Los Videojuegos

July 23, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Hsti jkri surdh ch uni hstrhài mnthri``mðn hntrh bi pré`tmì y bi thjrïi, kusìncj `jntrmkumr i quh bjs vmchjguhdjs `johr`mibhs sh `jnvmhrtin hn un mnstruohntj hcuìtmvj, yi quh `jn hbbjs sh puhch phnsir ipismjniciohnth. Hs hb rhsubticj ch ìsm cmhz iùjs hxpbjrincj bjs jkghtjs cmdmtibhs, iprhncmhncj i gudir, `jnvhrsincj `jn sus cmshùicjrhs y cmstrmkumcjrhs y, ichoés, trikigincj fuhri y chntrj ch bis iubis `jn fiombmis, nmùjs, nmùis, ðvhnhs y hb prjfhsjricj. Umbir Biìsi vi oés ibbé ch ibdunjs hsthrhjtmpjs `joj bjs smdumhnths7

Bjs vmchjguhdjs sjn uni pírcmci pírcmci ch tmhopj tmhopj y, y, ichoés, sjn vmjbhntjs. vmjbhntjs. Nj, pjrquh bjs jkghtjs `joj tibhs nj sjn nm kuhnjs nm oibjs, chphnch chb ojcj hn quh sh utmbmzin. Hs cmfï`mb sikhr quí guhdj g uhdj hbhdmr. hbhdmr. Pï, sjn drinchs chs`jnj`mcjs y shbh``mjnir unj u jtrj hs mopjrtinth piri thnhr hxphrmhn`mis dritmfmìnths. Hsti jkri ipjrti mnfjroi`mðn sjkrh hbbjs phrj tiokmín mn`buyh `ðoj i``hchr i vïchjs ch prhshnti`mðn, kbjds, fjrjs y oés budirhs rhbi`mjnicjs `jn ìci vmchjguhdj. Bjs vmchjguhdjs sjn choismicj iksjrkhnths. iksjrkhnths. Pï bj sjn, smn cuci, `joj tiokmín su`hch `jn bi `mhn`mi j bi bmthrituri. @joj smhoprh hn bi vmci, bi pismðn y hb phnsiomhntj mnthri`t÷in y ojcubin nuhstris i`tmvmcichs y, pjr quí nj tiokmín, bis rhbi`mjnhs `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs. ºUjr quí bjs vmchjguhdjs puhchn `jntrmkumr oés quh jtrjs ohcmjs i quh bis phrsjnis bbhduhn i pirtm`mpir rhspjnsikbh y `rïtmìohnth hn uni ùbturi cmdmtib:, ºquí risdjs chfmnhn i bjs vmchjguhdjs `joj mnstruohntjs quh hxmdhn pjnhr hn pré`tmì aikmbmcichs prjpmiohnth auoinis, pjr hghopbj, cmibjdir, irduohntir y `rhir:, ºpjr quí bjs vmchjguhdjs puhchn `jntrmkumr ib chsirrjbbj ch nuhvis fjrois ch `jntir amstjrmis:, ºùébhs sjn sus rhbi`mjnhs `jn jtrjs ohcmjs, `joj hb `ðom`, bi thbhvmsmðn, hb `mnh j bi fjtjdrifïi: y ºpjr quí fjroin pirth ch bi ùbturi pjpubir chb Pmdbj QQM:, sjn ibdunis ch bis prhduntis pbinthicis hn hsti jkri.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;

Umbir Biìsi

Bjs vmchjguhdjs Iprhnchr hn ouncjs rhibhs y vmrtuibhs hUuk r9.5 Smtmvmbbus 54.54.94

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 0

Sïtubj jrmdmnib7 Bjs jrmdmnib7 Bjs vmchjguhdjs7 Iprhnchr hn ouncjs rhibhs rhibhs y vmrtuibhs Umbir Biìsi, ;599 Moédhnhs ch bi ùkmhrti ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, Bjs vmchjguhdjs, Bjs PmosÅ 0, 0, Airry Ujtthr y Bis [hbmqumis ch bi OuhrthÅ  y HI PUJ[SPÅ FMFI OuhrthÅ FMFI 9999, ch Hbh`trjnm` Irts Hcmtjr cmdmtib7 Smtmvmbbus hUuk kish r9.;

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 3

Uiri Mrhnh, Cinmhbi, Ibm`mi, Ui÷b, [ïj, Pusini, Audj, Jttj y @irjb, quh pmhnsin ipismjniciohnth ùincj guhdin.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 8

@jnthnmcj MNS[JCX@@MÐN MNS[JCX@@MÐN @IUÏSXBJ U[MOH[J7 Ujr quí iprhnchr @IUÏSXBJ quí iprhnchr `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs Mntrjcu` Mntrj cu``mðn `mðn.. – Yuí hs un vmchjguhdj. vmchjguhdj. – Kusìncj uni chfmnm`mðn. chfmnm`mðn.   –Ibdunjs I bdunjs risdjs chb guhdj. uhdj. – Smpjs ch vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs. – Hb piphb ch ch bi mnthbmdhn`mi irtmfm`mib. irtmfm`mib. – Guhdjs h`jom mnthri mnthri`tmvmcic. `tmvmcic. – Birrjbbj prhamstjrmi y bjs prmohr prmohrjs mncustrmi. mncustrmi. – Bjs `jomhnzjs hnzjs y hb – chsi chsirrjbbj ch bi hri Nmnthncj. Nmnth ncj. js – chsirrjbbjs Bi cíìci ch chbibjs iùjs njvhnti. –Nuhvjs N uhvjs guhdjs, fjroitjs y i``hsjrmjs chsch hb iùj ;555 ;555. –  I I ojcj ch `jn`busmðn `jn`b usmðn.. @IUÏSXBJ MM7 Ubitifjrois ch j`mj y hcuì`mðn @IUÏS Mntrjccu``mðn Mntrj u``mðn.. –  Iprhnchr Iprhnchr `jn mn mnstruohntjs struohntjs cmshùicjs piri hb j`mj. j`mj. – Ojchbjs ch iprhncmzigh iprhncm zigh hn o÷btmpbhs `jnthxtjs. `jnthxtjs. – Iprhnchr `jn vmchjguhdjs ch chpjrths. – NK I Bmvh hn un iubi ch Hcuì`mðn Urmoirmi. Urmoirmi. – Hb `hntrj hcuìtmvj hcuìtmvj y hb tibbhr ch vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs.   – º@ðoj trikigir hn hb iubi: iubi: – Hb kibjn`hstj kibjn`hstj y sus rhdbis. –@joprhncmhncj @ joprhncmhncj bis rhdbis chb guhdj. guhdj. – Bi `jopbhgmcic ch bis rhdbis. rhdbis. – Bis rhdbis chb kibjn`hstj. – Kibjn`hstj hn bi `jnsjbi. rhdbis `jnsjbi.  – F÷tkjb y ki kibjn`hstj. bjn`hstj.  – ºUhrj quí hs un guhdj vmrtuib: vmrtuib: –  Uhnsiomhntj Uhnsiomhntj y pismðn hn hb iprhncmzigh `jn cmdmtibhs. – Hb `ïrùbj oédm`j. vmchjj guhdjs vmch guhdjs.. – Bis rhdbis hn bjs guhdj rhibhs y cmdmtibhs. –@ @jn`busmjnhs. jn`busmjnhs. @IUÏSXBJ MMM7 Jkghtjs mnthbmdhnths @IUÏSXBJ Mntrjcu` Mntrj cu``mðn `mðn.. – – ºUjrquí ºUjrquí jkghtjs mnthbmdhnths: mnthbmdhnths:  – ºYuí pjchojs iprhnchr iprhnchr `jn `jn Ujrtib (;554): (;554 ):   – Hb hspi`mj vmrtuib. vmrtuib. – Fjrois ch phnsir. phnsir. –   Bi Bi rhpr rhprhshnti`mðn hshnti`mðn ch un prjkb prj kbhoi hoi.. – º@ðoj hntmhnch bi dhnth bjs prjkbhois: prjkbhois: –@ @jnstrumr jnstrumr bi rhprhshnti`mðn chb prjkbhoi. prjkbhoi. – Bis rhprhshnti`mjnhs mnthrnis. mnthrnis.   – Bis rhprhshnti`mjnhs rhprhshnti`mjn hs hxthrnis. hxthrnis.  – Hstrithdmis    Hstrithdmis ch rhsjbu`mðn rhsjbu`mðn ch prjkbhois prjkbhois.. – Oítjcj ch hnsiyj y hrrjr. hrrjr. – Oítjcjs ch prjxmomcic. prjxmomcic. – Oítjcjs ch fri``mjniomhntj. –Oítjcjs O ítjcjs kisicjs hn hb `jnj`momhntj. `jnj`momhntj. – @jn`busmjnhs @jn`busmjnhs.. @IUÏSXBJ MV7 Chs`mfrir bjs ohnsighs ch bjs vmchjguhdjs Mntrjcu``mðn Mntrj cu``mðn.. – Mnthrprhtir    Mnthrprhtir hb unmvhrsj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs. – ºYumín hs Oirmj Krjs: ºCðnch aikmti: aikmti: – Vmchjguhdjs, smdnjs y smdnmfmìcj. smdnmfmìcj.  – Icqumrmr    Icqumrmr nuhvis fjrois f jrois ch ibfikhtmzi`mðn `jn `jn Oirmj Krjs. –   Nuhvjs Nuhvjs cmsùrsjs hn uni ùbturi pirtm`mpitmvi. –Icqumrmr I cqumrmr bi ibfikhtmzi`mðn cmdmtib i trivís chb vmchjguhdj. vmchjguhdj.   – –   Iprhncmzigh hs`jbir y `jtmcminj. `jtmcminj. – Hb prjdrhsj ch Ibm`mi7 Xn iprhncmzigh mnthri`tmvj. mnthri`tmvj. –  I I ojcj ch `jn`busmðn7 ºUjr quí y `ðoj `ðoj Oirmj hn `jnthxtjs hcuìtmvjs fjroibhs: @IUÏSXBJ V7 Irduohntir hn ouncjs vmrtuibhs y rhibhs Mntrjcu``mðn Mntrj cu``mðn.. – Uhnsiomhntj    Uhnsiomhntj smtuicj, i``mðn y vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs. – Bjs vmchjguhdjs pirth ch bi ùbturi. ùbturi. – Vmchjguhdjs y pré`tmìs smtuicis. smtuicis. – –   Hb phnsiomhntj `joj pré`tmì smtuici.   –  Iprhnchr smtuici. Iprhnchr i kusìr y i ird irduohntir uohntir hn uni `jounmcic ch vmchjguhdjs vmchjguhdjs.. hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 6

–Cmibjdir C mibjdir hn `bish7 Aikmbmcichs ch k÷squhci j mnvhstmdi`mðn. mnvhstmdi`mðn. – Bi irduohnti`mðn.  – I irduohnti`mðn.    I ojcj ch `jn`busmðn `jn`busmðn.. @IUÏSXBJ VM7 Iprhnchr i `rhir Mntrjcu``mðn Mntrj cu``mðn.. – @rhitmvmcic y vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs. – Xn puntj ch pirtmci. pirtmci. – Gudincj `jn Kbjjo Kbjx. Kbjx. – – Kusìncj jtri ùbturi hs`jbir. hs`jbir. – –   Uhnsir `jn moédhnhs y pibikris. –[hhs`rmkmr [ hhs`rmkmr hb `jnthnmcj ch bjs ohcmjs. ohcmjs. – Kbjjo Kbjx hn hn hb iubi7 Gudir y prjcu`mr.   – @ubturi, prjcu``mjnhs oubtmohcmi y vmchjguhdjs. prjcu`mr. vmchjguhdjs. – Bi `jbikjri`mðn `rhitmvi.  – @rhitmvmcic hn `jnthxtj. `rhitmvi. `jnthxtj. –   I I ojcj ch `jn`busmðn7 Kusìncj hsùhbis quh hnshùhn i `rhir. `rhir. @IUÏSXBJ VMM7 Irth y vmchjguhdjs Mntrjcu``mðn Mntrj cu``mðn.. –  Irth Irth y vmchjguhdjs vmchjguhdjs.. – ºCh quí tmpj ch irth hstiojs aikbincj: aikbincj:   – ºUjrquí Fmnib Fintisy: – Cjs    Cjs fjrois ch phnsiomhntj. phnsiomhntj. – Uhnsiomhntj nirritmvj y ºUjrquí Fmnib Fintisy: `mhntïfm`j.   – Mopbmì`mjnhs hcuìtmvis y risdjs ch bi amstjrmi. `mhntïfm`j. amstjrmi.   –   Irth, Irth, ùbturi pjpubir y vmchjguhdjs vmchjguhdjs.. – ºUjr quí irth y ùbturi pjpubir: pjpubir:   – Hcuì`mðn, vmchjguhdjs y ùbturi pjpubir. pjpubir. – I ojcj ch `jn`busmðn. `jn`busmðn. @IUÏSXBJ VMMM7 @jntir amstjrmis @jntir amstjrmis hs fé`mb y cmfï`mb. cmfï`mb. – Bjs ùhntjs, bis njvhbis, hb `mnh. `mnh.  –  Airry Airry Ujtthr Ujtthr.. Xn fhnðohnj trinsohcmi. trinsohcmi. – – Bi hxphrmhn`mi trinsohcmi hn un tibbhr ch Hcuì`mðn Urmoirmi.   –   Bi Urmoirmi. Bi nirri`mðn y bi i``mðn auoini hn unmvhrsjs trinsohcmi trinsohcmi.. – Hb ojchbj ch Irmstðthbhs. Irmstðthbhs. – Cmohnsmjnhs ch bi nirritmvi hn bjs vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs. – Hb ùhntj ch @irjb y Uikbj. Uikbj. – ºChsch cðnch i`hrìrsh ib rhbitj hn hb vmchjguhdj: –O÷btmpbhs O ÷btmpbhs ojchbjs thðrm`js. thðrm`js. – Nirritmvis hspi`mibhs. hspi`mibhs. – Bjs guhdjs ch ivhnturis hn Kiàmbbhritj7 Xni rhvmsti hn Mnthrnht. Mnthrnht. –  I I ojcj ch `j `jn`busmðn n`busmðn.. @IUÏSXBJ MQ7 Hspi`mjs vmrtuibhs y ivitirhs Mntrjcu``mðn Mntrj cu``mðn.. – – Gudincj i i Bjs Pmos. – – Pmo@mty7 Ubinmfmìr Pmo@mty7 Ubinmfmìr y `jnstrumr uni `mucic `mucic.. –Bjs B js hspi`mjs ch Pmo@mty Pmo@mty.. – Iprhnchr `jn Pmo@mty @rhitjr. @rhitjr. – Ubinmfmì`mðn. – Hb unmvhrsj unmvhrsj   Pmo. – Hxpbjrincj bi Pidi. Pidi. – @mkhrcrioi `jn Bjs Pmos Pmos.. – Hb chsirrjbbj cmibðdm`j ch bi mchntmcic. mchntmcic. – @jn`busmjnhs. @jn`busmjnhs. @IUÏSXBJ Q7 Nuhvjs aírjhs y ahrjïnis Mntrjcu``mðn Mntrj cu``mðn.. –  Nuhvjs Nuhvjs aír aírjhs jhs hn unmvhrsjs oubtmohcmi oubtmohcmi.. – Kusìncj uni ahrjïni. –Ouncjs O uncjs fmduricjs `joj hspi`mjs piri nmùjs y nmùis. nmùis.  – Hb    Hb unmvhrsj Cmsnhy y bjs vmchjguhdjs.. – Cmsnhy hn Mnthrnht. vmchjguhdjs Mnthrnht. – Ujr quí trikigir hn bis iubis bi ùbturi pjpubir.  – Xnmvhrsjs fmduricjs ch nmùjs y nmùis. pjpubir. nmùis. – Hspi`mjs ch guhdj oisùbmnjs y fhohnmnjs. fhohnmnjs. – Bjs hspi`mjs ch bjs aírjhs guvhnmbhs hn bjs vmchjguhdjs. –@ @jn`busmðn7 jn`busmðn7 Aírjhs, ahrjïnis y vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs. KMKBMJD[IFÏI ÏNCM@H CH SIKBIP ÏNCM@H CH FMDX[IP hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 4

Idrich`momhntjs Pmhoprh ah `rhïcj quh bis mchis nj tmhnhn un sjbj iutjr, sjn `jbh`tmvis. Hstj hs bj quh jùrrh `jn hsth bmkrj. Dri`mis i qumhnhs ain `jntrmkumcj cmrh`tiohnth j mncmrh`tiohnth i quh fuhrin surdmhncj, hntrh hbbis7 Oms nmhtis y nmhtjs, nmhtjs, quh pmhnsin ipismjniciohnth ùincj guhdin. Bjs guhdin. Bjs nmùjs y bis b is nmùis, bi dhnth gjvhn gjvhn quh oh ain hnshùicj i gudir hn hb @jbhdmj U÷kbm`j Ahnirhs y hn hb Mnstmtutj ch Hcuì`mðn Phùncirmi Oinuhb ch Fibbi, cjs `hntrjs ch bi @jounmcic Iutðnjoi ch Oicrmc. [jsi Umrmz y hb prjfhsjricj ain smcj tiokmín uni fuhnth `jnstinth ch ipjyj. Hb Drupj ch Mnvhstmdi`mðn Moédhnhs, Uibikris h Mchis Mchis ch bi Xnmvhrsmcic ch Ibìbé y bi XNHC. Iomdis y iomdjs `jn qumhn ah `jopirtmcj ouàis `jsis mrrhphtmkbhs, nj sðbj bis mchis. Dri`mis i [ut Oirtïnhz, Piri @jrtís y Nity Ojnghbit, quh ain bhïcj y rhvmsicj hstis pédmnis. Siokmín Siokmín i Biuri Oínchz, Aí`tjr chb @istmbbj, Omrmin @ahì, Oirïi Dir`ïi Uhrnïi, Ini Khbín Dir`ïi Virhbi, Dbjrmi @jrtís y Phrdmj Hspmnmbbi, smn su trikigj hsth bmkrj nj hxmstmrïi. Hn bjs ÷btmojs tmhopjs Ghs÷s Fikrh y Qucmt @isis, oh ain hnshùicj sjkrh vmchjguhdjs intmdujs y `mnh. Mzislun Xrrhtikmzlimi y Hrhi Uibi`mjs oh i`hrìrjn i ouàjs vmchjguhdjs. Kirkiri [jdjff, Ahnry Ghnlmns y Ghrry Krunhr. Pu iomstic, bis bh`turis ch sus trikigjs y su dhnhrjsmcic ain mcj trinsfjroincj om fjroi ch phnsir y, qumzés, ch i`tuir. Iomdis y iomdjs `jn iomdjs `jn qumhnhs ah mcj dhnhrincj ouàis ch hstis mchis7 Iohbmi Ibvirhz, Ioibmi [hmni, Ini Frhmxis, @irohn @ruz, @hsir @jbb, @biri FhrnénchzViri, Cjrms [usa, Hudhnh Oitusjv, Girjsbiv Pvhbà, Ghsphr Guub, Gjshtxu Bmnizi, Ljnstintmn Omtdutsà, Bhjnjr Oirdibhf, Oirïi Ibkurquhrquh, Oirgi, Linliinrinti, Oipy Ahrrinz-]kirri, Oittahw Thmsh, Uikbj chb [mj, Niàj Vmbi, Nhbsjn Widibj, Uitrm`mi N÷ùhz, Uambmp Sain y Suubi Njusmimnhn. Hcm`mjnhs Ojriti, Ojriti chsch sus bmkrjs `john`í i iprhnchr Usm`jbjdïi, Hcuì`mðn @jounmì`mðn. Uiubj, @jsïn ai ahàj mnthrhsinths sudhrhn`mis y ai thnmcj ouàiy pi`mhn`mi. Niàj Ujzj oh pusj hn `jnti`tj `jn hbbjs. Cmvhrsis mnstmtu`mjnhs y hoprhsis hoprhsis quh ain ahàj oés fé`mb f é`mb hb trikigj. trikigj. Hbh`trjnm` Irts ch Hspiùi quh amzj pjsmkbh bi `jbikjri`mðn hntrh bi unmvhrsmcic y bi hoprhsi. Bi Xnmvhrsmcic ch Ibìbé quh phromth `rhir hspi`mjs ch cmsùsmðn. Bi @jnshghrïi ch Hcuì`mðn ch bi @jounmcic ch Oicrmc, bi @jnshghrïi ch Hcuì`mðn @mhn`mi y @ubturi ch @istmbbi Bi Oinài, Hb Omnmsthrmj ch Hcuì`mðn, y hb Omnmsthrmj ch @mhn`mi h Mnnjvi`mðn, quh ain fmnin`micj cmstmntjs prjyh`tjs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 1

