LP Istirahat Dan Tidur

 

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@BWL]BI WDIABCT@TBI OBIOOTBI KZQK]BCBQ ABI QKAT] 

2. Hlisdp Hlisdp Absbr Absbr Ks Kstkr tkrbcb bcbtt Qkaur Qkaur b. Adfk Adfkik iksk sk kstk kstkrb rbcb cbtt tkaur tkaur

Kstkrbcbt abi tkaur ndrupbhbi hdmutucbi absbr ybio nut`bh cbrus akpdiuck l`dc sdnub lrbio. (_bckt & Iuru`, =773) Kstkrbcbt Kstkrbc bt abi tkaur tkaur ndnk`k ndnk`khk hk nbhib nbhib ybio ybio mdrmda mdrmdabb pbab pbab sdtkbp sdtkbp kiakvkau. Zdjbrb unun, kstkrbcbt mdrbrtk subtu hdbabbi tdibio, rk`dhs, tbipb tdhbibi dnlsklib` abi mdmbs abrk pdrbsbbi od`ksbc. Ab`bn brtk `bki kstkrbc kstkrbcbt bt muhbi muhbi mdrbrtk mdrbrtk tkabh tkabh nd`bhu nd`bhuhbi hbi bhtkvk bhtkvktbs tbs sbnb sbnb sdhb`k sdhb`k.. Qdrhbabio, mdreb`bi-eb`bi ak tbnbi euob mksb akhbtbhbi sdmbobk subtu  mdituh kstkrbcbt. Zdabio Zda biohbi hbi pdiodr pdiodrtkb tkbi i tkaur tkaur ndrupb ndrupbhbi hbi subtu subtu hdbabb hdbabbi i tkabh  tkabh  sbabrhbi akrk aknbib pdrsdpsk abi rdbhsk kiakvkau tdrcbabp `kiohuiobi ndiurui/ck`bio abi abpbt akmbiouihbi hdnmb`k adiobi kiadrb btbu rbiosbiobi ybio juhup (Ouytli, ab`bn muhu Cbswktb, =72?). Qbmd` =.2. Wl`b Qkaur Ilrnb` Mdrabsbrhbi Tskb Tskb

7-: mu`bi

Qkiohbt

Eu Eun n`bc

Hdmutucbi

Wdrhdnmbiobi

Qkaur 

Idlibtus

21-23 ebn/cbrk

Qbcbpbi Qkaur 

]DN

47%

(nkioou pdrtbnb hd`bckrbi) 2-23 mu`bi

Mbyk

2=-21 ebn/cbrk

]DN =7-:7%

23 mu`bi ‚ : tbcui

Bibh

22-2= ebn/cbrk

]DN =4%

: tbcui ‚ 6 tbcui

Wrbsdhl`bc

22ebn/cbrk

]DN =7%

6 tbcui ‚ 2= tbcui

Zdhl`bc

27 ebn/cbrk

]DN 23.4%

2= tbcui ‚ 23 tbcui

]dnbeb

3,4 ebn/cbrk

]DN =7%

?

 

3

23 tbcui ‚ 17 tbcui

Adwbsb Nuab

?-3 ebn/cbrk

]DN =7-=4%

17 tbcui ‚ 67 tbcui

Adwbsb

? ebn/cbrk

]DN =7%

6 ebn/cbrk

]DN

Wdrtdiobcbi 67 tbcui hd btbs

Tskb Qub

 I]DN ndiurui

=7-=4% KV hbabio

Bmsdi

m. Fksk Fkskl` l`lo lokk Qka Qkaur ur

Zkh`us tkaur tdrebak sdjbrb b`bnk abi akhlitrl` l`dc pusbt tkaur  ybktu ybk tu ndau``b, ndau``b, tdpbtiyb tdpbtiyb ak ]BZ (]d (]djtkj jtkju`b u`brr Bjtkvb Bjtkvbtki tkio o Zystdn Zystdn)) abi MZ] (Mu`mbr Zyijcrlikzkio ]dokli). ]dokli). ]BZ tdrakrk abrk idurli-idurli ak ndau`` ndau``bb lm`lio lm`liobtb btb,, plis plis abi nkamrb nkamrbki. ki. Wusbt Wusbt kik tdr`km tdr`kmbt bt ab`bn ab`bn ndnpdrtbcbi stbtus mbioui ndnpdrtbcbi mbioui abi ndnpdrnuabc ndnpdrnuabc mdmdrbpb mdmdrbpb tbcbp tkaur. Wdrumbcbi-p Wdrum bcbi-pdrumbc drumbcbi bi fkskl`loks fkskl`loks ab`bn tumuc tumuc tdrebak tdrebak sd`bnb tkaur. tkaur. Bab aub tdlrk tditbio tkaur 5 Wbskf 5 ]BZ ak ltbh ndiob`bnk hd`d`bcbi sdckioob ndiydmbmhbi tkabh  bhtkf. Bhtkf 5 (Aktdrknb sdhbrbio) subtu mbokbi ak ltbh ybio ndiydmbmhbi tkaur akcbnmbt l`dc mbokbi `bki. ]BZ abi MZ] bab`bc pkhkrbi bhtkf hdnuakbi ndidhbi pusbt ltbh  sdjbrb sdjb rb mdrobi mdrobitkb tkbi. i. ]BZ mdrcum mdrcumuio uiobi bi adiobi adiobi stbtus stbtus ebob ebob tumuc tumuc abi ndidrknb ndidrk nb sdislr sdislry y kiput kiput (pdiad (pdiadio iobrbi brbi,, pdio`k pdio`kcbtb cbtbi, i, pdiock pdiockaup aupbi, bi, iydrk abi pdrbmbbi). ]biosbiobi sdislry ndnpdrtbcbihbi sdsdlrbio uituh uit uh mbioui mbioui abi wbspba wbspbab. b. Zd`bnb Zd`bnb tkaur tkaur tumuc tumuc ndidrk ndidrknb nb sdakhkt sdakhkt rbiosbiobi abrk hlrtdhs sdrdmrb` (Cbswktb, ahh, =72?). j. ]kt ]ktnd Zkr Zkrh hbakb bakbi i

Zdtkbp Zdt kbp nbhc`u nbhc`uh h ckaup ckaup ndnk`k ndnk`khk hk mklrkt mklrktnd nd (ebn (ebn mkl`lo mkl`loks) ks) ybi ybio o  mdrmdab. Wbab nbiuskb, mklrktnd kik akhlitrl` l`dc tumuc abi aksds aksdsub ubkh khbi bi ad adio iobi bi fbhtl fbhtlrr `kio `kiohu huio iobi bi (nks (nks55 jbcby jbcbyb, b, hd hdod od`bp `bpbi bi,, orbvktbsk, abi stknu`us d`dhtrlnboidtkh). Mdituh mklrktnd ybio pb`kio

 

unun bab`bc rktnd skrhbakbi ybio nd`diohbpk skh`us sd`bnb =1 ebn. Ab`bn cb` kik, f`uhtubsk adiyut ebiotuio, tdhbibi abrbc, tdnpdrbturd tumuc, sdhrdsk clrnlid, ndtbml`ksn, abi pdibnpk`bi sdrtb pdrbsbbi kiakvkau mdrobituio kiakvkau mdrobituio pbab rktnd skrhbakbiiy skrhbakbiiyb. b. Qkaur bab`bc sb`bc sbtu krbnb mkl`loks tumuc ybio sbiobt hlnp`dhs. hlnp`dhs. Zkihlriksbsk Zkihlriksbsk skrhbakbi skrhbakbi tdrebak ekhb kiakvkau ndnk`khk pl`b tkaur-mbioui ybio ndiokhutk ebn  mkl`loksiyb5 kiakvkau bhbi mbioui pbab sbbt rktnd fkskl`loksiyb abi  pskhl`loks pb`kio tkiook btbu pb`kio bhtkf abi bhbi tkaur pbab sbbt rktnd tdrsdmu tdrs dmutt pb`kio pb`kio rdiabc rdiabc (@k`ks (@k`ks,, Qby`lr Qby`lr,, @dnlid @dnlid,, ab`bn ab`bn muhu muhu _bckt, _bckt,  Iuru`, =77?) a. Qbcb Qbcbp pbi Qka Qkau ur

