley &Sons, Ltd. P 89,90 [2]HarriHolma and AnttiToskala, “LTE for UMTS – OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Aess”,First Edition, John Wiley, 2009 [3] Ajay R Mishra, “ADVANCEDCELLULAR NETWORK PLANNING OPTIMISATION 2G/2.5G/3G. . .EVOLUTION TO 4G” , first edition, Wiley &Sons.
AND
[4] Olin, B.; Nyerg, H.; Lundevall, M., “A novel approah to WCDMA radio network dimensioning”, IEEE 60th Vehiular Tehnology Conferene, vol 5, pp. 3443-3447, Sep.2004. [5] JaanaLaiho and AhimWaker, “Radio Network Planning and Optimization for UMTS" , second Edition. , WILEY, (2006). [6] Lingyang songs, liashen, "Evolved cellular network planning and optimization for UMTS and LTE"CRC Press, 2010
[7] http://www.infovista.com/products/Mentum-Planet [8] Juan Ramiro, Khalid Hamied,"SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORKS SELF-PLANNING, SELF-OPTIMIZATION AND SELF-HEALING FOR GSM, UMTS AND LTE " , first edition, Wiley &Sons,,2012 [9] 3GPP TS 36.300"Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRAN)" [10] 3GPP TS 36.300: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and EvolvedUniversal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRAN); overall description; Stage 2". [11]SujuanFeng, Eiko Seidel, “Self -Organizing Networks (SON) in 3GPP Long Term Evolution “Nomor Researh GmH, Munih, Germany 20th of May 2008 [12] Sami TABBANE,” LTE Advaned and Self Organizing Networks (SONs) “,ITU ASP COE Training on “Technology,Standardization and Deployment of LongTerm Evolution (IMT) ”, Session 9, 2013. [13] 3GPP TS 32.521,”Self-Organizing Networks (SON) Policy Network Resource Model (NRM) Integration Referene Point (IRP)”, 2010.
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[14] 3GPP TR 36.902,” Self-configuring and self-optimizing network use cases and solutions ”, 2008. [15] Martin Sauter, "From GSM to LTE: introduction to mobile networks and mobile broadband" .first edition. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. 