Mntrjcu``mðn @jn bjs vmchjguhdjs vmchjguhdjs sh puhch phnsir ipismjniciohnth. ipismjniciohnth. Bj jkshrvirhojs fmgéncjnjs hn bis i`tmvmcichs ch bjs oés phquhùjs ùincj hstén gudincj hn su phquhùi `jnsjbi j hn bi Tmm. º@ðoj nj iprjvhàir hsti hnhrdïi piri ojtmvir i qumhnhs nj sh hntusmisoin `jn uni tirhi hs`jbir aikmtuib: Hsth hs hb rhtj quh sh hs`jnch tris hstis pédmnis. @jntrmkumr i quh bjs vmchjguhdjs `johr`mibhs sh `jnvmhrtin hn un mnstruohntj hcuìtmvj `jn hb quh hs pjsmkbh ai`hr oés fé`mb hb iprhncmzigh. Siokmín chsch hb `mnh, bjs `ðom`s, bi thbhvmsmðn j hb phrmðcm`j sh iprhnch. Bjs vmchjguhdjs, bj omsoj quh hsjs ohcmjs ch `jounmì`mðn hn su cïi, nj suhbhn chgir mncmfhrhnth i nicmh, tmhnhn chtri`tjrhs y icomricjrhs. Nj smhoprh sjn kmhn `jnj`mcjs. Pjn rhbitmviohnth nuhvjs, bjs prmohrjs surdmhrjn ai`h ohnjs ch 85 iùjs y su hvjbu`mðn ai smcj ouy répmci. Xnis vh`hs sh cm`h quh sjn jkris ch irth y jtris quh sjn choismicj vmjbhntjs. Iokis ifmroi`mjnhs aikrïi quh gustmfmìrbis. Pmn cuci, piri quh sh `jnvmhrtin hn mnstruohntjs hcuìtmvjs hs nh`hsirmj `jnj`hrbjs. Hstis pédmnis qumhrhn ojstrir nj tintj quí sh puhch iprhnchr `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs, smnj `ðoj utmbmzirbjs piri ai`hrbj pjsmkbh. Hb bmkrj hs hb rhsubticj ch ìsm cmhz iùjs hxpbjrincj bjs vmchjguhdjs, iprhncmhncj i gudir, `jnvhrsincj `jn sus cmshùicjrhs y cmstrmkumcjrhs y, ichoés, trikigincj hn bis iubis `jn nmùjs, nmùis, ðvhnhs y hb prjfhsjricj. Hstis rhfbhxmjnhs sjn piri qumhnhs qumhrhn chsùkrmr hb vibjr ùbturib y hcuìtmvj ch hstis nuhvis fjrois ch j`mj j`mj chsch un éokmtj mnthrcms`mpbmnir   hn hb quh hstén prhshnths bi psm`jbjdïi, bi sj`mjbjdïi, hb irth, bi mnthrcms`mpbmnir bmthrituri, hb cmshùj dréfm`j y bi prjdrioi`mðn mnfjroétmì. Nj oh rhsmstj i uni rh`johnci`mðn7 gudir gudir,, gudir, gudir, gudir. gudir. Uhrciojs hb omhcj i bis `jnsjbis y i bis pintibbis, shrén un kuhn puntj ch pirtmci piri phnsir ipismjniciohnth. Guduhojs `jn jtris phrsjnis, ch ùibqumhr hcic, y hn hs`hnirmjs rhibhs j vmrtuibhs. @jopirtmr hb `jnj`momhntj njs hnshùiré i ohgjrir y prjdrhsir. Srhss rhfbhxmjnhs Srh rjophr `jn ibdunjs hsthrhjtmpjs. prmohri, bjs vmchjguhdjs sjn uniprhvmis pírcmciqumhrhn ch tmhopj y, ichoés, sjn vmjbhntjs. vmjbhntjs . Oh Bi itrhvj i phnsir quh bjs jkghtjs `joj tibhs nj sjn nm kuhnjs nm oibjs, chphnch chb ojcj hn quh sh utmbmzin. Bi shdunci, hs cmfï`mb sikhr quí guhdj hbhdmr. hbhdmr . Pï, sjn drinchs chs`jnj`mcjs y `rhj quh shbh``mjnir unj u jtrj hs mopjrtinth piri thnhr hxphrmhn`mis dritmfmìnths. I vh`hs sh cm`h quh nj sh ai `rhicj tjcivïi unj `jn bi ìbmcic ch uni phbïùbi tin `jnj`mci pjr su ìbmcic `joj @isikbinì @isikbinì   (9=3;). Uj`j i pj`j sh iprhnch i `jnj`hrbjs. Njs isjokrirhojs ch bi mnfjroi`mðn quh hxmsth hn Mnthrnht sjkrh hbbjs. @rïtmìs, duïis chb guhdj, vïchjs, pédmnis whk, sjn kuhnis fuhnths ch mnfjroi`mðn. Hn bis pédmnis ch hsth bmkrj sh `johntin ouàjs vmchjguhdjs quh smrvhn tintj ch puntj ch pirtmci i qumhnhs qumhrin mnm`mirsh hn hsth unmvhrsj, `joj piri prjfuncmzir hn hbbjs. Bi thr`hri rhfbhxmðn sh rhfmhrh i jtrj hsthrhjtmpj, bjs vmchjguhdjs sjn choismicj iksjrkhnths.. Pï, bj sjn smn cuci. Siokmín bj hs bi `mhn`mi j bi bmthrituri ùincj iksjrkhnths itripin i uni mnvhstmdicjri, i un iutjr ch njvhbis j i sus bh`tjris. @joj smhoprh hn hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni =

bi vmci, bi pismðn y hb phnsiomhntj mnthri`t÷in y ojcubin nuhstris i`tmvmcichs y, pjr quí nj tiokmín, nuhstris rhbi`mjnhs `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs. Vhiojs iajri krhvhohnth uni phquhùi sïnthsms ch bjs ìpïtubjs y ch bi mchi hshn`mib quh sh ai quhrmcj trinsomtmr i trivís ch hbbjs. Hn ìci ìpïtubj ahojs tjoicj `joj puntj ch pirtmci un vmchjguhdj `jn`rhtj `jn`rhtj y chsch iquï njs ahojs i`hrìcj i `jn`hptjs `bivh piri bjs hsph`mibmstis hn hsth ìopj, ouàis vh`hs iìcíom`js y jtris cmshùicjrhs prjfhsmjnibhs ch guhdjs. Ph ain `jnsmchricj tiokmín bis ipjrti`mjnhs ch bi psm`jbjdïi, bi sj`mjbjdïi, bis `mhn`mis ch bi hcuì`mðn. Njs ahojs fmgicj hn quí sh puhch iprhnchr y hnshùir chsch hsh guhdj hsph`ïfm`j y tiokmín `ðoj puhch ai`hrsh. Bjs ìpïtubjs puhchn bhhrsh tjcjs shdumcjs j ch fjroi mnchphncmhnth. Hsti pjsmkmbmcic nj hs ibdj kusìcj `jns`mhnthohnth, smnj quh sh chrmvi ch bis ìri`thrïstmìs ch bjs vmchjguhdjs. Cmstmntjs tmpjs phromthn rhfbhxmjnir sjkrh thois ouy virmicjs hn rhbi`mðn `jn hb iprhncmzigh. Hn ùibqumhr ìsj, bjs ìpïtubjs puhchn idrupirsh hn trhs drinchs kbjquhs, quh nj hstén hxpbï`mtiohnth oirìcjs, oirìcjs , phrj quh sh su`hchn ch fjroi ìsm niturib sm njs chthnhojs hn bi mchi ch quh `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs sh pmhnsi y sh rhfbhxmjni ipismjniciohnth. Hn bis riï`hs ch hsti mchi sh [XNH[, psm`ðbjdj njrthiohrmìnj puhchn chsùkrmr ibdunis ipjrti`mjnhs ch Ghrjoh njrthiohrmìn y `rhicjr ch bi psm`jbjdïi `jdnmtmvi. Cmstmnduh hsthKiutjr cjs fjrois ch phnsiomhntj.j Ujr uni pirth, hb phnsiomhntj `jtmcminj, oés `hrìnj i bi vmvhn`mi quh mopbmì bi `joprhnsmðn ch uni amstjrmi quh njs hoj`mjni. Ujr jtri, hb phnsiomhntj ch bi `mhn`mi. Bi hsùhbi j``mchntib sh ai jùpicj ch hnshùir bi shdunci, phrj ai jbvmcicj ouàis vh`hs bi prmohri. Hsti cmstmn`mðn hs bi b i quh duïi hb jrchn hn quh sh su`hchn bjs ìpïtubjs ch hsth bmkrj. @johnziojs `jn bjs oés `hrìnjs ib phnsiomhntj `mhntïfm`j y, thncmhncj puhnths chsch bi mchi ch `rhi`mðn y irth, bbhdiojs i bi `jnstru``mðn ch amstjrmis y i bi ùbturi pjpubir. Hb `jnthnmcj ch bjs ìpïtubjs sh smnthtmzi krhvhohnth i `jntmnui`mðn. Hb kbjquh mnm`mib, mnm`mib, quh mn`buyh cjs ìpïtubjs, njs phromtmré pr phromtmré prjfuncmzir jfuncmzir hn quí hs uni   hx`hp`mðn, nj njs `hntriojs sðbj hn un un vmchjguhdj. vmchjguhdj. Hb @ipïtubj Urmohrj Urmohrj hs uni uhdj, smnj quh sh pjnhn virmjs hghopbjs. Ubinthiojs ibdunis ùhstmjnhs chsch uni prhdunti dhnhrib7 ºUjr quí iprhnchr `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs: vmchjguhdjs: Nj sh hn`jntriré uni rhspuhsti `hrrici, smnj sudhrhn`mis chsch bjs cmstmntjs tmpjs ch vmchjguhdjs quh ajy sh hnùhntrin hn hb ohrìcj y jtrjs quh oirìrjn un amtj hn su amstjrmi. Hstjs mnstruohntjs ùbturibhs surdhn i pirtmr ch chsirrjbbjs mnfjroétm`js, phrj nj chgin ch shr guhdjs. Urjfuncmzirhojs hn hbbjs piri rhfbhxmjnir pjr quí hb guhdj nj hsté rhùmcj `jn hb iprhncmzigh y bi hnshùinzi smnj quh puhch ai`hrbj oés fé`mb y ojtmvicjr. hcuì`mðn,, prjfuncmzirhojs hn bis Hn hb @ipïtubj MM, Ubitifjrois ch j`mj y hcuì`mðn pjsmkmbmcichs quh jfrh`hn bjs vmchjguhdjs piri hstikbh`hr rhbi`mjnhs hntrh cmstmntjs

hs`hnirmjs ch ch   iprhncmzigh y hnshùinzi. Sjoiojs `joj puntj ch pirtmci bjs guhdjs ch chpjrths. Shncrhojs jpjrtunmcic ch prjfuncmzir hn bi mchi ch quh bjs guhdjs ain ch shr smdnmfmìtmvjs y ch ibbï ni`h su itri`tmvj. Xn kuhn guhdj hs hb quh hndinài ib hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 95

udicjr y bj `joprjohth hoj`mjnibohnth, ch iaï quh bjs thðrm`js aikbhn chb `ïrùbj oédm`j   quh rjchi ib gudicjr hn smtui`mjnhs ch guhdj. Shncrhojs jpjrtunmcic ch oédm`j `jopirir bjs guhdjs quh jùrrhn hn hb ouncj rhib `jn sus `jrrhspjncmhnths vmchjguhdjs. Ujr hghopbj, ºquí ipjrti un guhdj cmdmtib `joj NKI `joj NKI Bmvh ;595 ;595 frhnth ib ahàj ch gudir hn hb pitmj ch rh`rhj: Chsch iokjs sh puhchn iprhnchr y hnshùir, iunquh nj shin bjs omsojs `jnthnmcjs nm sh aidi ch bi omsoi oinhri. Uishojs iajri ib shduncj kbjquh. kbjquh. Pm `jnsmchriojs bi cjkbh cmohnsmðn ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, `joj jkghtjs rhdmcjs pjr rhdbis j `joj hxprhsmðn ch bi ùbturi y bi hstítmì pjpubir, hsth kbjquh sh fmgi hn bi mchi ch quh sjn ahrriomhntis piri phnsir y rhsjbvhr prjkbhois. Ph `jnsmchrin Jkghtjs mnthbmdhnths, mnthbmdhnths, `jn`hptj ib quh sh chcmì hb MMM,, yi quh su usj `jntrmkuyh i trinsfjroir bis rhprhshnti`mjnhs quh hb @ipïtubj MMM udicjr `jnstruyh chb ouncj y tiokmín sus hstrithdmis ch rhsjbu`mðn ch prjkbhois. Sjoiojs `joj puntj ch pirtmci i Ujrtib i Ujrtib (;554), (;554), un vmchjguhdj quh phromth rhsjbvhr uni shrmh ch puzzbhs hn bjs quh un hspi`mj, nj smhoprh trmcmohnsmjnib, phromth hxpbjrir y vmvmr hxphrmhn`mis mopjsmkbhs hn hb ouncj rhib. Hb ojcj hn quh hb gudicjr sh ouhvh i trivís ch sus pintibbis njs ciré bi jpjrtunmcic ch prjfuncmzir hn bjs prj`hsjs ch rhsjbu`mðn ch prjkbhois quh sh pjnhn hn pré`tmì. (MV) bi nh`hsmcic ch mnstruohntjs Ph chcmì tiokmín un ìpïtubj iyuchn i icqumrmr nuhvis fjrois(MV) ch iibfikhtmzi`mðn quhipjrtir phromtin Chs`mfrirquh bjs ohnsighs ch bjs vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs. Hbbj supjnh quh hb gudicjr ai ch shr ìpiz ch `joprhnchr sus smdnjs y rhspjnchr i hbbjs, sjkrh tjcj smhncj `jns`mhnth chb tmpj ch cmsùrsj quh utmbmzi. Isï hs `ðoj smdumhncj i Giohs Dhh, bmndòmsti Njrthiohrmìnj, hnthnchojs bi ibfikhtmzi`mðn. Nhw Puphr Oirmj Krjs (;556) (;556) iyuciré i rhvmsir bis aikmbmcichs quh fi`mbmtin hb phnsiomhntj utmbmzincj o÷btmpbhs cmsùrsjs. Inibmzirhojs `ðoj Ibm`mi, uni nmùi quh ahojs jkshrvicj i trivís chb tmhopj, hn cjs ojohntjs ch uhdj shpiricjs pjr un iùj ch cmfhrhn`mi, i bjs 8 y i bjs 6 iùjs, rhsuhbvh prjkbhois ipjrtincj phrsph`tmvis rhibohnth cmfhrhnths chb guhdj hn cjs ojohntjs cmstmntjs chb chsirrjbbj. irduohnti`mðn quh puhchn Hb @ipïtubj V V sh `hntri hn bjs prj`hsjs ch irduohnti`mðn rhbi`mjnirsh `jn hb ahàj ch gudir hn uni `bish ch kmjbjdïi hn bi quh sh utmbmzð hb vmchjguhdj Ppjrh (;551). (;551). Hxpbjrirhojs bjs cmébjdjs quh tmhnhn budir hn hb iubi y bis ipjrti`mjnhs i un fjrj hn Mnthrnht piri ipjyir hb iprhncmzigh ch `mhrtjs `jnthnmcjs ùrrmùbirhs. @hrriojs hsth kbjquh `jn un ìpïtubj (VM) (VM) chcmìcj i Ipr Iprhnchr hnchr i `rhir `rhir.. Hn hsth ìsj njs `hntriojs hn bi mchi ch quh bjs hstucminths nj sðbj sjn rh`hptjrhs ch bjs ohnsighs quh sh hnvïin ohcminth hb vmchjguhdj y chsch bjs quh puhchn rhfbhxmjnir j irduohntir. Hbbjs y hbbis puhchn `jnvhrtmrsh tiokmín hn prjcu`tjrhs ch `jnthnmcjs `jounmìtmvjs utmbmzincj o÷btmpbhs cmsùrsjs. [hvmsiojs hsth prj`hsj `rhicjr i pirtmr ch prjcu``mjnhs oubtmohcmi rhibmzicis pjr hb ibuonicj, i pirtmr chb vmchjguhdj Kbjjo Kjx (;551), (;551), hn tibbhrhs jrdinmzicjs jrdinmzicjs chntrj chb ajrirmj aikmtuib chb ùrsj. Hb `jn`hptj quh phromth jrdinmzir bjs ùitrj ÷btmojs ìpïtubjs (VMM ib Q) ch hsth hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 99

vjbuohn hn un ÷btmoj kbjquh kbjquh hs hb ch ùbturi pjpubir. pjpubir. Uirtmojs ch bis rhbi`mjnhs gipjnhsi Fmnib Fintisy hntrh Irth hntrh Irth y vmchjguhdjs vmchjguhdjs ( @ipïtubj VMM), VMM), ipjyicjs hn bi shrmh gipjnhsi Fmnib (9=14-;595) ( sh iìki ch binzir bi vhrsmðn n÷ohrj QMMM chb guhdj), quh sh prhshnti hn (9=14-;595) o÷btmpbhs `jnsjbis y hn U@. Pmdumhncj ch `hrì i Ahnry G HNLMNP, thðrm`j njrthiohrmìnj ch bjs ohcmjs, `jnsmchrir i bjs vmchjguhdjs `joj jkghtjs irtïstm`js supjnh rhbi`mjnirbjs oés kmhn `jn bis ìthdjrïis ch bi hstítmì pjpubir quh `jn hb irth iìcíom`j, isj`micj pjr hghopbj i bi hsùbturi `bésmì j i bi pmnturi chb [hni`momhntj. Iopbmincj hsti phrsph`tmvi njs mntrjcu`mojs hn bis pjsmkmbmcichs quh jfrh`hn bjs vmchjguhdjs i bi ajri ch @jntir amstjrmis amstjrmis   (@ipïtubj VMMM) . Hs tiokmín un thoi pjbíom`j, sm hsté `birj quh ístis nj puhchn shpirirsh ch ch   bis prjcu``mjnhs `mnhoitjdréfmìs nj jùrrh isï hn bjs guhdjs vmrtuibhs. I pirtmr ch un fhnðohnj trinsohcmi  `joj hb ch Airry Ujtthr trinsohcmi Ujtthr hxpbjriojs bis pjsmkmbmcichs hxprhsmvis tintj ch o÷btmpbhs ohcmjs ùincj bjs hstucminths, quh sh `jnvmhrthn hn `bish hn njvhbmstis j «kbjduhrjs¼, trinsomthn sus jpmnmjnhs sjkrh bjs vmchjguhdjs j bis phbïùbis ch Airry Ujtthr i trivís ch Mnthrnht. ivitir, y i bis Uisiojs chsch ibbï, hn hb @ipïtubj MQ, MQ, ib `jn`hptj ch Mchntmcic y ivitir, pjsmkmbmcichs quh njs jfrh`hn bjs guhdjs ch smoubi`mðn, `joj Pmo@mty @rhitjr (;551) y Bjs Pmos 0 (;55=), (;55=) , piri `jnstrumrbjs. Fmnibohnth chcmìojs hb @ipïtubj Q Q i bjs Nuhvjs aírjhs aírjhs   quh jfrh`hn i bjs ðvhnhs bjs ohcmjs ch `jounmì`mðn y njs fmgiojs hn bis pjsmkmbmcichs hcuìtmvis ch frinqum`mis `johr`mibhs `joj, pjr hghopbj, hb ouncj ch Cmsnhy y bjs vmchjguhdjs quh ain surdmcj ibrhchcjr ch chthromnicjs phrsjnighs. phrsjnighs. Sjcj hbbj hs cmfï`mb ch hnthnchr smn `jnsmchrir bis mnthri``mjnhs hntrh o÷btmpbhs oinmfhsti`mjnhs ch hsti ùbturi pjpubir.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 9;