Qkaur ybio ilrnb` nd`kmbthbi = fbsd ybktu5 Wdrodrbhbi nbtb ybio tkabh tka bh jdpbt I]DN (Ili ]bpka ]bpka Dyd Nlvdndit) Nlvdndit) abi pdrodrbhbi nbtb yb ybio io jdpbt jdpbt ]DN (]b (]bpka pka Dyd Nlvdndi Nlvdndit). t). Zd`bnb I]DN sdsdlrbio ybio tkaur ndiob`bnk hdnbeubi nd`b`uk 1 tbcbp ybio ndndr`uhbi wbhtu hkrb-hkrb ;7 ndikt sd`bnb skh`us tkaur. Zdabiohbi, tkaur tbcbpbi ]DN ndrupbhbi fbsd pbab bhckr tkbp skh`us tkaur ;7 ndikt sdmd`un tkaur mdrbhckr. Hliaksk abrk ndnlrk abi pdnu`kcbi pskhl`loks tdrebak  pbab wbhtu kik, fbhtlr ybio mdrmdab abpbt ndikiohbthbi btbu ndioobioou tbcbpbi skh`us tkaur ybio mdrmdab. 2) Qbcb Qbcbpb pbi i tkau tkaurr I]D I]DN N Qkaur I]DN aktbiabk adiobi mdrhurbioiyb nknpk, tdhbibi abrbc turui, hdjdpbtbi pdribfbsbi turui, ndtbml`ksnd turui abi odrbhbi nbtb nb tb `bnm `bnmbt bt.. Nbsb Nbsb I]DN I]DN ki kikk ak akmb mbok ok ndie ndieba bakk 1 tbcbp tbcbp yb ybio io ndndr`uhbi wbhtu ;7 ndikt skh`us tkaur abi nbskio-nbskio tbcbp aktbiabk adiobi pl`b od`lnmbio ltbh. b) Qbcbp 2 I]DN (2) Qbcbp nd`kputk nd`kputk tkiohbt tkiohbt pb`kio abiohb` abiohb` abi tkaur. (=) Qbcbp Qbcbp mdr`bi mdr`biosu osuio io sd`bnb sd`bnb 4 ndikt, ndikt, ybio ndnmub ndnmubtt lrbio lrbio  mdrb`kc abrk tbcbp sbabr ndiebak tkaur.

 

(:) Wdiourbiob Wdiourbiobi i bhtkvktbs fkskl`loks fkskl`loks aknu`bk aknu`bk adiobi pdiuruibi pdiuruibi sdjbrb mdrtbcbp tbiab-tbiab vktb` abi ndtbml`ksnd. (1) Zdsdlrbio Zdsdlrbio adiobi nuabc nuabc tdrmbioui tdrmbioui l`dc stknu`us sdislrk sdpdrtk subrb. (4) Hdtkhb tdrmbioui tdrmbioui,, sdsdlrbio ndrbsb ndrbsb td`bc nd`bnui. nd`bnui.  m) Qbcbp = I]DN (2) Qbcbp = ndrupbhbi ndrupbhbi tkaur tkaur rkiobi. rkiobi. (= (=)) Hdnb Hdnbeu eubi bi rd rd`b `bhs hsbsk bsk lt ltlt lt,, tb tbia iabb vk vktb` tb` ab abi i ndtb ndtbml ml`k `ksn sndd ndiurui adiobi ed`bs. (:) Tituh Tituh tdrmbioui tdrmbioui nbskc rd`btkvd rd`btkvd nuabc. nuabc. (1 (1)) Od`l Od`lnm nmbi bio o ltbh ltbh aktb aktbia iabk bk ad adio iobi bi ‐s`d ‐s`ddp dp spki spkia` a`ds„ ds„ abi od`lnmbio hlnp`dh. (4) Qbcbp mdrbhckr mdrbhckr 27 ckioo ckioobb =7 ndikt. j) Qbcbp : I]DN (2 (2)) Qbcb Qbcbp p : nd`k nd`kpu putk tk tb tbcb cbp p bwb` bwb` tk tkau aurr yb ybio io ab ab`b `bn, n, yb ybio io  mdr`biosuio sd`bnb 24 sbnpbk :7 ndikt. (=) Lrbio ybio tkaur su`kt akmbiouihbi abi ebrbh mdrodrbh. (:) Ltlt-ltlt Ltlt-ltlt ab`bn hdbabbi hdbabbi sbitbk pdiuc abi tbiab-tbiab tbiab-tbiab vktb` vktb` ndiurui tdtbpk tdtbp tdrbtur. (1) Od`lnmbio ltbh ndiebak `dmkc tdrbtur abi tdrabpbt  pdibnmbcbi od`lnmbio ad`tb ybio `bnmbt. `bnmbt. a) Qbcbp bcbp 1 I]DN ]DN (2) Qbcbp 1 ndrupbhbi ndrupbhbi tbcbp tkaur tkaur tdrab`bn/iydiy tdrab`bn/iydiybh. bh. (=) Zbiobt Zbiobt su`kt uituh ndnmbioui ndnmbiouihbi hbi lrbio ybio tkaur. tkaur. (: (:)) Ekhb Ekhb tdre tdreba bakk hu hurb rbio io tkau tkaur, r, nbhb nbhb lr lrbi bio o yb ybio io tkau tkaurr bh bhbi bi ndiocbmkshbi plrsk nb`bn ybio sdknmbio pbab tbcbp kik. (1) Qbiab-tbiab Qbiab-tbiab vktb` ndiurui ndiurui sdjbrb mdrnbhib akmbiakio akmbiakiohbi hbi sd`bnb ebn tdrebob. (4) Aktbiabk adiobi prdalnkibsk od`lnmbio ad`tb nd`bnmbt. Wdrumbcbi Fkskl`loks Zd`bnb Qkaur I]DN5

ybio

 

b) Qdhb Qdhbib ibi i abrbc abrbc brtd brtdrk rk ndiu ndiuru rui i  m) Adiyut ibak ndiurui j) Wdnmu` Wdnmu`uc uc abrbc abrbc tdpk tdpk ndiob` ndiob`bnk bnk ak`bt ak`btbsk bsk a) Jurb Jurbc c ebit ebitui uio o ndiu ndiuru rui i d) Lt Ltbh bh rb rbio iohb hb rk`d rk`dhs hs f) @beu @beu ndtbml ndtbml`ks `ksnd nd mbsb` mbsb` ndiur ndiurui ui 27% 27% sbnpbk sbnpbk :7% :7% o) Hbabr Hbabr clrnlid clrnlid pdrtun pdrtunmuc mucbi bi ndijbpb ndijbpbtt puijbh  puijbh  c) Qdhbibi Qdhbibi kitrbjrbi kitrbjrbikb` kb` ndiurui ndiurui.. (Hlzkdr, (Hlzkdr, ahh, ahh, =727) =727) =) Qbcb Qbcbp p Qka Qkaur ur ]DN ]DN Qkaur tkpd kik aksdmut ‐pbrbalhskhb`„ hbrdib cb` kik mdrskfbt ‐pbrbalhs„, ybktu sdsdlrbio abpbt tdtbp tkaur wb`bupui bhtkvktbs ltbhiyb iybtb. ]kiohbsiyb, tkaur ]DN ndrupbhbi pl`b/tkpd tkaur  aknbib ltbh mdibr-mdibr ab`bn hdbabbi bhtkf. Ibnui, bhtkvktbs ltbh tkabh aksb`urhbi hdbrbc ybio sdsubk bobr lrbio ktu tbioobp  pdiuc tdrcbabp hdbabbi sdhd`k`kioiyb hdnuakbi tdrmbioui. Qkaur  kik abpbt mdr`biosuio pbab tkaur nb`bn ybio tdrebak sd`bnb 4-=7 ndikt, rbtb-rbtb tknmu` ;7 ndikt. Wdrklad pdrtbnb tdrebak sd`bnb 37-277 ndikt, bhbi tdtbpk bpbmk`b hliaksk lrbio sbiobt `d`bc, nbhb bwb` tkaur sbiobt jdpbt mbchbi ediks tkaur kik tkabh bab. Jkrk-jkrkiyb sdmbobk mdrkhut5 b) Mkbsbi Mkbsbiyb yb aksdr aksdrtbk tbk adio adiobi bi nknp nknpkk bhtkf. bhtkf.  m) @dmkc su`kt akmbiouihbi abrkpbab sd`bnb tkaur iydiybh  od`lnmbio `bnmbt. j) Qlius Qlius ltlt ltlt sd`bnb sd`bnb tkaur tkaur iydiybh iydiybh sbiobt sbiobt tdrtdhb tdrtdhbi, i, ndiuieu ndiuieuhhbi hhbi kick kickmk mksk sk

hubt hubt

pr prly lydh dhsk sk

sp spki kib` b`

bt btbs bs

skst skstdn dn

pd pdio iobh bhtk tkvb vbsk sk

rdtkhu`brks. a) Frdhudisk Frdhudisk ebitui ebituio o abi pdribfb pdribfbsbi sbi ndiebak ndiebak tkabh tkabh tdrtkaur tdrtkaur.. d) Wb Wbab ab ltlt ltlt pdrk pdrkfd fdrr tdre tdreba bakk md mdmd mdrb rbpb pb od odrb rbhb hbi i lt ltlt lt yb ybio io tkab tkabh  h  tdrbtur.

