Lowara Serie SV

 

 

Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` Bdstmlmjbúd, Psc y Nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

Z`rb` `-ZV  Ecnem / @l`jtrcecnem V`rtbjml Nultb`tmpm

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

Îdabj` a` jcdt`dbacs = 

......................................................................................................................................... 0  Bdtrcaujjbúd y s`ourbama  s`ourbama. ......................................................................................................................................... =.=  Bdtrcaujjbúd Bdtrcaujjbúd  ................................................................ .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................... ................... 0 

......................................................................................................................................................... .............................. 0   =.5  Z`ourbama Z`ourbama  ........................................................................................................................... =.5.=  Dbv`l`s a` p`lborc y sîneclcs a` s`ourbama  s`ourbama .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. 0  ................................................................................................................................. 6  =.5.5  Z`ourbama a`l usumrbc  usumrbc .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. ?  =.5.:  [rct`jjbúd a`l n`abc mneb`dt`  mneb`dt`  .................................................................................................................. =.5.1  Luomr`s `xpu`stcs m rmabmjbcd`s bcdbzmdt`s  bcdbzmdt`s ............................................................................................... .............................................................................................. ?  5  Nmdbpulmjbúd y mlnmj`dmnb`dtc  mlnmj`dmnb`dtc  ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. 7  5.=  Nmdbpulmjbúd a` lm udbama `nemlmam............................................................ `nemlmam............................................................................................................. ................................................. 7  5.5  Bdsp`jjbúd a` lm udbama a`spuâs a` lm `dtr`om  `dtr`om  ............................................................................................. 2  5.:  Nmdbpulmjbúd a` lm udbama  udbama .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. 2  5.1  Mlnmj`dmnb`dtc Mlnmj`dmnb`dtc  .......................................................... ............................................................................................................................ .................................................................................. ................ ==   :  A`sjrbpjbúd tâjdbjm  tâjdbjm. ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ =5  ................................................................................................................................................ ................ =5   :.=  A`dcnbdmjbúd A`dcnbdmjbúd  ................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................. ... =5   :.5  [lmjm a` jmrmjt`rîstbjms  jmrmjt`rîstbjms ............................................................................................................................... :.:  Júaboc a` ba`dtbfbjmjbúd  ba`dtbfbjmjbúd .......................................................... ............................................................................................................................ ..................................................................... ... =:  :.1  A`dcnbdmjbúd a` lcs jcnpcd`dt`s prbdjbpml`s  prbdjbpml`s  .......................................................................................... .......................................................................................... =0  :.0  Psc pr`vbstc  pr`vbstc. ....................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................ =6  :.6  Psc bdmprcpbmac  bdmprcpbmac. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ =6  :.?  Psc `d r`a`s a` abstrbeujbúd a` moum pmrm jcdsunc gunmdc  gunmdc  ................................................................... =?  :.7  Mplbjmjbcd`s `sp`jbml`s  `sp`jbml`s .............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ... =?   1  Bdstmlmjbúd Bdstmlmjbúd  ................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................ =7  1.=  [r`jmujbcd`s [r`jmujbcd`s  .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. ................ =7  ......................................................................................................................................... ..... =2  1.5  Ncdtmh` a`l nctcr  nctcr .................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ..... 5=  1.:  Bdstmlmjbúd n`jídbjm  n`jídbjm ................................................................................................................................. 1.:.=  Ír`m a` bdstmlmjbúd  bdstmlmjbúd ..................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... 5=  1.:.5  [csbjbcd`s p`rnbtbams  p`rnbtbams ............................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ .... 5=   1.:.:  Bdstmlmjbúd `d jbn`dtmjbúd a` gcrnboúd  gcrnboúd  ..................................................................................................5=  ................................................................................................................................ 5=  1.:.1  Zuh`jbúd a` lm udbama  udbama. ................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................... 55  1.:.0  U`aujjbúd a` lms vbermjbcd`s  vbermjbcd`s .................................................................................................................... 1.1  Jcd`xbúd gbaríulbjm  gbaríulbjm ................................................................. ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................... .... 55   1.1.=  Abr`jtrbj`s pmrm `l sbst`nm gbaríulbjc  gbaríulbjc ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... 5:  1.1.5  Fu`rzms y pmr`s mplbjmel`s m lms erbams  erbams ..................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................... 51  ......................................................................................................................................... ..... 50  1.0  Jcd`xbúd `lâjtrbjm  `lâjtrbjm .................................................................................................................................... 1.0.=  Jcd`xbúd m tb`rrm  tb`rrm ................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ ..... 50  ....................................................................................................... 56  1.0.5  Abr`jtrbj`s pmrm lm jcd`xbúd `lâjtrbjm  `lâjtrbjm  ....................................................................................................... 1.0.:  Abr`jtrbj`s pmrm `l pmd`l a` jcdtrcl `lâjtrbjc  `lâjtrbjc  ........................................................................................... 56  5

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

1.0.1  Abr`jtrbj`s pmrm `l nctcr  nctcr  ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... 56  1.0.0  Fudjbcdmnb`dtc jcd jcdv`rtbacr a` fr`ju`djbm  fr`ju`djbm  ....................................................................................... 57  0  Psc y fudjbcdmnb`dtc  fudjbcdmnb`dtc ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ................ 52   .................................................................................................................................................. ................ 52  0.=  [r`jmujbcd`s [r`jmujbcd`s  .................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................... :;  0.5  Ll`dmac - J`emac  J`emac. .......................................................................................................................................... 0.5.=  Bdstmlmjbúd a` lm jmrom pcsbtbvm a` mspbrmjbúd  mspbrmjbúd .......................................................................................... .......................................................................................... :;  0.5.5  Bdstmlmjbúd a`l a`sdbv`l a` mspbrmjbúd  mspbrmjbúd ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... :;  0.:  Jcdtrcl a`l s`dtbac a` rctmjbúd (nctcr`s trbfísbjcs)  trbfísbjcs)  .................................................................................... :=  ............................................................................................................ .............................................. :5  0.:.=  Abr`jjbúd a` rctmjbúd `qubvcjmam  `qubvcjmam .............................................................. 0.1  [u`stm `d nmrjgm  nmrjgm ............................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ............... :5   0.0  [mrmam [mrmam.............................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................... ............................. ::  6  Nmdt`dbnb`dtc Nmdt`dbnb`dtc.......................................................... ............................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................. ............................ :1  6.=  [r`jmujbcd`s [r`jmujbcd`s  .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. ................ :1  6.5  Nmdt`dbnb`dtc jmam 1;;; gcrms a` fudjbcdmnb`dtc c jmam mýc  mýc  ............................................................... :1  6.:  Lmrocs p`rbcacs a` bdmjtbvbama  bdmjtbvbama ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... :1  6.1  [mr a` mprb`t` a` lms jcd`xbcd`s rcsjmams  rcsjmams  ................................................................................................. .................................................................................................... :0  6.0  [`abacs a` pb`zms a` r`jmnebc  r`jmnebc .................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... :6  ?  Zclujbúd a` prcel`nms  prcel`nms. ............................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ........................... :?  .................................................................................................................................................. ................ :?  ?.=  [r`jmujbcd`s [r`jmujbcd`s  .................................................................................................................................. ?.5  Lm udbama dc mrrmdjm................................................................ mrrmdjm.................................................................................................................................. ...................................................................... .... :?  ?.:  @l abspcsbtbvc a` prct`jjbúd abf`r`djbml (UJA) `stí mjtbvmac  mjtbvmac  ...................................................................... ...................................................................... :?  ?.1  Lm prct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom târnbjm s` gm abspmrmac c lcs fusbel`s s` gmd mjjbcdmac  mjjbcdmac  ............................ :?  ....................................................................................................... :7  ?.0  Lm prct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom s` abspmrm  abspmrm  ....................................................................................................... ?.6  @l nctcr s` jmlb`dtm `xj`sbvmn`dt`  `xj`sbvmn`dt`  .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. :7  ?.?  Lm udbama fudjbcdm p`rc `l jmuaml `s emhc c `stí mus`dt`  mus`dt`  .......................................................................... .......................................................................... :7  ?.7  Jumdac s` mpmom, lm udbama obrm `d lm abr`jjbúd cpu`stm  cpu`stm ........................................................................... :2  ?.2  Lm udbama prcauj` scdcrbama y/c vbermjbcd`s `xj`sbvms  `xj`sbvms  ............................................................................ ............................................................................ :2  ?.=;  Lm udbama s` pcd` `d nmrjgm a`nmsbmac m n`duac (mrrmdqu`/pmrmam mutcnítbjc)  mutcnítbjc)  ............................... :2  ?.==  Lm udbama dc s` pmrm dudjm (mrrmdqu`/pmrmam mutcnítbjc)  mutcnítbjc)  ........................................................................:2  ?.=5  Lm udbama tb`d` udm fuom  fuom .......................................................... ............................................................................................................................ ..................................................................... ... 1;   ?.=:  @l jcdv`rtbacr a` fr`ju`djbm s` `dju`dtrm `d ncac `rrcr c `stí mpmomac  ................................................ 1;  7  Bdfcrnmjbúd tâjdbjm  tâjdbjm ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................ 1=  .......................................................................................................................................... ............... 1=   7.=  @dtcrdc cp`rmtbvc  cp`rmtbvc ........................................................................................................................... 7.5  Q`np`rmturm a`l lîqubac ecne`mac  ecne`mac. .................................................................................... ............................................................................................................ ........................ 1=  7.:  Mlturm a` `l`vmjbúd níxbnm  níxbnm .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 1=  7.1  [r`sbúd níxbnm a` fudjbcdmnb`dtc  fudjbcdmnb`dtc  ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................... 10  7.0  Døn`rc níxbnc a` mrrmdqu`s pcr gcrm  gcrm ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... 16  ....................................................................................................................................... .... 16   7.6  Jlms` a` prct`jjbúd  prct`jjbúd ................................................................................................................................... 7.?  @sp`jbfbjmjbcd`s `lâjtrbjms  `lâjtrbjms ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ 1?  7.7  [r`sbúd scdcrm  scdcrm ................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................... 1?  7.2  Nmt`rbml`s `d jcdtmjtc jcd `l lîqubac  lîqubac ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... 1?  7.=;  Z`llc n`jídbjc  n`jídbjc ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ................ 17   Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

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`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

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A`s`jgc. .................................................................................................................................................................. A`s`jgc  .................................................................................................................................................................. 12  2.=  [r`jmujbcd`s [r`jmujbcd`s  .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. ................ 12  2.5  UM@@ 5;=5/=2/P@ (0; Gz)  Gz) ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. 12  ..................................................................................................................................................... ................ 0;  =;  A`jlmrmjbcd`s  ..................................................................................................................................... A`jlmrmjbcd`s ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................... ................. 0;  =;.=  @l`jtrcecnem .............................................................. =;.5  Ecnem Ecnem.............................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................... ............................. 0=  ==  Omrmdtîm  .................................................................................................................................. Omrmdtîm .............................................................................................................................................................. ............................ 05   ==.=  Bdfcrnmjbúd Bdfcrnmjbúd ....................................................................................................................................  ..................................................................................................................................................... ................. 05 

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Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

= Bdtrcaujjbúd y s`ourbama =.=   Bdtrcaujjbúd =.= [rcpúsbtc a` `st` nmduml @st` nmduml cfr`j` bdfcrnmjbúd scer` júnc r`mlbzmr lc sboub`dt` a` lm fcrnm jcrr`jtm8 •  Bdstmlmjbúd •   Fudjbcdmnb`dtc •  Nmdt`dbnb`dtc.

MQ@DJBÚD8 @st` nmduml fcrnm pmrt` bdt`ormdt` a` lm udbama. Ms`oør`s` a` gme`r l`îac y jcnpr`dabac `l nmduml mdt`s a` bdstmlmr lm udbama y `np`zmr m utblbzmrlm. @l nmduml tb`d` q qu` u` `stmr sb`npr` abspcdbel` pmrm `l usumrbc, mlnmj`dmac j`rjm a` lm udbama y eb`d oumramac.

Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s Lms bdstrujjbcd`s y mav`rt`djbms sunbdbstrmams `d `st` nmduml s` r`fb`r`d m lm l m udbama `stídamr, jcnc a`sjrbtc `d lm acjun`dtmjbúd a` v`dtm. Lms ecnems a` v`rsbcd`s `sp`jbml`s s` pu`a`d sunbdbstrmr jcd nmduml`s a` bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s. [mrm sbtumjbcd`s qu` dc s` jcdt`nplmd `d `l nmduml c `d `l acjun`dtc a` v`dtm, púdoms` `d jcdtmjtc jcd Wyl`n c jcd `l Abstrbeubacr Mutcrbzmac.

=.5   Z`ourbama =.5 =.5.=   Dbv`l`s a` p`lborc y sîneclcs a` s`ourbama =.5.= Mdt`s a` utblbzmr lm udbama, `l usumrbc tb`d` qu` l``r, jcnpr`da`r y ces`rvmr lms mav`rt`djbms a` p`lborc pmrm `vbtmr lcs sboub`dt`s rb`socs8 •  Amýcs y p`lborcs pmrm lm smlua •  Amýcs `d `l prcaujtc •  Fudjbcdmnb`dtc bdjcrr`jtc a` lm udbama.

Dbv`l`s a` p`lborc Dbv`l a` rb`soc  

Bdabjmjbúd 

[@LBOUC8

Ba`dtbfbjm udm sbtumjbúd p`lborcsm qu`, sb dc `s `vbtmam, prcvcjm udm l`sbúd s`rbm ` bdjlusc lm nu`rt`.  

MAV@UQ@DJBM8

Ba`dtbfbjm udm sbtumjbúd p`lborcsm qu`, sb dc `s `vbtmam, pu`a` prcvcjmr udm l`sbúd s`rbm ` bdjlusc lm nu`rt`.  

MQ@DJBÚD8

Ba`dtbfbjm udm sbtumjbúd p`lborcsm qu`, sb dc `s `vbtmam, pu`a` prcvcjmr l`sbcd`s a` dbv`l emhc c n`abmdc. 