@IUÏSXBJ U[MOH[J

Ujr quí iprhnchr `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs Fmài rhsuohn chb ìpïtubj Yuí sh puhch iprhnchr7 @ðoj sjn bjs vmchjguhdjs y su hvjbu`mðn hn rhbi`mðn i bis cmstmntis ppbitifjrois. bitifjrois. Ibdunjs vmchjguhdjs ìsm oïtm`js7

Ppi`h mnvichrs (9=41) (9=41) ch Simtj, Ui` Oin (9=15) (9=15) ch Oin`j, Cjnlhy Ljnd (9=19) (9=19) ch Nmnthncj.

Uédmnis whk y vïchjs mnthrhsinths7

attp7//yjutu.kh/PaJ=rtyMQ-5  vhrsmðn piri hb mUajnh Ppi`h mnvichrs7 mnvichrs7 attp7//yjutu.kh/PaJ=rtyMQ-5 Ui` Oin7 Oin7 attp7//yjutu.kh/UF[gDopTb`w Cjnlhy ljnd7 ljnd7 attp7//yjutu.kh/SOaHs41Wmx1 Xni hx`hbhnth hx`hbhnth rhvmsmðn ch bi amstj amstjrmi rmi ch bis `jnsjbis (9=45-;556) puhch hn`jntrirsh hn attp7//www.tahdioh`jnsjbh.`jo/

Hghopbjs7

Inébmsms ch guhdjs

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 90

Mntrjcu``mðn Hb `mnh, bi thbhvmsmðn, bjs `ðom`s y bjs bmkrjs sjn mnstruohntjs `jn bjs quh sh puhch iprhnchr. Pjn pirth ch bi ùbturi chb smdbj QQM phrj nj ain ipirh`mcj hn hsth ojohntj, tmhnhn uni amstjrmi `jrti j birdi. Nj tjcjs sh isj`min `jn bi omsoi fuhrzi i smtui`mjnhs ch iprhncmzigh, bi oiyjrïi sh vmnùbin i bi vmci `jtmcmini. Ujndiojs un hghopbj. nuhvi vhrsmðn chyhstis pédmnisHbshpirtmcj vi i gudir bi shomfmnib Ajy, ch bi ùincj `jpi chb`jomhnzj ouncj chuni f÷tkjb hntrh Hspiùi Ibhoinmi. sh vhré pjr thbhvmsmðn y oiùini sh hs`rmkmrén nuohrjsis rhshùis. Hn hsth ìsj, `joj hn ouàjs jtrjs, hb guhdj tmhnh hb pjchr ch unmr i bis phrsjnis y bis rhfbhxmjnhs sjkrh íb hstén prhshnths hn o÷btmpbhs ohcmjs. ºAiy ibdj quh sh puhci iprhnchr hn hsti smtui`mðn: Hsùàiki bi ricmj omhntris mki ib trikigj y hn`jntrí uni rhspuhsti, hntrh ouàis pjsmkbhs. Hb pjsmkbhs. Hb bjùtjr ch`ïi quh hb f÷tkjb hs ouàj oés quh un guhdj. guhdj. Nj sh triti ch cmsomnumr hb vibjr ch bi mchi ch guhdj, smnj ch pjthn`mir su pjchr `joj hbhohntj ch uni chthromnici ùbturi. Ujr hghopbj, hn su jpmnmðn, hb f÷tkjb phromth rhprhshntir ouàis ch bis ùhstmjnhs quh prhjùpin ajy i bi sj`mhcic. Hntrh hbbis, bi prhshn`mi ch bjs ni`mjnibmsojs, hb ohrìcj quh rjchi i tjcj hb mnthrìokmj ch udicjrhs, bi jrdinmzi`mðn sj`mib quh hsté tris íb y quh phromth bbhdir i bi jrdinmzi`mðn chb ìophjnitj. Hsh bjùtjr njs ojstriki quh hb f÷tkjb puhch shr un kuhn puntj ch pirtmci piri hstucmir ouàjs fhnðohnjs sj`mibhs. Ujchojs shdumr `jn hsth hghopbj y pisir chb f÷tkjb quh sh guhdi hn ìopjs rhibhs i bjs vmchjguhdjs. Uhnshojs, pjr hghopbj, hn sidis `joj bis ch FMF ch FMFI I j NKI NKI h cmticjs pjr Hbh`trjnm` Irts, uni `jnj`mci cmstrmkumcjri ch vmchjguhdjs. Pjn ouy pjpubirhs hntrh bjs ioinths ch bjs vmchjguhdjs ch chpjrths. Bis prmohris vhrsmjnhs ipirh`hn yi hn 9==1. Hs fé`mb hn`jntrir mnfjroi`mðn sjkrh hbbjs, mn`busj inths ch quh hstín hn hb ohrìcj. Kisti, pjr hghopbj, iùcmr i Tmlmphcmi hn su vhrsmðn mndbhsi j i bis b is pédmnis ch bjs cmstrmkumcjrhs jfm`mibhs. Hn hstis frinqum`mis bjs ohgjrhs gudicjrhs ch bjs hqumpjs, ni`mjnibhs h mnthrni`mjnibhs, hstén prhshnths hn bis pintibbis, phrj hn hsth ìsj `jntrjbicjs pjr bi phrsjni quh guhdi. Hb guhdj rhib y hb vmrtuib tmhnhn ouàj hn `jo÷n, iunquh nj sjn mcíntm`js. Urjfuncmzirhojs hn hb `jn`hptj ch vmchjguhdj, sus tmpjs y su hvjbu`mðn i trivís ch su `jrti amstjrmi, mn`mcmhncj hn bjs isph`tjs oés rhbhvinths ùincj quhrhojs `jnvhrtmrbjs hn mnstruohntjs m nstruohntjs hcuìtmvjs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 93

Yuí hs un vmchjguhdj

hkjjlhbj.`jo Uédmni 98

Kusìncj uni chfmnm`mðn Yumhnhs sh ain jùpicj ch hsth thoi suhbhn `mtir hb `jn`hptj ch Gjainn AXMWMNDI (;555), intrjpðbjdj ajbincís quh pukbmì Ajoj Buchns Buchns hn 9=01. Hsti hri su chfmnm`mðn, quh shrïi vébmci tintj piri bjs guhdjs g uhdjs rhibhs `joj piri bjs vmrtuibhs. «Hb guhdj hs uni i`tmvmcic bmkrh y `jns`mhnth, quh jùrrh fuhri ch bi vmci 'jrcmnirmi' pjrquh sh `jnsmchri quh nj iunquhprjvhàj i vh`hs iksjrkh ib gudicjr mnthnsi sh y `jopbhtiohnth. Hs ighni i mnthrhshs y ch hbbihsnjshrmi, sh jktmhnh h`jnðom`j. Hsi i`tmvmcic rhibmzi ch iùhrcj `jn rhdbis fmgis yoithrmibhs ch uni fjroi jrchnici, chntrj unjs chthromnicjs bïomths hspi`mj-thopjribhs. Urjouhvh bi fjroi`mðn ch drupjs sj`mibhs quh tmhnchn i rjchirsh i sï omsojs ch sh`rhtj y i i`hntuir sus cmfhrhn`mis rhsph`tj chb rhstj utmbmzincj bjs ohcmjs oés virmicjs¼. (@mticj hn PIBHN y WMOOH[OIN, ;556i, péd. 48.)

Hb thxtj puhch `johntirsh smdumhncj ch `hrì hb hghopbj inthrmjr, hb ìophjnitj chb ouncj ch f÷tkjb ch ;595. Hspiùi nj sðbj pisð i bi fmnib smnj quh bi dinð. Hn hsth ìsj aiy ibdj hsph`mibohnth mnthrhsinth. Bjs prjtidjnmstis sjn bjs gudicjrhs ch bi shbh``mðn, phrj tiokmín hri tjcj hb piïs quh sibmð i bi ìbbh, `hbhkrincj un íxmtj quh jùpð bjs tmtubirhs ch tjcjs bjs phrmðcm`js ni`mjnibhs h mnthrni`mjnibhs. Ichoés, bi njtm`mi fuh ht`. hb trmunfj, rhi``mjnirjn prjtidjnmstis,chbbjsguhdj gudicjrhs, sus shdumcjrhs, Vhiojs`ðoj i pirtmr ch iquï bissusìri`thrïstmìs `jn `mhrtj chtibbh.

hkjjlhbj.`jo Uédmni 96

Ibdunjs risdjs chb guhdj • Jùrrh fuhri ch bi vmci jrcmnirmi y, hs oés, nj hs `jnsmchricj `joj uni i`tmvmcic shrmi.  Hb f÷tkjb itrih i ombbjnhs ch ifm`mjnicjs, mn`busj i qumhnhs nj bj sjn, phrj bi shrmi. dhnth hs `jns`mhnth ch quh sh hnùhntri inth ibdj quh bh phromth hvicmrsh ch bi rhibmcic oés mnohcmiti, i vh`hs prjkbhoétmì. Bj piricðgm`j hs quh hsti hvismðn puhch shr oés fuhrth quh jtrjs i`jnth`momhntjs quh, thðrmìohnth, shrïin oés mopjrtinths. • Hs iksjrkhnth. iksjrkhnth. Ph aikbi mn`busj ch un `ïrùbj oédm`j ibrhchcjr chb guhdj quh ai`h jbvmcir hb hntjrnj mnohcmitj. Hsté oés unmcj i bi hoj`mðn quh ib `jnj`momhntj, iunquh hsh `ïrùbj phromti bi prhshn`mi ch hstrithdmis `jdnmtmvis piri ivinzir hn hb guhdj. Uhnshojs ch nuhvj hn hb f÷tkjb. Hb hntrhnicjr pbinmfmì bis hstrithdmis quh ain ch pjnhrsh hn pré`tmì y hsj hxmdh drinchs cjsms ch rhfbhxmðn. Mn`busj qumhnhs vhn hb pirtmcj chsch bis dricis j pjr thbhvmsmðn, pmhnsin ouàis vh`hs hn bi ohgjr gudici, aisti hn ojohntjs ojohntjs ch oéxmoi hoj`mðn. • Yumzés ùhsti `rhhrbj phrj, shd÷n hb iutjr quh `johntiojs, hb guhdj nj hsté isj`micj i mnthrhshs oithrmibhs. oithrmibhs. Hsth risdj hs cmfï`mb ch hnthnchr sm shdumojs phnsincj hn hb hghopbj chb f÷tkjb, j hn ùibqumhr jtrj chpjrth quh thndi uni ìthdjrïi prjfhsmjnib. Sjcjs `jnj`hojs bis prhjùpi`mjnhs h`jnðomìs quh rjchin i bjs chpjrtmstis ch íbmth. Njs quhci bi prhdunti ch aisti quí puntj un prjfhsmjnib chb guhdj j chb chpjrth i`t÷i `jncm`mjnicj, ÷nmìohnth, pjr mnthrhshs h`jnðom`js j oithrmibhs. • Bi i`tmvmcic chb gudicjr prj`hch prj`hch ch iùhrcj iùhrcj `jn unis rhdbis. rhdbis.   Bjs guhdjs hstén hstrhàiohnth isj`micjs isj`micjs i bi mchi ch quh hstiojs inth ibdj quh ai ch ùopbmrsh, yi quh isï hsté `jnvhnmcj pjr uni `jbh`tmvmcic. Hsth hs hb smdnmfmìcj quh hn hb cm``mjnirmj ch bi [hib Iìchomi Hspiùjbi sh itrmkuyh ib tíromnj rhdbi. Pjkri ìsm ch`mr quh ìci guhdj tmhnh sus rhdbis. Ujr hghopbj, hntrh bis oés fiojsis hsté bi chb fuhrichchfuhri guhdjch guhdj hnguhdj hb f÷tkjb. pjsm`mðn sm hstéTmlmphcmi oés `hrìbichchfmnh bi bïnhiisï7 ch «Xn ohtigudicjr `jntrirmihsté quhhnhb kibðn y hb phn÷btmoj icvhrsirmj¼. Ph hnthnchré ohgjr jkshrvincj bi Fmduri 9.9. Hs uni rhdbi quh i vh`hs rhsubti cmfï`mb ch `joprhnchr sm njs bmomtiojs i hxpbmìrbi jribohnth. Hn hb f÷tkjb, `joj hn ùibqumhr jtrj guhdj, hb `jnguntj ch rhdbis quh sh mn`buyhn hn su rhdbiohntj hs bj quh bj ai`h pjsmkbh.

hkjjlhbj.`jo Uédmni 94

  Hb guhdj hs un prj`hsj `jopbhgj. Fmduri 9.9. Hb

• Smhnh budir hn sus prjpmjs bïomths hspi`mj thopjribhs. thopjribhs.   Hs ch`mr, hb guhdj hs smdnmfmìtmvj hn `jnthxtjs quh ichoés bh piri itrmkuyhn smdnmfmìcj. Ujr hghopbj, phnshojs sm gudirchthromnicjs, ib f÷tkjb smdnmfmì bj omsoj hb nmùj j bi nmùi, quh bj pri`tmìn hn su pitmj ch rh`rhj j hn un pirquh, y hb shntmcj quh bh itrmkuyh hb gudicjr prjfhsmjnib chb quh inths aikbékiojs. Ujchojs prh`msir ibdj oés7 hb f÷tkjb tmhnh shntmcj pjrquh hxmsth uni pjrthrïi, fïsmì j nj, i trivís ch bi quh sh ai ch mntrjcu`mr hb kibðn. • @rhi drupjs sj`mibhs quh sh `jnvmhrthn hn `jounmcichs, hs ch`mr, puhchn imsbirsh chb rhstj. rhstj. Ujr hghopbj, bjs amnàis ch un hqumpj bj smduhn y sh hntmhnchn hntrh sï tjoincj `joj puntj ch ipjyj bi icomri`mðn ai`mi su hqumpj. Yumhnhs guhdin j pirtm`mpin ch bi vmsmðn chb guhdj, ib ohnjs hn ibdunjs ojohntjs, `jopirthn vibjrhs, rhdbis y pré`tmìs. Hsj hs, prh`msiohnth, bj quh ai`h surdmr uni `jounmcic. Oés ibbé ch hsti chfmnm`mðn, jtrjs iutjrhs mnthrhsicjs hn bjs vmchjguhdjs ain itrmkumcj ib guhdj cmvhrsjs risdjs. Nuohrjsjs trikigjs sh ain mnthrhsicj pjr hsth thoi, tintj hn rhbi`mðn `jn bj quh ìri`thrmzi ib guhdj hn sï omsoj (N HTOIN, ;553< PIBHN y W MOOH[OIN, ;556i) `joj ùincj sh `jnsmchrin sus `jnthxtjs (B I@IPI, ;595< PIBHN, ;551). Bi Sikbi 9.9 ouhstri quh chfmnmr un guhdj hs uni tirhi `jopbhgi. I pirtmr ch iquï njs fmgirhojs oés chthnmciohnth hn bjs vmchjguhdjs. Pmdumhncj i OJ[SHNPHN (;55=) cmfhrhn`mirhojs ib ohnjs trhs tíromnjs utmbmzicjs utmb mzicjs piri ohn`mjnir hb guhdj quh jùrrh hn bi pintibbi, sm kmhn hn hsth bmkrj bjs usirhojs mncmstmntiohnth. Hxmsthn guhdjs quh chphnchn `jopbhtiohnth chb jrchnicjr jrchnicjr.. Puhbh ch`mrsh quh hb prmohrj fuh Shnnms fjr Swj (9=81). (9=81). Ph gudiki hn un js`mbjs`jpmj, i ojcj ch pintibbi, quh hstiki `jnh`ticj i uni `joputicjri inibðdmì. Mrhojs vmhncj oés ichbinth

hkjjlhbj.`jo Uédmni 91

`ðoj ouàjs guhdjs `jntmn÷in hn bi i`tuibmcic ipirh`mhncj hn vhrsmjnhs sðbj piri jrchnicjr, pjr hghopbj Bjs Pmos 0 (;55=). (;55=). Hbhohntjs hn bi chfmnm`mðn chb guhdj.\9_ I pirtmr ch PIBHN y WMOOH[OIN (;553) Sikbi 9.9.  Hbhohntjs

Sris bjs prmohrjs guhdjs ch jrchnicjr aukj quh hsphrir kistinths iùjs piri quh ipirh`mhrin prmohris `jnsjbis fuh y `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs prjpmiohnth cmàjs cmàjs. Ujr hghopbj,bis Ujnd (j Shbh-Ujnd) hbh-Ujnd) un hbbis vmchjguhdj ch bi prmohri dhnhri`mðn ch. vmchj`jnsjbis pukbmìcj pjr Itirm hn 9=4;. Hs tiokmín ch chpjrths y smoubi uni ohsi ch pmnd-pjnd. I pirtmr ch íb sh ain dhnhricj ombhs ch guhdjs piri cmfhrhnths tmpjs ch `jnsjbis, tintj pjrtétmbhs `joj ch sjkrhohsi. Hs cmfï`mb hbhdmr ibd÷n hghopbj `jn`rhtj quh puhci rhsubtir piricmdoétm`j. Pmhoprh ohn`mjnj bi sidi ch Nmnthncj quh surdmð ibrhchcjr ch Puphr Oirmj Krjs\;_ hn 9=10 y phroinh`h aisti bi fhài, `jn uhdjs tin `jnj`mcjs `joj Puphr Oirmj Dibixy ; (;595). (;595).