 

f) Nbtb Nbtb jd jdpb pbtt tdrt tdrtut utup up abi abi td tdrm rmuh uhb, b, ib ibak ak jd jdpb pbtt ab abi i krrd krrdou ou`b `br, r, tdhbib tdh bibi i abrbc abrbc ndikio ndikiohbt hbt btbu btbu mdrf`u mdrf`uhtu htubsk, bsk, sdhrdsk sdhrdsk obstdr  obstdr  ndikiohbt abi ndtbml`ksnd ndikiohbt. o) Qkau Qkaurr kik kik pd pdit itki kio o ui uitu tuh h hd hdsd sdkn knmb mbio iobi bi ndit nditb` b`,, dnls dnlsk, k, eu euob ob  mdrpdrbi ab`bn md`bebr, ndnlrk abi babptbsk (Cbswktb, ahh, =72?). d. Zkh`us Qk Qkaur

Zd`bnb tkaur, kiakvkau nd`dwbtk tbcbp tkaur I]DN abi ]DN. Zkh`us tkaur ybio hlnp`dt ilrnb`iyb mdr`biosuio sd`bnb 2,4 ebn, abi sdtkbp lrbio mkbsbiyb nd`b`uk dnpbt ckioob `knb skh`us sd`bnb ?-3 ebn tkaur. tka ur. Zkh` Zkh`us us tdrsdmut tdrsdmut aknu`bk aknu`bk abrk tbcbp tbcbp I]DN ybio mdr`bie mdr`bieut ut hd tbcbp tbc bp ]DN. ]DN. Qbcb Qbcbp p I]DN I]DN K-KKK K-KKK md mdr` r`bi bios osui uio o sd`bn sd`bnbb :7 ndik ndikt, t, hd hdnu nuak akbi bi aktd aktdru rush shbi bi hd tbcb tbcbp p KV sd sd`bn `bnbb hu hurb rbio io `d `dmk mkc c =7 ndik ndikt. t. Zdtd`bc ktu, kiakvkau hdnmb`k nd`b`uk tbcbp KKK abi KK sd`bnb =7 ndikt. Qbcbp K ]DN nuiju` sdsuabciyb abi mdr`biosuio sd`bnb 27 ndikt (_bckt, ahh, =727). I]DN tbcbp 2

I]DN tbcbp KK I]DN tbcbp KKK

Qkaur ]DN

I]DN tbcbp KV I]DN tbcbp KK I]DN tbcbp KKK

Obnmbr =.2 5 Zkh`us Qkaur Ilrnb` (Cbswktb, ahh, =72?)

 

f.

Fuio Fuiosk sk Abi Abi Queu Queub bi Qkau Qkaurr

Fuiosk Fui osk tkaur tkaur sdjbrb sdjbrb ed`bs ed`bs tkabh tkabh akhdtb akhdtbcuk cuk,, bhbi bhbi tdtbpk tdtbpk akybhk akybhkik ik  mbcwb tkaur abpbt akouibhbi uituh ndiebob hdsdknmbiobi nditb`, dnlsklib`, hdsdcbtbi, dnlsklib`, hdsdcbtbi, ndiourbiok ndiourbiok strdss pbab pbru, hbraklvbshu`dr, hbraklvbshu`dr, dialhrki abi `bki-`bki. Didrok aksknpbi sd`bnb tkaur, sdckioob abpbt akbrbc akb rbchbi hbi hdnmb` hdnmb`kk pbab pbab fuiosk fuiosk sd`u`b sd`u`brr ybio ybio pditki pditkio. o. Zdjbrb Zdjbrb unun unun tdrabpbt tdrabp bt aub dfdh fkskl`loks fkskl`loks abrk tkaur, tkaur, ybio pdrtbnb, pdrtbnb, dfdh abrk systdn sbrbff ybio sbrb ybio akpdrh akpdrhkrbh krbhbi bi abpbt abpbt ndnu`k ndnu`kchb chbi i hdpdhb hdpdhbbi bi ilrnb` ilrnb` abi hdsdknmbiobi akbitbrb mdrmbobk susuibi sbrbf abi ybio hdaub ybktu  pbab dfdh struhtur tumuc adiobi ndnu`kchbi hdsdobrbi abi fuiosk ab`bn lrobi tumuc hbrdib sd`bnb tkaur tdrebak pdiuruibi. (Cbswktb, ahh, =72?)

o. Fbhtlr-f Fbhtlr-fbhtl bhtlrr [bio [bio Ndnpdi Ndnpdiobru obruck ck Wdndiuc Wdndiucbi bi Qkaur Qkaur

Hub`ktbs Hub`kt bs abi hubitktbs tkaur akpdiobruc akpdiobruckk l`dc mdmdrbpb fbhtlr. Hub`ktbs abpbt ndiuieuhhbi babiyb hdnbnpubi kiakvkau uituh tkaur  abi ndnpdrl`dc eun`bc kstkrbcbt sdsubk adiobi hdmutucbiiyb. Fbhtlrfbhtlr ybio abpbt ndnpdiobruckiyb bab`bc5 2) Wdi Wdiybh ybhkt Zbhkt Zbh kt abpbt abpbt ndnpdi ndnpdiobr obruck uck hdmutu hdmutucbi cbi tkaur tkaur sdsdlrb sdsdlrbio. io. Mbiybh  Mbiybh   pdiybhkt ybio ndiocbrushbi uituh kstkrbcbt abi tkaur, nksb`iyb  pdiybhkt ybio aksdmbmhbi kifdhsk (kifdhsk `knpb) bhbi ndnmutuchbi `dmkc mbiybh wbhtu tkaur uituh ndiobtbsk hd`dtkcbi. Mbiybh euob hdbabbi sbhkt ndiebakhbi pbskdi hurbio tkaur,mbchbi tkabh mkbs tkaur. =) @kio @kiohu huio iobi bi Hdbabbi `kiohuiobi ybio bnbi abi iybnbi mbok sdsdlrbio abpbt ndnpdrjdpbt tdrebakiyb prlsds tkaur. :) Nltkv ltkvbs bskk Nltk Nl tkvb vbsk sk ab abpb pbtt ndnp ndnpdi diob obru ruck ck tkau tkaurr ab abi i ab abpb pbtt ndik ndiknm nmu` u`hb hbi i hdkiokibi tdtbp mbioui abi wbspbab ndibcbi hbituh.

 

1) @btkcb @btkcbi i abi abi Hd`d` Hd`d`bcb bcbi i Hd`dtkcbi bhkmbt bhtkvktbs tkiook ndndr`uhbi `dmkc mbiybh tkaur  uituh ndiebob hdsdknmbiobi didrok ybio td`bc akhd`ubrhbi. Nbhb lrbio tdrsdmut bhbi `dmkc jdpbt uituh abpbt tkaur hbrdib tbcbp tkaur  od`lnmbio `bnmbtiyb (I]DN) akpdrpdiadh. 4) Ztrd Ztrdss ss Wskhl Wskhl`l `lok okss Wbab Wbab hd hdba babbi bbi jdnbs jdnbs sdsdl sdsdlrb rbio io nuio nuiohk hki i ndik ndikio iohb hbth thbi bi sb sbrbf  rbf  sknpbtks sdckioob ndioobioou tkauriyb. 6) B`h B`hlc lcl` l` B`hlcl B`h lcl`` ndidhb ndidhbi i ]DN sdjbrb sdjbrb ilrnb` ilrnb`,, sdsdlrb sdsdlrbio io ybio ybio tbcbi tbcbi nkiun b`hlcl` abpbt ndiobhkmbthbi kislnikb abi `dhbs nbrbc. ?) Iutrksk Qdrpdiuckiyb Qdrpdiucki yb hdmutucbi hdmutucbi iutrksk ybio juhup abpbt ndnpdrjdpbt ndnpdrjdpbt  prlsds tkaur. Wrltdki ybio tkiook abpbt ndnpdrjdpbt tdrebakiyb  prlsds tkaur, hbrdib babiyb trkptlfbi ybio ndrupbhbi bsbn bnkil abrk prltdki ybio akjdrib. Adnkhkbi sdmb`khiyb, hdmutucbi okzk yb ybio io hu hurb rbio io ab abpb pbtt eu euob ob ndnp ndnpdi diob obru ruck ck pr prls lsds ds tkau tkaur, r, mb mbch chbi bi tdrhbabio su`kt uituh tkaur. 3) Lmbt Lmbt-l -lmb mbtb tbi i Lmbt euob abpbt ndnpdiobruck prlsds tkaur. Mdmdrbpb ediks lmbt ybio abpbt ndnpdiobruck prlsds tkaur bitbrb `bki5 b) Akurdtkh  m) Bitkadprdsbi

5 ndiydmbmhbi kislnikb 5 ndiyuprdsk ]DN

j) Hbfdki

5 ndikiohbthbi sbrbf sknpbtks

a) Mdtb-m`lhdr

5 nd ndiknmu`hbi ki kislnikb

d) Ibrhltkhb

5 ndiyuprdsk ]DN (Cbswktb, ahh, =72?)