DCQM8

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

Ba`dtbfbjm udm sbtumjbúd p`lborcsm qu`, sb dc `s `vbtmam, pu`a` prcvcjmr amýcs m lm prcpb`ama p`rc dc m lms p`rscdms.  

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`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

Zîneclcs jcnpl`n`dtmrbcs Zîneclc  

A`sjrbpjbúd  

[`lborc `lâjtrbjc 

[`lborc a` sup`rfbjb` jmlb`dt` 

[`lborc, sbst`nm pr`surbzmac 

Dc utblbj` lîqubacs bdflmnmel`s 

Dc utblbj` lîqubacs jcrrcsbvcs

L`m `l nmduml a` bdstrujjbcd`s 

=.5.5   Z`ourbama a`l usumrbc =.5.5 Z`oubr rbourcsmn`dt` lm l`obslmjbúd vbo`dt` `d nmt`rbm a` smlua y s`ourbama.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 @stm udbama tb`d` qu` s`r utblbzmam `xjlusbvmn`dt` pcr usumrbcs jumlbfbjmacs. Jcd lm a`fbdbjbúd "usumrbcs jumlbfbjmacs" s` `dtb`da` jumlqub`r p`rscdm jmpmz a` r`jcdcj`r rb`socs y `vbtmr p`lborcs aurmdt` lm bdstmlmjbúd, `l usc y `l nmdt`dbnb`dtc a` lm udbama. 

Psumrbcs sbd `xp`rb`djbm MAV@UQ@DJBM8   [mrm lcs pmîs`s a` lm P@8 `st` prcaujtc pu`a` s`r usmac pcr dbýcs m pmrtbr a` lcs 7 mýcs a` •

`ama y p`rscdms jcd jmpmjbama`s fîsbjms, s`dscrbml`s c n`dtml`s r`aujbams c jcd fmltm a` `xp`rb`djbm, m jcdabjbúd a` qu` t`domd lm sup`rvbsbúd c bdstrujjbúd ma`jumam `d r`lmjbúd m su usc a` fcrnm s`ourm y jcnpr`damd lcs rb`socs qu` bnplbjm. Lcs dbýcs dc a`e`d huomr jcd `l prcaujtc. Lm lbnpb`zm y `l nmdt`dbnb`dtc dc a`e`d s`r r`mlbzmacs pcr dbýcs sbd sup`rvbsbúd. •  [mrm `l usc `d pmîs`s fu`rm a` lm P@8 `l usc a` `st` prcaujtc dc `stí abrbobac m p`rscdms (bdjluy`dac lcs dbýcs) jcd nbdusvmlîms fîsbjms, s`dscrbml`s c n`dtml`s, c sbd `xp`rb`djbm db jcdcjbnb`dtc, m n`dcs qu` s` l`s scn`tm m sup`rvbsbúd c s` l`s bdstruym r`sp`jtc m su usc pcr pmrt` a` udm p`rscdm r`spcdsmel` r `spcdsmel` a` su s`ourbama. Lcs dbýcs a`e`d s`r vboblmacs pmrm ms`ourmrs` a` qu` dc hu`ou`d jcd `l prcaujtc. 

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Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

=.5.:   [rct`jjbúd a`l n`abc mneb`dt` =.5.: @lbnbdmjbúd a`l `nemlmh` y a`l prcaujtc U`sp`t` lms dcrnms `d vbocr r`lmtbvms ml lm `lbnbdmjbúd cra`dmam a` r`sbaucs.

Fuom a` flubacs Zb lm udbama jcdtb`d` flubac luerbjmdt`, macpt` lms n`abams d`j`smrbms pmrm bnp`abr fuoms `d `l n`abcmneb`dt`.

=.5.1  Luomr`s `xpu`stcs m rmabmjbcd`s =.5.1  r mabmjbcd`s bcdbzmdt`s MAV@UQ@DJBM8 [`lborc a` rmabmjbúd bcdbzmdt` Zb lm udbama gm p`rnmd`jbac `xpu`stc m rmabmjbcd`s bcdbzmdt`s, bnpl`n`dtmr tcams lms n`abams a` s`ourbama d`j`smrbms pmrm lm prct`jjbúd a` lms p`rscdms. Zb `s d`j`smrbc a`spmjgmr lm udbama, bdfcrn` ml trmdspcrtbstm y ml a`stbdmtmrbc jcnc jcrr`spcda`, pmrm qu` pu`amd macptmr lms n`abams a` s`ourbama s `ourbama ma`jumams. 

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

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`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

5 Nmdbpulmjbúd y mlnmj`dmnb`dtc 5.=   Nmdbpulmjbúd a` lm udbama `nemlmam 5.= MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Ub`soc a` mplmstmnb`dtc (`xtr`nbama`s) Lm udbama y sus jcnpcd`dt`s pcarîmd s`r p`smacs jcnpcrtmdac ud rb`soc a` mplmstmnb`dtc.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Ptblbj` sb`npr` `qubpc a` prct`jjbúd p`rscdml.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Jcnpru`e` `l p`sc erutc bdabjmac `d `l `nemlmh`.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Lm nmdbpulmjbúd a` lm udbama a`e` s`r r`mlbzmam sboub`dac lms dcrnms vbo`dt`s scer` "nmdbpulmjbúd nmduml a` jmroms" pmrm `vbtmr jcdabjbcd`s `rocdúnbjms a`sfmvcrmel`s qu` prcauj`d rb`socs a` l`sbcd`s `d lm `spmlam.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Macpt` lms n`abams baúd`ms aurmdt` `l trmdspcrt`, bdstmlmjbúd y mlnmj`dmnb`dtc pmrm `vbtmr jcdtmnbdmjbúd pcr sustmdjbms `xt`rdms. Z`oød `l nca`lc, `l fmerbjmdt` `dtr`om lm udbama y sus jcnpcd`dt`s `d `l bdt`rbcr a`8 =.  Pdm jmhm a` jmrtúd, c eb`d a` 5.  Pdm jmhm a` jmrtúd jcd ems` a` nma`rm. Lcs `nemlmh`s a`l tbpc 5 `stíd a`stbdmacs ml trmdspcrt` jcd jmrr`tbllm `l`vmacrm9 lcs pudtcs a` `l`vmjbúd s` bdabjmd `d lm fbourm. =

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5

   t   c S    M S    1    =    ;    ;    N S    N    G    @

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

5.5   Bdsp`jjbúd a` lm udbama a`spuâs a` lm `dtr`om 5.5 Bdsp`jjbúd a`l pmqu`t` =.  Jcnpru`e` qu` lm jmdtbama, lms a`sjrbpjbcd`s y lcs júabocs a`l prcaujtc jcrr`spcda`d jcd lcs a`l p`abac. 5.  Jcnpru`e` qu` `l `nemlmh` dc `stâ amýmac y qu` dc fmlt` dbdoød jcnpcd`dt`. :.  @d jmsc a` a`t`jjbúd a` amýcs c fmltm a` mloød jcnpcd`dt`8 - mj`pt` lm n`rjmdjîm jcd r`s`rvm, s`ýmlídaclc `d `l acjun`dtc a` trmdspcrt`, c eb`d - r`jgmj` lm n`rjmdjîm, bdabjmdac `l nctbvc `d `l acjun`dtc a` trmdspcrt`. @d mnecs jmscs, jcdtmjt` bdn`abmtmn`dt` jcd Wyl`n c jcd `l Abstrbeubacr mutcrbzmac acda` maqubrbú `l prcaujtc.

A`s`nemlmh` ` bdsp`jjbúd a` lm udbama MQ@DJBÚD8 Ub`soc a` jcrt` y mermsbúd Ptblbj` sb`npr` `qubpc a` prct`jjbúd p`rscdml. 

=.  Zmqu` tcac `l nmt`rbml a` `nemlmh` a`l prcaujtc. 5.  U`tbr` lm udbama qubtmdac tcacs lcs tcrdbllcs y/c jcrt` lms jcrr`ms, sb `stíd pr`s`dt`s. :.  Jcnpru`e` lm bdt`orbama a` lm udbama y ms`oør`s` qu` dc fmlt` dbdoød jcnpcd`dt`. 1.  @d jmsc a` amýc c fmltm a` jcnpcd`dt`s, jcdtmjt` bdn`abmtmn`dt` jcd Wyl`n c jcd `l Abstrbeubacr mutcrbzmac.

5.:   Nmdbpulmjbúd a` lm udbama 5.: MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Ptblbzmr orøms, ju`rams, jcrr`ms `l`vmacrms, ncsqu`tcd`s y mermzma`rms qu` junplmd jcd lms dcrnms vbo`dt`s y qu` s`md baúd`ms pmrm `l usc `sp`jîfbjc.

DCQM8 Ms`oør`s` a` qu` lcs abspcsbtbvcs a` `l`vmjbúd dc amý`d lm udbama.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 L`vmdt` y nmdbpul` lm udbama l`dtmn`dt` pmrm `vbtmr prcel`nms a` `stmeblbama.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8

Aurmdt` lm nmdbpulmjbúd, ms`ourmrs` a` `vbtmr l`sbcd`s m p`rscdms y mdbnml`s y/c amýcs nmt`rbml`s.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Dc utblbj` lcs p`rdcs a` mdbllm fbhmacs ml nctcr pmrm nmdbpulmr lm udbama.

DCQM8 @l fmerbjmdt` sunbdbstrm lm ecnem jcd acs tmjcs pmrm p mrm elcqu`mr `l `h` y `l nctcr a`l bnpulscr9 nmd`h` sb`npr` lm ecnem jcd lcs tmjcs bdstmlmacs pmrm `vbtmr amýcs. Jcdsult` tmnebâd  Ncdtmh` a`l nctcr `d lm píobdm =2. píobdm =2.  

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

2 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

Lm udbama a`e` `stmr sb`npr` `domdjgmam y l`vmdtmam jcnc s` nu`strm `d lms fbourms.

≠ 0,0 i_

< 0,0 i_

   t   c S    E S    =    ;    ;    ;    N S    V    Z    @

Ptblbj` lcs p`rdcs a` mdbllm sclc pmrm a`splmzmr lm udbama a`sa` lm pcsbjbúd gcrbzcdtml `d `l su`lc m lm pcsbjbúd v`rtbjml y sclc pcr `l tb`npc `strbjtmn`dt` d`j`smrbc. V`m lms fbourms m jcdtbdumjbúd.   j   s S    M S    5    ;    ;    ;    N S    V    Z    @

=;

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

5.1   Mlnmj`dmnb`dtc 5.1 Mlnmj`dmnb`dtc a` lm udbama `nemlmam Lm udbama a`e` a` s`r mlnmj`dmam8  •  @d ud luomr jueb`rtc y s`jc •  L`hcs a` fu`dt`s a` jmlcr   • [rct`obac mdt` lm sujb`ama •  [rct`obac jcdtrm vbermjbcd`s •

Jcd t`np`rmturm   `l 0% y `l 20 %. mneb`dt` a` `dtr` -0»J y +1;»J (5:»F y =1;»F) y gun`ama r`lmtbvm `dtr`

DCQM8 Dc jclcqu` jmroms p`smams scer` lm udbama.

DCQM8 [rct`hm lm udbama jcdtrm jclbsbcd`s.

Mlnmj`dmnb`dtc m lmroc plmzc a` lm udbama =.  Vmjî` lm udbama a`stcrdbllmdac `l tmpúd a`l sunba`rc9 `stm cp`rmjbúd `s fudamn`dtml `d mneb`dt`s jcd t`np`rmturms frîms. A` lc jcdtrmrbc jumlqub`r r`sbauc a` lîqubac lîq ubac `d lm udbama pcarîm t`d`r ud `f`jtc d`omtbvc scer` su jcdabjbúd y r`dabnb`dtc.

5.  Zbom lms nbsnms bdstrujjbcd`s r`f`rbams pmrm `l mlnmj`dmnb`dtc a` lm udbama `nemlmam. [mrm nís bdfcrnmjbúd scer` `l mlnmj`dmnb`dtc m lmroc plmzc, jcdtmjt` lm cfbjbdm a` v`dtm a` Wyl`n c ud abstrbeubacr mutcrbzmac.

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

== 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

: A`sjrbpjbúd tâjdbjm :.=   A`dcnbdmjbúd :.= @l`jtrcecnem j`dtrîfuom v`rtbjml nultb`tmpm, dc mutcmj`emdt`. @l prcaujtc s` pu`a` sunbdbstrmr jcnc udm `l`jtrcecnem (ecnem y nctcr) c sclc jcnc ecnem.

:.5   [lmjm a` jmrmjt`rîstbjms :.5

Døn`rc a` pcsbjbúd 

A`sjrbpjbúd  

Døn`rc a` pcsbjbúd  

A`sjrbpjbúd  

=

== =5

:

Qbpc a` ecnem c `l`jtrcecnem   Júaboc a`l prcaujtc  Júaboc a` ba`dtbfbjmjbúd a` lcs nmt`rbml`s a`l

=:

V`lcjbama  Îdabj` ab `fbjb`djbm nîdbnc  [ct`djbm dcnbdml a` lm ecnem 

1

s`llc n`jídbjc  Júaboc a` ba`dtbfbjmjbúd a`l nmt`rbml a`l C-rbdo  

=1

Jcdsunc `lâjtrbjc a` lm `l`jtrcecnem ( ) 

5

=5

∟

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

Q`np`rmturm nîdbnm a` fudjbcdmnb`dtc a`l lîqubac  Q`np`rmturm níxbnm a` fudjbcdmnb`dtc a`l lîqubac  [r`sbúd níxbnm a` fudjbcdmnb`dtc   Jmuaml  Umdoc a` jmrom gbaríulbjm  Jmrom gbaríulbjm nîdbnm 

0 6 ? 7 2 =; ( ) ∟

=0

Umdoc a` lm t`dsbúd dcnbdml ( ) 

=6

Fr`ju`djbm ( ) 

=?

