LTE Analysis Final

Interview

10 MHZ 5 MHZZ 500000

50 25

12

Idle Mode

Intra-Frequency Handover

Inter-Frequency Handover

ANR Addition & Deletion Neighbor

Accessibility Troubleshooting

Accessibility - Random Access

Access block due to overloading & Highload

Uder Licence Exeeded & Lack of Resources & Lic

Rf Abnormalities

Incorrect Parameter Settings

S1 Setup Failures

The UE uses the random access process to gain access to the cell for the following reasons: 1) Initial access to the network from the idle state – RRC Connection Establishment 2) Re-gain access to the network after radio link failure – RRC Connection Re-establishment 3) During handover to gain synchronization with a new cell – Handover Execution

The eNodeB may block the UE’s connection request by sending the “RRC Connection Reject”, there will be no cause value signaled to the UE with RRC Connection Reject, but a wait time value of 1–16 seconds that can help to protect the eNodeB from overload due to rising numbers of RRC Connection Requests Counters pmRrcConnEstabFailHighLoad & pmRrcConnEstabFailOverload will be stepped at transmission of “RRC Connection Reject” during high load or overload circumstances

Symptoms: During an RRC connection setup process, the eNodeB has not received any RRC connection setup complete messages within the related timeout duration. During an E-RAB setup process, the response in security mode times out. At the eNodeB side, both the RRC connection setup success rate and the E-RAB setup success rate are low

RRC Accessibility Failures: Cell parameters are incorrectly configured. For example, qRxLevMin which is used in the evaluation of cell selection is too low UE camping in the wrong cell, parameters for cell reselection can be tuned

Examples of S1 Setup failures: 1- If all S1 control plane connections fail, the affected cells become disabled over time and generate the alarm ServiceUnavailable eNodeB> ================================================================== Date & Time (Local) S Specific Problem MO (Cause/AdditionalInfo) =================================================================== XYX 15:47:51 M ServiceUnavailable EUtranCellFDD=…. (S1 Connection failure for PLMN mcc:XYZ mnc:XYZ) >>> Total: 1 Alarms (0 Critical, 1 Major

• Two types of RA procedures are defined: 1) CBRA (Contention Based Random Access) 2)CFRA (Contention Free Random Access) – Not supported yet • The main counters involved are the following: 1)pmRaAttCbra 2)pmRaSuccCbra

Examples of action: 1) Change SC 556: Decrease the maximum number of initial accesses and incoming handovers that are allowed during a time window without triggering the load control mechanism 2) Change the dlMaxRetxThreshold & ulMaxRetxThreshold of SRB=1: Reduce the number of RLC retransmissions for Signaling Radio Bearer 3) Change EutranCellFDD.qRxLevMin to higher values 4) Use a dedicated DUL for the Hi-Cap cell, even though the noOfPucchSrUsers determine the number of SR on the cell level, the simultaneous allocated resources in all cells sharing a DUL are limited by the maximum number of resources available in the DU. The resources is pooled within the DUL which means that the number of used resources can vary between cells

pmRrcConnEstabFailActiveUserLicenseExceeded & pmRrcConnEstabFailLackofResources & pmRrcConnEstabFailLic Items to be investigated are: 1) Radio interference 2) DL interference from neighboring cells, DL interference from external systems, and UL interference need to be investigated 3) Cell Coverage Imbalance between UL and DL (Use counters pmRadioTbsPwrRestricted, pmbadcovevalreport) 4) The transmit power of the RRU and the UE need to be investigated to check whether UL or DL limitations have occurred

S1 Failures: Incorrect or missing TAI-LAI pairing could result in accessibility failures when UE attempts CS Fallback to UMTS (LTE Attach Request of type “Combined EPS/IMSI Attach”). The MME derives the LAI from the TAI of the current LTE cell, then MME sends the “Location Update Request” to the target MSC/VLR. Failures can be avoided by: Configuring the E-UTRAN cell's TAI to take into account the LA boundary of the target UMTS The MME being configured to know which TAIs are within which LA The MME using the TAI of the current E-UTRAN cell to derive the LAI and vice versa

2- S1 setup failures due to software error, example: The “eNB_UE_S1AP_ID” is not recognized by the MME”, the MME and the eNodeB go out of sequence. The eNodeB releases the old “eNB_UE_S1AP_ID”, however the MME holds it for a while. New S1 requests received by the MME using this ID will be rejected by the MME Temporary workaround: Lock the TermPointToMme, wait 5 seconds then unlock the TermPointToMme Re-start the eNodeB