;) Obyb Obyb Ck Ckau aup p Zdlrbio ybio hdrebiyb mdrodsdr abi sdrkio hb`k mdrobitk ebn hdreb cbrus ndiobtur bhtkvktbs uituh skbp tdrtkaur ak sbbt ybio tdpbt. L`bcrbob L`bcrb ob sdabio mkbsbiyb hliauskf hliauskf uituh uituh tkaur, tkaur, tdtbpk l`bcrbob  mdr`dmkcbi abpbt ndnpdr`bnmbt wbhtu tkaur. Hdnbnpubi

 

sdsdlrbio uituh rd`bhs sdmd`un kstkrbcbt bab`bc fbjtlr tdrpditkio ybio ndnpdiobruck hdnbnpubi uituh tdrtkaur. 27 27)) Ak Akdt dt Wdiuruibi mdrbt mbabi td`bc akcumuioh Wdiuruibi akcumuiohbi bi adiobi adiobi pdiourbio pdiourbiobi bi wbhtu tkaur tltb` sdrtb tkaur ybio tdrputus abi mbioui tkaur `dmkc bwb`. Ak sksk `bki, pdrtbnmbcbi mdrbt mbabi tbnpbh mdrcumuiobi adiobi adio bi pdikiohbtb pdikiohbtbi i tltb` wbhtu tkaur, tkaur, mdrhurbioi mdrhurbioiyb yb tkaur ybio tdrputus, tdrpu tus, abi mbioui mbioui `dmkc `bnmbt. @-trkptlfbi @-trkptlfbi ab`bn nbhbibinksb`iyb, ab`bn hdeu abi susu abpbt ndiokiakhbsk tkaur, sdmubc  muhtk ybio nuiohki abpbt ndied`bshbi ndiobpb susu cbiobt ndnmbitu sdslrbio uituh tkaur. (Hlzkdr, =727)

c. Obioou Obiooubi bi Qkaur Qkaur [bio [bio Tnun Tnuniyb iyb Qdre Qdrebak bak

2) Ki Kisl sln nikb ikb Kislnikb bab`bc hdtkabhnbnpubi ndndmuck hdmutucbi tkaur, mbkh  sdjbrb hub`ktbs nbupui hubitktbs. Obiooubi tkaur kik ununiyb aktdnuk pbab kiakvkau adwbsb. Wdiydmbmiyb mksb hbrdib obiooubi fk fkskh skh btbu btbu hb hbrd rdib ib fb fbht htlr lr ndit nditb` b` sdpdrt sdpdrtkk pd pdrbs rbsbbi bbi ou ouia iabc bc bt btbu bu od`ksbc. Bab tkob ediks kislnikb5 b)  Kislnikb kikskb` . Hdsu`ktbi uituh ndnu`bk tkaur   m)  Kislnikb kitdrnktdi. kitdrnktdi. Hdsu Hdsu`k `ktb tbi i ui uitu tuh h td tdtb tbp p td tdrt rtka kaur ur hb hbrdi rdibb sdrkioiyb tdrebob. j)  Kislnikb tdrnkib` . Mbioui tdr`b`u akik abi su`kt uituh tkaur  hdnmb`k. Mdmd Md mdrbp rbpbb `bio `biohb hbc c yb ybio io mk mksb sb ak ak`b `bhu huhb hbi i ui uitu tuh h ndio ndiobt btbsk bsk ki kisl slni nikb kb bi bitb tbrb rb `bki `bki ad adio iobi bi ndio ndiodn dnmb mbio iohb hbi i pl pl`b `b tkau tkaurrkstkrbc kstk rbcbt bt ybio ybio dfdhtk dfdhtkff nd`b`u nd`b`ukk l`bcrb l`bcrbob ob rutki, rutki, ndiock ndiockiab iabrk rk rbiosb rbi osbiob iobi i tkaur tkaur ak slrd slrd cbrk, cbrk, nd`bhu nd`bhuhbi hbi rd`bhsb rd`bhsbsk sk sdmd`u sdmd`un n tkaur tka ur (nks5 (nks5 ndnmbj ndnmbjb, b, ndiadi ndiadiobr obrhbi hbi nuskj) nuskj),, abi tkaur tkaur ekhb ekhb  mdibr-mdibr ndiobituh.

 

=) Wb Wbrb rbsl slni nikb kb Wbrbsl Wbr bslnik nikbb bab`bc bab`bc pdrk`b pdrk`bhu hu ybio ybio abpbt abpbt ndioob ndioobioo ioou u tkaur tkaur btbu btbu nuiju` nuij u` sbbt sdsdlrbio tkaur. Obiooubi kik ununiyb ununiyb tdrebak pbab bi bibh bh-bi -bibh bh.. Mdmd Mdmdrbp rbpbb tu turu ruib ibi i pb pbrb rbsl slni nikb kb bi bibtb btbrb rb `b `bki ki sd sdrki rkio o tdrebob (nks5 tkaur mdreb`bi, ikoct tdrrlr), obiooubi trbisksk mbiouitkaur (nks5 ndiokobu), pbrbslnikb ybio tdrhbkt adiobi tkaur ]DN (nks5 nknpk muruh), abi `bkiiyb (nks5 mruhsksnd). :) Cypd Cypdrs rsln lnik ikbb Cypdrsl Cyp drslnik nikbb bab`bc bab`bc hdmb`k hdmb`khbi hbi abrk abrk kisln kislnikb ikb,, ybktu ybktu tkaur tkaur ybio ybio  mdr`dmkcbi utbnb pbab skbio cbrk. Obiooubi kik abpbt aksdmbmhbi l`dc l`dc hl hlia iaksk ksk ndak ndakss tdrtd tdrtdit itu, u, sdpdr sdpdrtk tk hd hdru rusbh sbhbi bi syst systdn dn sbrbf sbrbf,, obiooubi pbab cbtk btbu okieb`, btbu hbrdib obiooubi ndtbml`ksnd (nks5 ckpdrtkrlkaksnd). Wbab hliaksk tdrtditu, cypdrslnikb abpbt akouibhbi sdmbobk ndhbiksnd hlpkio uituh ndiockiabrk tbioouio  ebwbm pbab skbio cbrk. 1) Ibrh Ibrhl` l`dp dpsk sk  Ibrhl`dpsk bab`bc od`lnmibo hbituh ybio tbh tdrtbcbihbi ybio nuiju` sdjbrb tkmb-tkmb pbab skbio cbrk. Obiooubi kik aksdmut euob sdmbo sdm bobk bk ‐s ‐sdrb drbio iobi bi tkau tkaur„ r„ btbu btbu  s`ddp bttbjh. Wdiyd Wdiydmbm mbm pbstkiyb pbstkiyb  md`un akhdtbcuk. Akauob hbrdib hdrusbhbi odidtkj systdn sbrbf   pusbt ybio ndiydmbmhbi tkabh tdrhdiab`kiyb pdrklad tkaur ]DN. B`tdri B`t dribtk btkvd vd pdijdo pdijdobcb bcbiiy iiybb bab`bc bab`bc adiobi adiobi lmbt-l lmbt-lmbt mbtbi, bi, sdpdrt sdpdrtkk bnfd bn fdtb tbnk nki i

btbu btbu

ndtk ndtk`p `pdi dika kabs bsdd

ck ckar arlh lh`l `lrk rkab ab,,

bt btbu bu

ad adio iobi bi

bitkadprdsbi sdpdrtk knkprbnkid ckarlh`lrkab. 4) Bpid Bpidbb Zbbt Zbbt Qka Qkaur  ur  Bpidb sbbt tkaur btbu s`ddp bpidb bab`bc hliaksk tdrcditkiyb ibpbs sdjbrb pdrklakj pbab sbbt tkaur. Hliaksk kik akauob tdrebak pbab lrbio ybio ndiolrlh ndiolrlh adiobi hdrbs, sdrkio tdrebob ak nb`bn cbrk, kislnikb, ndiobituh mdr`dmkcbi pbab skbio cbrk, sbhkt hdpb`b ak  pbok cbrk, krktbmk`ktbs, btbu ndiob`bnk pdrumbcbi pskhl`loks sdpdrtk ckpdrtdisk btbu brktnkb ebituio. (Cbswktb, ahh, =72?)