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 9=

Fmduri 9.;. Guhdjs cmdmtibhs.

Ph aikbi tiokmín ch bjs guhdjs vmrtuibhs, vmrtuibhs, iquhbbjs quh sh guhdin jnbmnh. Ph cmstmnduhn pjrquh sjn piri o÷btmpbhs gudicjrhs quh guhdin i bi vhz ibrhchcjr chb ouncj. Hn tíromnjs dhnhribhs, pjr vmrtuib hnthnchojs ibdj quh nj hs rhib j, qumzés ohgjr, ibdj quh nj hs fïsm`j. Xnj ch bjs oés fiojsjs hs Tjrbc jf Tir`rift (;553), (;553), quh i`tuibohnth pjshh hb oiyjr n÷ohrj ch usuirmjs\0_.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;5

Smpjs ch vmchjguhdjs Cmfhrhn`mir bjs guhdjs j bis phbïùbis pjr sus risdjs hs ibdj aikmtuib y iyuci i `joprhnchrbjs un pj`j ohgjr. Uiri cirnjs ùhnti ch bi `jopbhgmcic quh supjnh idrupirbjs pjchojs `jnsubtir hb trikigj ch N HTOIN y P MOJNP (;554) hn hb quh sh jfrh`h un inébmsms ch 955 vmchjguhdjs rhbhvinths, smn hstikbh`hr nmnduni `bismfmì`mðn. Ch tjcjsHxmsthn ojcjs,o÷btmpbhs nj hs uni tirhi fé`mb, pjrquh bjs thðrm`js nj quh suhbhn pjnhrshtris ch iùhrcj. `bismfmì`mjnhs. Hb `jn`hptj ch dínhrj sh hs`jnch hbbis prj`hch ch bi bmthrituri. @jntrmkuyh i jrdinmzir cmfhrhnths tmpjs ch thxtjs, pjr hghopbj, njvhbis, cmfusmðn phrmjcïstmì j thitrj y, pjr supuhstj, phbïùbis (P @AISW, 9=19). Bjs dínhrjs rhfbhgin bi ùbturi hn bi quh hstén prhshnths bjs thxtjs hs`rmtjs j iucmjvmsuibhs. Njs mnthrhsin iajri bjs vmchjguhdjs y hb `mnh, cjs ohcmjs ch `jounmì`mðn quh sh i`hrìn hn ibdunjs ch sus risdjs. Uhrj bi fjroi hn quh hsi ùbturi sh rhvhbi hn hb `mnh j hn hb vmchjguhdj nj hs bi omsoi. Ujr uni pirth, bjs aírjhs ch bjs vmchjguhdjs sjn oés hstétm`js quh hn bis phbïùbis y, ichoés, bi mnthri``mðn `jn bi iucmhn`mi hs tiokmín cmstmnti pjrquh sm hb gudicjr nj i`t÷i hn bi pintibbi nj jùrrmré nici. Bi iucmhn`mi pirtm`mpi ch fjroi fïsmì, ibdj quh nj pisi hn hb `mnh, y ohntib, hn ùintj quh sh rhprhshnti h mnthrprhti bjs rhtjs quh pbinthin bjs i`jnth`momhntjs. Hn ùibqumhr ìsj, piri `bismfmìr bjs dínhrjs `mnhoitjdréfm`js j bjs vmchjguhdjs sh puhchn `jnsmchrir, ib ohnjs, trhs isph`tjs7 bi m`jnjdrifïi, bi hstru`turi y hb thoi. thoi. • M`jnjdrifïi M`jnjdrifïi.. Ph fmgi hn bjs tmpjs ch moédhnhs quh mntrjcu`h hb guhdj y, pjr supuhstj, nj puhch shr mnchphncmhnth ch jtrjs hbhohntjs. Ujr hghopbj, bis moédhnhs shrén cmfhrhnths hn iquhbbjs guhdjs jrdinmzicjs ch fjroi nirritmvi, isj`micjs i uni amstjrmi, j ipjyicjs hn bi rhsjbu`mðn ch prjkbhois ikstri`tjs. I vh`hs iokjs isph`tjs hntrh`ruzin. Ujr hghopbj, Sjok [imchr (9==6) shrïi un (9==6) guhdj cjnchPmn bi nirritmvi sh mopjrti tintj `joj bis cmfmùbtichs quh bi prjtidjnmsti chkh rhsjbvhr. hokirdj, Shtrmx (9=13) (9=13) hs un guhdj ouàj oés ikstri`tj. Hsté `birj, pjr tintj, quh hb tmpj ch moédhnhs m oédhnhs quh utmbmzin shrén cmstmntis. • [hsph`tj i bi hstru`turi hstru`turi  pjcrïiojs `jnsmchrir, hntrh jtrjs, cjs isph`tjs rhbhvinths. Hb prmohrj sh rhbi`mjni `jn bi phrsph`tmvi quh hb gudicjr tmhnh chb guhdj. Hn hsth ìsj sh aikbi ch guhdjs hn prmohri j hn thr`hri phrsjni. Hn unjs bi rhprhshnti`mðn chb ivitir, hb aírjh chb guhdj, nj hs vmsmkbh piri hb gudicjr, hs ch`mr, ísth jkshrvi i su aírjh chsch su prjpmi phrsph`tmvi. Xn guhdj mnthrhsinth hn hsth `jnthxtj hs Kittbhfmhbc (9=3;), (9=3;), pukbmìcj pjr HI hn ;55;. Jtris vh`hs hb phrsjnigh hsté hn bi pintibbi, mn`busj `jn uni phquhùi moidhn hn bi pirth suphrmjr ch ísti7 sh aikbi hntjn`hs ch guhdjs hn thr`hri phrsjni. Hs bj quh jùrrh hn bi sidi ch Oirmj Krjs Krjs (9=10/;595) c mstrmkumci pjr Nmnthncj. (9=10/;595) • Siokmín hb thoi y bi tirhi tirhi ain ch thnhrsh hn ùhnti. Aikbirhojs ch guhdjs ch

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;9

`mhn`mi fm``mðn (Ppi`h mnvichrs, 9=41), 9=41), mn`busj Thsthrns (Jutbiws, 9==4) j j guhdjs ch duhrri (Ljokit, 9=44). 9=44). Iquï ai ch `jnsmchrirsh bi ohti quh hb gudicjr chkh ibìnzir y hs hbbi bi quh chthromni sm hb guhdj sh diniré j nj. Xni `bismfmì`mðn hntrh bis ouàis pjsmkbhs, quh mntrjcu`hn m ntrjcu`hn BIM[C y B HNS (;558), sh mn`buyh hn bi Sikbi 9.;. Sikbi 9.;. Dínhrjs y vmchjguhdjs Dínhrj Ivhnturi

Chs`rmp`mðn Hghopbj Ph rhbi`mjni oés quh bjs guhdjs ch i``mðn `jn bi fm``mðn mnthri`tmvi. Ujnhn hb i`hntj Ojnlhy hn bi amstjrmi y hb irduohntj. Hb gudicjr chkh rhsjbvhr prjkbhois ùincj mnthri`t÷i Msbinc `jn jtrjs phrsjnighs, prjdrhsincj isï i trivís ch cmstmntjs ojohntjs ch bi ivhnturi. (9==5/;595), Drmo Fincindj (9==1) Hstrithdmi Bjs auoinjs sh hnfrhntin i prjkbhois quh chkhn rhsjbvhr, rhsjbvhr, pjr hghopbj, Tjrbc jf cmstrmkuyhncj bjs rhùrsjs, jrdinmzincj bi prjcu``mðn, bis chfhnsis y bjs itiquhs. Tir`rift Bis i``mjnhs chb jrchnicjr sjn cjkbhs7 `jntrjbir bi `jncu`ti ch bjs mncmvmcujs y ch (;558/;595) sus jpjnhnths. Bis tirhis sjn oés `jopbhgis quh hn bjs guhdjs ch i``mðn. Chpjrths Hstjs guhdjs ùkrhn ìsm tjcjs bjs chpjrths moidmnikbhs. Hb jrchnicjr j hb sjftwirh NKI, FMF FMFI I ch bi `jnsjbi tmhnh cjs piphbhs7 i) i) Hb `jntrjb chb phrsjnigh quh rhprhshnti i bi (9=1=/;595) phrsjni auoini y rhspjnch i sus i``mjnhs, k) k) Hb `jntrjb ch jtrjs phrsjnighs, bjs jpjnhnths. I``mðn Pjn bbjs js oés pjpub pjpubirhs irhs y supjnh supjnhnn quh bi i``m i``mðn ðn au auoini oini ``jntrjb jntrjbii i un phrsjn phrsjnigh igh hn Cjjo un hntjrnj vmrtuib. Uuhchn shr hn prmohri phrsjni, hn hb quh bi phrsjni auoini vh bj (9==0), Aibj quh pjcrïi vhr su phrsjnigh, j hn thr`hri phrsjni, cjnch hb gudicjr vh bis i``mjnhs (;559/;55=), ch su phrsjnigh hn bi pintibbi. Sjok [imchr (9==6/;55=) Pmoubi`mðn Urjpjr`mjnin ib gudicjr hb `jntrjb ch un o ouncj uncj smoubicj. Bis phrsjnis puhchn Pmo@mty ojcmfmìr hb hntjrnj y sus aikmtinths. Hb jrchnicjr `jntrmkuyh i fi`mbmtir y jrmhntir (9=1=) bi i``mðn chb gudicjr piri smoubir hb ouncj rhib. Ch rjb Xn aauoinj uoinj puhch gudir `jn ccmfhrhn mfhrhnths ths ttmpjs mpjs ch ph phrsjnig rsjnighs, hs, ppjr jr hg hghopbj hopbj,, un oidj u Xbtmoi jtrjs tmpjs itri`tmvjs. Puhbh shr nh`hsirmj rh`jbh`tir jkghtjs piri iuohntir bjs Jnbmnh pjchrhs ch bjs phrsjnighs, tjcj hbbj hn un ouncj vmrtuib. @joj hn bjs guhdjs ch (9==4), i``mðn, hb `joputicjr puhch gudir hb piphb ch hnhomdj, phrj sh mn`buyhn ìri`thrhs Hvhrquhst icm`mjnibhs quh iuohntin bjs isph`tjs sj`mibhs chb guhdj. (9===), Kibcur”s Dith (9==1)

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;;

Hb piphb ch bi mnthbmdhn`mi irtmfm`mib Uhrj sm ibdj tmhnhn hn `jo÷n bjs guhdjs quh iìkiojs ch ohn`mjnir sjn ibdunjs hbhohntjs quh hstén prhshnths hn su cmshùj. @jnsmchrirbjs puhch shr un kuhn puntj ch pirtmci piri i`hrìrsh i un vmchjguhdj pjr prmohri vhz. Hstjs risdjs, sh rhbi`mjnin `jn bis pjsmkmbmcichs quh ain ikmhrtj i bjs vmchjguhdjs bis ipjrti`mjnhs ch bi IM[C

Mnthbmdhn`mi Irtmfm`mib Irtmfm`mib (B

y B

HNS

, ;558). Bjs ohn`mjniojs i `jntmnui`mðn.

  Bi `jopbhgmcic chb cmshùj. Fmduri 9.0. Bi

Uhrsjnighs funciohntibhs7 funciohntibhs7 Hnhomdjs té`tm`js té`tm`js y `jopiùhrjs `jopiùhrjs Bjs vmchjguhdjs pjshhn un irduohntj isj`micj i un phrsjnigh vmrtuib, quh nj smhoprh tmhnh fjroi auoini. Ajy sh utmbmzin mn`busj tí`nmìs `mnhoitjdréfmìs piri dhnhrirbjs. Hn bis pintibbis ipirh`hn tiokmín cmstmntjs jkghtjs quh rhspjnchn i bis mnstru``mjnhs chb gudicjr y quh sh trinsomthn i trivís ch bjs oincjs ch bi `jnsjbi j chb th`bicj chb jrchnicjr. Sjcj hbbj ai smcj cmshùicj pjr hb `rhicjr chb guhdj y prjdrioicj hn un bhnduigh quh hb jrchnicjr puhci `joprhnchr. Hn ÷btmoj hxtrhoj, hs hb jrchnicjr qumhn dhnhri bjs phrsjnighs i bjs quh ai ch hnfrhntirsh hb gudicjr. Bis tí`nmìs ch i``mðn ch hstjs phrsjnighs, j hbhohntjs i`tmvjs, ain ìokmicj ouàj. Hn bjs prmohrjs guhdjs hrin ouy smopbhs, sh bmomtikin i hnfrhntir i cjs jpjnhnths7 unj, quh `jntrjbiki hb gudicjr y, jtrj, quh dhnhriki hb jrchnicjr. Ajy bis `jsis sjn oés `jopbhgis. Kisti fmgirsh, pjr hghopbj, hn bjs guhdjs ch smoubi`mðn. Uhnshojs hn Bjs Pmos (;555/;55=), (;555/;55=), cjnch bjs phrsjnighs nj sh hnfrhntin nh`hsirmiohnth hntrh sï, smnj quh smoubin `jopjrtiomhntjs sj`mibhs h mnthri``mjnhs quh bis phrsjnis ointmhnhn hn hb ouncj rhib, ipjyicjs ouàis vh`hs hn rhbi`mjnhs ch tmpj h`jnðom`j, iomstic, iojr, iojr, ht`. Uhrsjnighs ch ipjyj ipjyj Hs nh`hsirmj cjtirbjs ch cmvhrsjs hbhohntjs (aikmbmcichs, jkghtjs, ht`.) quh sh vin icqumrmhncj i trivís chb guhdj. Pus i``mjnhs suhbhn shr oés bmomticis quh bis ch bjs prjtidjnmstis y sh ointmhnhn hn un chthromnicj budir ch bi pintibbi aisti quh hb udicjr mnm`mi bi mnthri``mðn `jn hbbj. Pm jkshrviojs ibdunis moédhnhs chb guhdj Fmnib Fintisy (9=14/;55=) (9=14/;55=) bjs phrsjnighs ch ipjyj jùpin un budir funciohntib,

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;0

smduhn smhoprh i bjs prjtidjnmstis y vin virmincj sus prjpmhcichs hn fun`mðn ch bis ìri`thrïstmìs quh bhs ismdni hb gudicjr. I vh`hs sh cmshùin `joj smopbhs `jopirsis, sm kmhn pjcrén iciptirsh ib hntjrnj y i jtrjs phrsjnighs ch ipjyj, mn`buyhncj ojvmomhntjs rhibmstis, phrsjnibmcic, hoj`mjnhs, isï `joj ìpi`mcic ch hxprhsmðn i trivís chb bhnduigh. Hstrithdmis frhnth frhnth i bjs jpjnhnths Xni hstrithdmi hs hb prj`hsj quh phromth ib gudicjr ivinzir i trivís ch bis pintibbis chb guhdj, mr rhsjbvmhncj bjs prjkbhois quh ísth pbinthi y, hn jìsmjnhs, `jopbhtir hb guhdj. Hn tíromnjs dhnhribhs sjn ch cjs tmpjs. Ujr uni pirth, bis quh hromthn chsùkrmr rhùrsjs nh`hsirmjs piri mr ivinzincj y, pjr jtri, bis quh fi`mbmtin `jntrjbir bis jphri`mjnhs ch bjs phrsjnighs u jtrjs hbhohntjs. hbhohntjs. Uhnshojs hn bjs guhdjs ch chpjrths, pjr hghopbj FMF FMFI I (9==0/;595). (9==0/;595). Hn bjs ìopjs vmrtuibhs ch hstjs vmchjguhdjs, bj omsoj quh hn hb f÷tkjb rhib, hs nh`hsirmj ipuntir kmhn piri ohthr djbhs hn bi pjrthrïi chb `jntrirmj, quh hn hsth ìsj hs hb jpjnhnth. Bjs udicjrhs vmrtuibhs puhchn hntrhnirsh piri ohgjrir su punthrïi. Isï, sh pjnhn hn pré`tmì hstrithdmis quh phromthn ohgjrir bjs prjpmjs rhùrsjs. Uhrj tjcivïi aiy oés. Vhiojs un thxtj quh sh jfrh`h piri chs`rmkmr hb guhdj oés rh`mhnth7 HI PUJ[SP FMFI 99 99 rhmnvhnti bi phrsjnibmcic –`jn y smn hb kibðn– ch ìci gudicjr piri ìci pjsm`mðn chb ìopj `jn Uhrsjnibmty\3_.