2011 [16] Ericsson OSS Portfolio – LTE Basic and Optional Features, Rev A, 2008 [17] Ericsson [18] John S. Seybold,"Introduction To RF Propagation",First Edition, John Wiley, 2005 [19] Andrea Goldsmith, "Wireless Communications" ,First Edition , Copyright c 2004 by Andrea Goldsmith [20] ArdeshirGuarn, Raj Mittra, Bethe, "Electro magnetic wave interactions" ,World Scientific Publishing Co.pte.Ltd,pp,1996,355. [21]The Wireless InSite User‟s Manual Release 2.5.11, Remcom Inc., October 2009
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Appendices Appendix 1: sites coordinate Site Name
Cell Name
Longitude Demic
Latitude Demic
L_NAB01
L_NAB01A
32°13'10.14"N
35°15'42.06"E
L_NAB01
L_NAB01B
32°13'10.14"N
35°15'42.06"E
L_NAB01
L_NAB01C
32°13'10.14"N
35°15'42.06"E
L_NAB02
L_NAB02A
32°13'17.06"N
35°15'25.08"E
L_NAB02
L_NAB02B
32°13'17.06"N
35°15'25.08"E
L_NAB02
L_NAB02C
32°13'17.06"N
35°15'25.08"E
L_NAB03
L_NAB03A
32°13'26.08"N
35°15'12.40"E
L_NAB03
L_NAB03B
32°13'26.08"N
35°15'12.40"E
L_NAB03
L_NAB03C
32°13'26.08"N
35°15'12.40"E
L_NAB04
L_NAB04A
32°13'25.51"N
35°15'39.75"E
L_NAB04
L_NAB04B
32°13'25.51"N
35°15'39.75"E
L_NAB04
L_NAB04C
32°13'25.51"N
35°15'39.75"E
L_NAB05
L_NAB05A
32°13'33.96"N
35°15'25.72"E
L_NAB05
L_NAB05B
32°13'33.96"N
35°15'25.72"E
L_NAB05
L_NAB05C
32°13'33.96"N
35°15'25.72"E
L_NAB06
L_NAB06A
32°13'1.78"N
35°15'28.13"E
L_NAB06
L_NAB06B
32°13'1.78"N
35°15'28.13"E
L_NAB06
L_NAB06C
32°13'1.78"N
35°15'28.13"E
L_NAB07
L_NAB07A
32°13'0.82"N
35°15'45.76"E
L_NAB07
L_NAB07B
32°13'0.82"N
35°15'45.76"E
L_NAB07
L_NAB07C
32°13'0.82"N
35°15'45.76"E
L_NAB08
L_NAB08A
32°13'13.88"N
35°15'57.75"E
L_NAB08
L_NAB08B
32°13'13.88"N
35°15'57.75"E
L_NAB08
L_NAB08C
32°13'13.88"N
35°15'57.75"E
90
L_NAB09 L_NAB09 L_NAB09
L_NAB09A L_NAB09B L_NAB09C
32°12'58.56"N 32°12'58.56"N 32°12'58.56"N
35°16'2.84"E 35°16'2.84"E 35°16'2.84"E
L_NAB10
L_NAB10A
32°13'5.01"N
35°16'17.62"E
L_NAB10
L_NAB10B
32°13'5.01"N
35°16'17.62"E
L_NAB10
L_NAB10C
32°13'5.01"N
35°16'17.62"E
L_NAB11 L_NAB11 L_NAB11
L_NAB11A L_NAB11B L_NAB11C
32°13'29.69"N 32°13'29.69"N 32°13'29.69"N
35°16'2.80"E 35°16'2.80"E 35°16'2.80"E
L_NAB12
L_NAB12A
32°12'50.52"N
35°16'34.21"E
L_NAB12
L_NAB12B
32°12'50.52"N
35°16'34.21"E
L_NAB12
L_NAB12C
32°12'50.52"N
35°16'34.21"E
L_NAB13
L_NAB13A
32°13'11.52"N
35°16'35.01"E
L_NAB13
L_NAB13B
32°13'11.52"N