Jlms` a` prct`jjbúd ( )  Døn`rc a` s`rb` + f`jgm a` fmerbjmjbúd  [`sc  - 

∟

∟

∟

=7 =2 -

Amtcs pr`s`dt`s sclc `d lm plmjm a` jmrmjt`rîstbjms a` lm `l`jtrcecnem  

[lmjm a` t`np`rmturms a`l lîqubac mabjbcdml Z` mplbjm m lms udbama`s pmrm lms juml`s j uml`s lm t`np`rmturm níxbnm a` trmemhc a`l lîqubac sup`rm `l lînbt` a` 2; »J (=21 »F), s`oød `l `stídamr @D 6;::0-5-1=, jcd Pd (V) ≡ 17; V (:~) c ≡ 50; V (=~).

:.:   Júaboc a` ba`dtbfbjmjbúd :.: Nca`lcs =, :, 0, =;, =0, 55ZV 5

=

5

Z

= 5

Døn`rc a` pcsbjbúd 

V

 

=

;

F

=   0 = =   1 :

L

= 6

=

=

;

 ?

Q

=   =; =   2 = 7

== =

@GNSN;;;0SMSsj

A`sjrbpjbúd  

Dctms 

= 5 :

Jmuaml dcnbdml  Dcner` a` lm s`rb`  Fudjbcdmnb`dtc a`l nctcr 

1 0

Døn`rc a` bnpulscr`s  Nmt`rbml`s `stídamr 

6

V`rsbcd`s `sp`jbml`s 

55 > n:/g  ZV  Vmjîc > `stídamr  G > jcd Gyarcvmr®  W > ctrcs mjjbcdmnb`dtcs  @ > `-ZN  =; > =; bnpulscr`s  F > MBZB :;1, erbams jbrjulmr`s ([D 50)   Q > MBZB :;1, erbams cvml`s ([D =6)   U > MBZB :;1, pu`rtcs sup`rpu`stcs erbams jbrjulmr`s ([D 50)  D > MBZB :=6, erbams jbrjulmr`s ([D 50)  D > MBZB :=6, jcd`xbcd`s Vbjtmulbj® ([D 50)   [ > MBZB :=6, jcd`xbcd`s Vbjtmulbj® ([D 1;)   J > MBZB :=6, jcd`xbcd`s Jlmnp ABD :56?6 ([D 50)   I > MBZB :=6, jcd`xbcd`s rcsjmams ABD ==70= ([D 50)  W > v`rsbúd p`rscdmlbzmam  Vmjîc > `stídamr  L > D[ZG emhc, erbams jbrjulmr`s, [D 50 (v`rsbcd`s F, D, U)  G > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =0;»J, erbams jbrjulmr`s, [D 50 (v`rsbcd`s F, D)   E > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =7;»J, erbams jbrjulmr`s, [D 50 (v`rsbúd D)   @ > pmsbvmam y `l`jtrcpulbam (v`rsbcd`s D, V, J, I, [)    _ t`np`rmturm`l`vmam `l`vmam=7;» =0;»yyD[ZG D[ZGemhc emhc(v`rsbúd (v`rsbcd`s R >>t`np`rmturm D)   F, D) @ > pmsbvmam, y `l`jtrcpulbam y D[ZG emhc (v`rsbcd`s D, V, J, I, [)  

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

=: 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

? 7

[ct`djbm dcnbdml a`l nctcr  Døn`rc a` pclcs 

2

Fr`ju`djbm 

=;

Fms`s 

==

Ctrm bdfcrnmjbúd 

B > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =0;», pmsbvmam y `l`jtrcpulbam (v`rsbúd D)   Z > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =7;», pmsbvmam y `l`jtrcpulbam (v`rsbúd D)   M > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =0;», pmsbvmam, `l`jtrcpulbam y D[ZG emhc (v`rsbúd D)  A > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =7;», pmsbvmam, `l`jtrcpulbam y D[ZG D [ZG emhc (v`rsbúd D)  W > v`rsbúd p`rscdmlbzmam  i_ x =;  Vmjîc > 5 pclcs  1 > 1 pclcs  [ > `-ZN  Vmjîc > 0; Gz  6 > 6; Gz   ; > `-ZN  Vmjîc > sclc ecnem  N > ncdcfísbjc  Q > trbfísbjc  Vmjîc > v`rsbúd `stídamr  Ctrc > v`r jmtílcoc tâjdbjc 

Nca`lcs ::, 16, 66, 25, =50ZV =

=

5

0

Z

V

7

= 5 =   :

 

/

5

= 1

M

O

0

L

 6

0

 

0

;

1

Q

=   7 ? =   2 =    =; =

== = @GNSN;;;6SMSsj

Døn`rc A`sjrbpjbúd   a` pcsbjbúd 

=1

Dctms 

= 5 :

Jmuaml dcnbdml  Dcner` a` lm s`rb`   Fudjbcdmnb`dtc a`l nctcr 

1

Døn`rc a` bnpulscr`s 

0

Nmt`rbml`s `stídamr 

6

V`rsbcd`s `sp`jbml`s 

? 7

  [ct`djbm dcnbdml Døn`rc a` pclcs  a`l nctcr

=50 > n:/g  ZV  Vmjîc > `stídamr  G > jcd Gyarcvmr®  W > ctrcs mjjbcdmnb`dtcs  7/5M > 7 bnpulscr`s, 5 a` lcs juml`s j uml`s jcd abín`trc `xt`rdc bdf`rbcr, tbpc M c E  O > MBZB :;1/fudabjbúd, erbams jbrjulmr`s ([D=6/50/1; s`oød nca`lc)   D > MBZB :=6, erbams jbrjulmr`s ([D=6/50/1; s`oød nca`lc)   [ > MBZB :=6, erbams jbrjulmr`s ([D 1;)   W > v`rsbúd p`rscdmlbzmam  Vmjîc > `stídamr  L > D[ZG emhc, erbams jbrjulmr`s, [D 50 (v`rsbcd`s E, D)  G > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =0;»J, erbams jbrjulmr`s, [D 50 (v`rsbcd`s O, D)   E > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =7;»J, erbams jbrjulmr`s, [D 50 (v`rsbúd D)   @ > pmsbvmam y `l`jtrcpulbam (v`rsbúd D)   _ > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =0;» y D[ZG D [ZG emhc (v`rsbcd`s O, D)   R > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =7;» y D[ZG emhc (v`rsbúd D)   P > pmsbvmam, `l`jtrcpulbam y D[ZG emhc (v`rsbúd D)  B > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =0;», pmsbvmam y `l`jtrcpulbam (v`rsbúd D)   Z > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =7;», pmsbvmam y `l`jtrcpulbam (v`rsbúd D)   M > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =0;», pmsbvmam, `l`jtrcpulbam y D[ZG emhc (v`rsbúd D)  A > t`np`rmturm `l`vmam =7;», pmsbvmam, `l`jtrcpulbam y D[ZG D [ZG emhc (v`rsbúd D)  W > v`rsbúd p`rscdmlbzmam    i_ Vmjîcx =; > 5 pclcs  1 > 1 pclcs 

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s 2

Fr`ju`djbm 

=;

Fms`s 

==

Ctrm bdfcrnmjbúd 

Vmjîc > 0; Gz  6 > 6; Gz   Vmjîc > sclc ecnem  N > ncdcfísbjc  Q > trbfísbjc  Vmjîc > v`rsbúd `stídamr  Ctrc > v`r jmtílcoc tâjdbjc 

Nmrjms a` mprcemjbúd pmrm lm s`ourbama [mrm prcaujtcs qu` abspcd`d a` udm nmrjm a` mprcemjbúd pmrm lm l m s`ourbama `lâjtrbjm jcnc BN], QPV, BUMN, `tj., lm mprcemjbúd s` r`fb`r` `xjlusbvmn`dt` m lm `l`jtrcecnem.

:.1   A`dcnbdmjbúd a` lcs jcnpcd`dt`s prbdjbpml`s :.1 = =5 = 5

= 7

=7 =

= =6

= =1

= 6 =? = = 2 = ==

: =

= =; = 1

= =0 = ==

= =6

= =1 =

= 0

= ?

Døn`rc a` pcsbjbúd  = 5 : 1 0 6 ? 7 2

A`sjrbpjbúd  

Ju`rpc a` lm ecnem  Bnpulscr  Abfuscr  Jmsqubllc `xt`rdc  @h`  Mamptmacr a`l nctcr  Xújmlc a` ems`  Mjcplmnb`dtc  Absjc 

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

@ZVSN;;;?SMSas

Døn`rc a` pcsbjbúd  =; == =5 =: =1 =0 =6 =? =7

A`sjrbpjbúd  

Z`llc n`jídbjc  @lmstún`rcs  [rct`jjbúd a` lm jcd`xbúd  Jmsqubllc a`l `h` y jchbd`t`   Qmpúd a` ll`dmac y sunba`rc   Qbrmdt`  Mdbllc a` a`somst`  Mlchmnb`dtcs a`l s`llc  Nctcr 

=0 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

:.0   Psc pr`vbstc :.0   Zbst`nms a` pr`surbzmjbúd y sunbdbstrc a` moum   Z`jtcr a` lmvmac y lbnpb`zm, bdjlubac `l lmvmac a` v`gîjulcs   Jbrjulmjbúd a` lîqubacs jmlb`dt`s y frîcs, pcr `h`nplc moum c moum y olbjcl, p pmrm mrm sbst`nms a`

•

• •

       

•

•

•

•

jml`fmjjbúd, `dfrbmnb`dtc y mbr` mjcdabjbcdmac Mplbjmjbcd`s pmrm `l trmtmnb`dtc a` moum Qrmslmac a` lîqubacs nca`rmamn`dt` mor`sbvcs Ub`oc Zbst`nms jcdtrm bdj`dabcs.

Ces`rv` lcs lînbt`s a` fudjbcdmnb`dtc a` Bdfcrnmjbúd tâjdbjm `d lm píobdm 1=. 

Lîqubacs ecne`macs        

•

•

•

•

Lbnpbcs Dc mor`sbvcs n`jídbjmn`dt` c quînbjmn`dt` Moum jmlb`dt` Moum frîm.

:.6   Psc bdmprcpbmac :.6 MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Lm udbama ctrc gm sbac y jcdstrubam pmrm `l usc a`sjrbtc `d lm lm s`ourbama s`jjbúd Psc pr`vbstc pr`vbstc. Jumlqub`r uscabs`ýmam `stí prcgbebac pcrqu` pcarîm jcnprcn`t`r a`l usumrbc.  y lm `fbjb`djbm a` lm udbama nbsnm.

[@LBOUC8 @stí prcgbebac utblbzmr lm ecnem pmrm ecne`mr lîqubacs bdflmnmel`s y/c `xplcsbvcs.

[@LBOUC8 [`lborc a` mtnúsf`rm pct`djbmln`dt` `xplcsbvm @stí prcgbebac mrrmdjmr lm udbama `d mneb`dt`s jcd mtnúsf`rms pct`djbmln`dt` `xplcsbvms c jcd pclvcs jcneustbel`s.

@h`nplcs a` usc bdmprcpbmac          

•

•

•

• •

Lîqubacs ecne`macs ecne`macs dc jcnpmtbel`s jcd `l nmt`rbml a` lm udbama Lîqubacs ecne`macs p`lborcscs, túxbjcs, `xplcsbvcs, bdflmnmel`s c jcrrcsbvcs Lîqubacs ecne`macs ecne`macs pctmel`s qu` dc s`md moum, pcr `h`nplc, vbdc c l`jg` Lîqubacs ecne`macs jcdtbd`dt`s sustmdjbms mermsbvms, súlbams c fbercsms Ptblbzc a` lm udbama pmrm tmsms a` fluhc qu` sup`rmd lms `sp`jbfbjmams `d lm plmjm a` jmrmjt`rîstbjms.

@h`nplcs a` bdstmlmjbúd bdmprcpbmam   Mtnúsf`rms `xplcsbvms y jcrrcsbvms   Xcdms `d lms qu` lm t`np`rmturm a`l mbr` `s nuy mltm y/c lm v`dtblmjbúd `s `sjmsm   Xcdms `xt`rbcr`s sbd prct`jjbúd mdt` lms jcdabjbcd`s jlbnítbjms.

•

• •

=6

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

:.?   Psc `d r`a`s a` abstrbeujbúd a` moum pmrm jcdsunc gunmdc :.? Zb lm udbama `stí a`stbdmam ml sunbdbstrc a` moum pctmel` pmrm p`rscdms y/c mdbnml`s8

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 @stí prcgbebac ecne`mr moum pctmel` a`spuâs a`l usc jcd ctrcs lîqubacs.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Macpt` lms n`abams baúd`ms aurmdt` `l trmdspcrt`, bdstmlmjbúd y mlnmj`dmnb`dtc pmrm `vbtmr jcdtmnbdmjbúd pcr sustmdjbms `xt`rdms.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 ]ubt` lm udbama a` su `nemlmh` hustc mdt`s a` lm bdstmlmjbúd pmrm `vbtmr jcdtmnbdmjbúd pcr sustmdjbms `xt`rdms.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 A`spuâs a` lm bdstmlmjbúd, a`h` fudjbcdmr lm udbama aurmdt` udcs nbdutcs jcd vmrbms utblbama`s meb`rtms pmrm lmvmr `l bdt`rbcr a`l sbst`nm.

:.7   Mplbjmjbcd`s `sp`jbml`s :.7 [údoms` `d jcdtmjtc jcd Wyl`n c jcd `l Abstrbeubacr Mutcrbzmac `d lcs sboub`dt`s jmscs8 •  Zb `l vmlcr a` lm vbsjcsbama v bsjcsbama y/c a`dsbama a` lcs lîqubacs pcr ecne`mr `xj`a` `l vmlcr a`l moum (jcnc udm n`zjlm a` moum y olbjcl) •  Zb `l lîqubac lîq ubac ecne`mac `stí trmtmac quînbjmn`dt` (pcr `h`nplc, sumvbzmac, a`sbcdbzm a`sbcdbzmac, ac, a`snbd`rmlbzmac,, `tj.) a`snbd`rmlbzmac •  Jumlqub`r sbtumjbúd qu` s`m abf`r`dt` m lc a`sjrbtc, r`lmjbcdmam jcd lm dmturml`zm a`l lîqubac •  Bdstml` lm udbama `d pcsbjbúd gcrbzcdtml.