Hn hsth ìsj hb vmchjguhdj jfrh`h bi pjsmkmbmcic ch quh bjs gudicjrhs thndin cmstmntis phrsjnibmcichs, hs ch`mr, quh nj tjcjs rhspjncin ch bi omsoi oinhri ùincj rh`mkhn hb kibðn, j sh smt÷hn piri rh`mkmrbj hn bjs omsojs budirhs chb ìopj. Hb gudicjr puhch tjoir ch`msmjnhs quh `jncm`mjnhn tjcjs hsjs isph`tjs `jn hb fmn ch ohgjrir bis hstrithdmis quh ai ch pjnhr hn guhdj. Xni vhz tjoicis hsis ch`msmjnhs prhvmis sh puhch mnm`mir hb pirtmcj prjpmiohnth cmàj y pjnhr hn pré`tmì hsis aikmbmcichs. Hn hsth ÷btmoj ìsj hstirhojs yi i`tuibmzincj hstrithdmis ch `jntrjb. Xnmcichs, hqumpjs j drupjs Sintj hn bjs guhdjs ch chpjrth `joj hn bjs ch hstrithdmi hs nh`hsirmj oinhgir cmstmntis unmcichs ch i``mðn, ìsm smhoprh jrdinmzicis, pjnmhncj hn rhbi`mðn cmstmntjs phrsjnighs y jkghtjs. Hstis ain ch phromtmr pbinmfmìr un pitrðn ch i`tmvmcic, shdumrbj aisti un chthromnicj budir y, ichoés, pjchr rhi``mjnir inth bjs ìokmjs hn hb hntjrnj ùincj ipirhzìn bis unmcichs jpjnhnths rhpbhtis ch rhùrsjs. Siokmín hn un guhdj ch chpjrth hs nh`hsirmj shbh``mjnir uni hstrithdmi piri tjcj hb hqumpj. Ujr hghopbj, hn hb f÷tkjb hb hntrhnicjr chkh hsph`mfmìr un guhdj dhnhrib `jn cmstmntis jp`mjnhs sh hghùti hb pbin.hsth Uhrjhstiokmín hb guhdj vmrtuibipirh`h bjs gudicjrhs fjroin unùincj hqumpj. Ujr hghopbj, hb thxtjhnquh ch nuhvj hn bi prhshnti`mðn chb vmchjguhdj7

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;3

«Hxprmoh bis ìri`thrïstmìs ch bjs gudicjrhs y jptmomzi sus aikmbmcichs piri quh rmnci ib 955%, tintj mncmvmcuib `joj `jbh`tmviohnth¼. Hstj smdnmfmì mnthdrirsh hn hb hqumpj, i`tuir `joj un drupj. Uiri `joprhnchrbj ohgjr pjchojs vhr ùibqumhri ch bjs tutjrmibhs quh jfrh`h hb vmchj i trivís ch Mnthrnht (vhr njti 3).

Hb thxtj mnsmsth hn quh hs nh`hsirmj pjnhr hn oirài uni i``mðn `jbh`tmvi. @johnticjrhs j nirricjrhs Xnj ch bjs rhùrsjs quh sh utmbmzin i ohnucj, pjr hghopbj hn bjs guhdjs ch chpjrth, `jnsmsth hn nirrir j chs`rmkmr quí jùrrh hn bi pintibbi curinth hb guhdj. Ibdj quh tiokmín su`hch hn bi vmci rhib, kisti fmgirsh hn bjs pirtmcjs quh sh trinsomthn pjr ricmj j thbhvmsmðn. Hb piphb ch hsti vjz hs cir ùhnti ch bis i``mjnhs chb gudicjr y chb jpjnhnth, tjcj hbbj i trivís ch un bhnduigh quh chs`rmki bi i``mðn. Bjdrirbj ch fjroi itri`tmvi hs uni tirhi mopjrtinth piri hb cmshùicjr chb guhdj, ibdj quh nj smhoprh hs fé`mb pjrquh nj sh triti sjbj ch cir ùhnti ch uni chthromnici i``mðn, smnj chb hsticj dhnhrib chb guhdj. Hbbj sh `jopbmì, ichoés, pjr bi cmfmùbtic ch hvmtir bi rhphtm`mðn, thnmhncj hn ùhnti quh bis frishs ain ch aikhr smcj drikicis prhvmiohnth. Nj pjchojs chgir ch shùibir, fmnibohnth, quh tjcjs hstjs risdjs ain ch hnthnchrsh fjroi cmnéomì. vmchjguhdjs `jntmnuiohnth nuhvjs tintj i bjschcmshùicjrhs `joj Bjs i bjs gudicjrhs.pbinthin Bi ìpi`mcic ch moprjvmsir moprj vmsir rhtjs, y ch iciptirsh i bj nuhvj hs ibdj quh, smn cuci, puhch iprhnchrsh `jnsmchrincj i bjs vmchjguhdjs `joj mnstruohntjs hcuìtmvjs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;8

Guhdjs h mnthri`tmvmcic Jtrjs iutjrhs ain utmbmzicj `bismfmì`mjnhs cmstmntis piri jrdinmzir bjs cmvhrsjs tmpjs ch guhdjs y sh ain fmgicj, sjkrh tjcj, hn isph`tjs hsph`ïfm`js chb guhdj quh qumhrhn chstiìr. Nj sjn risdjs hx`buyhnths, smnj quh sh `jokmnin hntrh sï. Hn hsti bïnhi ai ch hnthnchrsh bi `bismfmì`mðn quh prjpjnh T JBF (;550k) ùincj aikbi ch dínhrjs mnthri`tmvjs. Bi Sikbi 9.0 mn`buyh hsis cmohnsmjnhs. Sikbi 99.0. .0. Vmchjguhdjs y dínhrjs mnthri`tmvjs

@jn`hptj Ikstri`tj Ikstri `tj Icipti`mðn Icipt i`mðn Ivhntur vhnturii

Chs`rmp`mðn Mn`buy Mn`buyhn hn dr dréfm`js éfm`js nj «r «rhprhshn hprhshnti`mjn ti`mjnibhs¼ ibhs¼ y hb guhdj nj hhsté sté jrdin jrdinmzicj mzicj chsch uni nirritmvi. Pus aírjhs puhchn shr intrjpjoðrfm`js hn hb cmshùj, phrj nj mnthnti rhprhshntir i bi dhnth chb ouncj rhib nm i bjs inmoibhs. Hstén kkisicjs isicjs hn i`tm i`tmvmcich vmcichss icipti icipticis cis ch jjtrj trj ohc ohcmj mj j ch jt jtrj rj guhd guhdjj chb ou ouncj ncj rhib, pjr hghopbj, chpjrths, guhdjs ch ohsi, ht`. Siokmín sjn iquhbbjs ùyi nirritmvi smduh bi ch jtrj ohcmj, pjr hghopbj, bmkrjs, phbïùbis j njvhbis dréfmìs. Hstén jrdin jrdinmzicjs mzicjs ibrhchc ibrhchcjr jr ch ppintibb intibbis is quh sh `jn `jnh`tin h`tin hhntrh ntrh sï sï.. Sjcis Sjcis hb hbbis bis mnthri`t÷in piri bjdrir bi `jnshù`mðn chb jkghtmvj, i trivís ch virmjs pisjs. Ujr hghopbj hn`jntrir jkghtjs j ikrmr puhrtis. Bjs aírjhs sjn bjs quh bbhvin bjs jkghtjs y, i vh`hs, bjs hntjrnjs quh sh su`hchn hvjìn chthromnicjs phrïjcjs

amstðrm`js. Vmci Vmci irtmfm`mib Mopbmìn hb `rh`momhntj j chsirrjbbj ch `rmituris cmdmtibhs ch ibd÷n tmpj, quh puhchn ojrmr sm hb gudicjr nj bis ùmci sufm`mhnthohnth. I vh`hs hb ahàj ch quh `rhzìn hs bi ohti chb guhdj. Guhdjs ch Mn`buyh uni icipti`mðn ch hstjs guhdjs quh sjn aikmtuibhs hn hb ouncj rhib. Pjn tikbhrj smombirhs y nj pjcrïin hxmstmr smn bjs rhibhs, i bjs quh momtin. @ipturir, Pu jkghtmvj prmn`mpib hs ìpturir jkghtjs quh sh ouhvhn j nj. Hsjs jkghtjs suhbhn Itrihr, mophcmr bis i``mjnhs chb phrsjnigh quh `jntrjbi hb gudicjr y i vh`hs tiokmín bis @jbh``mjnir fi`mbmtin. Guhdjs ch Pjn icipti`mjnhs ch bjs guhdjs rhibhs chb omsoj njokrh. ìrtis @jokith, Mopbmì i cjs j oés gudicjrhs, j i un gudicjr y hb jtrj `jntrjbicj pjr hb cmspirjs jrchnicjr. Puhbhn mn`bumr cmspirjs ch unj i jtrj. Siokmín puhchn mopbmìr un drupj frhnth i unj, ht`. Choj

Hvismðnn Hvismð @jncu`mr @jncu `mr Hcuìtmvjs Hcuìt mvjs Hsìpirr Hsìpi Buài Vuhbj

Hghopbj Shtrms (9=13) 0-C Sm`-S m`-Siì`Sjh (9=15) Puphroin (9=4=/;551)

Sah Pmos (;555/;55=), Ppjrh (;551) @buh (9==1) Iomcir (9=19) Criw Ujlhr (9=4=) Tirbjrcs (9=15)

Mn`buy Mn`buyhn hn hbhohn hbhohntjs, tjs, quh puhchn chsìr chsìrdirsh dirsh ch bi rhc, y iyucin i chshnv chshnvjbvhrs jbvhrshh Pmo@mty hn hb guhdj. Pjn ouy ÷tmbhs ùincj hb guhdj prhshnti uni `mhrti cmfmùbtic. @rhitjr Choj (9=1=/;551) Hb jjkghtmv kghtmvjj hs hvmtir prjyh`t prjyh`tmbhs mbhs u jjtrjs trjs jkght jkghtjs js hhnn o ojvmom jvmomhntj. hntj. Bi ppuntui` untui`mðn mðn Frhhwiy puhch hstir chthromnici pjr hb n÷ohrj ch jkghtjs quh sh hvmtin. (9=19) Hstén kisicj kisicjss hn aaikmbm ikmbmcichs cichs rrhbi`mj hbi`mjnicis nicis `jn bi `jncu` `jncu``mðn. `mðn. Ujr hgh hghopbj, opbj, Ujbh ìpi`mcic ch ai`hr oinmjkris, `jntrjb ch bi vhbj`mcic j chb ìrkurinth. Ujsmtmjn (9=1;) Cmshùi Cmshùicjs cjs piri hn hnshùir shùir y jrm jrmhnticj hnticjs, s, cmrh`t cmrh`tiohnt iohnth, h, i fi`mbm fi`mbmtir tir hb iprhncmzig iprhncmzighh ch Kism` Oitas (9=44) ibdj hsph`ïfm`j. Hb jkghtm jkghtmvj vj sh rrhbi`mj hbi`mjni ni ``jn jn hhsìpir sìpir ch bbjs js pphrshdum hrshdumcjrhs cjrhs j hv hvmtir mtir ibd÷n tmpj ch Ui` Oin `mhrrh. (9=15) Mopbm Mopbmì ì phrsjn phrsjnighs ighs quh buàin unj i unj smn prjyh`t prjyh`tmbhs mbhs j irois ch fuhdj. Bjs Ojrtib buàicjrhs suhbhn hstir rhprhshnticjs pjr phrsjnighs intrjpjoðrfm`js. I vh`hs puhchn shr ch chpjrths. Mopbm Mopbmìn ìn aikmb aikmbmcichs mcichs rhbi`m rhbi`mjnicis jnicis `jn hsth tmpj ch i`tmv i`tmvmcic, mcic, pjr hghopb hghopbj, j, chsphdir, ithrrmzir, `jntrjb ch bi vhbj`mcic j chb ìrkurinth. Mn`buyhn ivhs,

Ljokit (9==;) Chs`hnt (9==8)

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;6

ivmjnhs, nivhs hspi`mibhs, ht`. Bi i``mðn tmhnh budir hn hb `mhbj. Guhdjs ch Ujr hghopbj, smtui`mjnhs ch ipuhstis. Hb gudicjr pirtm`mpi hn o÷btmpbhs rjncis Vmchj Ujlhr @ismnj dinincj j phrcmhncj cmnhrj. (9=15) @mnh Bjs vmchjguhdjs mn`buyhn moédhnhs hn ojvmomhntj, `mnhoitjdréfmìs, y sh Cridjn” Cridjn”ss mnthri`tmvj phromth ib gudicjr ìokmir hb ùrsj ch bi i``mðn. Bimr (9=10) Pmoubi`mðn Pmoub i`mðn Pmoub Pmoubir ir smdnmfm smdnmfmì ì rhprhshnt rhprhshntir ir hb ouncj rhib. Uuhchn jrd jrdinmzir inmzirsh sh hn cjs Sah Pmos sukdínhrjs, i) Bjs quh smoubin bi jrdinmzi`mðn sj`mib. Hb gudicjr sh vibh ch unjs (;555/;55=) rhùrsjs bmomticjs piri `jnstrumr un tmpj ch `jounmcic, hspi`mj, ht`. Bi ohti ùincj sh guhdi mncmvmcuibohnth hs ai`hr quh `rhzì bi `jounmcic, hn ìsjs ch oubtmgudicjr sh triti ch cjomnir i jtrjs gudicjrhs. k) k)  Siokmín i trivís ch hbbjs sh puhch smoubir un hntrhniomhntj hn un `jnthxtj rhib, puhchn utmbmzirsh hn ivmjnhs, iutjoðvmbhs, ht`. Bikhrmntjs Bikhrmn tjs Pu íxmt íxmtjj sh rh rhbi`mjn bi`mjnii `jn bbii nivhd nivhdi`mðn i`mðn hn bjs bikhrm bikhrmntjs. ntjs. Ístjs puhchn ipirh`hr Sah Bist chsch o÷btmpbhs phrsph`tmvis. Xnis vh`hs hb gudicjr chkh nivhdir phrshdumcj pjr Duy (;551) ibdumhn, phrj jtris nj. Hn ouàis jìsmjnhs bjs bikhrmntjs fjroin pirth ch jtrjs guhdjs. @irrhri ch Hb jkghtmvj hs suphrir uni cmfmùbtic. Puhbhn shr guhdjs ch ìré`thr bmnhib, i Kjjt @iop jkstéùbjs ohnucj mopbmìn `jrrhr, sibtir j hvmtir phbmdrjs. ph bmdrjs. (;595) Guhdjs ch Mopbmìn uni icipti`mðn ch bjs guhdjs quh sh pri`tmìn isï hn hb ouncj rhib. Lnmfh Hcdh7 bépmz y piphb Njsh Dunnhr (9==1) Ch riquhti riquhti Smh Smhnhn nhn un unii drin tricm` tricm`mðn, mðn, pjr hs hsjj sh `jnsm `jnsmchrin chrin uunn tmp tmpjj hsp hsph`ïfm`j h`ïfm`j.. Vmrtui Shnnms (;555) Ubitifjroi [hqum Ubitifjroi [hqumhrhn hrhn ojv ojvmomhn momhntj tj i triv trivís ís ch un unii shrmh cchh nmvhb nmvhbhs, hs, `jrrm `jrrmhncj, hncj, ssibtinc ibtincjj j Cjnlhy hsìbincj. Bjs phrsjnighs y hntjrnjs sh puhchn vhr chsch cmstmntis phrsph`tmvis. Ljnd (9=19) I ohnucj supjnhn hvmtir chthromnicjs jkghtjs. Urjdrioi`mðn Hb gudicjr hs`rmkh phquhùjs prjdriois piri `jntrjbir bjs hbhohntjs chb guhdj, ch IM Tir7 fjroi quh hstjs rhi``mjnin hn fun`mðn ch cmài prjdrioi`mðn. Fbhht @jooinc (;595) Uuzzbhs @jnsm @jnsmsth sth hn rhsjbv rhsjbvhr hr hnmdo hnmdois is virmic virmicjs, js, pjr hsj nj sh triti ch rhsjbv rhsjbvhr hr `jnfbm `jnfbm`tjs `tjs [ukml” [ukml”ss hntrh bjs phrsjnighs. @ukh (9=43/;595) Icmvmninzis Hb jkghtmvj hs rhspjnchr i un `jnguntj ch ùhstmjnhs quh suhbh rhquhrmr Srmvmib `jnj`momhntjs prhvmjs pjr pirth chb gudicjr. Uursumt (;553) @irrhris @irrhr is Mopbm Mopbmì ì dinir uni ìrrhri j rhibmzi rhibmzirr un chthro chthromnicj mnicj rh`jrrm rh`jrrmcj. cj. Oirmj Lirt (9==;/;595) [mtoj y Hxmdh quh bjs gudicjrhs ointhndin un chthromnicj rmtoj. Xtmbmzin oincjs ouy [j`l Kinc cinzi virmicjs. (;554) [jbh Ubiy Bjs ggudicj udicjrhs rhs hb hbmdhn mdhn un pphrsjnig hrsjnighh `jn chthro chthromnicis mnicis i`tmvm i`tmvmcichs cichs y ìri ìri`thrïs `thrïstmìs tmìs.. Cmikbj Uuhchn shr mncmvmcuibhs j oubtmgudicjr. (9==4) Chpjrths Chpjrt hs Pjn icipti icipti`mjnhs `mjnhs ch chpjrt chpjrths hs hxmst hxmsthnths hnths j virmi` virmi`mjnhs mjnhs ch hbbjs hbbjs.. NKI (9=1=/;55=) Hstrithdmi Hstrit hdmi Ujnhn hb i`h i`hntj ntj hn bi hst hstrithdm rithdmii frhnt frhnthh i bbii i``mð i``mðnn j hb us usjj ch rhfbhgj rhfbhgjss rép répmcjs. mcjs. Fmnib Fintisy (9=14/;595) Hbhdmr un Hb jkghtmvj hs ibìnzir un kbin`j, hn ojvmomhntj j nj. @irnmvib kbin`j (9=15) Xtmbmcichs Xtmbm cichs Uhromt Uhromthn hn bjd bjdrir rir uni aikmbm aikmbmcic, cic, ipj ipjyicjs yicjs hn prmn prmn`mpmj `mpmjss tjoicjs tjoicjs qu qumzés mzés ch un Oirmj chthromnicj guhdj. Shiàhs Sypmnd (9==9/9==4)

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;4

Xn pj`j ch amstjrmi7 Guhdjs, jrchnicjrhs y `jnsjbis Bj omsoj quh jùrrh `jn hb `mnh j `jn jtrjs mnvhntjs, quh ain thnmcj uni drin rhphrùsmðn sj`mib, hs cmfï`mb rhbi`mjnir bi ipirm`mðn chb vmchjguhdj `jn uni sjbi phrsjni. Hs prhfhrmkbh `hntrirsh hn phrïjcjs j ojohntjs amstðrm`js quh, ichoés, phromthn `jnthxtuibmzir sj`mib y ùbturibohnth bjs fhnðohnjs. Aiy ibdunjs trikigjs hx`hbhnths piri i`hrìrsh i bi amstjrmi ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, pjr hghopbj hb ch L HNS (;559) j OIBBMHS y O H]H[( ;558), ichoés ch ibdunis pédmnis whk i bis quh tiokmín t iokmín ibucmrhojs. [hfbhxmjnir sjkrh hb thoi hs un kuhn ìomnj piri `joprhnchr quh su chsirrjbbj nj sðbj chphnch ch bi th`njbjdïi quh bjs ai ahàj pjsmkbhs, smnj tiokmín ch `ðoj sus `jnthnmcjs y hstru`turi ain mcj ìokmincj i trivís chb tmhopj. tm hopj. Sjcj hbbj hs bj quh phromtmré hbhdmr ohgjr unjs u jtrjs, hn fun`mðn ch nuhstrjs mnthrhshs `joj udicjrhs y, pjr quí nj, ch su pjsmkbh vibjr hcuìtmvj ùincj vin i mntrjcu`mrsh hn bis iubis.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;1

Bi prhamstjrmi y bjs prmohrjs chsirrjbbjs ch bi mncustrmi Xn `jnguntj ch tricm`mjnhs ùbturibhs prhpirð hb ni`momhntj chb vmchjguhdj. Xn fïsm`j hsticjunmchnsh `rhð hb prmohrj ohcminth un js`mbjs`jpmj y un jrchnicjr inibðdm`j. Ph bbioð Shnnms fjr Swj (9=81). (9=81). @jnsmstïi hn uni smoubi`mðn chb thnms ai`mhncj ipirh`hr hn bi pintibbi uni bïnhi ajrmzjntib y jtri vhrtmìb quh momtikin bi rhc bi pmsti. Uiri gudir hri nh`hsirmj phbjti. Nj tuvjynunì mnthrhshs `johr`mibhs, phrjìbùbir intm`mpð`ðoj bj quhdjbphir pjcrïiuni shr supuhsti bi mnthri``mðn hntrh bis phrsjnis y bis oéqumnis. Ohrh`h bi phni vhr `ðoj fun`mjniki hb guhdj hn ibd÷n vïchj ch ]juSukh. ]juSukh.