Rejection counter

pmRrcConnEstabFailHighLoad & pmRrcConnEstabFailOverload

pmRrcConnEstabFailFailureinRadioProcedure

pmS1SigConnEstabAtt & pmS1SigEstabSucc

MOBILITY Troubleshooting

HO Prep & Exec Failures

Poor radio conditions & Badly tuned handover parameters

Ho Prep Success Rate (pmHoPrepAttLTEIntraF/ pmHoPrepSuccLTEIntraF) Ho Execution Success Rate (pmHoExeAttLTEIntraF/ pmHoExeSuccLTEIntraF) Intra Frequency HO Success Rate Inter Frequency HO Success Rate IRAT HO Success Rate Reasons:

HO Prep:

1) Handover preparation failure that may be caused by incorrect parameter settings in the target c 2) the target network element is not able to provide the required radio resourc 3) Handover preparation may fail because the target eNodeB cannot provide the resources for the h message. If the source eNodeB does not receive a response to its X2AP handover request message from the ta

HO Execution:

1) Handover execution failure that may be caused by incorrect parameter settings in the target cell (e.g. PC 2) Hardware faults are the most likely cause if handovers suddenly become abnormal without recen Possible hardware faults are: board is overloaded, faulty RRU, a common public radio interface (CPR 3) Two symptoms may occur when the RF is poor. One is that the UE cannot receive any handover co cannot report the handover complete message

Abnormal Release: If handover is triggered too early, the target cell SINR can be too weak when ha This can result in an abnormal release before handover.

Handover hysteresis and time-to-trigger settings are required to prevent excessive ping-p decreases throughput

With too little overlap, handover may fail. With too much cell overlap, higher interference occur adjusting overlap margins and cell sizes. This can be achieved with parameters and physical changes

Two symptoms may occur when the RF is poor. One is that the UE cannot receive any hand target cell and cannot report the handover complete message

KPI

UL RSSI

External Issue Configuration Issue Internal Issue LTE

3G

Reason Fault component in Antenna System Incorrect Plumbing Lose Connector / Tight Cable Band Incorrect TMA Settings / TMA Faulty Check External Source of Uplink Interference

Check its due to UL data which causing interference Check hourly and daly UL RSSI performance

Solution

Parameter: tt2 = 4 to 2 or 0 SF8/16 = 8 to 4 or 0 ULPref = 14 to 64

Ranges

DT Reports BEST Server Plot Per PCT (Idle) (dBm) BEST Server Plot Per PCT (Connected Mode) (dBm) RSRP Ranges UL/DL SINR Plot (dB) RSRQ Plot (dB) DL CQI RSSI BLER

Ranges Good

Ranges Bad

Port - 0 -0 to -75 15 to 30

Port - 1 -105 to -140 (0to7) (-1 to

0 to -10

-10 to onwards

(-110 to -140) -100 to -80)

TEMS investigation.

SINR how ti imporve; Overshooting , Spider Plots, PCI Classhes can be. Put logs in TEMS DIscovery (Spider Plot) to check overshooting

RSRP Reference Signal Receive Power RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality SINR signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio Best server Plot UL Throuput SINR VS UL THP End to End Latency Statistics RTT (Round Trip Time)

ANR (Automatic neighbor Relation) based on LMRR (meansurement) Meansuremnt Collect and Update neighbour accordingly. (Automatic) Drawback ANR: Overshotting cells cant detect Neighnpurs. Handover Intruption Time (Latency Time Increase) Check with Core. SINR possible degradation reason with casses FDD / TDD (kiss main ziyada kharab hote hay aur kyun SINR) How to calcualte SINR SINR VS RSSI RSRP Calculate kaysay hota hay Reference Sinal kya hota hay RX power kayse set hotay hain

SINR Overshooting, PCI Classesl

TDD because it use same channel for UL/DL Total Interference = Own cell Noice + Neighbour Noice TDD= 12 ro 15 and FDD = 18-23

PCI Planning: ATOL, Unet, Optimi, Asset V_shift: Remove PCI Mode 3 Confilict face neighbours: self interefnce mecanism,

Finad and solve PCI Issue PCI Confusion (Main) colision conficlt

TAB Before start troubleshooting check:

Genearl (stats)

UE Problem, eNB problem

ENODE level feature

Extend the time for new Poll if no status report is received from 80ms to 160 ms for signalling/Radio bearer/ Data bearer, Fial is to redyce UL/DL nwtwork load Reduce the no of RLC re-trnsmission for Signaling/Data & Radio bearer, goal to improve UL/DL Throughput Check CQI & RI (Rank Indicator) Reported from UE: Check transmission Mode: BLER (Block Eror Rate)

UL RSSI (Ul Interference)

Check MCS & No of Assigned PRB's in Scheduler.