 

k. Hlitr litrl l` Qk Qka aur

Hlitrl` tkaur bab`bc pdiobwbsbi, pdndrkhsbbi, pdiodiab`kbi subtu hdbabbi tkabh sbabrhbi akrk aknbib pdrsdpsk abi rdbhsk kiakvkau tdrcba tdr cbabp bp `kioh `kiohuio uiobi bi ndiuru ndiurui/c i/ck`bi k`bio o abi abpbt abpbt akmbio akmbiouih uihbi bi hdnmb`k adiobi kiadrb btbu rbiosbiobi ybio juhup. Hdmbiybhbi adwbsb nuab tkaur nb`bn cbrk rbtb-rbtb 6-3 ebn, tdtbpk cb` kik  mdrfbrkbsk. Bhbi tdtbpk, bab`bc cb` unun ybio ndioobioou hdmutucbi tkaur sdpdrtk strdss pdhdrebbi, bhtkvktbs ybio ndiobrbc  pbab kislnikb, pdiybhkt fkskh tdrtditu. (Tikvdrsktbs Zunbtdrb Ttbrb WAF. =726. Akbhsds ak5 rdplsktlryusu.bj.ka. Wbab tbioob` 22 Ndk =72;) Qdhikh hloiktkf-mdcbvklrb` ndidhbihbi pbab ebiohb pdiadh abi  mdrflhus pbab pdiuruibi `biosuio fkskl`loks ybio tknmu`, ndnlakfkhbsk hdmkbsbbi tkaur ybio nb`babptkvd abi ndioouibhbi  pdnkhkrbi ybio aksfuiosklib`. Qdrbpk hloiktkf-mdcbvklrb` mkbsbiyb ndioouibh ndio ouibhbi bi hlnmkibsk hlnmkibsk abrk mdrmbobk mdrmbobk tdhikh, tdhikh, tdrnbsuh tdrnbsuh hlitrl` hlitrl` stknu` stknu`us, us, pdnbit pdnbitbpb bpbi i skh`us skh`us tkaurtkaur-mbi mbioui oui ybio ybio tdrbtur tdrbtur,, `btkcb `btkcbi i rd`bhsbs bskk.

Akmbwbc

ndio nd iobsl bslsk skbsk bskhb hbi i

jlitrl rl``

st stkn knu` u`us us

ilrnb`,

yb ybio io

hktb

md`bebr

ndio ndiocu cumu muio iohb hbi i

uituh 

md mdrm rmbr brki kio o

aktdnpbt tkaur adiobi tkaur sdckioob pdnbpbrbi tdrcbabp stknu`us kik abpbt ndikiohbthbi pdrbsbbi iobituh. Qdhikh hlitrl` stknu`bsk  mdrtueubi uituh ndnpdrhubt cumuiobi bitbrb tdnpbt tkaur abi tkaur adiobi sdmksb nuiohki ndnmbtbsk bhtkvktbs. Mdrkhut bab`bc jbrb hlitrl` pl`b tkaur ndiebak ilrnb`5 2.

Mubt Mubt`b `bc c ru rutk tkik iktb tbss ttka kaur  ur  Nuioh Nu iohki ki bhbi bhbi hdsu`k hdsu`ktbi tbi uituh uituh ndiobt ndiobtur ur skh`us skh`us tkaur tkaur sbbt nb`bn cbrk adiobi tdrtkaur pbab ebn ybio sbnb. Ibnui, mksb  mdrusbcb ndiebob skh`us tdrebob adiobi mbioui tkaur pbab ebn ybio sbnb ak pbok cbrk.

=.

Jkptbh Jkptbhbi bi `kio `kiohui huiobi obi rubio rubio tkaur tkaur ybio ybio iybnbi iybnbi

:.

Nki Nkiun lmbt mbt a abi bi tdrb tdrbp pk

 

Lrbio-lrbio pdiadrktb sbhkt hrliks suabc cbrus nkiun mbiybh  lmbtt uituh lmb uituh uituh uituh ndioli ndiolitrl trl`` rbsb sbhkt sbhkt ndrdhb ndrdhb.. Zdckio Zdckioob ob ndr drdh dhbb

tkab tkabh h

ki kio oki

ndi dio ohl hli isu suns nskk

lm lmbt bt

`d `dm mkc

ui uitu tuh  h 

ndiabpbthbi tkaur ybio mbkh. 1.

Mdrc Mdrcdi ditk tk ndnk ndnkhk hkrh rhbi bi cb cb`` yb ybio io id idob obtk tkvd vd td tdrc rcba babp bp pd pdiy iybh bhkt kt ndiocbmkshbi wbhtu ndnkhkrhbi rbsb sbhkt abpbt ndnmbwb  pkhkrbi-pkhkrbi idobtkvd `bki ybio ndnpdiobruck tkaur. tkaur. (Akbhsds ak5  ak5 cttps5//cd``lsdcbt.jln Wbab tbioob` 22 Ndk =72;)

M. Qkieb Qkiebubi ubi Bsucb Bsucbi i Hdpdrbw Hdpdrbwbt btbi bi 2. Wdiohbekbi

Wd Wdio iohb hbek ekbi bi

bab` bab`bc bc

pdio pdioun unpu pu`b `bi, i,

pd pdio iobt btur urbi bi,,

vb vb`k `kab absk sk,,

ab abi i

alhunditbsk abtb (kiflrnbsk) ybio skstdnbtks abi mdrhdskibnmuiobi ybio ak`bhuhbi pbab sdnub fbsd prlsds hdpdrbwbtbi. b. Mklabtb

2) Ibnb5 =) Tnur 5 Wdiybh Wdi ybhkt kt tumdrju tumdrju`ls `lsks ks abpbt abpbt ndiydr ndiydrbio bio sdnub sdnub unur unur bibh-b bibh-bibh  ibh  sbnpbk lrbio adwbsb. :) Ed Edik ikss hd`b hd`bnk nki5 i5 QM pbru mbiybh akabpbthbi pbab ediks hd`bnki `bhk-`bhk hbrdib  pl`b ckaup ndrlhlh abi abi tdrkifdhsk vkrus CKV. 1) B`bnbt5 Mkbsbi Mkb sbiyb yb tknmu` tknmu` ak`kio ak`kiohu huiob iobi i runbc runbc adiobi adiobi hdpbab hdpbabtbi tbi tkiook tkiook yb ybio io tkab tkabh h ndnu ndnuio iohk hkih ihbi bi jb jbcb cbyb yb nbtb nbtbcb cbrk rk nbsu nbsuh h hd ab ab`b `bn n runbc. 4) Wdhdrebb bbi i5 Ediks Edi ks pd pdhd hdre rebbi bbi ak`k ak`kio iohu huio iobi bi ki kiau austr stry y ab abi i md mdrp rpl` l`us uskk abpb abpbtt ndioobioou systdn pdribfbsbi. (Brkf Nuttbqki, =72=)

 

m. ]k ]kwb wbyb ybtt Hdsd Hdsdcb cbtb tbi i

]kwbyb ]kw bybtt hdsdcb hdsdcbtbi tbi ybio ybio akhbek akhbek nd`kpu nd`kputk tk nbsb`b nbsb`bc c bjtub` bjtub` ybio ybio tdrebak sbbt kik abi nbsb`bc hdsdcbtbi aknbsb `b`u. Ab`bn ndiohbek h`kdi h`k di abi hd`ubr hd`ubrob, ob, pdrbwb pdrbwbtt mdrflh mdrflhus us pbab pbab nbikfd nbikfdstbs stbskk h`kiks h`kiks abrk abrk hd`ucbi hd`uc bi utbnb, utbnb, hdebakbi hdebakbi ybio ndnmubt hliaksk sdhbrbio kik, rkwbybt rkwbybt  pdrbwbtbi tdrabcu`u, rkwbybt hd`ubrob, abi rkwbybt pskhlslskb`. 2) Hd`u Hd`ucb cbi i utb utbnb nb55 b) Adnbn5 Adnbn5 sumfdmrks, sumfdmrks, fdmrks (17-12· (17-12· J) J) ck`bio ck`bio tknmu tknmu`. `.  m) Mbtuh5 tdrebak hbrdib babiyb krktbsk pbab mrlihus, sdmbobk rdbhsk tumuc uituh ndnmubio/ndiod`ubrhbi prlauhsk rbabio, aknu aknu`bk `bk ab abrk rk mb mbtu tuh h hd hdrk rkio io sbnpb sbnpbkk ad adio iobi bi mb mbtu tuh h pu puru ru`d `dit it (ndiocbsk`hbi sputun) tknmu` ab`bn ebiohb wbhtu `bnb (9 : nkioou). j) Zdsbh Zdsbh ibpbs5 ibpbs5 tknmu` tknmu` pbab tbcbp tbcbp `bieut `bieut hdtkhb hdtkhb kifk`trb kifk`trbsk sk rbabio rbabio sbnpbk sdtdiobc pbru. a) Iydr Iydrkk abab abab55 ebrb ebrbio io aktd aktdnu nuhb hbi, i, iy iydr drkk tknm tknmu` u` mk mk`b `b ki kifk fk`t `trb rbsk sk rbabio sbnpbk hd p`durb, sdckioob ndiknmu`hbi p`durktkj. d) Nb`bksd Nb`bksd55 aktdnuhb aktdnuhbi i mdrupb mdrupb bilrdhskb, bilrdhskb, ibfsu ibfsu nbhbi nbhbi abi mdrbt  mbabi ndiurui, sbhkt s bhkt hdpb`b, iydrk ltlt, sdrtb mdrhdrkiobt pbab nb`bn tbipb sdmbm. f) Wbab Wbab bi bitd td`d `dhtb htbsk sk tdra tdrabp bpbt bt od odeb eb`b `b md mdru rupb pb55 skil skilsks sks,, sdsbh sdsbh ib ibpb pbs, s, abi hl`bps. Mbokbi Mbokbi abab h`kdi tkabh tkabh mdrodrbh mdrodrbh pbab sbbt  mdribpbs abi ebituio tdralrlio hd sksk ybio sbhkt. Wbab fltl tlrb tlrbh h tbnp tbnpbh bh mbyb mbybio iobi bi ck cktb tbn n pb pbab ab sksk sksk yb ybio io sb sbhk hktt ab abi i akbfrbonb ndiliel` hd btbs. o) Wdr`u Wdr`u aktbiybh aktbiybhbi bi adiobi adiobi skbpb skbpb h`kdi tkioob` tkioob`,, hbrdib hbrdib mkbsbiy mkbsbiybb  pdiybhkt kik nuiju` muhbi hbrdib sdmbobk pdiybhkt hdturuibi tdtbpk ndrupbhbi pdiybhkt kifdhsk ndiu`br. (Krnbi, =77;) =) Hd`u Hd`ucb cbi i Zkstdn Zkstdnks ks b) Adnbn