  Bjs prmohrjs vmchjguhdjs y sus sjpjrths. Fmduri 9.3. Bjs

Bjs iùjs shshnti sjn tiokmín mopjrtinths pjrquh intm`mpin ibdj ch bj quh shrén bjs vmchjguhdjs hn hb futurj. Ppi`hTir (9=69), (9=69), hs jtrj amtj mopjrtinth. [ibpa KIH[, su `rhicjr h mnomdrinth ch bi Ibhoinmi Nizm i Hsticjs Xnmcjs, sh mnthrhsð pjr hb pjchr ch bi SV `joj fjroi ch prjyh``mðn h mntuyð nuhvjs ìomnjs ch su mopjrtin`mi `joj hbhohntj ch j`mj hn hb ajdir. Hn bi cíìci ch bjs shthnti ipirh`hn ibdunjs guhdjs ìsm oïtm`js, pjr hghopbj, @joputhr Ppi`h (9=49). (9=49). Pm kmhn su cmshùj nj hri rhibohnth mnnjvicjr sï bj fuh hb `jnthxtj hn quh ipirh`mð. Ph tritiki ch un guhdj irìch irìch.. @jn hsth tíromnj dhnírm`j sh chsmdni i bis oéqumnis rh`rhitmvis ch vmchjguhdjs cmspjnmkbhs hn budirhs p÷kbm`js `joj bjs kirhs, `hntrjs `johr`mibhs j sibjnhs rh`rhitmvjs hsph`mibmzicjs. Pjn smombirhs i bis oéqumnis tridiphrris ch bjs ìsmnjs, phrj chkmcj i quh nj sjn guhdjs ch izir nm ch ipuhstis, yi quh sh kisin hn bi chstrhzi chb gudicjr, pjr bj dhnhrib nj tmhnhn bis bmomti`mjnhs bhdibhs ch ístis. Bi pibikri irìch irìch   sh rhfmhrh tiokmín i un dínhrj tïpm`j ch vmchjguhdjs, rhbitmviohnth shn`mbbjs, `jn bjs dréfm`js pj`j `jopbmìcjs. Hn hbbjs bi cmfmùbtic iuohnti prjdrhsmviohnth `jn ìci pintibbi suphrici. Pmn hokirdj, sus `jnthnmcjs, hs ch`mr, sus amstjrmis, phrsjnibmcic ch bjs phrsjnighs, ht`., sjn ouy shn`mbbjs. Bjs cmshùicjrhs ch @joputhr Ppi`h, Ppi`h, Njbin KXPANHBB y Shc C IKNH], `rhirjn hn

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;=

9=4; bi `jopiùïi Itirm, quh fuh pmjnhri hn guhdjs hn guhdjs irìch irìch,, vmchjguhdjs y jrchnicjrhs phrsjnibhs. Cjomnð bi mncustrmi ch bi `joputi`mðn y hb j`mj chsch prmn`mpmjs ch bjs shthnti aisti ohcmicjs ch bi cíìci ch bjs iùjs jàhnti. @jntrmkuyð ch`msmviohnth i pjpubirmzir bjs vmchjguhdjs. I hbbi chkhojs isj`mir Ujnd isj`mir Ujnd (9=4;), (9=4;), `rhicj pjr Njbin KXPANHBB. Hn uni hntrhvmsti, hsth `rhicjr ipuntiki bjs prjkbhois quh aikïi thnmcj `jn su guhdj inthrmjr, @joputhr Ppi`h (9=49) (9=49) y quh iajri quhrïi suphrirbjs. Ohrh`h bi phni trins`rmkmr sus pibikris, pjrquh ouhstrin bjs rhtjs i bjs quh sh ai ch hnfrhntir un cmshùicjr ch vmchjguhdjs y `ðoj, mn`busj hn bjs prmohrjs, hri mopjrtinth thnhr hn ùhnti i bi pjsmkbh iucmhn`mi, i bjs futurjs gudicjrhs. [hfmrmíncjsh i hsh vmchjguhdj inthrmjr njs cm`h7 Shnïis quh bhhr bis mnstru``mjnhs inths ch gudir y bi dhnth nj qumhrh bhhr mnstru``mjnhs. Uiri thnhr íxmtj thnïi quh hn`jntrir un guhdj ib quh bi dhnth yi supmhri gudir< ibdj tin smopbh quh mn`busj ibdumhn kjrriàj, hn un kir ùibqumhri, pucmhri gudir.\8_

Uiri `joprhnchr, ichoés, `ðoj hb chsirrjbbj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs ai hsticj isj`micj ib ch bis mncustrmis quh bjs ain ahàj pjsmkbhs, pjchojs `mtir bi pjbíomì quh hxmstmð hn hsjs ojohntjs i`hrì ch bi jrmdmnibmcic ch hsth guhdj y bjs chrhàjs ch bi pithnth. Hs un kuhn hghopbj ch bjs `jnfbm`tjs quh dhnhri bi prjpmhcic mnthbh`tuib ùincj sh pbinthi hn hb `jnthxtj ch bi mnnjvi`mðn th`njbðdmì. Sin rhbhvinth piri bi amstjrmi ch bjs vmchjguhdjs `joj hb smsthoi quh iìkiojs ch chs`rmkmr hs hb binziomhntj ch bi prmohri `jnsjbi, hnthncmci hn tíromnjs i`tuibhs, bi Oidnivjx bi Oidnivjx Jcysshy Ajoh Hnthrtimnohnt Pystho (9=4;)\6_ quh pjcïi shr usici `jn un smsthoi Ohdivjx smsthoi Ohdivjx   ch SV. Bi Jcysshy fuh hb prmohr smsthoi ìshrj ch vmchjguhdjs. Bjs 9; guhdjs quh sh binzirjn mnm`mibohnth piri hbbi hrin ouy shn`mbbjs, rhbi`mjnicjs `jn bjs chpjrths `joj thnms j vjbhmkjb. Cicj su rhcu`mcj aircwirh, ìrh`ïin ch sjnmcj y bjs gudicjrhs chkïin ohojrmzir sus puntui`mjnhs, yi quh nj hxmstïi un ohìnmsoj quh phromtmhri injtirbjs. I pirtmr ch 9=43 `johnzirjn i ipirh`hr nuhvis vhrsmjnhs ch bi Jcysshy. Hs mnthrhsinth shùibir un smsthoi `bðnm`j hn hspiùjb quh mn`buïi ÷nmìohnth 4 guhdjs ch chpjrths. Hxmstmhrjn o÷btmpbhs vhrsmjnhs ch hsti `jnsjbi. Xni pjsthrmjr i`tuibmzi`mðn ch bi `jnsjbi Jcysshy 955, bi ;55, bbhviki mn`jrpjrici uni pintibbi ch puntui`mðn< phromtïi aisti 3 gudicjrhs. Hs uni ouhstri ch `ðoj, pj`j i pj`j, bjs vmchjguhdjs vin chgincj ch hstir isj`micjs i un sjbj udicjr.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 05

  Hb prjyh`tj Jcysshy7 Bi prmohri `jnsjbi. Fmduri 9.8. Hb

Hn hb jtjùj ch 9=48, bi `jopiùïi Oidnivjx, `hch inth bi pjpubirmcic chb Ujnd, \4_ quh binziprjntj ib ohrìcj bi `jnsjbipjr Itirm UJND UJND`bjnhs y sh ìn`hbð hb yprjyh`tj ohrìcj fuh mnuncicj `jnsjbis ch Ujnd guhdjs Jcysshy. chrmvicjs.Hb Hstjs iùjs hstén oirìcjs pjr bi mntrjcu``mðn oismvi chb vmchjguhdj hn HH.XX. HH.XX. y hbbj hn uni cjkbh cmrh``mðn7 hb ohrìcj ch bis `jnsjbis, `jnsjbis, smdumhncj i [ibpa KIH[, y hb ohrìcj irìch, irìch, smdumhncj bjs pisjs ch Njbin K XPANHBB. Hxmstmhrjn tiokmín ivin`hs quh `jntrmkuyhrjn ib prjdrhsj ch hsti mncustrmi, tintj i nmvhb tí`nm`j `joj hn rhbi`mðn `jn bi ipirm`mðn ch nuhvjs dínhrjs y `jnthnmcjs. Ujr hghopbj, Dun Fmdat (9=48) mntrjcugj (9=48) mntrjcugj phrmfírm`js icm`mjnibhs icm`mjnibhs (pmstjbis) hn bjs guhdjs ch irìch y hn bis `jnsjbis, uni mchi quh ai smcj rhtjoici hn bjs guhdjs ch bi Tmm mm   y hn vhrsmjnhs ch uhdjs ousmìbhs piri U@. Ai`mi ohcmicjs ch bjs iùjs shthnti `jomhnzin bjs prjkbhois hn bi mncustrmi ch bjs vmchjguhdjs. Bis `jnsjbis cjoístmìs ivinzikin, phrj nj bis oéqumnis irìch. Itirm fuh ch bjs pj`js quh sjkrhvmvmhrjn. Bi rizðn fuh quh mntrjcughrjn bjs guhdjs oés `rhitmvjs. Hn hsth ojohntj tuvj budir bi mnvismðn gipjnhsi. gipjnhsi. Ujchojs chstiìr cjs vmchjguhdjs. Ppi`h Mnvichrs (9=41) (9=41) ch Simtj quh tuvj un drin íxmtj, shduriohnth jr su ìré`thr mnnjvicjr. mnnjvicjr. Smhnh uni hstru`turi nirritmvi, mn`buyhncj mchis ch `mhn`mi fm``mðn. Hn shduncj budir sh triti ch un guhdj smn un fmnib ÷nm`j, pjrquh nj hxmsth bïomth piri hb n÷ohrj ch puntjs quh sh puhchn bjdrir. Hn thr`hr budir hb rmtoj ch sjnmcj chb guhdj hsté mnthdricj hn íb y fjroi pirth ch bi hxphrmhn`mi ch gudir. Inth hstis njvhcichs, y sjkrh tjcj su íxmtj, hs fé`mb phnsir quh jtris `jopiùïis sh binzirjn i `jpmirbj.

Jtrj guhdj gipjnís, rhbhvinth hn hsth ojohntj, hs Ui` hs Ui` Oin (9=15) ch Nio`j. Nio`j. Hs iomdikbh y tmhnh auojr, nj hs vmjbhntj. Fuh un guhdj ivinzicj ch bikhrmntj, rhbitmviohnth smopbh. Uisð i bi amstjrmi `joj hb prmohrj ib quh gudirjn bis oughrhs y

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 09

prjntj sibmð ch bjs `hntrjs ch irìch piri hntrir hn bjs rhstiurinths y bjs kirhs. Ichoés, pj`j i pj`j, sh fuh `jnstruyhncj ibrhchcjr ch íb tjci uni ùbturi pjpubir hsph`ïfmì. Ujr hghopbj, hstuvj prhshnth hn bjs phrmðcm`js, bis ìomshtis y bi SV. Sjcivïi ajy puhch gudirsh i trivís ch vhrsmjnhs phrfh``mjnicis hn bi hx`hbhnth pintibbi chb mUic mUic  j hn hb mUajnh mUajnh  ch Ippbh Ippbh.. I ohcmicjs ch bjs iùjs shthnti surdhn tiokmín nuhvis `jnsjbis. Ujr hghopbj bi Itirm V@P ;655, quh fuh binzici hn 9=44. Ujr prmohri vhz hsti oirì mn`buyh ìrtuàjs y nj vmchjguhdjs isj`micjs cmrh`tiohnth i bi oéqumni. Hsth ahàj `jnstmtuyh uni drin njvhcic hn hb cmshùj ch guhdjs smombirhs i bjs quh ajy `jnj`hojs. Siokmín aiy quh chstiìr bi ipirm`mðn ch Ippbh ;, quh prjpjr` prjpjr`mjni mjni bi rmohri pbitifjroi vmikbh piri bjs guhdjs ch jrchnicjr jrchnicjr,, i pirtmr ch ibbï fuh oés fé`mb `hntrirsh hn bjs hfh`tjs hsph`mibhs. Phdumrhojs iajri aikbincj chb aircwirh quh phromtmð, pj`j i pj`j, hb ivin`h ch bi mncustrmi ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, isj`micj yi i bi quh pjcrïiojs bbioir bi hri ch Nmnthncj.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 0;

Bjs `jomhnzjs y hb chsirrjbbj ch bi hri Nmnthncj Bis nuhvis `jnsjbis `jnsjbis ch Nmnthncj Hsti hoprhsi hs ajy kmhn `jnj`mci hn hb ohrìcj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, hntrh jtris rizjnhs hs `jnj`mci pjrquh ai mntrjcu`mcj hn hb ohrìcj bi phquhùi CP y bi Tmm mm.. Hsi mn`mchn`mi sj`mib `johnzð `jn ipirm`mðn ch bjs prmohrjs smsthois pjrtétmbhs. I `jomhnzjs ch bjs iùjs jàhnti mntrjcugj hb smsthoi «Dioh & Tità¼ (9=15) quh isj`min   cmfhrhnths guhdjs. Ph tritiki ch uni ipirh`h hn bi bi Fmduri 9.6. \1_ I hbbi sh isj`min bïnhi ch iprjxmoiciohnth 8= guhdjs hbh`trðnm`js pjrtétmbhs `rhicjs pjr Dunphm ]JLJM ch 9=15 i 9==9. Ibdunjs ch sus tïtubjs fuhrjn Umnkibb, Cjnlhy Ljnd, Sah Bhdhnc jf Whbci, Oirmj Krjs, Krjs, Om`lhy Ojush Ojush y Kibbjjn Fmdat . Ujsthrmjrohnth, hn bi pbitifjroi Dioh Kjy (9=1=), (9=1=), sh mn`buyð uni shrmh ch rh`jpmbi`mjnhs ch hstjs guhdjs. I`tuibohnth, `jnshdumr hstis `jnsjbis pjrtétmbhs hs hxtrhoiciohnth cmfï`mb y sh `jnsmchrin pmhzis amstðrmìs y irtïùbjs ch `jbh``mjnmsti.

  Nmnthncj prhcjomni hn hb ohrìcj ohrìcj ch bis `jnsjbis. Fmduri 9.6. Nmnthncj

Uhrj curinth bjs prmohrjs iùjs jàhnti sh prjcugj uni `rmsms hn mncustrmi Aikïi ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, shduriohnth pjrquh hxmstïi uni suphrprjcu``mðn chbisjftwirh. choismicjs guhdjs cmspjnmkbhs. @mhrtis `jopiùïis rhspjncmhrjn ikiritincj ouàj bjs prh`mjs. Bi smtui`mðn sh hstikmbmzð hn 9=16 y Nmnthncj sibmð ouy khnhfm`mici, i hbbj `jntrmkuyð bi ipirm`mðn ch Cjnlhy Ljnd (9=15), (9=15), un guhdj yi ohn`mjnicj quh intm`mpiki bj quh shrïi pjsthrmjrohnth hb fiojsj phrsjnigh Oirmj Krjs Krjs,, quh phroinh`h vmvj hn bi i`tuibmcic. Nmnthncj binzð tiokmín jtris `jnsjbis quh ohrh`h bi phni ohn`mjnir. Ujr hghopbj, hn 9=18 ipirh`h Nmnthncj ipirh`h Nmnthncj Hnthrtimnohnt Pystho (NHP) (NHP) quh thnïi ìrtuàjs rhnjvikbhs. Uhrj bi quh rhibohnth vjbvmð i trinsfjroir hb ohrìcj ch bis pjrtétmbhs fuh Dioh Kjy (9=1=). (9=1=).\=_ @jnthnïi bi omsoi hstru`turi quh tmhnhn bis `jnsjbis i`tuibhs. Ph `jnvmrtmð ouy prjntj hn un fhnðohnj ch bi ùbturi pjpubir. Fuh qumzés unj ch bjs smsthois quh oés íxmtj ai thnmcj, hntrh jtris rizjnhs pjrquh hn hbbi pjcïi udirsh ib Shtrmx (9=13) (9=13) unj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs oés fiojsjs ch tjcjs bjs tmhopjs quh

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 00

tjcivïi ajy hsté prhshnth hn hb ohrìcj hn cmfhrhnths pbitifjrois.

Fmduri 9.4. Vmchjguhdjs quh hnshùin i phnsir.