35°16'35.01"E
L_NAB13 L_NAB14 L_NAB14 L_NAB14
L_NAB13C L_NAB14A L_NAB14B L_NAB14C
32°13'11.52"N 32°12'40.49"N 32°12'40.49"N 32°12'40.49"N
35°16'35.01"E 35°16'7.65"E 35°16'7.65"E 35°16'7.65"E
L_NAB15
L_NAB15A
32°13'24.48"N
35°16'24.38"E
L_NAB15
L_NAB15B
32°13'24.48"N
35°16'24.38"E
L_NAB15
L_NAB15C
32°13'24.48"N
35°16'24.38"E
L_NAB16
L_NAB16A
32°12'37.20"N
35°16'58.00"E
L_NAB16
L_NAB16B
32°12'37.20"N
35°16'58.00"E
L_NAB16 L_NAB17 L_NAB17 L_NAB17 L_NAB18 L_NAB18 L_NAB18
L_NAB16C L_NAB17A L_NAB17B L_NAB17C L_NAB18A L_NAB18B L_NAB18C
32°12'37.20"N 32°12'53.98"N 32°12'53.98"N 32°12'53.98"N 32°13'12.96"N 32°13'12.96"N 32°13'12.96"N
35°16'58.00"E 35°17'1.33"E 35°17'1.33"E 35°17'1.33"E 35°15'0.66"E 35°15'0.66"E 35°15'0.66"E
L_NAB19
L_NAB19A
32°13'12.02"N
35°14'35.46"E
L_NAB19
L_NAB19B
32°13'12.02"N
35°14'35.46"E
L_NAB19 L_NAB20
L_NAB19C L_NAB20A
32°13'12.02"N 32°13'16.88"N
35°14'35.46"E 35°14'17.07"E
91
L_NAB20
L_NAB20B
32°13'16.88"N
35°14'17.07"E
L_NAB20
L_NAB20C
32°13'16.88"N
35°14'17.07"E
L_NAB21
L_NAB21A
32°13'4.70"N
35°14'19.75"E
L_NAB21
L_NAB21B
32°13'4.70"N
35°14'19.75"E
L_NAB21
L_NAB21C
32°13'4.70"N
35°14'19.75"E
L_NAB22
L_NAB22A
32°12'53.29"N
35°14'15.83"E
L_NAB22
L_NAB22B
32°12'53.29"N
35°14'15.83"E
L_NAB22
L_NAB22C
32°12'53.29"N
35°14'15.83"E
L_NAB23
L_NAB23A
32°12'55.49"N
35°14'41.02"E
L_NAB23
L_NAB23B
32°12'55.49"N
35°14'41.02"E
L_NAB23
L_NAB23C
32°12'55.49"N
35°14'41.02"E
L_NAB24
L_NAB24A
32°12'37.40"N
35°14'26.75"E
L_NAB24
L_NAB24B
32°12'37.40"N
35°14'26.75"E
L_NAB24 L_NAB25 L_NAB25 L_NAB25
L_NAB24C L_NAB25A L_NAB25B L_NAB25C
32°12'37.40"N 32°12'43.30"N 32°12'43.30"N 32°12'43.30"N
35°14'26.75"E 35°15'3.00"E 35°15'3.00"E 35°15'3.00"E
L_NAB26
L_NAB26A
32°12'33.24"N
35°15'47.78"E
L_NAB26
L_NAB26B
32°12'33.24"N
35°15'47.78"E
L_NAB26
L_NAB26C
32°12'33.24"N
35°15'47.78"E
L_NAB27
L_NAB27A
32°12'33.03"N
35°16'28.58"E
L_NAB27
L_NAB27B
32°12'33.03"N
35°16'28.58"E
L_NAB27
L_NAB27C
32°12'33.03"N
35°16'28.58"E
L_NAB28
L_NAB28A
32°13'38.85"N
35°13'15.55"E
L_NAB28
L_NAB28B
32°13'38.85"N
35°13'15.55"E
L_NAB28 L_NAB29 L_NAB29 L_NAB29 L_NAB30 L_NAB30
L_NAB28C L_NAB29A L_NAB29B L_NAB29C L_NAB30A L_NAB30B