Check UE Scheduling percentage of TTIs

RLC Retransmission:

Reasons

Is the issue happening at a certain enodeB, several enodeB’s or all enodeB’s? * What is the observed throughput and what is expected? * When was the last time the throughput was observed to be ok? * What has changed since the last time throughput was observed to be ok? e.g. adding/changing/removing hardware, eNodeB parameter changes, IP address plan changes & Trans Network changes * Does the issue occur during certain times of day (i.e. busy hour) * Does the issue occur during certain times of the week (i.e. During local event) Invalid UE reports ( UE stats) Uu Air Interface Porblem. (Radio Issue) • • • • • •

Incorrect Parameter settings Scheduling Abnormality Limitation in Current eNB software. s1 User Plane Issue can’t get ACK/NACK Core network / SSAN/SGW issue etc

Downlink/Uplink baseband Capacity Channel Bandwidth (5,10,15,20) 64 QAM DL / 16 QAM UL Dual Anteena DL perfromance package Schedulling Algo= Round Robin Check and increase max Licence for NoofPUCCHsrUser 590 & NoohPUcchCQIser 320) Change tPollRetransmissionDL & tPollRetransmissionUL

dlMaxRetxThreshold / ulMaxRetxThreshold (DRB/SRB)

By stats & DT, CQI/RI provides us SINR/Antenna Layer reception report from UE point of View. CQI R

MIMO/SIMO/TxD Check whether the block error rate (BLER) is excessively high on the radio interface. If the BLER is than 10%, the channel condition is poor

Check whether uplink interference exists, in a normal case, the UL RSSI on each resource block (RB about ( – {119 to 120} ) dBm when the cell is unloaded. If the RSSI is 3 dBm to 5 dBm higher than normal value (when un-loaded), uplink interference exists, Could be some external interferer or val pZeroNominalPusch in neighbour cells are too high)

1) Mapping of MCS/CQI is performed by DL link adaptation 2) The eNB needs knowledge of the SINR conditions of downlink transmission to a UE in order to se the most efficient MCS/PRB combination for a selected UE at any point in time. 3) Understanding the relationship between chosen MCS, assigned PRBs and assignable bits in the scheduler are important for sorting core network issues/UE issues from air interface issues

1) Scheduling percentage means the amount of TTIs (typically measured per second) that the UE w scheduled. This is also related to the resources allocated for PDCCH (control channels) 2) Another cause of low throughput is that the UE is not being scheduled in every TTI. Cause: Limitations in current scheduler implementation, software Limitation.

When HARQ fails to transmit a transport block within the maximum number of configured retransm Default number of HARQ transmissions is 4 in L11A If RLC STATUS messages are not received within the time frames configured › Check: ACK_SN should be increasing, otherwise RLC buffers are not released NACK_SN indicates RLC retransmissions (occasionally is OK) DataRadioBearer::tStatusProhibit governs how often RLC STATUS messages may be generated, def 25ms in L11A. › A too low value will produce too many RLC control messages › A too high value may cause RLC buffers to become exhausted

In LTE, the theoretical throughput relates to the system bandwidth, modulation scheme, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) mode, and parameter settings.

Theoretical rate calculation for a cell considers the number of symbols occupied by the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in each sub-frame and the amount of resource elements occupied by the synchronization channel, by reference signals, and by the broadcast channel

ulChannelBandwidth = 5000

Check UL Power settings and SINR on cells level (PnotnominalPUCCH) The SINR is converted to Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) and reported to the eNodeB in the Channel Feedback Report (CFR) by the UE. The CQI indicates the radio quality, and is used by the link adaptation function in the eNodeB to select the transport format matching the channel conditions

UL THP ISSUES Step 1: Identify cell with low UL (uplink) throughput

Step 4: Low Demand

Step 2: Identify Uplink interference

Step 3: BLER Values Parameter Optimization

Check feautrue Activated

Extend the time for new Poll if no status report is received from 80ms to 160 ms for signalling/Radio bearer/ Data bearer, Fial is to redyce UL/DL nwtwork load Reduce the no of RLC retrnsmission for Signaling/Data & Radio bearer, goal to improve UL/DL Throughput

Step 5: Scheduler Type

Step 7: Other

Step 6: Power Headroom

Reasons

a) The first thing is to identify those cells with low throughput. What is considered as low throughpu threshold defined by your network policies and best practices (it also depends on your design para Reports should be run for a significant number of days so that data is statistically valid.

a) Run a report using the counters provided by the OEM to find 1. Maximum number of RRC connections supported per cell (parameter or feature) 2. Maximum number of RRC connections active per cell 3. Average number of RRC connections active per cell 4. Maximum number of users per TTI supported per cell (parameter or feature) 5. Maximum number of users scheduled per TTI in the cell(s) of interest 6. Average number users scheduled per TTI in the cell(s) of interest b) If the maximum number of RRC connections active per cell is close or equal to the maximum nu connections supported, then. The cause for low throughput is load. c) A high number of scheduled users per TTI does not necessarily mean that demand is the cause f throughput.