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

=? 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

1 Bdstmlmjbúd 1.=   [r`jmujbcd`s 1.= Mdt`s a` `np`zmr, ms`oør`s` a` gme`r l`îac y `dt`dabac jcnpl`tmn`dt` lms bdstrujjbcd`s a` lm s`jjbúd Bdtrcaujjbúd y s`ourbama `d lm píobdm 0. píobdm 0.  

[@LBOUC8

Qcams lms jcd`xbcd`s gbaríulbjms y `lâjtrbjms a`e`d s`r r`mlbzmams pcr ud tâjdbjc qu` pcs`m lcs jcdcjbnb`dtcs tâjdbjc-prcf`sbcdml`s tâjdbjc-prcf`sbcdml`s a`sjrbtcs `d lm dcrnmtbvm `d vbocr.

[@LBOUC8 [`lborc a` mtnúsf`rm pct`djbmln`dt` `xplcsbvm @stí prcgbebac mrrmdjmr lm udbama `d mneb`dt`s jcd mtnúsf`rms pct`djbmln`dt` `xplcsbvms c jcd pclvcs jcneustbel`s.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Ptblbj` sb`npr` `qubpc a` prct`jjbúd p`rscdml.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Ptblbj` sb`npr` g`rrmnb`dtm a` trmemhc ma`jumam.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Ml s`l`jjbcdmr `l luomr a` bdstmlmjbúd y jcd`jtmr lm udbama m lms fu`dt`s a` mlbn`dtmjbúd gbaríulbjm y `lâjtrbjm, junplm rbourcsmn`dt` jcd lm dcrnmtbvm d crnmtbvm vbo`dt`. @d jmsc a` jcd`xbúd a` lm udbama jcd mju`aujtcs prbvmacs c pøelbjcs p øelbjcs c jcd ud pczc a` sunbdbstrc a` moum pmrm `l jcdsunc gunmdc y/c mdbnml, jcdsult` jcdsult`  Psc `d r`a`s a` abstrbeujbúd a` moum pmrm jcdsunc gunmdc `d lm píobdm =?. píobdm =?.  

=7

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

1.5   Ncdtmh` a`l nctcr 1.5   `    a S    M S    :    5    ;    ;    N S    V    Z    @

=

= 6 = ?    =

7

= 5 = : = 1 = 0

Døn`rc a` pcsbjbúd  = 5 : 1 0

= 2

A`sjrbpjbúd  

Nctcr  Mjcplmnb`dtc  Qcrdbllc a` mjcplmnb`dtc  Ecnem  Qcrdbllcs a` fbhmjbúd a`l nctcr 

Døn`rc a` pcsbjbúd  6 ? 7 2

A`sjrbpjbúd  

Qmjc a`l `h` a` lm ecnem  Mamptmacr  Qmjc a`l nctcr a`l bnpulscr  [rct`jjbúd a` lm jcd`xbúd 

=.  U`tbr` lms prct`jjbcd`s y `l tmjc.

@ZVSN;;=7SMSa`

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

=2 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

5.  Mflch` `l tcrdbllc a` mjcplmnb`dtc.

  `    a S    M S    2    =    ;    N S    V    Z    @

:.  Ms`our` `l nctcr ml mamptmacr jcd lcs p`rdcs (dc sunbdbstrmacs).   `    a S    M S    ;    5    ;    ;    N S    V    Z    @

1.  Mprb`t` `l tcrdbllc a` mjcplmnb`dtc. 0.  @xtrmbom `l tmjc jclcjmac `dtr` `l mamptmacr y `l mjcplmnb`dtc.

  `    a S    M S    =    5    ;    ;    N S    V    Z    @

6. 

5;

Vu`lvm m ncdtmr lms prct`jjbcd`s.

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

1.:   Bdstmlmjbúd n`jídbjm 1.: Bdstml` lm udbama `d udm jbn`dtmjbúd a` gcrnboúd c n`tml lc sufbjb`dt`n`dt` fu`rt` pmrm omrmdtbzmr ud scpcrt` p`rnmd`dt` y rceustc.

1.:.=   Ír`m a` bdstmlmjbúd 1.:.= =.  Junplm lms prcvbsbcd`s a`  a` @dtcrdc cp`rmtbvc `d lm píobdm 1=. píobdm 1=.   5.  Jclcqu` lm udbama `d pcsbjbúd `l`vmam jcd r`sp`jtc ml su`lc. :.  udbama. Ms`oør`s` a` qu` sb `xbst` udm fuom dc a`secra` `d `l ír`m a` bdstmlmjbúd c sun`rhm lm

@spmjbc `dtr` lm pmr`a y lm r`hbllm a`l v`dtblmacr a`l nctcr   [mrm ms`ourmr udm v`dtblmjbúd sufbjb`dt`8 ≠ =;; nn (1 bd)   [mrm p`rnbtbr lm bdsp`jjbúd y lm r`ncjbúd a`l nctcr8 ≠ :;; nn (=5 bd)   Zb `l `spmjbc abspcdbel` `s bdf`rbcr, jcdsult` `l jmtílcoc tâjdbjc.

•

• •

1.:.5   [csbjbcd`s p`rnbtbams 1.:.5

1.:.:   Bdstmlmjbúd `d jbn`dtmjbúd a` gcrnboúd 1.:.: U`qubsbtcs   @l gcrnboúd a`e` t`d`r udm jlms` a` t`dsbúd jcnpr`sbvm J=5/=0 qu` junplm jcd lcs

•

r`qubsbtcs a` a`e`d jlms` a` lm dcrnm   Lcs tmnmýcs s`r`xpcsbjbúd ma`jumacWJ= m lmss`oød abn`dsbcd`s a`@D lm 5;6-= plmjm a` scpcrt` a` lm udbama, jcdsult` Zuh`jbúd a` lm udbama `d lm píobdm 5= píobdm 5=   @l p`sc a` lm jbn`dtmjbúd a`e` s`r ≠ =,0 v`j`s `l p`sc a` lm udbama (≠ 0 v`j`s `l p`sc a`

•

•

lm udbama sb `s d`j`smrbm udm rubacsbama bdf`rbcr) •  Lm sup`rfbjb` tb`d` qu` s`r lc nís plmdm y dbv`lmam pcsbel`.

1.:.1   Zuh`jbúd a` lm udbama 1.:.1 =.  Zb `stíd pr`s`dt`s, qubt` lcs tmpcd`s qu` juer`d j uer`d lcs pu`rtcs a` mspbrmjbúd y a`sjmrom. 5.  Jclcqu` lm udbama `d lm jbn`dtmjbúd. :.  Jcd ud dbv`l a` eureuhm, ms`oør`s` qu` lm udbama `stâ dbv`lmam. 1.  Mlbd`` lcs pu`rtcs a` mspbrmjbúd y a`sjmrom jcd su tue`rîm. 0.  Ms`our` lm udbama jcd 1 p`rdcs jcd jlms` a` r`sbst`djbm 7,7 c sup`rbcr9 jcdsult` lm tmelm. Jcdsult` tmnebâd U`aujjbúd a` lms vbermjbcd`s y Jcd`xbúd gbaríulbjm `d lm píobdm 55. píobdm 55.  

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

5= 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

Nca`lc  

L=, nn (bd) 

L5, nn (bd)  

L:, nn (bd)  

L1, nn (bd) 

×, nn (bd)  

Qmnmýc a`l p`rdc 

=, :, 0ZV =;,=0, 55ZV

=;; (:,21) =:; (0,=5)

=7; (?,;2) 5=0 (7,16)

=0; (0,2;) =70 (?,57)

5=; (7,5?) 510 (2,60)

=: (;,0=)

N=5

::ZV

=?; (6,62)

51; (2,10)

55; (7,66)

52; (==,1=)

=0 (;,02)

N=1

16, 66, 25ZV

=2; (?,17)

560 (=;,1:)

51; (2,10)

:=0 (=5,1;)

=50ZV

5?0 (=;,75)

:7; (=1,26)

::; (=5,22)

10; (=?,?5)

=2 (;,?0)

N=7

1.:.0   U`aujjbúd a` lms vbermjbcd`s 1.:.0 @l nctcr y `l fluhc fl uhc a` lîqubacs `d lm tue`rîm pu`a`d pu `a`d o`d`rmr vbermjbcd`s qu` pcarîmd mun`dtmr a`ebac m udm pcsbel` bdstmlmjbúd bdjcrr`jtm a` lm udbama y a` lm tue`rîm. Jcdsult` Jcd`xbúd gbaríulbjm `d lm píobdm 55. píobdm 55.  

1.1   Jcd`xbúd gbaríulbjm 1.1 [@LBOUC8 Qcams lms jcd`xbcd`s gbaríulbjms y `lâjtrbjms a`e`d s`r r`mlbzmams pcr ud tâjdbjc qu` pcs`m p cs`m lcs jcdcjbnb`dtcs tâjdbjc-prcf`sbcdml`s tâjdbjc-prcf`sbcdml`s a`sjrbtcs `d lm dcrnmtbvm `d vbocr.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Lm tue`rîm a`e` a` s`r abn`dsbcdmam pmrm ms`ourmr lm s`ourbama jcd lm pr`sbúd cp`rmtbvm níxbnm.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Bdstml` s`llcs ma`jumacs `dtr` lcs mjcplmnb`dtcs a` lm udbama y lm tue`rîm.

55

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

1.1.=   Abr`jtrbj`s pmrm `l sbst`nm gbaríulbjc 1.1.= Jcdsult` lc abmormnms gbaríulbjcs r`pr`s`dtmtbvcs9 nbr` lms fbourms m jcdtbdumjbúd.   j   s S    M S    6    =    ;    ;    N S    N    G    @

==

0

6

0

: 1

7

 

1

]

2

= 1

5

5

?

1

=5

Fbourm =8 Bdstmlmjbúd a` lm jmrom pcsbtbvm a` mspbrmjbúd  mspbrmjbúd    j   s S    M S    ?    =    ;    ;    N S    N    G    @

==

0

0

1

1

: =:

]

2

= 1

5

5

?

1

7 =;

Fbourm 58 Bdstmlmjbúd a`l a`sdbv`l a` mspbrmjbúd  mspbrmjbúd  Døn`rc a` pcsbjbúd  = 5 : 1 0 6 ?

A`sjrbpjbúd  

@l`jtrcecnem   Hudtm mdtbvbermjbúd  Vílvulm cd-cff a` s`ourbama mdt` scer`pr`sbúd  Vílvulm cd-cff   Jmlbermacr a` pr`sbúd  Bdt`rruptcr a` pr`sbúd nîdbnm  Vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd 

Døn`rc a` pcsbjbúd  7 2 =; == =5 =:

A`sjrbpjbúd  

Zcdams a` `l`jtrcacs c flctmdt`s  Vílvulm a` mlbvbc mutcnítbjm  Vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd a` fcdac jcd fbltrc  [md`l `lâjtrbjc  Jbrjubtc pr`surbzmac  Vílvulm cd-cff a` ll`dmac 

=.  Dc bdstml` lm udbama `d `l pudtc nís emhc a`l sbst`nm pmrm `vbtmr mjunulmjbúd a` s`abn`dtcs. 5.  Bdstml` lm vílvulm a` mlbvbc mutcnítbjm `d `l pudtc nís mltc a`l sbst`nm pmrm `vbtmr eureuhms a` mbr`. :.  @lbnbd` a` lms tue`rîms tcacs lcs r`sbaucs a` sclamaurm, a`púsbtcs ` bnpur`zms qu` pcarîmd amýmr lm udbama9 bdstml` ud fbltrc sb `s d`j`smrbc. 1.  Zcpcrt` lm tue`rîm a` fcrnm bda`p`dab`dt` pmrm `vbtmr `stm qu` p`s` p `s` `d lm udbama.  Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

5: 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

0.  [mrm r`aujbr lm trmdsnbsbúd a` vbermjbcd`s `dtr` lm udbama y `l sbst`nm y vbj`v`rsm, bdstml`8 •   hudtms mdtbvbermjbúd `d lcs lmacs lmacs a` mspbrmjbúd y a` a`sjmrom sjmrom a` lm udbama •  pmtms mdtbvbermjbúd `dtr` lm udbama y lm sup`rfbjb` `d qu` `stí bdstmlmam. 6.  [mrm r`aujbr lm r`sbst`djbm ml fluhc, lm tue`rîm a`l lmac a` mspbrmjbúd a`e` s`r8 •  Lc nís jcrtm y r`jtm pcsbel` •  [mrm lm s`jjbúd jcd`jtmam jcd lm udbama, r`jtm y sbd `strmdoulmnb`dtcs, a` udm lcdobtua bouml m, ml n`dcs, s`bs v`j`s `l abín`trc a` lm ecjm a` mspbrmjbúd •  Mun`dt` `l tmnmýc a` lm erbam a` mspbrmjbúd, sb `s d`j`smrbc, bdstml` lm r`aujjbúd `xjâdtrbjm gcrbzcdtml `d lm pmrt` sup`rbcr •  Zbd jurvms9 sb `stc dc fu`rm pcsbel`s, lms jurvms tb`d`d qu` t`d`r `l rmabc nís mnplbc pcsbel` •  Zbd trmnpms y ‗ju`llcs a` jbsd`‒ •  Jcd vílvulms cd-cff a` udm r`sbst`djbm ml fluhc `sp`jîfbjm emhm.