32°13'38.85"N 32°13'24.58"N 32°13'24.58"N 32°13'24.58"N 32°13'18.95"N 32°13'18.95"N
35°13'15.55"E 35°14'3.89"E 35°14'3.89"E 35°14'3.89"E 35°13'41.50"E
92
35°13'41.50"E L_NAB30
L_NAB30C
32°13'18.95"N
35°13'41.50"E
L_NAB31
L_NAB31A
32°13'15.43"N
35°13'22.17"E
L_NAB31
L_NAB31B
32°13'15.43"N
35°13'22.17"E
L_NAB31
L_NAB31C
32°13'15.43"N
35°13'22.17"E
L_NAB32
L_NAB32A
32°13'7.16"N
35°13'48.86"E
L_NAB32
L_NAB32B
32°13'7.16"N
35°13'48.86"E
L_NAB32
L_NAB32C
32°13'7.16"N
35°13'48.86"E
L_NAB33
L_NAB33A
32°13'29.22"N
35°13'13.43"E
L_NAB33
L_NAB33B
32°13'29.22"N
35°13'13.43"E
L_NAB33
L_NAB33C
32°13'29.22"N
35°13'13.43"E
L_NAB34
L_NAB34A
32°13'3.89"N
35°13'23.68"E
L_NAB34
L_NAB34B
32°13'3.89"N
35°13'23.68"E
L_NAB34
L_NAB34C
32°13'3.89"N
35°13'23.68"E
L_NAB35
L_NAB35A
32°13'44.05"N
35°14'21.67"E
L_NAB35
L_NAB35B
32°13'44.05"N
35°14'21.67"E
L_NAB35
L_NAB35C
32°13'44.05"N
35°14'21.67"E
L_NAB36
L_NAB36A
32°14'2.20"N
35°13'32.03"E
L_NAB36
L_NAB36B
32°14'2.20"N
35°13'32.03"E
L_NAB36
L_NAB36C
32°14'2.20"N
35°13'32.03"E
L_NAB37
L_NAB37A
32°14'26.24"N
35°13'46.81"E
L_NAB37
L_NAB37B
32°14'26.24"N
35°13'46.81"E
L_NAB37
L_NAB37C
32°14'26.24"N
35°13'46.81"E
L_NAB38
L_NAB38A
32°14'13.14"N
35°14'11.95"E
L_NAB38
L_NAB38B
32°14'13.14"N
35°14'11.95"E
L_NAB38
L_NAB38C
32°14'13.14"N
35°14'11.95"E
L_NAB39
L_NAB39A
32°13'38.46"N
35°14'55.26"E
L_NAB39
L_NAB39B
32°13'38.46"N
35°14'55.26"E
93
L_NAB39
L_NAB39C
32°13'38.46"N
35°14'55.26"E
L_NAB40
L_NAB40A
32°13'52.06"N
35°14'38.17"E
L_NAB40
L_NAB40B
32°13'52.06"N
35°14'38.17"E
L_NAB40
L_NAB40C
32°13'52.06"N
35°14'38.17"E
L_NAB41
L_NAB41A
32°13'52.54"N
35°15'10.61"E
L_NAB41
L_NAB41B
32°13'52.54"N
35°15'10.61"E
L_NAB41
L_NAB41C
32°13'52.54"N
35°15'10.61"E
L_NAB42
L_NAB42A
32°13'54.90"N
35°15'39.09"E
L_NAB42
L_NAB42B
32°13'54.90"N
35°15'39.09"E
L_NAB42
L_NAB42C
32°13'54.90"N
35°15'39.09"E
L_NAB43
L_NAB43A
32°13'38.72"N
35°15'55.68"E
L_NAB43
L_NAB43B
32°13'38.72"N
35°15'55.68"E
L_NAB43
L_NAB43C
32°13'38.72"N
35°15'55.68"E
L_NAB44
L_NAB44A
32°13'58.86"N
35°14'54.21"E
L_NAB44
L_NAB44B
32°13'58.86"N
35°14'54.21"E
L_NAB44
L_NAB44C
32°13'58.86"N
35°14'54.21"E
L_NAB45
L_NAB45A
32°14'20.06"N
35°14'40.32"E
L_NAB45
L_NAB45B