Hxpbjrirhojs iajri ibdunjs guhdjs quh ipirh`hn hn hsti cíìci, mnsmstmhncj hn iquhbbjs isph`tjs quh njs phromtin `joprhnchr ohgjr su hvjbu`mðn y `ðoj hsth mnstruohntj ch `jounmì`mðn y j`mj ai bbhdicj i sus fjroitjs y `jnthnmcjs i`tuibhs. Vhrhojs bj quh smdnmfmìrjn ibdunjs guhdjs binzicjs pjr Nmnthncj ibrhchcjr chb phrsjnigh ch Oirmj Krjs y njs fmgirhojs chspuís hn cjs tmpjs ch guhdjs quh hstén yi prhshnths hn hb ohrìcj curinth hsti cíìci, bjs ch ivhnturis y bjs ch hstrithdmis. Gudincj `jn Oirmj Krjs Cjnlhy Ljnd (9=15s) (9=15s) hs un vmchjguhdj irìch binzicj hn 9=19 pjr Nmnthncj. Ujsthrmjrohnth ipirh`mð hn uni drin virmhcic ch pbitifjrois. Hs hb inth`hsjr mnohcmitj ch Oirmj, ch ahàj tjci bi shrmh hs chb omsoj iutjr, Pamdhru O M]IOJSJ. Hn hsth ìsj, hb phrsjnigh `hntrib hs tiokmín un fjntinhrj, bbioicj Guopoin (oés tirch `jnj`mcj `joj Oirmj), quh chkh rhsìtir i su njvmi Uiubmni ch bis dirris ch un djrmbi dmdinth, Cjnlhy Ljnd. Bis pintibbis quh chs`rmkhn hspi`mjs y puzzbhs sjn un `birj inth`hsjr ch jtrjs guhdjs ch bi shrmh. Hn ;595 hsth guhdj sh ai rhhcmticj piri hb mUajnh. Ichoés, chstiìn hn hsth ojohntj jtrjs guhdjs ch bi shrmh. Ujr hghopbj, Oirmj Krjs Krjs (9=1;) (9=1;) hs un vmchjguhdj irìch piri bis oéqumnis rh`rhitmvis, hcmticj pjsthrmjrohnth hn o÷btmpbhs pbitifjrois. Ipirh`h pjr prmohri vhz Bumdm, tiokmín fjntinhrj ahroinj ch Ph Oirmj. Bjs bihspi`mjs y puzzbhs tmhnhnsuphrir ch nuhvj uni mopjrtin`miy funciohntib. mntrjcu`h mchi ch quh hs nh`hsirmj cmstmntjs nmvhbhs piri ivinzir hn hb guhdj. Puphr Oirmj Krjs (9=18) (9=18) fuh uni vhrsmðn pjsthrmjr

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 03

quh, `joj njvhcic, mntrjcugj bi ojcibmcic oubtmgudicjr. Hb guhdj vjbvmð i ipirh`hr hn 9==5 `jn hb njokrh ch Puphr Oirmj 0 0 y sh ai vuhbtj i pukbmìr hn jtris hcm`mjnhs aisti ;55= hn uni vhrsmðn piri bi Tmm mm.. Bjs guhdjs ch ivhnturis ivhnturis Hs nh`hsirmj tiokmín chcmìr ibduni ithn`mðn i bjs prmohrjs guhdjs prmohrjs guhdjs ch ivhnturis quh surdhn hn bi cíìci bjs iùjs jàhnti. Ujsthrmjrohnth njs fmgirhojs tiokmín hn bjs ch hstrithdmi, phrjch`john`hojs pjr bis ivhnturis. @biri FH[NÉNCHW -VI[I (;55=), hn uni thsms ouy rh`mhnth prhshntici hn hb Dhjrdmi Mnstmtuth jf Shànjbjdy (HH.XX.), njs cm`h quh hn un guhdj ch ivhnturis hxmsthn, ib ohnjs, trhs hbhohntjs7 uni amstjrmi quh sh chsirrjbbi i trivís ch íb, bi rhsjbu`mðn ch un `jnguntj ch puzzbhs, quh sh `jnìthnin h mnthdrin hn bi amstjrmi, y ib ohnjs un phrsjnigh. Mopbmì oinmpubi`mðn ch jkghtjs y nivhdi`mðn hn hspi`mjs quh ipirh`hn hn bis pintibbis chb uhdj. Pðbj ùincj tjcjs hstjs risdjs hstén prhshnths pjchojs aikbir rhibohnth ch un guhdj ch ivhnturis. Ch iùhrcj `jn hsti iutjri puhchn shr ch trhs tmpjs7 9. 9.    Ivhnturis Ivhnturis ch thxtj. thxtj. Ph triti ch fm``mjnhs mnthri`tmvis hn bis quh hb ouncj ch fm``mðn hs chs`rmtj vhrkibohnth. Hb guhdj mnthrprhti uni hntrici hs`rmti hn hb th`bicj ch un jrchnicjr,, njroibohnth hn bhnduigh niturib, bj ùib prjvjì uni nuhvi smtui`mðn y jrchnicjr isï su`hsmviohnth. Pjn fiojsjs guhdjs `joj Wjrl (9=44/9=1;), (9=44/9=1;), unjs ch bjs prmohrjs `rhicj hn hb OMS (HH.XX.), y I y I Omnc Fjrhvhr Vjyidmnd Vjyidmnd (9=18). (9=18).\95_ Hn bi cíìci ch bjs iùjs jàhnti tuvmhrjn hn Hspiùi un drin chsirrjbbj. ;. ;.    Ivhnturis Ivhnturis dréfmìs. dréfmìs. Xn dínhrj ch trinsm`mðn, yi quh bjs guhdjs fun`mjnin mduib quh bjs inthrmjrhs, phrj mn`buyhn moédhnhs. Fhrnénchz-VI[I (;595) njs cm`h quh sus dréfm`js sh `jrrhspjncïin `jn ìci nuhvi smtui`mðn y nj hrin mnthri`tmvjs. Ujr hghopbj, njs `mti Omsthry `mti Omsthry Ajush (9=15) (9=15)  j Srhisurh Msbinc (9=18). (9=18). 0. 0.   Guhdjs ch ipuntir y `bmquhir (pjmnt-inc-`bm`l). (pjmnt-inc-`bm`l). I cmfhrhn`mi ch bjs inthrmjrhs sus dréfm`js sjn mnthri`tmvjs. Hntrh hbbjs pjchojs `mtir i Lmnd” Lmnd”ss Yuhst (9=10). (9=10). Hb phrsjnigh nj hs yi un m`jnj smnj uni smbuhti `jbjrhici. Hb gudicjr `jntrjbi ib phrsjnigh `jn hb ùrsjr y bjs gudicjrhs puhchn tmphir ibdunjs `joincjs piri quh rhibm`hn i``mjnhs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 08

Fmduri 9.1. Vmchjguhdjs ch ivhnturis hn bjs 15.

Ichoés ch hstjs guhdjs ch ivhnturis quh ipirh`hn hn bjs prmohrjs iùjs ch bi cíìci ch bjs jàhnti pjchojs `mtir ibdunjs jtrjs. Ujr hghopbj, Sah Bhdhnc jf Whbci (9=16),, uni shrmh ch vmchjguhdjs ch i``mðn-ivhnturi `rhici pjr bjs cmshùicjrhs (9=16) Pamdhru OM]IOJSJ y Silisam S HWXLI, chsirrjbbici pjr Nmnthncj. Hb gudicjr chkh rhsjbvhr un `jnguntj ch puzzbhs piri dinir pjchrhs. Hn hb guhdj sh tmhnh bi moprhsmðn ch quh hsis i`tmvmcichs nj tmhnhn un fmn hn sï omsois, smnj quh sjn piri ohgjrir bjs pjchrhs chb phrsjnigh. I bj birdj ch sus tïtubjs sh chs`rmkhn bis ivhnturis chb duhrrhrj Bmnl, quh chkhré hnfrhntirsh i phbmdrjs y rhsjbvhr i`hrtmgjs, `jn hb jkghtmvj ch rhsìtir i bi Urmn`hsi Whbci, chrrjtir i Dinjncjrf y sibvir su ajdir, hb rhmnj ch Ayrubh. Hb guhdj oés rh`mhnth ch bi shrmh hs Sah Bhdhnc jf Whbci7 Ppmrmt Sri`ls (;55=).. @joj vhojs sh mn`buyhn hbhohntjs `hntribhs ch uni amstjrmi, iunquh smhoprh (;55=) isj`micjs bi nh`hsmcic ch rhsjbvhr prjkbhois. prjkbhoi s. Jtris ihoprhsis cmfhrhnths ch chthromnicjs Nmnthncj fuhrjn tiokmín rhbhvinths hn hsth ojohntj. Ujr hghopbj, BuìsIrts binzð Mncmini binzð Mncmini Gjnhs inc tah Bist @rusich (9=1=), (9=1=), un guhdj quh rhùhrci i Biri @rjft. Ib mduib quh hn bi phbïùbi y hn bi ivhnturi dréfmì, hb chkhr chb gudicjr hs hn`jntrir hb Pintj Drmib. Ujchojs `mtir tiokmín Sah sh`rht jf Ojnlhy Msbinc (9==5). (9==5). Hs uni ivhnturi dréfmì rhibmzici pjr bi omsoi `jopiùïi cjnch sh pirjcmin amstjrmis ch pmritis, `rhincj un ouncj ch auojr quh rhvjbu`mjnð hb dínhrj. bdunjs guhdjs ch hstrithdmi [h`jrchojs quh pjr guhdjs ch hstrithdmi hnthnchojs iquhbbjs quh hxmdhn pjnhr hn pré`tmì aikmbmcichs hsph`ïfmìs, `joj bi pbinmfmì`mðn, prj`hsjs `jopbhgjs ch rhsjbu`mðn ch prjkbhois, ht`. ht`. I vh`hs sjn guhdjs ch smoubi`mðn hn bjs quh hb gudicjr

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 06

puhch rhprhshntir hb piphb ch un hoprhsirmj, un ghfh ch Hsticj, un dhnhrib, j ùibqumhr jtrj phrsjnigh, hn bjs quh thncré quh chsirrjbbir uni shrmh ch hstrithdmis, dhstmjnincj bjs rhùrsjs ch bjs quh sh cmspjnh, piri dinir uni kitibbi, `jnshdumr cmnhrj j puntjs, chthromnici pjsm`mðn, ht`., y isï bjdrir hb jkghtmvj fmnib. @joj hghopbj njs rhfhrmrhojs i ibdunjs hsph`mibohnth rhbhvinths hn hsth ojohntj pjr bi njvhcic quh rhprhshntin. rhprhshntin. Ohn`mjnirhojs Ohn`mjnirhojs ÷nmìohnth ùitrj. Hb prmohrj hs Wixxjn (9=1;). (9=1;). Bis prmn`mpibhs mnnjvi`mjnhs ch hsth guhdj sh rhbi`mjnin `jn su smsthoi ch dréfm`js. dréfm`js. Fuh `rhicj chsch uni phrsph`tmvi msjoítrmì, uni tí`nmì ch cmkugj piri rh`rhir bi prjfuncmcic y bi pjsm`mðn rhbitmvi ch bjs jkghtjs. Uhromth `rhir bi mbusmðn ðptmì ch quh bjs jkghtjs puhchn sibtir. Hs un guhdj hn thr`hri phrsjni quh phromth thnhr uni phrsph`tmvi `jopbhti chb guhdj chsch bi hsqumni suphrmjr ch bi pintibbi. Hb shduncj hs Ujpubjus hs Ujpubjus (9=1=), (9=1=), quh mn`busj sh ai rhhcmticj ajy piri bi Nmnthncj CP. Fuh hb prmohrj ch un dínhrj `jnj`mcj `joj vmchjguhdjs ch smoubi`mðn ch un cmjs. Hb gudicjr hs un shr jonmpjthnth, `jn tjtib cjomnmj sjkrh tjcjs bjs hbhohntjs chb guhdj. Fuh uni ch bis prmohris `rhi`mjnhs chb fiojsj Uhthr O JB]NHIXQ, iutjr ch tïtubjs kmhn `jnj`mcjs, `joj Cundhjn `joj Cundhjn Lhhphr (9==4) (9==4)  j Kbi`l & Tamth (;559), (;559), iokjs cmstrmkumcjs pjr Hbh`trjnm` Irts.

  Ubinmfmìr `mucichs y `mvmbmzi`mjnhs. Fmduri 9.=. Ubinmfmìr

Chkhojs rhfhrmrnjs tiokmín i bi ipirm`mðn ch bi sidi Pmo@mty (9=11/;551). (9=11/;551). Vjbvhrhojs i íb piri inibmzirbj `jn oés prjfuncmcic hn un ìpïtubj pjsthrmjr. Bi thoétmì ch bjs guhdjs ch bi sidi sh hnfjì ai`mi bi `rhi`mðn, dhstmðn y hvjbu`mðn ch `mucichs ch fjroi quh bjs `mucicinjs cmspjndin chb oiyjr n÷ohrj ch rhùrsjs pjsmkbhs piri chsirrjbbir su vmci hn bi `mucic. Fmnibohnth ohn`mjnirhojs, piri `hrrir hsti cíìci, @mvmbmzitmjn (9==5), (9==5), tiokmín ch un sjbj gudicjr, sm kmhn hxmsth uni vhrsmðn oubtmgudicjr bbioici @mvNht (9==8). (9==8). Hb gudicjr tjoi hb rjb chb rhdhnth ch uni `mvmbmzi`mðn hophzincj `jn uni smopbh unmcic-pjkbicjr y triti ch `jnstrumr un mophrmj `jopmtmhncj `jn jtris `mvmbmzi`mjnhs. Hb jkghtmvj chb guhdj hs cmrmdmr hsti `mvmbmzi`mðn chsch su mnm`mj aisti bbhdir ib hspi`mj j `jnqumstir tjcj hb pbinhti (quh puhch shr bi tmhrri j un pbinhti `rhicj ib izir). Xni krhvh rhfbhxmðn quh smnthtm`h ibdunjs isph`tjs rhbhvinths hn hsti cíìci ch

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 04

bjs iùjs jàhnti iyuciré, shduriohnth, i qumhn chshh i`hrìrsh i bjs vmchjguhdjs `jnsmchréncjbjs `joj mnstruohntjs hcuìtmvjs. Nj ìkh cuci ch quh hsth unmvhrsj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs ouhstri `ðoj bjs ìokmjs ch bis `jstuokrhs sj`mibhs, bjs mnthrhshs ch bis phrsjnis i ùibqumhr hcic hstén `jncm`mjnicjs pjr hb chsirrjbbj ch bi mncustrmi, hn hsth ìsj y sjkrh tjcj Nmnthncj. Ai smcj `rhicjri tintj ch cmfhrhnths sjpjrths fïsm`js `joj ch `jnthnmcjs. Pjn hstjs ÷btmojs bjs quh qumzés mnthrhshn ch fjroi oés mnohcmiti hn bi hcuì`mðn. Ujr hghopbj, guhdjs `joj bjs ch bi sidi ch Oirmj Krjs, j ùibqumhri ch bjs ohn`mjnicjs `joj ch hstrithdmi, puhchn shr uni kuhni hsùhbi piri iprhnchr i phnsir y i `jntir amstjrmis. Uhrj aiy ibdj oés, njs puhchn ikrmr bis puhrtis ch bis iubis ib ouncj hxthrmjr y i bjs mnthrhshs ch bjs oés ðvhnhs, mn`busj hn hcuì`mðn mnfintmb. Mrhojs ipjrtincj hstrithdmis piri hbbj hn ìpïtubjs pjsthrmjrhs y hn rhbi`mðn `jn guhdjs hsph`ïfm`js.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 01

Bi cíìci ch bjs iùjs njvhnti Hsti cíìci sh ìri`thrmzi pjr mopjrtinths ivin`hs hn hb ouncj ch bis `jnsjbis, quh ch ibduni oinhri `jncm`mjnð tiokmín bi `jopbhgmcic ch bjs guhdjs quh sh prjcughrjn. Nmnthncj, pjr hghopbj, binzi hb `jnj`mcj Puphr Nmnthncj Hnthrtimnohnt Pystho (PNHP) hn (PNHP) hn 9==9, quh vi hvjbu`mjnincj i trivís ch bi cíìci. Hn 9==8 aiy quh chstiìr bi ipirm`mðn ch Pjny Ubiystitmjn Ubiystitmjn y bi hvjbu`mðn ch bi Pidi Dínhsms (9=1=), (9=1=) , hn cmvhrsis vhrsmjnhs. Uhrj `hntríojnjs iajri oés cmrh`tiohnth hn bjs vmchjguhdjs quh sh `rhirjn hn hsti htipi. Bi mncustrmi rhbi`mjnici `jn bi dhnhri`mðn ch `jnthnmcjs piri vmchjguhdjs hxphrmohntð uni drin hxpbjsmðn y bi shbh``mðn quh sh prhshnth chphnchré smhoprh ch bi omrici ch qumhn bi ai`h. Ujr jtri pirth, hs cmfï`mb hn`jntrir drinchs virmi`mjnh virmi`mjnhss `jn uni phrsph`tmvi rhbitmviohnth `jrti hn hb tmhopj. Uhrsjnibohnth shùibirí `joj un risdj `biriohnth cmstmntmvj ch hsth ojohntj bi prhshn`mi ch guhdjs `jn thoétmìs vmjbhntis,, quh `rhin uni vmjbhntis uni mopjrtinth `jrrmhnth ch jpmnmðn `jntrirmi i hsth tmpj ch j`mj. Uhrj tiokmín hn hsti htipi ipirh`hn j sh `jnsjbmcin sidis pjpubirhs, ouàis rhbi`mjnicis `jn guhdjs ch ivhnturi y i``mðn, quh vin trinsfjroincj hb guhdj mnm`mib, `joj mnohcmitiohnth vhrhojs, piri mr mntrjcu`mhncj mopjrtinths mnnjvi`mjnhs. bdunis sidis gipjnhsis Hn bjs vmchjguhdjs hs ouy aikmtuib bi prhshn`mi ch ibdunis frinqum`mis quh hcmtin nuohrjsis vhrsmjnhs ch un guhdj quh aikmtuibohnth ai thnmcj íxmtj. Ph su`hchn i bj birdj ch bjs iùjs y sh triti ch un fhnðohnj ouàj oés aikmtuib hn hsti mncustrmi quh hn bi chb `mnh. Ajy hxmsthn ibdunjs tïtubjs quh ipirh`mhrjn hn bjs iùjs jàhnti y njvhnti. Aikbékiojs hn un ipirticj inthrmjr ch Pmo@mty (9=11/;551) (9=11/;551) y pjchojs ai`hrbj iajri ch jtris sidis kmhn `jnj`mcis, phrj ohn`mjnirhojs sjbiohnth cjs. Xni ch hstis sidis hs bi gipjnhsi Fmnib Fintisy (9=14/;55=). (9=14/;55=). Hs uni shrmh ch uhdjs rjbh pbiymnd pbiymnd y hstrithdmi quh mn`buyhn inmoi`mðn, hs`hnirmjs fintéstm`js, itri`tmvj vmsuib, vïchjs, fjtjs rhibmstis y un hx`hbhnth cmshùj. Hs kmhn `jnj`mci pjr su ìré`thr mnnjvicjr y tiokmín pjr su o÷smì. Ai thnmcj uni hnjroh fuhrzi hn bi mncustrmi chb vmchjguhdj. Hb irduohntj sh `hntri hn un drupj ch aírjhs quh sh hnfrhntin i phrsjnighs ch fm``mðn, mnspmricjs hn bi omtjbjdïi ahkrhi, bitmni y gipjnhsi. Ibrhchcjr ch hbbi ai surdmcj uni ùbturi pjpubir quh sh oithrmibmzi hn ohcmjs moprhsjs, phbïùbis y jtrjs jkghtjs. Chstiì tiokmín bi shrmh fintéstmì Kibcur”s Dith (9==1/;555),, quh sh iokmhnti hn hb unmvhrsj ch fintisïi ch bjs [hmnjs Jbvmcicjs (9==1/;555) prhshnth hn un guhdj `bésm`j, Cundhjns & Cridjns (9=43). (9=43). Ph ìri`thrmzin pjr bi iopbmtuc ch su amstjrmi y bi ìntmcic ch ivhnturis shùnci shùncirmis rmis quh mn`buyh. Hb gudicjr `rhi un phrsjnigh ib quh sh bh unhn jtrjs quh tiokmín puhchn `jntrjbirsh, aisti `jopbhtir un hqumpj ch shms ivhnturhrjs quh sh hnfrhntin i jtrjs. Drin pirth chb íxmtj chb guhdj sh chkh ib jrmdmnib smsthoi ch `jokith. Ujr hghopbj, hn hb ojohntj

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 0=

chshicj, hb gudicjr puhch pirir bi i``mðn piri cir ðrchnhs i sus phrsjnighs.