?.  Bdstml` udm vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd `d `l lmac a` a`sjmrom pmrm `vbtmr qu` `l lîqubac vu`lvm mtrís `d lm `l`jtrcecnem jumdac s` `dju`dtrm pmrmam. 7.  Bdstml` ud nmdún`trc (c ud vmjuún`trc, `d `l jmsc a` bdstmlmjbúd a` a`sdbv`l a` mspbrmjbúd) `d `l lmac a` mspbrmjbúd y ud nmdún`trc `d `l lmac a` a`sjmrom, pmrm jcnprcemr lm pr`sbúd cp`rmtbvm r`ml a` lm `l`jtrcecnem. 2.  [mrm `xjlubr lm udbama a`l sbst`nm pcr prcpúsbtcs a` nmdt`dbnb`dtc, bdstml`8 •  Pdm vílvulm cd-cff `d `l lmac a` mspbrmjbúd •  Pdm vílvulm cd-cff `d `l lmac a` a`sjmrom, moums memhc a` lm vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd y a`l nmdún`trc, øtbl tmnebâd pmrm r`oulmr `l fluhc. =;.@d `l lmac a` mspbrmjbúd, bdstml` ud abspcsbtbvc pmrm pr`v`dbr pr `v`dbr lm mus`djbm a` lîqubac (flctmdt` c scdams), c eb`d ud abspcsbtbvc a` pr`sbúd nîdbnm. ==.Zun`rhm sufbjb`dt`n`dt` lm `xtr`nbama a` lm tue`rîm a` mspbrmjbúd `d `l lîqubac, pmrm pr`v`dbr lm p`d`trmjbúd a` mbr` m trmvâs a`l vúrtbj` a` mspbrmjbúd jumdac `l dbv`l `stí ml nîdbnc =5.@d `l jmsc a` bdstmlmjbúd a` a`sdbv`l a` mspbrmjbúd, lm tue`rîm a` mspbrmjbúd a`e` t`d`r ud mun`dtc `d lm p`dab`dt` gmjbm lm udbama qu` sup`r` s up`r` `l 5 %9 pmrm `vbtmr eclsms a` mbr`, bdstml` tmnebâd8 •  Pdm vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd a` pb` qu` omrmdtbj` lm mp`rturm jcnpl`tm (s`jjbúd jcnpl`tm) •  Pdm vílvulm cd-cff a` ll`dmac pmrm fmjblbtmr lm `lbnbdmjbúd a`l mbr` y `l j`emac.

1.1.5   Fu`rzms y pmr`s mplbjmel`s m lms erbams 1.1.5 @d lm tmelm s` nu`strmd lms fu`rzms y lcs pmr`s p`rnbtbacs `h`rjbacs pcr lm tue`rîm `d lms erbams a` lm udbama.   j   s S    M S    1    =    ;    ;    N S    V    Z    @

y Ny Fy

Nx

Fz Fx

x 51

 

Nz z Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

Nca`lc  

AD, nn (bd)   Fu`rzms, D (lef)  

[mr`s, Dn (lef¿bd)  

Fx  

Fy  

Fz  

Nx  

Ny  

Nz  

=, :ZV

50 (;,27)

5;; (10)

=7; (1=)

5:; (05)

51; (5=51)

=6; (=1=6)

=2; (=675)

0ZV

:5 (=,56)

56; (02)

51; (01)

:;; (67)

:=; (5?11)

5=; (=702)

50; (55=:)

=;ZV

1; (=,0?)

::; (?1)

:;; (67)

:?; (7:)

:2; (:105)

5?; (5:2;)

:=; (5?11)

=0, 55ZV

0; (=,2?)

10; (=;=)

1;; (2;)

12; (==;)

15; (:?=7)

:;; (5606)

:1; (:;=;)

::ZV

60 (5,06)

=7;; (1;0)

=?;; (:75)

5;;; (10;)

=0;; (=: 5?6) =;0; (2521)

16ZV

7; (:,=0)

550; (0;6)

5;0; (16=)

50;; (065)

=6;; (=1 =6=) ==0; (=; =?2) =:;; (== 0;6)

66, 25ZV

=;; (:,21)

:;;; (6?0)

5?;; (6;?)

::0; (?0:)

=?0; (=0 172) =50; (== ;61) =10; (=5 7:1)

=50ZV

=50 (1,25)

:?;; (7:5)

::;; (?15)

1=;; (255)

5=;; (=7 07?) =0;; (=: 5?6) =?0; (=0 172)

=5;; (=; 65=)

1.0   Jcd`xbúd `lâjtrbjm 1.0 [@LBOUC8 Qcams lms jcd`xbcd`s gbaríulbjms y `lâjtrbjms a`e`d s`r r`mlbzmams pcr ud tâjdbjc qu` pcs`m lcs jcdcjbnb`dtcs tâjdbjc-prcf`sbcdml`s tâjdbjc-prcf`sbcdml`s a`sjrbtcs `d lm dcrnmtbvm `d vbocr.

[@LBOUC8 [`lborc `lâjtrbjc Mdt`s a` `np`zmr `l trmemhc, jcnpru`e` qu` lm udbama `stâ a`sjcd`jtmam y qu` lm `l`jtrcecnem, `l pmd`l a` jcdtrcl y `l jbrjubtc a` jcdtrcl muxblbmr dc pu`amd r`mjtbvmrs`, mud a` nmd`rm dc bdt`djbcdmam.

DCQM8 Mdt`s a` `np`zmr `l trmemhc, ms`oør`s` qu` lcs r`qubsbtcs `lâjtrbjcs o`d`rml`s y/c lcs a` lcs sbst`nms jcdtrm bdj`dabcs (gbarmdt`s c rcjbmacr`s) r`sp`t`d lm dcrnmtbvm lcjml.

1.0.=  Jcd`xbúd m tb`rrm 1.0.=  [@LBOUC8 [`lborc `lâjtrbjc Jcd`jt` sb`npr` `l jcdaujtcr a` prct`jjbúd `xt`rdc (tb`rrm) ml t`rnbdml a` tcnm a` tb`rrm mdt`s a` r`mlbzmr jumlqub`r ctrm jcd`xbúd `lâjtrbjm.

[@LBOUC8 [`lborc `lâjtrbjc Jcd`jt` tcacs lcs mjj`scrbcs `lâjtrbjcs a` lm `l`jtrcecnem y a`l nctcr m tb`rrm.

[@LBOUC8 [`lborc `lâjtrbjc Jcnpru`e` qu` `l jcdaujtcr a` prct`jjbúd `xt`rdc (tb`rrm) s`m nís lmroc qu` qu ` lcs jcdaujtcr`s a` fms`9 `d `l jmsc a` a`sjcd`xbúd mjjba`dtml a` lm udbama a`sa` lcs jcdaujtcr`s a` fms`, `l jcdaujtcr a` prct`jjbúd a`e` s`r `l øltbnc `d s`pmrmrs` a`l t`rnbdml.

[@LBOUC8 [`lborc `lâjtrbjc Bdstml` sbst`nms baúd`cs pmrm lm prct`jjbúd jcdtrm `l jcdtmjtc bdabr`jtc pmrm `vbtmr jgcqu`s `lâjtrbjcs l`tml`s.

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

50 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

1.0.5   Abr`jtrbj`s pmrm lm jcd`xbúd `lâjtrbjm 1.0.5 =.  Jcnpru`e` qu` lcs jmel`s `lâjtrbjcs `stâd prct`obacs jcdtrm8 •  Q`np`rmturm mltm •  Vbermjbcd`s •  Jclbsbcd`s. 5.  Jcnpru`e` qu` `l jbrjubtc a` mlbn`dtmjbúd abspcdom a` lc sboub`dt`8 •  Pd abspcsbtbvc a` prct`jjbúd jcdtrm jcrtcjbrjubtcs a`l tmnmýc ma`jumac •  Pd abspcsbtbvc a` a`sjcd`xbúd jcd udm abstmdjbm a` s`pmrmjbúd a` jcdtmjtc ms`ourm lm a`sjcd`xbúd jcnpl`tm pmrm jcdabjbcd`s a` t`dsbúd `xj`sbvm a` jmt`ocrîm BBB.

1.0.:   Abr`jtrbj`s pmrm `l pmd`l a` jcdtrcl `lâjtrbjc 1.0.: DCQM8 @l pmd`l `lâjtrbjc tb`d` qu` jcbdjbabr jcd j cd lcs vmlcr`s dcnbdml`s a` lm udbama `sp`jbfbjmacs `d lm plmjms a` jmrmjt`rîstbjms. Jcnebdmjbcd`s Jcnebdmjbcd`s bdma`jumams pcarîmd amýmr `l nctcr. =.  Bdstml` lcs abspcsbtbvcs ma`jumacs pmrm prct`o`r `l nctcr mdt` scer`jmroms y jcrtcjbrjubtcs8 Nctcr   Fudjbcd`s a` s`ourbama  

[rct`jjbúd t`rncmnp`rcnâtrbjm a` r`stmel`jbnb`dtc mutcnítbjc (prct`jjbúd a`l nctcr)    Mdt` jcrtcjbrjubtcs, fmjblbtmacs pcr `l bdstmlmacr8 fusbel`s mN (mrrmdqu` a`l nctcr), c eb`d bdt`rruptcr nmod`tctârnbjc jcd jurvm J y Bjd ≠ 1,0 iM, y ctrcs abspcsbtbvcs pmr`jbacs.    Qârnbjc, fmjblbtmac pcr `l bdstmlmacr8 r`lâ târnbjc a` scer`jmrom jcd jlms` a` mjtbvmjbúd a` =; M + fusbel`s mN (mrrmdqu` a`l nctcr) c jcdnutmacr nmod`tctârnbjc a` prct`jjbúd a`l nctcr jcd jlms` a` mrrmdqu` a` =; M    Mdt` jcrtcjbrjubtcs, fmjblbtmacs pcr `l bdstmlmacr8 fusbel`s mN (mrrmdqu` a`l nctcr), c eb`d bdt`rruptcr nmod`tctârnbjc jcd jurvm J y Bjd ≠ 1,0 iM, y ctrcs abspcsbtbvcs pmr`jbacs.   

•

Ncdcfísbjm 

•

•

Qrbfísbjm 

•

5.  Ncdt` ud sbst`nm a` prct`jjbúd jcdtrm `l fudjbcdmnb`dtc `d s`jc ml juml jcd`jtmr ud bdt`rruptcr a` pr`sbúd c ud flctmacr, scdams u ctrcs abspcsbtbvcs baúd`cs. :.  @d `l lmac a` mspbrmjbúd, bdstml`8 •  Pd bdt`rruptcr a` pr`sbúd, `d `l jmsc a` jcd`xbúd jcd `l sunbdbstrc a` moum prbdjbpml •  Pd bdt`rruptcr flctmdt` c scdams, s cdams, `d `l jmsc a` lîqubac mspbrmac a`sa` ud a`púsbtc c udm jue`tm. 1.  Zb s` r`qub`r`, bdstml` r`lâs târnbjcs a`l tbpc s`dsbel` m lcs fmllcs a` fms`.

1.0.1  Abr`jtrbj`sZbpmrm 1.0.1  `l nctcr utblbzm ud nctcr abf`r`dt`s ml `stídamr, jcnpru`e` qu` gmym sbac bdstmlmac ud abspcsbtbvc a` prct`jjbúd târnbjm.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Ub`soc a` l`sbcd`s Lm udbama, `qubpmam jcd ud nctcr ncdcfísbjc jcd prct`jjbúd pr ct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom a` r`stmel`jbnb`dtc mutcnítbjc, pcarîm r`mjtbvmrs` bdvcludtmrbmn`dt` a`spuâs a` `dfrbmrs`8 rb`soc a` l`sbcd`s fîsbjms.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 @l usc a` udbama`s jcd nctcr`s ncdcfísbjcs jcd prct`jjbúd târnbjm a` r`stmel`jbnb`dtc mutcnítbjc pmrm lm `xtbdjbúd a` bdj`dabcs y a` sbst`nms jcdtrm bdj`dabcs a` moum pulv`rbzmam `stí prcgbebac.

DCQM8 Ptblbj` sclc nctcr`s emlmdj`macs abdínbjmn`dt` jcd llmv` a` tmnmýc n`abc `d lm `xtr`nbama a`l `h` (B@J 6;;:1-=1) y jcd ud îdabj` a` vbermjbúd dcrnml (D).

56

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

DCQM8 Ptblbj` sclc nctcr`s ncdcfísbjcs c trbfísbjcs a` tmnmýcs y pct`djbms qu` junplmd jcd lms dcrnmtbvms `urcp`ms.

DCQM8 Lm t`dsbúd y fr`ju`djbm prbdjbpml`s a`e`d jcrr`spcda`r jcd lms jmrmjt`rîstbjms `sp`jbfbjmams `d lm plmjms a` jmrmjt`rîstbjms.

Jclcjmjbúd a` lm jmhm a` t`rnbdml`s a`l nctcr Lm pcsbjbúd a` lm jmhm a` t`rnbdml`s a`l nctcr s` pu`a` ncabfbjmr pmrm fmjblbtmr lms jcd`xbcd`s `lâjtrbjms8 =.  U`tbr` lcs 1 p`rdcs qu` fbhmd `l nctcr m lm ecnem. 5.  Obr` `l nctcr `d lm pcsbjbúd a`s`mam sbd `xtrm`r lms jcd`xbcd`s. :.  Vu`lvm m jclcjmr y m mpr`tmr lcs p`rdcs jcd `l pmr bbdabjmac dabjmac `d lm tmelm. Qmnmýc a`l nctcr  

Qmnmýc a`l p`rdc  

[mr`s, Dn (lef¿bd)  

?=, 7;

N6

6 (0:)

2;, =;;, ==5

N7

=0 (=::)

=:5

N=5

0; (11:)

=6;, =7;, 5;;, 550, 50;

N=6

?0 (661)

Jcd`xbúd `lâjtrbjm a`l nctcr =.  Merm lm jueb`rtm a` lm jmhm a` t`rnbdml`s. 5.  Jcd`jt` lcs jcdaujtcr`s a` mlbn`dtmjbúd, ces`rv` lm fbourm m jcdtbdumjbúd, c `l abmormnm a` jmel`mac a`dtrc a` lm jueb`rtm. =~

 M

 M

 :~

E

E

  j   s S    M S    6    ;    ;    ;    N S    N    G    @

Døn`rc a` pcsbjbúd  

Qmnmýc a`l p`rdc  

[mr`s, Dn (lef¿bd)  

M

N1

=,5 (==)

N0

5,0 (55)

N6

1,; (:0)

N7

7,; (?=)

N=;

=0,; (=::)

N1

=,5 (==)

E

:.  Jcd`jt` `l jcdaujtcr a` prct`jjbúd (tb`rrm), ms`ourídacs` qu` s`m nís lmroc qu` lcs jcdaujtcr`s a` fms`. 1.  Jcd`jt` lcs jmel`s a` fms`. 0.  Jb`rr` lm jueb`rtm a` lm jmhm a` t`rnbdml`s t `rnbdml`s y mprb`t` tcacs lcs tcrdbllcs y lcs pr`dsm`stcpms. Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

5? 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

Nctcr sbd prct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom târnbjm a` r`stmel`jbnb`dtc mutcnítbjc =.  Zb s` usm `l nctcr jcd jmrom jcnpl`tm, mhust` `l vmlcr ml a` lm jcrrb`dt` dcnbdml s`oød lm plmjm a` jmrmjt`rîstbjms a` lm `l`jtrcecnem. 5.  Zb s` usm `l nctcr jcd udm jmrom pmrjbml, mhust` `l vmlcr m lm jcrrb`dt` a` fudjbcdmnb`dtc fu djbcdmnb`dtc n`abac jcd udms pbdzms a` jcrrb`dt`. :.  [mrm nctcr`s trbfísbjcs jcd sbst`nm a` mrrmdqu` `d `str`llm-trbídoulc, jcdfbour` `l r`lâ târnbjc moums memhc a`l jbrjubtc a` jcdnutmjbúd ml 07 % a` lm jcrrb`dt` dcnbdml u cp`rmtbvm.