32°14'20.06"N
35°14'40.32"E
L_NAB45
L_NAB45C
32°14'20.06"N
35°14'40.32"E
L_NAB46
L_NAB46A
32°14'7.65"N
35°14'37.26"E
L_NAB46
L_NAB46B
32°14'7.65"N
35°14'37.26"E
L_NAB46
L_NAB46C
32°14'7.65"N
35°14'37.26"E
L_NAB47
L_NAB47A
32°13'51.26"N
35°14'57.63"E
L_NAB47
L_NAB47B
32°13'51.26"N
35°14'57.63"E
L_NAB47 L_NAB48 L_NAB48
L_NAB47C L_NAB48A L_NAB48B L_NAB48C
32°13'51.26"N 32°12'26.75"N 32°12'26.75"N 32°12'26.75"N
35°14'57.63"E 35°17'8.30"E 35°17'8.30"E 35°17'8.30"E
L_NAB49
L_NAB49A
32°12'21.92"N
35°16'45.64"E
L_NAB48
94
L_NAB49
L_NAB49B
32°12'21.92"N
35°16'45.64"E
L_NAB49 L_NAB50 L_NAB50 L_NAB50
L_NAB49C L_NAB50A L_NAB50B L_NAB50C
32°12'21.92"N 32°12'13.47"N 32°12'13.47"N 32°12'13.47"N
35°16'45.64"E 35°17'2.58"E 35°17'2.58"E 35°17'2.58"E
L_NAB51
L_NAB51A
32°12'27.95"N
35°17'43.73"E
L_NAB51
L_NAB51B
32°12'27.95"N
35°17'43.73"E
L_NAB51
L_NAB51C
32°12'27.95"N
35°17'43.73"E
L_NAB52
L_NAB52A
32°13'2.45"N
35°17'32.47"E
L_NAB52
L_NAB52B
32°13'2.45"N
35°17'32.47"E
L_NAB52
L_NAB52C
32°13'2.45"N
35°17'32.47"E
L_NAB53
L_NAB53A
32°13'20.87"N
35°17'55.86"E
L_NAB53
L_NAB53B
32°13'20.87"N
35°17'55.86"E
L_NAB53
L_NAB53C
32°13'20.87"N
35°17'55.86"E
L_NAB54
L_NAB54A
32°12'11.32"N
35°16'15.33"E
L_NAB54
L_NAB54B
32°12'11.32"N
35°16'15.33"E
L_NAB54
L_NAB54C
32°12'11.32"N
35°16'15.33"E
L_NAB55
L_NAB55A
32°13'30.86"N
35°17'34.16"E
L_NAB55
L_NAB55B
32°13'30.86"N
35°17'34.16"E
L_NAB55
L_NAB55C
32°13'30.86"N
35°17'34.16"E
L_NAB56
L_NAB56A
32°12'55.51"N
35°18'16.19"E
L_NAB56
L_NAB56B
32°12'55.51"N
35°18'16.19"E
L_NAB56
L_NAB56C
32°12'55.51"N
35°18'16.19"E
L_NAB57
L_NAB57A
32°12'41.89"N
35°18'10.78"E
L_NAB57
L_NAB57B
32°12'41.89"N
35°18'10.78"E
L_NAB57
L_NAB57C
32°12'41.89"N
35°18'10.78"E
L_NAB58
L_NAB58A
32°12'30.54"N
35°17'22.75"E
L_NAB58
L_NAB58B
32°12'30.54"N
35°17'22.75"E
L_NAB58
L_NAB58C
32°12'30.54"N
35°17'22.75"E
95
L_NAB59
L_NAB59A
32°12'25.34"N
35°18'14.71"E
L_NAB59
L_NAB59B
32°12'25.34"N
35°18'14.71"E
L_NAB59
L_NAB59C
32°12'25.34"N
35°18'14.71"E
L_NAB60
L_NAB60A
32°12'58.78"N
35°17'58.64"E
L_NAB60
L_NAB60B
32°12'58.78"N
35°17'58.64"E
L_NAB60 L_NAB61 L_NAB61 L_NAB61
L_NAB60C L_NAB61A L_NAB61B L_NAB61C
32°12'58.78"N 32°14'17.45"N 32°14'17.45"N 32°14'17.45"N