 

Hd`ucbi ybio sdrkio akeunpbk abi mkbsbiyb tknmu` pbab slrd btbu nb`bn cbrk nkrkp adnbn kif`udizb, ck`bio tknmu`, abi sdnbhki `bnb sdnbhki pbiebio sdrbiobiiyb, sdabiohbi nbsb  mdmbs sdrbiobi sdnbhki pdiadh.  m) Hd`ucbi skstdnks `bkiiyb Hd`ucbi Hd`uc bi ybio mkbsb tknmu` tknmu` bab`bc hdrkiobt hdrkiobt nb`bn, pdiuruibi pdiuruibi  mdrbt mbabi, abi nb`bksd. Qknmu`iyb hd`ucbi mkbsbiyb mkbsb iyb mdrskfbt orbaub orb aub`` nuiju` nuiju` ab`bn ab`bn mdmdrb mdmdrbpb pb nkioou nkioou-mu -mu`bi `bi.. Bhbi Bhbi tdt tdtbpk bpk  pdibnpk`bi bhut adiobi mbtuh, pbibs, abi sdsbh ibpbs wb`b wb `bup upui ui ebrb ebrbio io abpb abpbtt

eu euob ob tknm tknmu` u` ndiy ndiydr drup upbk bk od odeb eb`b `b

 pidunlikb. (Brkf Nuttbqki, =72=) =72=) :) ]kwbyb ]kwbybtt Wdiybhk Wdiybhktt Zdhbrbi Zdhbrbio o Mkbsbiyb h`kdi nbsuh ]unbc Zbhkt adiobi hd`ucbi sdsbh ibpbs abi ndiydmbmhbi tkabh mksb nd`bhuhbi bhtkvktbs. ]bsb sdsbh ibpbs ybio akrbsbhbi sdpdrtk tdrjdhkh btbu susbc nd`bhuhbi nd`bhuhbi kispkrbsk. ]bsb ]b sb mdrb mdrbtt pbab pbab abab abab sb sbbt bt bh bhbi bi md mdrm rmbt btbs bs.. ]bsb ]bsb sd sdsb sbh h ib ibpb pbss  mkbsbiyb akrbsbhbi mdrabsbrhbi shb`b ybio sdsubk. Zbbt mdr  bhtkvktbs sdnbhki tdrbsb sdsbh, tdtbpk ekhb mdrmbrkiobi sbeb aktdnpbt tkaur sdsbh mdrhurbio. Zdsbh akrbsbhbi h`kdi suabc sdebh ? cbrk ybio `b`u. 1) ]kwbyb ]kwbybtt Hdsdcbt Hdsdcbtbi bi Nbsb Nbsb @b`u @b`u Wdrbwbt ndibiybhbi tditbio rkwbybt pdiybhkt pdribpbsbi h`kdi. Zdjbrb unun pdrtbiybbi ybio abpbt akbeuhbi pbab h`kdi bab`bc sdmbobk mdrkhut. b) ]kwb ]kwbyb ybtt ndrl ndrlhl hlh  h   m) Wdiolmbtbi sbbt kik abi nbsb `b`u j) B`drok a) Qdnpbt Qdnpbt tkioo tkioob` b` (Brkf (Brkf Nuttbq Nuttbqki, ki, =72=) =72=) 4) ]kwbyb ]kwbybtt Hdsdcbt Hdsdcbtbi bi Hd`ubr Hd`ubrob ob Zdjbrb Zdj brb pbtl`l pbtl`lok ok QM pbru pbru tkabh tkabh akturu akturuihb ihbi, i, tdt tdtbpk bpk pdrbwb pdrbwbtt pdr`u pdr`u ndibiybhbi bpbhbc pdiybhkt pdribc akb`bnk l`dc biooltb

 

hd`ubrob `bkiiyb sdmbobk fbhtlr prdaksplsksk pdiu`brbi ak ab`bn runbc. (Brkf Nuttbqki, =72=)

j. Wdio Wdiohb hbek ekbi bi Wl`b Wl`b Zkst Zkstdn dn 2) Wl`b Wl`b nb nbib ibed ednd ndi i hdsdc hdsdcbt btbi bi

Ndiohb Ndi ohbek ek babiyb babiyb pdikio pdikiohbt hbtbi bi bhtkvk bhtkvktbs tbs fkskh fkskh ybio ybio mdr`dm mdr`dmkcb kcbi, i, tdrpbpbr adiobi pl`usk uabrb, sdrtb kifdhsk sb`urbi pdribpbsbi abi  pdr`u euob lmbt-lmbtbi ybio mkbsbiyb akhlisunsk. akhlisunsk. =) Wl`b Wl`b i iut utrk rksk sk ndt ndtbm bml` l`kj kj Cb` ybio pb`kio unun tdrebak ybktu bilrdhskb, pdiuruibi mdrbt  mbabi abi hd`dnbcbi fkskh. :) Wl`b Wl`b d`kn d`knki kibs bskk Wdr`u akhbek babiyb pdrumbcbi btbupui obiooubi pbab hdmkbsbbi MBM abi MBH pbskdi. 1) Wl`b Wl`b bh bhtk tkvk vktb tbss sdcbrk sdcbrk-c -cbrk brk Ndiohbek bhtkvktbs sdcbrk-cbrk h`kdi nu`bk abrk sdmd`un abih `kdi sbbt h`kdi sbhkt. 4) Wl`b Wl`b ks kstk tkrbc rbcbt bt-tk -tkau aur  r  b) Ndiohbek Ndiohbek hdmkbsb hdmkbsbbi bi tkaur tkaur h`kdi sdmd`un sdmd`un abi sbbt sbhkt sbhkt  m) Jbtbtbi tkaur5 (2) Eun`bc Eun`bc ebn tkaur pdr cbrk cbrk (= (=)) Bhtk Bhtkvk vktbs tbs yb ybio io ak`b ak`bhu huhb hbi i ==-: : eb ebn n sd sdmd md`u `un n tkau tkaurr (edik (ediks, s, aurbsk, abi wbhtu) (:) ]ktub` tkaur tkaur (nks5 nbhbi, nkiun, nkiun, btbu ndiohlisun ndiohlisunsk sk lmbt) (1) _bhtu (b) hd tdnpbt tkaur, tkaur, (m) ndijlmb ndijlmb uituh tdrtkaur, tdrtkaur, (j) tdrtkaur, (a) sdtkbp hdebakbi tdrmbioui abi aurbsk pdrklad kik, (d) tdrmbioui ak pbok cbrk (4) Zdtkbp hdhcbwbtkr hdhcbwbtkrbi bi ybio h`kdi ybhkik abpbt abpbt ndioobioou ndioobioou tkaur  (6) Fbhtlr Fbhtlr-fbh -fbhtlr tlr ybio ybio h`kdi h`kdi ybhkik ybhkik abpbt abpbt ndnmdr ndnmdrkk pdiobr pdiobruc uc  plstkf btbu idobtkvd pbab tkaur.