1.0.0   Fudjbcdmnb`dtc jcd jcdv`rtbacr a` fr`ju`djbm 1.0.0 Lcs nctcr`s trbfísbjcs s` pu`a`d jcd`jtmrs` jcd ud jcdv`rtbacr a` fr`ju`djbm pmrm `l jcdtrcl a` lm v`lcjbama. •  @l jcdv`rtbacr `xpcd` `l mbslmnb`dtc a`l nctcr m udm jmrom nmycr a`t`rnbdmam pcr lm lcdobtua a`l jmel` a` jcd`xbúd8 ces`rv` lcs r`qubsbtcs a`l fmerbjmdt` a`l jcdv`rtbacr a` fr`ju`djbm •  [mrm mplbjmjbcd`s qu` r`qub`r`d ud fudjbcdmnb`dtc sbl`djbcsc, bdstml` `l fbltrc a` smlbam `dtr` `l nctcr y `l jcdv`rtbacr9 ud fbltrc sbduscbaml pu`a` r`aujbr `l rrubac ubac tcamvîm nís. •  Lcs jchbd`t`s a`l nctcr, a`sa` tmnmýc :=0 Z/N y sup`rbcr`s, sup `rbcr`s, `stíd `xpu`stcs ml rb`soc a` jcrrb`dt`s p`rhuabjbml`s8 utblbj` jchbd`t`s mbslmacs `lâjtrbjmn`dt` •  Lms jcdabjbcd`s a` lm bdstmlmjbúd a`e`d omrmdtbzmr lm prct`jjbúd mdt` pbjcs a` t`dsbúd `dtr` lcs t`rnbdml`s y/c aV/at `d lm tmelm8 Qmnmýc a`l nctcr  

[bjcs a` t`dsbúd, V  

aV/at, V/°s 

gmstm 2;U (0;; V)  a`sa` 2;U gmstm =7;U  sup`rbcr m =7;U 

< 60; < =1;;

< 55;; < 16;;

< =6;;

< 05;; =

A` lc jcdtrmrbc, utblbj` ud nctcr jcd mbslmnb`dtc r`fcrzmac  y ud fbltrc sbduscbaml.

=

 Abspcdbel` emhc p`tbjbúd

57

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

0 Psc y fudjbcdmnb`dtc 0.=   [r`jmujbcd`s 0.= MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Ub`soc a` l`sbcd`s Jcnpru`e` qu` lcs abspcsbtbvcs a` prct`jjbúd p rct`jjbúd a`l mjcplmnb`dtc `stâd bdstmlmacs, sb prcj`a`8 rb`soc a` l`sbcd`s fîsbjms.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Ms`oør`s` a` qu` `l lîqubac `vmjumac dc prcauzjm amýcs c l`sbcd`s.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 [`lborc `lâjtrbjc Jcnpru`e` qu` lm udbama `stâ jcd`jtmam ma`jumamn`dt` ml sunbdbstrc `lâjtrbjc prbdjbpml.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Ub`soc a` l`sbcd`s Lm udbama, `qubpmam jcd ud nctcr ncdcfísbjc jcd prct`jjbúd pr ct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom a` r`stmel`jbnb`dtc mutcnítbjc, pcarîm r`mjtbvmrs` bdvcludtmrbmn`dt` a`spuâs a` `dfrbmrs`8 rb`soc a` l`sbcd`s fîsbjms.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 [`lborc a` sup`rfbjb` jmlb`dt` Q`dom `d ju`dtm `l jmlcr `xtr`nc o`d`rmac pcr lm udbama.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 @stí prcgbebac jclcjmr nmt`rbml`s jcneustbel`s j`rjm a` lm udbama.

DCQM8 Jcnpru`e` qu` `l `h` pu`am obrmr jcd sumvbama.

DCQM8 @stí prcgbebac utblbzmr lm udbama `d s`jc, sbd qu` `stâ j`emam y pcr a`emhc a`l jmuaml dcnbdml.

DCQM8 `stí prcgbebac utblbzmr lm udbama jcd lms vílvulms cd-cff j`rrmams `d `l lmac a` mspbrmjbúd y a`sjmrom.

DCQM8 @stí prcgbebac utblbzmr lm udbama `d jmsc a` jmvbtmjbúd.

DCQM8 Ll`d` y v`dtbl` lm udbama ma`jumamn`dt` mdt`s a` mrrmdjmrlm.

DCQM8 Lm pr`sbúd níxbnm a` `dtr`om a`mspbrmjbúd, lm udbama `d lmacsup`rmr a` a`sjmrom, a`t`rnbdmam pcr lm pr`sbúd abspcdbel` `d `l lmac a` dc `l a`e` lm pr`sbúd pr `sbúd níxbnm ([D).

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

52 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

0.5   Ll`dmac - J`emac 0.5 MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Zb lcs lîqubacs `stíd `xj`sbvmn`dt` jmlb`dt`s c frîcs, pr`st` mt`djbúd ml rb`soc a` l`sbcd`s.

0.5.=   Bdstmlmjbúd a` lm jmrom pcsbtbvm a` mspbrmjbúd 0.5.= Nca`lcs =, : y 0ZV  0ZV  =.  Jb`rr` lms vílvulms cd-cff `d `l lmac a` mspbrmjbúd (M) y `d `l lmac a` a`sjmrom (E)9 jcdsult` lm fbourm m jcdtbdumjbúd. 5.  Mflch` `l sunba`rc (J). :.  Mflch` `l tmpúd a` ll`dmac (A). 1.  Merm l`dtmn`dt` lm vílvulm cd-cff (M) gmstm qu` `l lîqubac smlom r`oulmrn`dt` a`l crbfbjbc9 sb `s d`j`smrbc, mflch` mloc nís `l tmpúd (A). 0.  Jb`rr` `l tmpúd (J). 6.  Jb`rr` `l tmpúd (A). ?.  Merm mnems vílvulms cd-cff l`dtm y jcnpl`tmn`dt`.

Nca`lcs =;, =0, 55, ::, 16, 66, 25 y =50ZV =.  Jb`rr` lms vílvulms cd-cff `d `l lmac a` mspbrmjbúd (M) y `d `l lmac a` a`sjmrom (E)9 jcdsult` lm fbourm m jcdtbdumjbúd. 5.  Mflch` `l tmpúd a` ll`dmac (A). :.  Merm l`dtmn`dt` lm vílvulm cd-cff (M) gmstm qu` `l lîqubac smlom r`oulmrn`dt` a`l crbfbjbc9 sb `s d`j`smrbc, mflch` mloc nís `l tmpúd (A). 1.  Jb`rr` `l tmpúd (A). 0.  Merm mnems vílvulms cd-cff l`dtm y jcnpl`tmn`dt`.

0.5.5   Bdstmlmjbúd a`l a`sdbv`l a` mspbrmjbúd 0.5.5 Nca`lcs =, : y 0ZV  0ZV  =.  Merm lms vílvulms cd-cff `d `l lmac a` mspbrmjbúd (M) y `d `l lmac a` a`sjmrom (E)9 jcdsult` lm fbourm m jcdtbdumjbúd. 5.  Mflch` `l sunba`rc (J). :.  U`tbr` `l tmpúd a` ll`dmac (A). 1.  Ll`d` lm `l`jtrcecnem gmstm qu` `l lîqubac smlom pcr `l crbfbjbc 0.  Jb`rr` `l tmpúd (J). 6.   Merm Jb`rr`l`dtmn`dt` `l tmpúd (A). ?. y pcr jcnpl`tc lm vílvulm cd-cff c d-cff `d `l lmac a` a`sjmrom.

:;

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

Nca`lcs =;, =0, 55, ::, 16, 66, 25 y =50ZV =.  Merm lms vílvulms cd-cff `d `l lmac a` mspbrmjbúd (M) y `d `l lmac a` a`sjmrom (E)9 jcdsult` lm fbourm m jcdtbdumjbúd. 5.  U`tbr` `l tmpúd a` ll`dmac (A). :.  Ll`d` lm `l`jtrcecnem gmstm qu` `l lîqubac smlom pcr `l crbfbjbc 1.  Jb`rr` `l tmpúd (A). 0.  Merm l`dtmn`dt` y pcr jcnpl`tc lm vílvulm cd-cff c d-cff `d `l lmac a` a`sjmrom.

0.:   Jcdtrcl a`l s`dtbac a` rctmjbúd (nctcr`s trbfísbjcs) 0.: Mdt`s a` pcd`r `d nmrjgm lm udbama8

DCQM8 Jcnpru`e` qu` `l `h` pu`am obrmr jcd sumvbama. =.  Lcjmlbj` lm fl`jgm `d `l mamptmacr, `l mjcplmnb`dtc c lm tmpm pmrm a`t`rnbdmr lm abr`jjbúd a` rctmjbúd jcrr`jtm a`l nctcr. 5.  [cdom `d fudjbcdmnb`dtc lm udbama. :.  Jcnpru`e` lm abr`jjbúd a` lm rctmjbúd m trmvâs a`l prct`jtcr a`l mjcplmnb`dtc c a` lm jueb`rtm a`l nctcr. 1.  Mrr`st` lm udbama.

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

:= 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

0.:.=   Abr`jjbúd a` rctmjbúd `qubvcjmam 0.:.= =.  A`sjcd`jt` `l sunbdbstrc `lâjtrbjc. 5.  Bdvb`rtm acs a` lcs tr`s gblcs a`l jmel` a` mlbn`dtmjbúd.

0.1   [u`stm `d nmrjgm 0.1 DCQM8 @stí prcgbebac mjjbcdmr lm udbama jcd lm vílvulm cd-cff `d `ly lmac a`sjmrom j`rrmam c jcd jmuaml dulc8 pcarîm cjurrbr qu` `l lîqubac s` scer`jmlb`dt` amý`a` lm udbama.

DCQM8 Zb `xbstb`rm `l rb`soc qu` lm udbama fudjbcd` jcd ud jmuaml pcr a`emhc a`l nîdbnc pr`vbstc, bdstml` ud jbrjubtc a` eypmss.

DCQM8 Jcnpru`e` qu` `l `h` pu`am obrmr jcd sumvbama.

J`emac `d lm píobdm :; =.  Jcnpru`e` qu` tcams lms cp`rmjbcd`s `sp`jbfbjmams `d  `d  Ll`dmac - J`emac  y `d  `d Jcdtrcl a`l s`dtbac a` rctmjbúd (nctcr`s trbfísbjcs)  `d lm píobdm := píobdm := gmymd sbac r`mlbzmams jcrr`jtmn`dt`. 5.  Jb`rr` lm vílvulm cd-cff `d `l lmac a` a`sjmrom jmsb pcr jcnpl`tc. :.  Merm jcnpl`tmn`dt` lm vílvulm cd-cff a` mspbrmjbúd. 1. `d fudjbcdmnb`dtc lm udbama. 0.   [cdom Merm ormaumln`dt` lm vílvulm cd-cff a` a`sjmrom gmstm lm nbtma. 6.  @sp`r` udcs nbdutcs y lu`oc merm jcnpl`tmn`dt` lm vílvulm cd-cff a`l lmac a` a`sjmrom. A`spuâs a`l prcj`sc a` mrrmdqu`, jcd lm `l`jtrcecnem `d fudjbcdmnb`dtc, jcnpru`e` qu`8 •  Dc gmym fuoms a` lîqubacs a`sa` lm udbama c tue`rîm tu e`rîm •  Lm pr`sbúd níxbnm a` lm udbama `d lm a`sjmrom, a`t`rnbdmam pcr lm pr`sbúd a` mspbrmjbúd abspcdbel`, dc a`e` sup`rmr lm pr`sbúd níxbnm ([D) •  Lm jcrrb`dt` mescrebam s` `dju`dtr` `dtr` lcs lînbt`s dcnbdml`s (jmlber` lm prct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom târnbjm a`l nctcr) •  Dc `stâd pr`s`dt`s rubacs c vbermjbcd`s bda`s`macs •  Jcd jmuaml dulc, lm pr`sbúd `d `l lmac a` a`sjmrom jcrr`spcdam m lm pr`sbúd dcnbdml `sp`rmam •  Dc s` `dju`dtr` dbdoød vúrtbj` ml fbdml a` lm tue`rîm a` mspbrmjbúd, `d `l pudtc a` lm vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd a` fcdac (bdstmlmjbúd jcd pr`sbúd d`omtbvm).