35°17'58.64"E 35°15'6.17"E 35°15'6.17"E 35°15'6.17"E
L_NAB62
L_NAB62A
32°14'30.62"N
35°13'16.44"E
L_NAB62
L_NAB62B
32°14'30.62"N
35°13'16.44"E
L_NAB62
L_NAB62C
32°14'30.62"N
35°13'16.44"E
L_NAB63
L_NAB63A
32°13'46.20"N
35°15'22.17"E
L_NAB63
L_NAB63B
32°13'46.20"N
35°15'22.17"E
L_NAB63
L_NAB63C
32°13'46.20"N
35°15'22.17"E
L_NAB64
L_NAB64A
32°13'37.57"N
35°13'45.22"E
L_NAB64
L_NAB64B
32°13'37.57"N
35°13'45.22"E
L_NAB64
L_NAB64C
32°13'37.57"N
35°13'45.22"E
L_NAB65
L_NAB65A
32°13'14.40"N
35°13'31.92"E
L_NAB65
L_NAB65B
32°13'14.40"N
35°13'31.92"E
L_NAB65
L_NAB65C
32°13'14.40"N
35°13'31.92"E
L_NAB66
L_NAB66A
32°13'13.87"N
35°13'58.68"E
L_NAB66
L_NAB66B
32°13'13.87"N
35°13'58.68"E
L_NAB66
L_NAB66C
32°13'13.87"N
35°13'58.68"E
L_NAB67
L_NAB67A
32°12'54.61"N
35°14'59.71"E
L_NAB67
L_NAB67B
32°12'54.61"N
35°14'59.71"E
L_NAB67 L_NAB68 L_NAB68 L_NAB68
L_NAB67C L_NAB68A L_NAB68B L_NAB68C
32°12'54.61"N 32°14'5.94"N 32°14'5.94"N 32°14'5.94"N
35°14'59.71"E 35°15'6.22"E 35°15'6.22"E 35°15'6.22"E
96
L_NAB69 L_NAB69 L_NAB69
L_NAB69A L_NAB69B L_NAB69C
32°13'44.65"N 32°13'44.65"N 32°13'44.65"N
35°15'9.45"E 35°15'9.45"E 35°15'9.45"E
L_NAB70
L_NAB70A
32°13'25.58"N
35°15'53.95"E
L_NAB70
L_NAB70B
32°13'25.58"N
35°15'53.95"E
L_NAB70
L_NAB70C
32°13'25.58"N
35°15'53.95"E
L_NAB71
L_NAB71A
32°12'42.32"N
35°15'23.74"E
L_NAB71
L_NAB71B
32°12'42.32"N
35°15'23.74"E
L_NAB71
L_NAB71C
32°12'42.32"N
35°15'23.74"E
L_NAB72
L_NAB72A
32°12'46.54"N
35°15'37.36"E
L_NAB72
L_NAB72B
32°12'46.54"N
35°15'37.36"E
L_NAB72 L_NAB73 L_NAB73 L_NAB73
L_NAB72C L_NAB73A L_NAB73B L_NAB73C
32°12'46.54"N 32°13'6.06"N 32°13'6.06"N 32°13'6.06"N
35°15'37.36"E 35°17'4.68"E 35°17'4.68"E 35°17'4.68"E
L_NAB74
L_NAB74A
32°13'44.25"N
35°15'33.76"E
L_NAB74
L_NAB74B
32°13'44.25"N
35°15'33.76"E
L_NAB74
L_NAB74C
32°13'44.25"N
35°15'33.76"E
L_NAB75
L_NAB75A
32°14'2.38"N
35°13'55.39"E
L_NAB75
L_NAB75B
32°14'2.38"N
35°13'55.39"E
L_NAB75
L_NAB75C
32°14'2.38"N
35°13'55.39"E
L_NAB76
L_NAB76A
32°13'2.56"N
35°12'59.83"E
L_NAB76
L_NAB76B
32°13'2.56"N
35°12'59.83"E
L_NAB76
L_NAB76C
32°13'2.56"N
35°12'59.83"E
L_NAB77
L_NAB77A
32°12'24.34"N
35°14'48.83"E
L_NAB77
L_NAB77B