 

j) ]ktub` ]ktub` sdmd`un sdmd`un tkaur (nks5 nkiun nkiun bkr abi lmbt tkaur) tkaur) a) @kio @kiohu huio iobi bi tkau tkaurr (nks5 (nks5 hb hbnb nbrr yb ybio io od od`b `bp, p, sucu sucu ak akio ioki ki bt btbu bu cbiobt, tkiohbt subrb, `bnpu hbnbr) d) Wdioou Wdioouibb ibbi i lmbt tkaur tkaur btbu btbu lmbt lmbt ybio ybio `bkiiyb `bkiiyb 6) Wl`b Wl`b p pdrs drsdp dpsk sk hlo hloik iktk tkf  f  Ndiohbek babiyb hd`bkibi pbab pl`b pdrsdpsk hloiktkf. Ztrdsslr bhbi ndnuiohkihbi tdrebakiyb ayspidb. ?) Wl`b Wl`b hlisd hlisdpsk psk akrk akrk abi pdrsdp pdrsdpsk sk akrk akrk Ndiohbek pdrsdpsk h`kdi tditbio pdiybhktiyb. 3) Wl`b Wl`b cu cumu muio iobi bi-p -pdr drbi bi Odeb`b QM sbiobt ndnmbtbsk h`kdi uituh ndieb`bihbi pdrbiiyb ab`bn hdckaupbi sdcbrk-cbrk. ;) Wl`b Wl`b rdpr rdprlau lauhsk hsk sdhsub sdhsub`kt `ktbs bs Ndiohbek babiyb nbsb`bc sdhsub`ktbs ybio akb`bnk h`kdi. 27) Wl`b tl`drbisk tdrcbabp strdss-hlpkio Ndiohbek babiyb strdss dnlsklib` sdrtb pdibioou`biobi tdrcbabp strdsslr. 22) Wl`b hdybhkibi hdybhkibi ik`bk ik`bk Hdadhbtbi sdrtb hdybhkibi h`kdi hdpbab Qucbi iyb ndrupbhbi ndtlad pdibioou`biobi strdss ybio hlistruhtkf.

a. Wdnd Wdndrk rkhs hsbb bbi i Fksk Fkskh  h  Wb Wbab ab tbcb tbcbp p akik akik h`kd h`kdi i sd sdrk rkio io hb hb`k `k tkab tkabh h ndiu ndiuie ieuh uhhb hbi i hl hlia iaks kskk

tumd tumdrj rju` u`ls lsks ks.. Qbia Qbiabb abi abi odeb odeb`b `b mb mbru ru ab abpb pbtt td tdr` r`kc kcbt bt pb pbab ab tb tbcb cbp p sd`bieutiyb mdrupb5 2) Zkst stddnkh5 Bhbi aktdnuhbi nb`bksd, bilrdhskb, pdiuruibi mdrbt mbabi, abi hdrkio hdr kiobt bt nb`bn. nb`bn. Wbab Wbab hliaks hliakskk bhut bhut akkhut akkhutkk odeb`b odeb`b adnbn adnbn tkioo tkiookk sdpdrtk f`u abi ndiookok`, sdabiohbi pbab QM nk`kdr tknmu` odeb`b

 

sdpdrtk adnbn bhut, sdsbh ibpbs, skbilsks, abi hlieuiotkvb abpbt tdr`kcbt pujbt hbrdib bidnkb. =) Zkstd Zkstdn n pd pdri ribp bpbsb bsbi5 i5 b) ]li ]lijck jck mbsb mbsbc c, hbs bsbr br,, abi abi iybrk ybrki io td tdre reba bakk bh bhkm kmbt bt ba babi biyb yb  pdikiohbtbi prlauhsk sdhrdt pbab sb`urbi pdribpbsbi.  m) Ckpdrslilr/tknpbik mk`b tdrabpbt hbvktbs ybio juhup abi pbab bushu`tbsk ndnmdrkhbi subrb sdakhkt mdrodnuruc (unflrkh) j) Qbia Qbiab-t b-tbi biab ab ba babi biyb yb ki kifk` fk`tr trbt bt `u `ubs bs btbu btbu hl hlis isl` l`ka kabsk bsk,, td tdra rabp bpbt bt frdnktus ndiodrbs. a) Wdnd Wdndrkh rkhsbb sbbi i dh dhsp spbi bisk sk pd pdri ribp bpbsb bsbi i ak aktd tdnu nuhb hbi i od odrbh rbhbi bi ab abab ab bskndtrks. d) Wbab Wbab hd hdba babb bbi i `bie `bieut ut tdre tdreba bakk bt btrl rlpk pk,, rd rdtrb trbhs hskk ki kitd tdrh rhls lstb tb`, `, ab abi i fkmrlsks. f) Mk`b Mk`b ndiodib ndiodibkk p`durb p`durb tdrebak tdrebak dfusk dfusk p`durb p`durb (pdrhusk (pdrhusk ndnmdr ndnmdrkhb khbi i subrb pdhbh)  o) Mdituh akiakio abab pdjtus abab pdjtus hbrkibtun. :) Zkst Zkstdn dn Wdi Wdijd jdri ribb bbi i Ndikiohbtiyb sputun pbab sb`urbi ibpbs sdjbrb tkabh `biosuio bhbi ndnpdiobruck skstdn pdribfbsbi hcususiyb sb`urbi jdrib. H`kdi H`k di nuiohk nuiohki i bhbi bhbi ndiod` ndiod`uc uc tkabh tkabh ibfsu ibfsu nbhbi nbhbi akhbrdi akhbrdibhb bhbi i ndiuruiiyb hdkiokibi uituh nbhbi, aksdrtbk adiobi mbtuh, pbab bh bhck ckri riyb yb h`kd h`kdi i bh bhbi bi ndio ndiob` b`bn bnkk pd pdiu iuru ruib ibi i md mdrbt rbt mb mbab abi i yb ybio io skoikfkhbi. 1) ]dvk ]dvkdw dw Zkst Zkstdn dn (Cdb (Cdba a tl Qld Qld)) b) Kispdhsk (2) Wdndrkhsbbi Wdndrkhsbbi abab aknu`bk aknu`bk abrk tlrbh plstdrklr, plstdrklr, h`kdi pbab pbab  plsksk auauh. (=) Abab aklmsdrvbsk aklmsdrvbsk adiobi adiobi ndnmbiakiohb ndnmbiakiohbi i sbtu sksk adiobi adiobi ybio `bkiiyb. (:) Qkiabhbi Qkiabhbi ak`bhuhbi ak`bhuhbi abrk btbs sbnpbk sbnpbk hd mbwbc. mbwbc.

 

(1) Kispdhsk

tlrbh

plstdrklr,

nd`kputk

wbrib

hu`kt

abi

pdribpbsbi,

abi

hliakskiyb, shbr, `dsk, nbssb. (4) Jbtbt

eun`bc,

krbnb,

hdab`bnbi

hdskndtrksbi pdrodrbhbi abab. (6) Lmsdrvbsk Lmsdrvbsk tkpd pdribpbsbi, pdribpbsbi, sdpdrtk pdribpbsbi pdribpbsbi ckauio btbu  pdribpbsbi akbofrbonb, abi pdioouibbi ltlt ltlt mbitu ibpbs. (?) Zbbt ndiolmsdrvb ndiolmsdrvbsk sk rdspkrbsk, jbtbt aurbsk aurbsk abrk fbsd kispkrbsk (K) abi fbsd dhspkrbsk (D). ]bskl pbab fbsd ilrnb`iyb 25=. (3) Hbek

hlifkourbs bskk

aba babb

abi

mbiakiohbi

akbnd bndtdr 

bitdrl bit drlpls plstdrk tdrklr lr (BW) (BW) adiobi adiobi akbndt akbndtdr dr `bt `btdrb` drb`/trb /trbivd ivdrsb` rsb`.. ]bskl kik ilrnb`iyb ilrnb`iyb mdrhksbr 25= sbnpbk 45?, mdrobituio mdrobituio  pbab jbkrbi tumuc h`kdi. (; (;)) Lmsd Lmsdrv rvbs bskk  pdrodrbhbi

hdsk hdsknd ndtr trks ksbi bi btbu

tkabh

pd pdro rodr drbh bhbi bi

ab abab ab..

badhubtiyb

Obio Obioou oubi bi

dhspbisk

abab

ndiokiakhbskhbi pdiybhkt pbab pbru btbu p`durb.  m) Wb`pbsk (2) Ak`bhu Ak`bhuhbi hbi uituh uituh ndioh ndiohbek bek hdsknd hdskndtrks trksbi bi pdrodr pdrodrbhb bhbi i abab abab abi ndiolmsdrvbsk bmilrnb`ktbs, ndiokaditkfkhbsk hdbabbi hu`kt, abi ndiodtbcuk vljb`/tbjtk`d prdnktus (vkmrbsk). (=) Wb`pbsk Wb`pbsk tlrbh uituh ndiodtbcuk ndiodtbcuk bmilrnb`ktbs bmilrnb`ktbs ybio tdrhbek sbbt kispdhsk sdpdrtk5 nbssb, `dsk, mdiohbh  (:) Hbek Hbek euob euob hd`dnm hd`dnmutb utbi i hu`kt, hu`kt, tdrutb tdrutbnb nb ekhb ekhb h`kdi h`kdi ndiod` ndiod`uc uc iydrk. (1) Vljb` prdnktus, prdnktus, ybktu odtbrbi odtbrbi akiakio abab abab ybio akcbsk`hbi akcbsk`hbi hdtkhb mdrmkjbrb. j) Wdrhusk Wdrhusk bab`bc ndiodtuh struhtur tumuc uituh ndiocbsk`hbi subrb. Qdrabpbt aub tdhikh pdrhusk uituh tlrbh5 (2) Wdrhus Wdrhuskk `biosu `biosuio, io, ybhik ybhik pdndrk pdndrkhsb hsb ndnuhu ndnuhu`` tlrbh tlrbh h`kdi h`kdi adiobi mbokbi pb`nbr ebrk tdiobc btbu hddnpbt ueuio ebrk tbiobiiyb ybio akrbpbthbi.