DCQM8 Zb lm udbama dc `dtr`om lm pr`sbúd r`qu`rbam, r`pbtm lms cp`rmjbcd`s `sp`jbfbjmams `d Ll`dmac J`emac..  J`emac MAV@UQ@DJBM8 A`spuâs a`l mrrmdqu`, a`h` fudjbcdmr lm udbama aurmdt` udcs nbdutcs jcd vmrbms utblbama`s meb`rtms pmrm lmvmr `l bdt`rbcr a`l sbst`nm.

:5

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

Mhust` a`l s`llc n`jídbjc @l lîqubac ecne`mac luerbjm lms jmrms a`l s`llc n`jídbjc9 `d jcdabjbcd`s dcrnml`s pcarîm `sjmpmrs` udm p`qu`ým jmdtbama a` lîqubac. Zb lm udbama fudjbcdm pcr prbn`rm v`z c bdn`abmtmn`dt` a`spuâs a` lm sustbtujbúd a`l s`llc, pcarîm `sjmpmrs` t`npcrmln`dt` udm jmdtbama nmycr a` lîqubac. [mrm fmjblbtmr `l mhust` a`l s`llc y r`aujbr lm fuom8 =.  Jb`rr` y merm lm vílvulm cd-cff `d `l lmac a` a`sjmrom acs c tr`s v`j`s jcd lm udbama `d fudjbcdmnb`dtc. 5.  A`t`dom y pcdom `d fudjbcdmnb`dtc lm udbama acs c tr`s v`j`s.

0.0   [mrmam 0.0 =.  Jb`rr` lm vílvulm cd-cff sbtumam `d `l lmac a` a`sjmrom. 5.  A`t`dom lm `l`jtrcecnem y jcnpru`e` qu` `l nctcr rml`dtbj` ormaumln`dt`. :.  Vu`lvm merbr ormaumln`dt` lm vílvulm cd-cff y jcnpru`e` qu` `l nctcr s` qu`a` pmrmac.

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

:: 

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

6 Nmdt`dbnb`dtc 6.=   [r`jmujbcd`s 6.= Mdt`s a` `np`zmr, ms`oør`s` a` gme`r l`îac y `dt`dabac jcnpl`tmn`dt` lms bdstrujjbcd`s a` lm s`jjbúd Bdtrcaujjbúd y s`ourbama `d lm píobdm 0. píobdm 0.  

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Lms cp`rmjbcd`s a` nmdt`dbnb`dtc a`e`d s`r r`mlbzmams pcr ud tâjdbjc qu` pcs`m lcs jcdcjbnb`dtcs tâjdbjc-prcf`sbcdml`s a`sjrbtcs `d lm dcrnmtbvm `d vbocr.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Ptblbj` sb`npr` `qubpc a` prct`jjbúd p`rscdml.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Ptblbj` sb`npr` g`rrmnb`dtm a` trmemhc ma`jumam.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Zb lcs lîqubacs `stíd `xj`sbvmn`dt` jmlb`dt`s c frîcs, pr`st` mt`djbúd ml rb`soc a` l`sbcd`s.

[@LBOUC8 [`lborc `lâjtrbjc Mdt`s a` `np`zmr `l trmemhc, jcnpru`e` qu` lm udbama `stâ a`sjcd`jtmam y qu` lm `l`jtrcecnem, `l pmd`l a` jcdtrcl y `l jbrjubtc a` jcdtrcl muxblbmr dc pu`amd r`mjtbvmrs`, mud a` nmd`rm dc bdt`djbcdmam.

[@LBOUC8 [`lborc `lâjtrbjc Zb lm udbama `stí jcd`jtmam ml jcdv`rtbacr a` fr`ju`djbm, a`sjcd`jt` lm mlbn`dtmjbúd prbdjbpml y `sp`r` ml n`dcs =; nbdutcs nbdu tcs pmrm absbpmr jcrrb`dt` r`sbauml.

6.5   Nmdt`dbnb`dtc jmam 1;;; gcrms a` fudjbcdmnb`dtc c jmam mýc 6.5 Jumdac s` mljmdzm `l prbn`rc a` lcs acs lînbt`s8 =.  Nbam lm pr`sbúd jcd jmuaml dulc y jcnpír`lm jcd lm pr`sbúd n`abam aurmdt` `l prbn`r mrrmdqu`9 sb gm absnbdubac nís a`l =0 %, jcnpru`e` lm jcdabjbúd a`l bnpulscr, a`l ju`rpc a` lm ecnem y a` lcs mdbllcs a` a`somst`. 5.  Jcnpru`e` lm scdcrbama y lms vbermjbcd`s a` lm udbama. :.  Jcnpru`e` qu` dc gmym fuoms a` lîqubacs a`sa` lm udbama c lm tue`rîm. 1.  Jcnpru`e` qu` tcacs lcs tcrdbllcs y p`rdcs a` lm udbama y a` lm tue`rîm `stâd fb fbhmacs hmacs jcrr`jtmn`dt`. 0.  Jcnpru`e` qu` lm r`sbst`djbm a` mbslmnb`dtc a`l nctcr s`m sup`rbcr m 0;; N΢, jcd udm t`dsbúd a` pru`em a` 0;; Vaj pcr = nbdutc. 6.  Jcnpru`e` qu` `d `l tmel`rc a` ecrd`s a`l nctcr dcd gmym sbodcs a` r`jml`dtmnb`dtc y mrjcs `lâjtrbjcs. ?.  Jcnpru`e` lms jcdabjbcd`s a`l v`dtblmacr a` `dfrbmnb`dtc a`l nctcr y lînpb`lc. 7.  Jcnpru`e` lm bdt`orbama a`l jmel` a` mlbn`dtmjbúd.

6.:   Lmrocs p`rbcacs 6.: a` bdmjtbvbama =.  Jb`rr` lm vílvulm cd-cff `d `l lmac a` mspbrmjbúd. 5.  Vmjî` jcnpl`tmn`dt` lm udbama.

Z`rb` ` ZV Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

:1

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

:.  [rct`hm lm udbama jcdtrm lm jcdo`lmjbúd. 1.  Mdt`s a` vclv`r m mrrmdjmr lm udbama, jcnpru`e` qu` `l `h` ru`a` lber`n`dt`, sbd cestíjulcs n`jídbjc.

6.1   [mr a` mprb`t` a` lms jcd`xbcd`s rcsjmams 6.1   j   s S    M S    ;    =    ;    ;    N S    V    Z    @

= @

@ =

= @

= F

= O

= @

= O

= F = G

= A = E = E

= A

=B = J

H=

=  M = J =  M = J

Qmelm =8 [mr a` mprb`t` m prb`t` a` lms jcd`xbcd`s rcsjmams, Dn (lef bd) Nca`lc   M  E  J  A  @, F 

O 

G 

B 

H 

=, :, 0ZV =;, =0, 55ZV ::, 16, 66, 25ZV =50ZV

N7

N=5

-

-

O :/7„

-

-

-

-

5; (=??)

50 (55;)

-

-

50 (55;)

-

-

-

-

N=;

N=1

-

N7

O :/7„

-

-

-

-

:0 (:=;)

:; (560)

-

5; (=??)

50 (55;)

-

-

-

-

N=5

N=6

N6

N=;

O =/5„

U :/7„

N=6

-

-

6; (0:;)

6; (0:;)

7 (?=)

:0 (:=;)

1; (:01)

1; (:01)

1; (:01)

-

-

N=5

N=6

N6

N=;

O =/5„

U :/7„

N=6

N=;

N=;

60 (0?0)

6; (0:;)

7 (?=)

:0 (:=;)

:; (560)

1; (:01)

1; (:01)

:0 (:=;)

=0 (=::)

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

6.0   [`abacs a` pb`zms a` r`jmnebc 6.0 Ba`dtbfbqu` lms pb`zms a` r`pu`stc jcd lcs júabocs a`l prcaujtc abr`jtmn`dt` `d `l sbtbc www.lcwmrm.jcn/spmri. [údoms` `d jcdtmjtc jcd Wyl`n c jcd `l Abstrbeubacr Mutcrbzmac pmrm cet`d`r bdfcrnmjbúd tâjdbjm.

:0 

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

:6

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

? Zclujbúd a` prcel`nms ?.=   [r`jmujbcd`s ?.= MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Lms cp`rmjbcd`s a` nmdt`dbnb`dtc a`e`d s`r r`mlbzmams pcr ud tâjdbjc qu` pcs`m lcs jcdcjbnb`dtcs tâjdbjc-prcf`sbcdml`s a`sjrbtcs `d lm dcrnmtbvm `d vbocr.

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Zbom lms bdstrujjbcd`s a` s`ourbama `d Psc y fudjbcdmnb`dtc y `d  `d Nmdt`dbnb`dtc. 

MAV@UQ@DJBM8 Zb udm mv`rîm dc pu`a` s`r jcrr`obam c dc `stí n`djbcdmam, púdoms` `d jcdtmjtc jcd Wyl`n c jcd `l Abstrbeubacr Mutcrbzmac.

?.5   Lm udbama dc mrrmdjm ?.5 Jmusm 

Zclujbúd 

Zunbdbstrc `lâjtrbjc bdt`rrunpbac  Lm prct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom târnbjm a`l nctcr gm sbac mjjbcdmam  @l abspcsbtbvc qu` a`t`jtm lm mus`djbm a` lîqubac c lm pr`sbúd nîdbnm gm sbac mjjbcdmac  @l jcda`dsmacr, sb `stí pr`s`dt`, `stí mv`rbmac   [md`l a` jcdtrcl mv`rbmac  Nctcr (ecebdm) mv`rbmam 

U`stmur` `l sunbdbstrc `lâjtrbjc   U`s`t`` lm prct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom târnbjm a`l pmd`l a` jcdtrcl c a` lm udbama   U`ll`d` `l lîqubac c r`stmur` lm pr`sbúd nîdbnm  Zustbtuym `l jcda`dsmacr  Jcnpru`e` y r`pmr` c sustbtuym `l pmd`l a` jcdtrcl  Jcnpru`e` y r`pmr` c sustbtuym `l nctcr 

?.:   @l abspcsbtbvc a` prct`jjbúd abf`r`djbml (UJA) `stí mjtbvmac ?.: Jmusm 

Zclujbúd 

Fuoms a`sa` `l nctcr 

Jcnpru`e` y r`pmr` c sustbtuym `l nctcr 

Qbpc a` abf`r`djbml dc ma`jumac 

Jcnpru`e` `l tbpc a` abf`r`djbml 

?.1   Lm prct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom târnbjm s` gm abspmrmac c lcs fusbel`s ?.1 s` gmd mjjbcdmac Lm prct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom târnbjm a`l nctcr s` gm abspmrmac c lcs fusbel`s s` mjjbcdmd jumdac lm udbama mrrmdjm.   Jmusm 

Zclujbúd 

Jmlbermjbúd a`nmsbmac emhm `d r`lmjbúd jcd lm jcrrb`dt` dcnbdml a`l nctcr  Fms` a` mlbn`dtmjbúd `lâjtrbjm mus`dt`  Jcd`xbcd`s a` lm prct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom târnbjm `qubvcjmams y/c mflchmams  Jcd`xbcd`s mflchmams y/c dc jcrr`jtms y/c mv`rbmams (stmra`ltm) `d `l tmel`rc a` ecrd`s a`l nctcr  Nctcr (ecebdm) mv`rbmam 

Vu`lvm m jmlbermr  Jcnpru`e` `l sunbdbstrc `lâjtrbjc y r`stmur` lm fms`   Mprb`t` c sustbtuym mermzma`rms y t`rnbdml`s  Mprb`t` c sustbtuym mermzma`rms y t`rnbdml`s  Jcnpru`e` y r`pmr` c sustbtuym `l nctcr 

:? 

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

@l`jtrcecnem elcqu`mam n`jídbjmn`dt`  Vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd mv`rbmam  Vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd a` fcdac mv`rbmam 

Jcnpru`e` y r`pmr` lm `l`jtrcecnem  U``nplmj` lm vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd   Zustbtuym lm vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd a` pb`  

?.0   Lm prct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom s` abspmrm ?.0 Lm prct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom a`l nctcr târnbjc s` mjtbvm cjmsbcdmln`dt`, c a`spuâs a` qu` lm udbama s` `dju`dtrm `d fudjbcdmnb`dtc a`sa` udcs nbdutcs. Jmusm 

Zclujbúd 

Jmlbermjbúd a`nmsbmac emhm `d r`lmjbúd jcd lm jcrrb`dt` dcnbdml a`l nctcr  Q`dsbúd a` `dtrmam fu`rm a` lcs lînbt`s dcnbdml`s  Q`dsbúd a` `dtrmam dc `qublbermam  Jurvm a` fudjbcdmnb`dtc dc jcrr`jtm (jmuaml sup`rbcr ml vmlcr níxbnc p`rnbtbac)  Lîqubac a`nmsbmac a`dsc, pr`s`djbm a` sustmdjbms súlbams c fbercsms (udbama scer`jmromam) 

Vu`lvm m jmlbermr 

Q`np`rmturm mneb`dt` a`nmsbmac mltm, `xpcsbjbúd m lm luz sclmr 

Ms`oør`s` a` qu` lcs vmlcr`s a` lm t`dsbúd s`md jcrr`jtcs  Ms`oør`s` a` qu` lm t`dsbúd trbfísbjm `stâ `qublbermam  U`auzjm `l jmuaml r`qu`rbac   U`auzjm lm a`dsbama a`l lîqubac y/c  @lbnbd` lms sustmdjbms súlbams y/c   Mun`dt` `l tmnmýc a`l nctcr     U`auzjm lm t`np`rmturm a`l pudtc a` prct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom târnbjm y/c    [rct`hm jcdtrm lm luz sclmr abr`jtm   @dvî` lm udbama m ud tmll`r pmrm jcnprcemrlm    •  • 

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Pdbama mv`rbmam

?.6   @l nctcr s` jmlb`dtm `xj`sbvmn`dt` ?.6 Jmusm 

Zclujbúd  

Q`np`rmturm mneb`dt` fu`rm a` lcs lînbt`s dcnbdml`s  V`dtblmacr a` `dfrbmnb`dtc a`l nctcr mtmsjmac c amýmac   Lm udbama s` pcd` `d nmrjgm a`nmsbmac m n`duac  