32°12'24.34"N
35°14'48.83"E
L_NAB77
L_NAB77C
32°12'24.34"N
35°14'48.83"E
L_NAB78
L_NAB78A
32°13'3.06"N
35°15'12.49"E
L_NAB78
L_NAB78B
32°13'3.06"N
35°15'12.49"E
L_NAB78
L_NAB78C
32°13'3.06"N
35°15'12.49"E
97
L_NAB79
L_NAB79A
32°13'17.16"N
35°16'14.62"E
L_NAB79
L_NAB79B
32°13'17.16"N
35°16'14.62"E
L_NAB79
L_NAB79C
32°13'17.16"N
35°16'14.62"E
L_NAB80
L_NAB80A
32°12'18.90"N
35°17'16.06"E
L_NAB80
L_NAB80B
32°12'18.90"N
35°17'16.06"E
L_NAB80
L_NAB80C
32°12'18.90"N
35°17'16.06"E
L_NAB81
L_NAB81A
32°12'49.60"N
35°17'32.40"E
L_NAB81
L_NAB81B
32°12'49.60"N
35°17'32.40"E
L_NAB81
L_NAB81C
32°12'49.60"N
35°17'32.40"E
L_NAB82
L_NAB82A
32°13'20.64"N
35°14'46.20"E
L_NAB82
L_NAB82B
32°13'20.64"N
35°14'46.20"E
L_NAB82
L_NAB82C
32°13'20.64"N
35°14'46.20"E
L_NAB83
L_NAB83A
32°14'16.57"N
35°12'58.36"E
L_NAB83
L_NAB83B
32°14'16.57"N
35°12'58.36"E
L_NAB83 L_NAB84 L_NAB84 L_NAB84
L_NAB83C L_NAB84A L_NAB84B L_NAB84C
32°14'16.57"N 32°14'28.74"N 32°14'28.74"N 32°14'28.74"N
35°12'58.36"E 35°14'7.25"E 35°14'7.25"E 35°14'7.25"E
L_NAB85
L_NAB85A
32°13'24.70"N
35°14'53.24"E
L_NAB85
L_NAB85B
32°13'24.70"N
35°14'53.24"E
L_NAB85
L_NAB85C
32°13'24.70"N
35°14'53.24"E
L_NAB86
L_NAB86A
32°13'5.49"N
35°15'51.75"E
L_NAB86
L_NAB86B
32°13'5.49"N
35°15'51.75"E
L_NAB86
L_NAB86C
32°13'5.49"N
35°15'51.75"E
L_NAB87
L_NAB87A
32°11'54.52"N
35°16'37.95"E
L_NAB87
L_NAB87B
32°11'54.52"N
35°16'37.95"E
L_NAB87
L_NAB87C
32°11'54.52"N
35°16'37.95"E
L_NAB88
L_NAB88A
32°11'55.82"N
35°17'40.14"E
L_NAB88
L_NAB88B
32°11'55.82"N
35°17'40.14"E
98
L_NAB88
L_NAB88C
32°11'55.82"N
35°17'40.14"E
L_NAB89
L_NAB89A
32°13'28.54"N
35°13'27.47"E
L_NAB89
L_NAB89B
32°13'28.54"N
35°13'27.47"E
L_NAB89
L_NAB89C
32°13'28.54"N
35°13'27.47"E
L_NAB90
L_NAB90A
32°13'56.50"N
35°13'15.92"E
L_NAB90
L_NAB90B
32°13'56.50"N
35°13'15.92"E
L_NAB90
L_NAB90C
32°13'56.50"N
35°13'15.92"E
L_NAB91
L_NAB91A
32°13'21.98"N
35°14'27.44"E
L_NAB91
L_NAB91B
32°13'21.98"N
35°14'27.44"E
L_NAB91
L_NAB91C
32°13'21.98"N
35°14'27.44"E
L_NAB92
L_NAB92A
32°12'24.08"N
35°15'30.85"E
L_NAB92
L_NAB92B
32°12'24.08"N
35°15'30.85"E
L_NAB92
L_NAB90C
32°12'24.08"N
35°15'30.85"E
99
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