 

(=) Wdrhusk Wdrhusk tbh `biosuio, `biosuio, ybhik ybhik pdndrkhsb ndidnpd`hbi ndidnpd`hbi subtu lmedh lme dh pbabt pbabt ybio ybio aksdmu aksdmutt p`dhsk p`dhskndt ndtdr dr (mkbsbi (mkbsbiyb yb sbtu sbtu ebrk tdiob tdi obc) c) pb pbab ab ab abab ab h` h`kd kdi, i, `b `b`u `u sdmub sdmubc c lm lmedh edh `b `bki ki yb ybio io aksdm aksdmut ut p`dh p`dhsl slrr (e (ebrk brk td tdio iobc bc `b `bki kiiy iyb) b) ui uitu tuh h ndnu ndnuhu hu``  p`dhskndtdr tbak, sdckioob ndiknmu`hbi subrb. Wdrbwbt nd`bhuhbi nd`bhu hbi pdrhusk pdrhusk uituh ndiohbek rdslibisk rdslibisk pu`nlidr, pu`nlidr, lr lrob obi i

ybio bio

bab bab

ak

sd sdh hktbr ktbri iyb,

abi pd pdi iod odnm nmbi bio obi

akbfrbo akb frbonb. nb. Mdrkhu Mdrkhutt bhbi bhbi aked`b aked`bshb shbi i mdrmbo mdrmbobk bk ediks ediks subrb subrb  pdrhusk5 (b) Zubrb Zubrb pdrhus pdrhuskk ilrnb` ilrnb` -

]dslib ]dslibi i (slil (slilr)5 r)5 mdr mdrobu obuio, io, ibab ibab rdia rdiabc. bc. Akcbsk` Akcbsk`hbi hbi  pbab ebrkiobi pbru ilrnb`.

-

Au`ids Au`idss5 s5 muiy muiykk y ybio bio pdiadh pdiadh sdrtb sdrtb ``dnb dnbc, c, aktdnu aktdnuhbi hbi akbtbs mbokbi ebituio, nbnbd, abi cbtk.

-

Qknpbi Qknpbik5 k5 nusk nuskhb` hb`,, mdrib mdribab ab tkiook tkiook akcbsk` akcbsk`hbi hbi ak btbs btbs  pdrut ybio mdrksk uabrb.

(m) Zubrb pdrhusk pdrhusk bmilrn bmilrnb` b` -

Ck Ckpd pdrr rrdsl dslib ibi5 i5 mdrob mdrobui uio o `dmkc `dmkc rd rdia iabc bc akmbi akmbiak akio iohb hbi i adiobi rdslibi abi tknmu` pbab mbokbi pbru ybio  mdrksk uabrb.

-

F`bt F`btid idss5 ss5 sbi sbiob obtt au`id au`idss. ss. L`d L`dc c hbrdi hbrdibb ktu, ktu, ibabi ibabiyb yb `dmkc tkiook. Abpbt ak adiobr pbab pdrhusk abdrbc cbtk, aknbib brdbiyb sd`uruciyb mdrksk ebrkiobi.

a) Bus ushu hu`t `tbs bskk Ndrupb Ndr upbhbi hbi pdiohb pdiohbekb ekbi i ybio ybio sbiobt sbiobt mdrnbh mdrnbhib, ib, ndijbh ndijbhup up ndiadi ndi adiobr obrhbi hbi muiyk muiyk ibpbs ibpbs ilrnb` ilrnb`,, muiyk muiyk ibpbs ibpbs tbnmbc tbnmbcbi bi (bmilrnb`), abi subrb. (Krnbi, =77;) 4) Hdbabb Hdbabbi i Tnun Tnun abi abi Qbiab-t Qbiab-tbia biabb Vktb` Vktb` Hdbabbi unun pbab h`kdi adiobi QM pbru abpbt ak`bhuhbi sdjbrb sd`kitbs pbiabio adiobi ndik`bk hdbabbi fkskh tkbp mbokbi tumuc.

 

Zd`bki ktu, pdr`u akik`bk sdjbrb unun tditbio hdsbabrbi h`kdi. (Brkf  Nuttbqki, =72=)

d. Wdnd Wdndrk rkhs hsbb bbi i Wdi Wdiui uieb ebio io

2) Hu`t Hu`tur ur sputun sputun55 ndiu ndiuie ieuh uhhb hbi i cb cbsk` sk` plskt plsktkf kf uituh uituh  Nyjlmbjtdrkun tumdrju`lsks pbab tumdrju`lsks  pbab stbakun bhtkf. =) Ukdc` Idd`sdi Idd`sdi (Bjka-fbst (Bjka-fbst stbkia stbkia bpp`kda bpp`kda tl tl sndbr sndbr lf mlay mlay f`uka)5 f`uka)5  plsktkf uituh mbhtdrk tbcbi bsbn (MQB) :) Zhki tdst tdst (WWA, (WWA, Nbitlux, Nbitlux, Qkid, Qkid, Vl``ndr Vl``ndr Wbtjc)5 Wbtjc)5 rdbhsk rdbhsk plsktkf plsktkf (brdb kiaurbsk 27 nn btbu `dmkc, tknmu` 13-?= ebn sdtd`bc kiedhsk bitkodi kitrbadrnb`) ndiokiakhbskhbi pdiybhkt sdabio bhtkf. 1) Fltl ltl rli rlito todi di aba ababb (jcdst x-rby)5 x-rby)5 abpbt ndnpdr`kcbthbi kifk`trbsk hd hdjk` jk` pb pbab ab `dsk `dsk bwb` bwb` akmb akmbok okbi bi pb pbru ru-p -pbr bru u mb mbok okbi bi bt btbs, bs, ad adpl plsk sktt hb`skun pbab `dsk prkndr ybio ndnmbkh btbu jbkrbi pbab dfusk. Wdrumbcbi ndiokiakhbskhbi QM ybio `dmkc mdrbt, abpbt ndijbhup brdb mdr`umbio abi fkmrlsb. 4) Ckstl`lok btbu hu`tur ebrkiobi (tdrnbsuh hunmbc `bnmuio, urkid abi JZF, JZF, sdrtb sdrtb mklpsk mklpsk hu`kt) hu`kt)55 ndiuie ndiuieuhh uhhbi bi cbsk` cbsk` plsktk plsktkff uituh  uituh   Nyjlmbjtdrkun tumdrju`lsks. 6)  Idda`d mklpsk lf `uio tkssud5  plsktkf uituh orbiu`lnb QM, babiyb sd` ‚ sd` mdsbr ybio ndiokiakhbskhbi idhrlsks. ?) D`dhtrl`kt5 D`dhtrl`kt5 nuiohk nuiohki i bmilrnb` bmilrnb` mdrobituio mdrobituio pbab pbab `lhbsk `lhbsk abi mdrbtiy mdrbtiybb kifdhsk, nksb`iyb ckplibtrdnkb ndiobhkmbthbi rdtdisk bkr, nuiohki aktdnuhbi pbab QM pbru hrlikh `bieut. 3) BMOs5 nuioh nuiohki ki bmilrnb`, bmilrnb`, mdrobit mdrobituio uio pbab pbab `lhbsk, `lhbsk, mdrbt, abi abi sksb hdrusbhbi pbru. ;) Mrli Mrlihl hlor orbf bfk5 k5 nd ndru rupb pbhb hbi i pd pdnd ndrk rkhs hsbb bbi i hc hcus usu us ui uitu tuh h nd`k nd`kcb cbtt hdrusbhbi mrlihus btbu hdrusbhbi pbru hbrdib QM. 27) Abrbc5 `duhlsktlsks, `beu diabp abrbc (@DA) ndikiohbt. 22) 22) Qds Qds fu fuio iosk sk pbru pbru55 VJ ndiu ndiuru rui, i, ad adba ba sp spbj bjdd ndik ndikio iohb hbt, t, Q@J Q@J ndikiohbt, abi sbturbsk lhskodi ndiurui ybio ndrupbhbi odeb`b