Emh` lm t`np`rmturm mneb`dt`   Lbnpb` c sustbtuym `l v`dtblmacr a` `dfrbmnb`dtc   V`r lm s`jjbúd8 Lm udbama prcauj` scdcrbama y/c vbermjbcd`s `xj`sbvms  Jcdsult` `l nmduml a`l jcdv`rtbacr a` fr`ju`djbm  

@l jcdv`rtbacr a` fr`ju`djbm, sb `stí pr`s`dt`, dc gm sbac jmlbermac ma`jumamn`dt` 

?.?   Lm udbama fudjbcdm p`rc `l jmuaml `s emhc c `stí mus`dt` ?.? Jmusm 

Zclujbúd 

@l nctcr obrm `d lm abr`jjbúd bdjcrr`jtm  

Jcnpru`e` lm abr`jjbúd a` rctmjbúd y ncabfîqu`lm sb `s d`j`smrbc  U`pbtm `l prcj`abnb`dtc a` j`emac 

J`emac dc jcrr`jtc (gmy eureuhms a` mbr` `d lm tue`rîm a` mspbrmjbúd c `d lm udbama)  Jmvbtmjbúd  Mun`dt` `l D[ZG 5 abspcdbel` `d `l sbst`nm   U``nplmj` lm vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd   Vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd elcqu`mam `d pcsbjbúd j`rrmam c pmrjbmln`dt` j`rrmam  Vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd a` fcdac elcqu`mam `d pcsbjbúd j`rrmam Zustbtuym lm vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd a` pb`   c pmrjbmln`dt` j`rrmam  @strmdoulmnb`dtcs a` lm tue`rîm a` a`sjmrom  @lbnbd` `l `strmdoulmnb`dtc  Que`rîm y/c udbama mtmsjmams  @lbnbd` `l mtmsjc 

5

 Mlturm a` pr`sbúd d`tm pcsbtbvm `d lm mspbrmjbúd

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

:7

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

?.7   Jumdac s` mpmom, lm udbama obrm `d lm abr`jjbúd cpu`stm ?.7 Jmusm 

Zclujbúd 

Vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd mv`rbmam  Vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd a` fcdac mv`rbmam 

U``nplmj` lm vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd   Zustbtuym lm vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd a` pb`  

?.2   Lm udbama prcauj` scdcrbama y/c vbermjbcd`s `xj`sbvms ?.2 Jmusm 

Zclujbúd 

Jmvbtmjbúd  Mdjlmac ml su`lc dc ma`jumac   U`scdmdjbm   Hudtms mdtbvbermjbúd dc bdstmlmams 

Mun`dt` `l D[ZG : abspcdbel` `d `l sbst`nm   Jcnpru`e` `l mdjlmac ml su`lc   Jcnpru`e` lm bdstmlmjbúd  Bdstml` hudtms mdtbvbermjbúd `d lcs lmacs a` mspbrmjbúd y a`sjmrom a` lm udbama  @lbnbd` lcs ju`rpcs `xtrmýcs  Zustbtuym lcs rcamnb`dtcs a`l nctcr  @dvî` lm udbama m ud tmll`r pmrm jcnprcemrlm 

Ju`rpcs `xtrmýcs `d lm udbama  Ucamnb`dtcs a`l nctcr a`somstmacs c mv`rbmacs  Lm udbama dc obrm lber`n`dt` pcr udm mv`rîm n`jídbjm  

?.=; Lm udbama s` pcd` `d nmrjgm a`nmsbmac m n`duac ?.=;  (mrrmdqu`/pmrmam mutcnítbjc) Jmusm 

Zclujbúd  

U`pbtm `l prcj`abnb`dtc a` j`emac  J`emac dc jcrr`jtc (gmy eureuhms a` mbr` `d lm tue`rîm a` mspbrmjbúd c `d lm udbama)  Vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd elcqu`mam `d pcsbjbúd j`rrmam c U``nplmj` lm vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd   pmrjbmln`dt` j`rrmam  Vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd a` fcdac elcqu`mam `d pcsbjbúd j`rrmam Zustbtuym lm vílvulm a` r`t`djbúd a` pb`   c pmrjbmln`dt` j`rrmam  J`emacr (bdt`rruptcr a` pr`sbúd, s`dscr, `tj.) jcdfbourmac a` Mhust` c sustbtuym `l j`emacr   fcrnm dc jcrr`jtm c mv`rbmac  Qmdqu` a` `xpmdsbúd    [r`jmrou` `l tmdqu` a` `xpmdsbúd, c    sbd pr`jmrom, c    sustbtuym `l tmdqu` a` `xpmdsbúd jcd udc ma`jumac, c     a` tmnmýc bdf`rbcr, c     bdstml` ud tmdqu` a` `xpmdsbúd     dc bdstmlmac  •

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Pdbama scer`abn`dsbcdmam 

[údoms` `d jcdtmjtc jcd Wyl`n c jcd `l Abstrbeubacr Mutcrbzmac 

?.==  Lm udbama dc s` pmrm dudjm (mrrmdqu`/pmrmam mutcnítbjc) ?.== Jmusm 

@l jmuaml r`qu`rbac `s sup`rbcr ml jmuaml dcnbdml  Fuoms a`sa` lm tue`rîm a` a`sjmrom   @l nctcr obrm `d lm abr`jjbúd bdjcrr`jtm  

Zclujbúd  

U`auzjm `l jmuaml r`qu`rbac   @lbnbd` lms fuoms  Jcnpru`e` lm abr`jjbúd a` rctmjbúd y ncabfîqu`lm sb `s d`j`smrbc  Que`rîms, vílvulms cd-cff c fbltrc mtmsjmacs pcr bnpur`zms  @lbnbd` lms bnpur`zms  J`emacr (bdt`rruptcr a` pr`sbúd, s`dscr, `tj.) jcdfbourmac a` Mhust` c sustbtuym `l j`emacr   fcrnm dc jcrr`jtm c mv`rbmac  Lm udbama fudjbcdm p`rc `l jmuaml `s emhc c `stí mus`dt`  V`r lm s`jjbúd8 Lm prct`jjbúd a` scer`jmrom s` abspmrm 

:

 Mlturm a` pr`sbúd d`tm pcsbtbvm `d lm mspbrmjbúd

:2 

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

?.=5  Lm udbama tb`d` udm fuom ?.=5 Jmusm 

Zclujbúd  

Z`llc n`jídbjc a`somstmac 

Zustbtuym `l s`llc n`jídbjc, c   Ncdt` ud s`llc n`jídbjc jcd sup`rfbjb`s nís aurms   Jclcjmjbúd a`l s`llc n`jídbjc 

Z`llc n`jídbjc amýmac pcr jgcqu` târnbjc (pr`s`djbm a` eureuhms a` mbr` `d lm udbama)    Z`llc Z`llc n`jídbjc n`jídbjc a`f`jtucsc amýmac pcr t`np`rmturm a`l lîqubac fu`rm a` lcs lînbt`s dcnbdml`s  Z`llc n`jídbjc amýmac pcr bdjcnpmtbeblbama quînbjm jcd `l lîqubac 

  Jclcjmjbúd`la`l s`llc n`jídbjc Zustbtuym s`llc n`jídbjc jcd ctrc ma`jumac 

Zustbtuym `l s`llc n`jídbjc jcd udc quînbjmn`dt` jcnpmtbel` jcd `l lîqubac ecne`mac 

?.=: @l jcdv`rtbacr a` fr`ju`djbm s` `dju`dtrm `d ncac `rrcr c `stí ?.=:  mpmomac @l jcdv`rtbacr a` fr`ju`djbm (sb `stí pr`s`dt`) s` `dju`dtrm `d ncac `rrcr c `stí mpmomac Jmusm 

Zclujbúd  

Jcdsult` `l nmduml a`l jcdv`rtbacr a` fr`ju`djbm  

Jcdsult` `l nmduml a`l jcdv`rtbacr a` fr`ju`djbm  

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

1;

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

7 Bdfcrnmjbúd tâjdbjm 7.=   @dtcrdc cp`rmtbvc 7.= Mtnúsf`rm dc mor`sbvm y dc `xplcsbvm.

Q`np`rmturm A`sa` ; gmstm 1;»J (:5ÿ=;1»F), m n`dcs qu` dc s` `sp`jbfbqu` lc jcdtrmrbc `d lm plmjm a` jmrmjt`rîstbjms a`l nctcr `lâjtrbjc.

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Jc`fbjb`dt` a` r`aujjbúd a` pct`djbm  

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7.5   Q`np`rmturm a`l lîqubac ecne`mac 7.5 @d lm tmelm s` nu`strmd lms t`np`rmturms a`l lîqubac p`rnbtbams s`oød `l s`llc n`jídbjc. Nmt`rbml a`l s`llc  

Q`np`rmturm nîdbnm y níxbnm, »J (»F)  

@[AN  FIN (F[N) 

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15

 

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=06,1 =06,1 16ZV6/5MO:?;6Q

5==

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=ZV;2F;;?6 =ZV=;F;==6

?7 77

506 57?

0ZV=5F;:;6Q 0ZV=:F;1;6Q

=:= =1:

157 167

55ZV;7F=0;6Q 55ZV;2F=706Q

=?7,6 =?7,6 16ZV6/=MO:?;6Q 5;=,: 5;=,: 16ZV6O:?;6Q

555 5:1

?57 ?66

0; Gz K=10; nbd-= nctcr`s

6; Gz K:0;; nbd-= nctcr`s

1: 

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

Nca`lc

n 

ft  

Nca`lc

n 

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Nca`lc

n 

n 

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26

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55ZV=;F=706Q

55:,0 55:,0 16ZV?/5MO10;6Q

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0ZV=0F;1;6Q

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16ZV?/=MO10;6Q

565

702

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5;7

675

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02,6

02,6

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11

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=ZV=7F;556

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62,1

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60

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76

76

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576

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101

66ZV1/5MO:?;6Q

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172

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055

:ZV;1F;;?6

1:

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00

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067

66ZV0/5MO10;6Q

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60

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65;

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601

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626

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671

25ZV=/=MO==;6Q

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27

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552

:ZV==F;556

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25ZV5/=MO55;6Q

71

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27

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160

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52

20

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67;

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171

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061

16ZV5 16ZV5/=MO==;6Q /=MO==;6Q

67

555

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50:

757

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50?

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55

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26

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??6 716

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1?2 022

ft  

Nca`lc

n 

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Nca`lc

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55

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0;

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61

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17

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76

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Nca`lc

6; Gz K=?0; nbd-= nctcr`s Nca`lc

n 

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

11

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

Nca`lc

n 

ft  

Nca`lc

n 

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Nca`lc

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Nca`lc

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56

76

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26

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61

5;2 66ZV1O;0016Q

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55ZV;7F;5516Q

10

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5;:

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65

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65

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5;:

7.1   [r`sbúd níxbnm a` fudjbcdmnb`dtc 7.1 @l abmormnm nu`strm lm pr`sbúd níxbnm cp`rmtbvm a`l nca`lc a` lm udbama u dbama y lm t`np`rmturm a`l lîqubac ecne`mac.    t   c S    E S    =    =    ;    ;    N S    V    Z    @

[ Yemr^ 10

   N    A    [    @

   N    [    F

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10 

Z`rb` `-ZV - Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

Dctms pmrm lm `l`jtrcecnem8 lm t`np`rmturm mneb`dtml níxbnm `s a` 0;»J (=55»F), m n`dcs qu` dc s` `sp`jbfbqu` lc jcdtrmrbc `d lm plmjm a` jmrmjt`rîstbjms a`l nctcr y/c a`l jcdv`rtbacr a` fr`ju`djbm, sb `stí pr`s`dt`.   j   s S    M S    1    =    ;    ;    N S    V    Z    @

[=nmx

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Dctm8 [=nmx + [nmx ≡ [D Amtcs

A`sjrbpjbúd

[=nmx [níx [D

[r`sbúd a` `dtrmam níxbnm [r`sbúd níxbnm o`d`rmam pcr lm udbama [r`sbúd níxbnm a` fudjbcdmnb`dtc

7.0   Døn`rc níxbnc a` mrrmdqu`s pcr gcrm 7.0 [ct`djbm a`l nctcr, i_ (gp)  

Mrrmdqu`s / g  

;,50 ‚ : (;,:: ‚ 1)

6;

1 ‚ ?,0; (0,1 ‚ =;)

1;

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51

:; ‚ :? (1;,5 ‚ 12,6)

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10 ‚ ?0 (6;,: ‚ =;;)

7

2; ‚ =6; (=5; ‚ 5=0)

1

DCQM8 Zb s` utblbzm ud nctcr abstbdtc ml sunbdbstrmac jcd lm `l`jtrcecnem jcnpru`e` `l døn`rc níxbnc a` mrrmdqu`s `d `l nmduml a`l nctcr.

7.6   Jlms` a` prct`jjbúd 7.6 B[ 00.

Z`rb` `-ZV ‚ Bdstrujjbcd`s mabjbcdml`s a` bdstmlmjbúd, usc y nmdt`dbnb`dtc 

16

 

`s ‚ Qrmaujjbúd a` lms Bdstrujjbcd`s Crbobdml`s

7.?   @sp`jbfbjmjbcd`s `lâjtrbjms 7.? Jcdsult` lm plmjm a` jmrmjt`rîstbjms a`l nctcr.

Qcl`rmdjbms p`rnbtbams pmrm lm mlbn`dtmjbúd Fr`ju`djbm Gz  

Fms` ~  

D.» a` jcdaujtcr`s + tb`rrm  

PD, V ½

0;

=

5+=

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5+=

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6;

7.7   [r`sbúd scdcrm 7.7 N`abac `d jmnpc meb`rtc m ud n`trc a` abstmdjbm a` lm udbama, jcd nctcr `stídamr `d fudjbúd sbd jmrom.

Nctcr`s a` 0; Gz Qmelm 58 Dbv`l a` pr`sbúd scdcrm LpM, aE ½ 5  [ct`djbm, i_ (gp)  

5 pclcs 

1 pclcs 

;,50 (;,::)

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