a) Run a report for RSSI in the uplink. Most OEM provide with counters and or tools to assess the RS days. Cells with uplink interference are those whose RSSI values are high (higher than -90dBm, for b) Typical scenarios where these values are high are indoor environments (i.e.: arenas, airports, etc c) Common sources of interference in the 700 MHz band (LTE deployment in the USA) are: high val the uplink, external source of interference, high values of P0-nominalPUCCH and P0-nominalPUSCH technical lead on the settings of these parameters)

a) Run a report for BLER in the cells identified. The BLER should be smaller or equal than 10%. If th larger, then, there is an indication of bad RF environment. b) Typical causes of bad BLER are uplink interference, bad coverage (holes in the network, etc.) pZeroNominalPucch / pZeroNominalPusch Downlink/Uplink baseband Capacity Channel Bandwidth (5,10,15,20) 64 QAM DL / 16 QAM UL Schedulling Algo= Round Robin

Change tPollRetransmissionDL & tPollRetransmissionUL

dlMaxRetxThreshold / ulMaxRetxThreshold (DRB/SRB)

a) Find the scheduler types your OEM supports b) Select the one that is more convenient for the type of cell you are investigating. Examples of sch round robin, proportional fairness, maximum C/I, equal opportunity, etc. OEMs allow you to switch t in your network but recommend one in particular. c) The wrong scheduler may be the reason for bad throughput.

a) Run a VSWR report or ask your OEM to run it for you. b) High values of VSWR result in low throughput due to losses. c) Check your backhaul capacity. Often times, the backhaul links are shared among mul Make sure your backhaul is properly dimensioned. At the end of this methodology, you will be able to determine if the reasons for low throughput in y one of the following or a combination, thereof: - BLER (bad coverage) - Uplink Interference (high RSSI) - Low Power headroom - Scheduling algorithm - Low Demand - Other (VSWR, Backhaul capacity)

a) Run a report to find out the average power headroom that UEs have in your network. b) A low value of power headroom means that UEs do not have available power to transmit in the u hence, the throughput is low. c) Low values of power headroom are 5 dB or smaller. d) Typical causes of low power headroom are uplink interference and/or incorrect power control par settings, to mention a few.

pZeroNominalPucch / pZeroNominalPusch pZeroNominalPusch

Check for active alarms: Check Cell Alarm Log Check Cell Alarm, Event, Availability, System, Coli commands Log Check VSWR Check the state of cell: Check the state of sector: Check S1/X2 termpoints: Check the state of RRU Check the state of MME: Get power parameters and values: Get values from electrical and mechanical Antenna Tilt: Get values from earfcndl e earfcnul: Check Channel Bandwidth (uplink and downlink) Check the Tracking Area Identity Check Licenses, HW capacity and Softwares Check the IP address from TermPointToMme Check the PCI from the cells Get cell range (Maximum distance from the eNodeB where a connection to an UE can be setup and/or maintained) Get the eNodeB ID (it forms part of the CGI) Check the Cell Reselection Priority (absolute priority of the carrier frequency used by the cell reselection procedure)

Check the Mobility Priority (Prioritizes EUTRAN frequencies among all frequencies related to the cell for UEs in connected mode) Check eNodeB relations Print all active UE Print all admitted UEs and Data Radio Bearers in all cells

LTE counters Get the description of any counter Get a counter print

LTE parameter Get the description of any parameter Get a parameter print

ENODEB01> alt ENODEB01> lga -m 3 ENODEB01> lgsavemo -m 2 ENODEB01> lh ru fui get vswr 1 ENODEB01> st cell ENODEB01> st sector ENODEB01> st termp ENODEB01> st ru ENODEB01> st mme ENODEB01> get . power ENODEB01> get . antennatilt ENODEB01> get . earfcn ENODEB01> get ^EUtranCellFDD ChannelBandwidth ENODEB01> get EUtranCellFDD=E tac$ ENODEB01> inv ENODEB01> get TermPointToMme ipaddress NODEB01> get EUtranCellFDD=ENODEB01 physicallayer ENODEB01> get EUtranCellFDD cellrange ENODEB01> get ENodeBFunction=1 enbid

ENODEB01> get . cellReselectionPriority

ENODEB01> get . connectedModeMobilityPrio

ENODEB01> get . relation ENODEB01> ue print -ue ENODEB01> ue print -admitted ENODEB01> pmom . ENODEB01> pmx .

ENODEB01> mom . ENODEB01> get .

emudrad

ENODEB01> lh ru fui get vswr 2

ENODEB01> get . ^UtranCellRelation

ENODEB01> pmom . pmRrcConnEstabSucc ENODEB01> pmxh . pmRrcConnEstabSucc -m 2 -a ENODEB01> mom . a2ThresholdRsrpPrim ENODEB01> get . a2ThresholdRsrpPrim

ENODEB01> get . ^EUtranCellRelation