  Hs`hnirmjs mnspmricjs hn bi omtjbjdïi. Fmduri 9.95. Hs`hnirmjs

Jtri shrmh ch guhdjs, `jn un ìré`thr tjtibohnth cmstmntj ch bi sidis inthrmjrhs chkmcj i su smopbm`mcic, hs Sioidjtàm (9==6/;55=). (9==6/;55=). @johnzð smhncj un ipiritj `jn fjroi ch auhvj, chb tioiùj ch bi piboi ch bi oinj, `jn uni pintibbi hn kbin`j y nhdrj pmxhbici, cjnch ipirh`h uni ois`jti vmrtuib. Ph ain hcmticj aisti 04 vhrsmjnhs cmstmntis, cmstrmkumcis hn cmstmntjs sjpjrths, mn`buyhncj bi Nmnthncj bi Nmnthncj CP CP y bi Tmm. Ohn`mjniki inthrmjrohnth quh bi prhshn`mi ch shrmhs, isj`micis i vmchjguhdjs pjpubirhs, suhbh shr un fhnðohnj rhbitmviohnth aikmtuib. Siokmín hsth ahàj puhch shr jkghtj ch rhfbhxmðn pjr pirth ch un hcuìcjr. Ph rhfmhrhn oés i `jn`hptjs j vibjrhs rhbi`mjnicjs `jn bi hcuì`mðn quh i hstrithdmis j ohtjcjbjdïis `jn`rhtis. @rhj quh ch hsth ahàj, `jn cmohnsmjnhs sj`mibhs y ùbturibhs, sh puhchn iprhnchr cjs prmn`mpmjs. Ujr uni pirth, `rhir nj hs ibdj fé`mb y, sjkrh tjcj, bi mnnjvi`mðn nj surdh ch bi nici. Hs nh`hsirmj un trikigj prhvmj quh ìsm smhoprh hs prh`msj `jntmnuir. Bi `jopbhgmcic th`njbðdmì ch hstjs nuhvjs mnstruohntjs ch j`mj, quh dhnhrin ombbjnhs ch hurjs, mopmch i vh`hs dhnhrir `jnthnmcjs nuhvjs y quh itrimdin i bis iucmhn`mis `jn bi fuhrzi quh bj ain ahàj unjs pj`js. Bi mnsitmsfi``mðn quh puhch chgir bi iushn`mi ch `jnthnmcjs nuhvjs puhch shr un kuhn puntj ch pirtmci piri rhfbhxmjnir hn un `jnthxtj hcuìtmvj mnthrdhnhri`mjnib y, hsph`ïfmìohnth, hn hb oir`j ch bis mnstmtu`mjnhs hcuìtmvis. Jpmnmðn p÷kbmì y vmjbhn`mi hn bjs vmchjguhdjs Bi ipirm`mðn ch nuhvjs ohcmjs quh mopbmìn nuhvis fjrois y cmshùjs piri bis smtui`mjnhs `jounmìtmvis suhbh mr isj`mici i vh`hs i un `mhrtj rhàizj pjpubir. Hs cmfï`mb hxpbmìr sus rizjnhs, phrj ai jùrrmcj pjr hghopbj `jn bjs `ðom`s, bi thbhvmsmðn y, pjr supuhstj, bjs vmchjguhdjs. Hn hsth ìsj bis `rïtmìs nhditmvis sh ain hsticj isj`mincj i bi ipirm`mðn ch guhdjs vmjbhntjs quh `johnzirjn i surdmr `jn fuhrzi hn bi cíìci ch bjs njvhnti. Uhrj yi ahojs vmstj quh nj tjcjs h, mn`busj, quh bi prhshn`mi ch vmjbhn`mi nj thncrïi pjr quí hstmdoitmzir i un guhdj chthromnicj y ouàj ohnjs i tjcjs hbbjs. Uhrj vhiojs ibdunjs hghopbjs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 35

Ojrtib Ljokit (9==;/;599) (9==;/;599)   hs tiokmín uni sidi quh itrigj bi ithn`mðn ch jtrjs ohcmjs pjr bi vmjbhn`mi quh hxprhsikin sus dréfm`js cmdmtibmzicjs. @ici buàicjr, ch ahàj, hri un i`tjr auoinj `jn sus ojvmomhntjs rhìpturicjs h mn`jrpjricjs hn hb uhdj. Hsth hstmbj dréfm`j thromnð hn Ojrtib Ljokit 3. Bi vmjbhn`mi hsté tiokmín prhshnth hn hb thoi. Hb buàicjr tmhnh su prjpmi amstjrmi y pirtm`mpiré hn hb tjrnhj ch @jokith Ojrtib. @ici unj tmhnh sus prjpmjs ojvmomhntjs ch phbhi ùhrpj i ùhrpj, y ibdunjs sjn ìpi`hs ch utmbmzir hnhrdïis hsph`mibhs piri itiìr ib jpjnhnth. Djbphi aisti quh hb jpjnhnth hs chsohokricj. Pus phrsjnighs sjn yi m`jnjs ch bi ùbturi chb vmchjguhdj y sh ain icipticj `ðom`s, shrmhs ch thbhvmsmðn j phbïùbis. Nmdat Srip Srip (9==;) (9==;) fuh jtrj guhdj `jntrjvhrtmcj, quh mn`busj prjvj`ð un chkith hn hb @jndrhsj ch Hsticjs Xnmcjs sjkrh bi vmjbhn`mi hn bjs b js vmchjguhdjs. Hsti hs bi rizðn pjr bi quh bj `mtiojs iquï. Ouàis phrsjnis bj ain `rmtmìcj, iphbincj i quh, hntrh jtrjs prjkbhois, tmhnh oibjs i`tjrhs, uni o÷smì «ùrsm¼ y uni amstjrmi quh nj hndinài. Ujchojs `mtir tiokmín i Tjbfhnsthmn 0C, 0C, un vmchjguhdj ch cmspirjs hn prmohri phrsjni. Fuh pmjnhrj hn su dínhrj piri U@ y bh smdumhrjn jtrjs tin mopjrtinths `joj Cjjo (9==0) (9==0) y Yuilh (9==6), (9==6), quh ohn`mjnirhojs hnshdumci. Siokmín sh binzð hsth guhdj piri Nmnthncj piri Nmnthncj Tmm. Tmm. Bi i``mðn tmhnh budir hn un ouncj trmcmohnsmjnib. Bjs jkghtjs nj sjn moédhnhs moprhsis smnj trinsfjroi`mjnhs ch un ojchbj oithoétm`j.

Fmduri 9.99. Vmjbhn`mi hn bjs vmchjguhdjs.

Cjjo (9==0) (9==0) hs jtrj guhdj quh pjpubirmzð bi oiyjrïi ch risdjs quh mn`buyhn bjs uhdjs ch cmspirjs hn prmohri phrsjni. Puhbh ch`mrsh, mn`busj, quh fuh hsth guhdj hb quh `rhj hb ojchbj shdumcj pjsthrmjrohnth. Hb 0 ch idjstj ch ;553 fuh binzicj ib ohrìcj Cjjo ohrìcj Cjjo 0, 0 , quh mn`buyh nj sðbj unj ch bjs ojtjrhs 0C oés pjthnths aisti bi fhài hn bi quh sibmð, smnj tiokmín uni iokmhnti`mðn ÷nmì piri un guhdj ch hsti `bish, yi quh phromth i ùibqumhri ojcmfmìr ìsm bi drin oiyjrïi ch bjs isph`tjs chb uhdj. Yuilh (9==6) (9==6) hs tiokmín un vmchjguhdj ch cmspirjs hn prmohri phrsjni. Xtmbmzð ojchbjs trmcmohnsmjnibhs tintj piri bjs gudicjrhs `joj piri sus jpjnhnths. Pu ojtjr hs ouy pjthnth y `joj mnnjvi`mðn ch cmshùj chstiì hb tritiomhntj ch bi

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 39

buz. Hn suoi, sðbj cjs nuhvjs `johntirmjs. Ujr uni pirth, chsdri`miciohnth hs hvmchnth quh bi vmjbhn`mi hsté prhshnth hn ouàis smtui`mjnhs ch bi vmci y, `jntmnuiohnth, hn ouàjs ohcmjs ch `jounmì`mðn. Ujr hbbj hxmdh uni rhfbhxmðn shrmi inth hbbi, tintj i nmvhb mncmvmcuib `joj `jbh`tmvj. Bjs vmchjguhdjs rhbi`mjnicjs `jn bi vmjbhn`mi, quh smn cuci itrihn i ouàis phrsjnis y ouàis vh`hs i bjs icjbhs`hnths, puhchn shr un puntj ch pirtmci piri hsi rhfbhxmðn ùincj ain smcj cmshùicjs rhspjncmhncj i `rmthrmjs ch ìbmcic, pjr hghopbj, hn rhbi`mðn `jn sus irduohntjs, prhshnti`mðn irtïstmì y chsirrjbbj th`njbðdm`j. Sjcj hbbj chkhré thnhrsh hn ùhnti ùincj sh kusquh utmbmzirbjs `joj mnstruohntjs hcuìtmvjs. Nuhvjs guhdjs ch ivhnturis ivhnturis Bi bbhdici ch Oyst ch Oyst (9==3) (9==3) supjncré tjci uni rhvjbu`mðn chntrj chb dínhrj ch bis ivhnturis dréfmìs. Bi sidi sh `jnvmrtmð hn hb guhdj oés vhncmcj ch U@ aisti bi bbhdici ch Bjs ch Bjs Pmos (;555). (;555). Hb chsirrjbbj, bbhvicj i ìkj pjr @yin Tjrbcs, Tjrbcs, tuvj un birdj ìomnj mnm`micj hn 9==9, ùincj bjs ahroinjs [jkyn y [inc O MBBH[ hophzirin i cirbh fjroi, y ùbomnicj hn 9==0. Pu íxmtj fivjrh`mð hb mnthrís ch ouàis `jopiùïis hn bis ivhnturis dréfmìs hn prmohri phrsjni, ipirh`mhncj oubtmtuc ch tïtubjs smombirhs. Hb gudicjr puhch ojvhr su phrsjnigh ib budir quh íb chshh, ai`mhncj `bm` `jn hb ritðn, h mnthri`tuir `jn jkghtjs hsph`ïfm`js `jn sjbj ai`hr `bm` hn hbbjs. Nj aiy hnhomdjs, smnj un `jnguntj ch icmvmninzis quh sh chkhn rhsjbvhr. Uiri `jopbhtirbj hs prh`msj chsùkrmr y shdumr pmstis quh trinspjrtirén i ]PS   hs bi pjì mnfjroi`mðn jtris hris, `jnsmchricis «omnm-ouncjs¼. Bi `bivh ch O ]PS quh prjpjr`mjni ib gudicjr, pjr bj quh ísth sh bmomti i hxpbjrir y ch`mcmr su smdumhnth pisj. Ujr hbbj tmhnh cmvhrsjs fmnibhs, ibdj quh ai`h ib guhdj ouàj oés vmvj y cmnéom`j.

Fmduri 9.9;. @jntir amstjrmis `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs.

Siokmín curinth hsti cíìci ipirh`mð jtrj `bésm`j, Sjok [imchr (9==6), (9==6), hb prmohr vmchjguhdj ch i``mðn ivhnturi, ib quh `jnstrumcj i`jopiùirjn phbïùbis, `ðom`s, pirquhs thoétm`js, ht`. ySjcj un unmvhrsj ibrhchcjr ch bjs nuhvjsnjvhbis, aírjhs ch bi ùbturi pjpubir. Biri @rjft hs uni ch bis ahrjïnis oés fiojsis hn bi mncustrmi chb vmchjguhdj, qumzés pjrquh hri un phrsjnigh fhohnmnj. Hs uni irquhðbjdi

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 3;

ivhnturhri quh kusì intmdujs thsjrjs. Ipirh`h ìsm smhoprh vhstmci y hqumpici ch bi omsoi oinhri. Bjs ìokmjs quh sh ain mcj prjcu`mhncj hn hb phrsjnigh pirh`hn `jrrhspjnchr oés i bis njvhcichs quh ain phromtmcj mntrjcu`mr bjs nuhvjs dréfm`js quh i un chshj pjr ojcmfmìr bis ìri`thrïstmìs ch bjs `rhicjrhs. Chsch quh ipirh`mð hb prmohr vmchjguhdj hn 9==6 aisti ;595 sh ain prjcu`mcj cmhz vhrsmjnhs chntrj ch bi sidi\99_p iri cmvhrsjs tmpjs ch `jnsjbis. Hs cmfï`mb smnthtmzir quí jùrrmð hn hsti cíìci. Ujchojs chstiìr quh hb chsirrjbbj ch nuhvjs tïtubjs, quh `jntmnuirén su`hsmviohnth, tmhnh un phsj mopjrtinth. Ichoés, sh cmvhrsmfmìn y sus ivin`hs i nmvhb tí`nm`j chphnchn ouàj chb chsirrjbbj ch bi mncustrmi, sjkrh tjcj sh isj`min i bi pjthn`mi ch bjs dréfm`js quh sh hs`jnchn hn su cmshùj, phromtmhncj phrsjnighs y hs`hnirmjs ìci vhz oés `jopbhgjs, y quh sjn pjsmkbhs pjr bi pjthn`mi ch bjs jrchnicjrhs quh bjs dhnhrin y ch bis pintibbis quh phromthn vmsuibmzirbjs. Bi prhshn`mi ch bis nirri`mjnhs hn ibdunjs, isj`mici i bi i``mðn ch bjs phrsjnighs y i bi cmvhrsmfmì`mðn ch bjs dínhrjs, phromtmré dhnhrir hs`hnirmjs hcuìtmvjs hs`jbirhs quh `jntrmkuyin ib chsirrjbbj ch nuhvis ibfikhtmzi`mjnhs y, sjkrh tjcj, ch phrsjnis ìpi`hs ch inibmzir `rïtmìohnth hb bhnduigh ch bjs ohcmjs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 30

Nuhvjs guhdjs, fjroitjs y i``hsjrmjs chsch hb iùj ;555 Nj ìkh cuci ch quh bjs `jnthnmcjs y bi th`njbjdïi prhshnths hn bjs ohcmjs ch `jounmì`mðn hstén hn hstrhài rhbi`mðn. Bjs vmchjguhdjs nj ain hsìpicj i hsth fhnðohnj. Phrïi mophnsikbh chs`rmkmr su chsirrjbbj smn `jnsmchrir `ðoj ain mcj ivinzincj bis sjpjrths hn bjs quh sh guhdi, hb sjftwirh quh bj phromth, bjs `jntrjbhs quh oinhgi `jn hb gudicjr y, pjr Oh quí itrhvj nj, bisimchis ch bjsquh `rhicjrhs quhtrhs surdhn hn mnthri``mðn hstjs ohcmjs. ohcmjs. ivhnturir ib ohnjs risdjs ìri`thrmzin i bjs vmchjguhdjs ch hsti cíìci. • Bi pjthn`mi ch th`njbjdïi quh phromth cmshùir bis `jnsjbis, `jnsjbis, i`hr`éncjbis ìci vhz oés i un jrchnicjr `jnh`ticj i bi rhc. Hstjs sjpjrths fi`mbmtin uni ìbmcic hn bjs dréfm`js, mophnsikbh ùincj ai`h ohnjs ch 85 iùjs sh `jomhnzi i aikbir ch vmchjguhdjs. • Bi nh`hsmcic ch suphrir bis b is cmfmùbtichs quh pbinthin i bjs gudicjrhs gudicjrhs bjs oincjs tricm`mjnibhs.   Hxmdhn uni aikmbmcic oinuib quh `jncm`mjni, quhriojs j nj, bjs tricm`mjnibhs. prj`hsjs ch phnsiomhntj ouàj oés `jopbhgjs prhshnths hn hb guhdj. Bjs cmshùicjrhs y `rhicjrhs ch hsti th`njbjdïi sh ain vmstj jkbmdicjs i dhnhrir nuhvis fjrois ch mnthri``mðn `jn bi pintibbi, prhs`mncmhncj i vh`hs ch bjs oincjs tricm`mjnibhs, `joj jùrrh hn bi Tmm mm   ch Nmnthncj (;556) j hn hb nuhvj smsthoi Lmnh`t   quh inun`mi Om`rjsjft piri mnthri`tuir `jn bi pintibbi i trivís chb prjpmj ùhrpj. • Bis rhbi`mjnhs rhbi`mjnhs ch bjs vmchjguhdjs `jn jtrjs smsthois ch `jounmì`mðn. Hsph`mibohnth bis njvhcichs quh ai mntrjcu`mcj Mnthrnht y quh pirh`hn jrmhntirsh hn uni cjkbh cmrh``mðn. Ujr uni pirth, bi dhnhri`mðn ch guhdjs isj`micjs i bi ojvmbmcic, hs ch`mr, sh puhch gudir hn ùibqumhr budir pjrquh hstén hn bi rhc. Ujr jtri pirth, bis `jounmcichs sj`mibhs, pjr hghopbj Swmtthr j Fi`hkjjl, iopbïin bjs `jnthxtjs chb guhdj ùincj bjs gudicjrhs `jopirthn mnthrhshs, chshjs, jpmnmjnhs, ht`. Urjfuncmzirhojs ibdj oés hn hstjs isph`tjs quh pjcré thnhr hn ùhnti qumhn sh i`hrquh i bjs vmchjguhdjs `jn un mnthrís hcuìtmvj. Nuhvis `jnsjbis Srhs drinchs mncustrmis vin i cjomnir hb ohrìcj ch bis `jnsjbis hn hstjs iùjs, pjr jrchn ibfikítm`j7 Om`rjsjft, Nmnthncj y Pjny. @ici uni ai ahàj ivinzir sus cmshùjs pjr bïnhis cmstmntis, `jopbhohntirmis qumzés. @john`hojs pjr Om`rjsjft quh binzð hn ;559 bi `jnsjbi `jnsjbi QKjx. QKjx.  Amnùrsmðn in ipirh`mcj su`hsmvis vhrsmjnhs prhshnth bi i`tuibmcic. Fuh bi prmohri ch hsti `jopiùïi hn hby hsté ohrìcj ch hn bjs vmchjguhdjs. Hn hbbi sh ain hcmticj guhdjs kmhn `jnj`mcjs pjr bjs ifm`mjnicjs, pjr hghopbj, Chic jr Ibmvh 0 (9==6/;595), Aibj7 @jokit Hvjbvhc (;558), Jccwjrbc7

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 33

Ounà”s Jccyshh (;55;), Ounà”s (;55;), y Urjgh Urjgh`t `t Djtaio [i`mnd (;55;). (;55;). Uhromth un shrvm`mj i trivís ch Mnthrnht cjnch bis phrsjnis quh sh sus`rmkhn puhchn gudir jnbmnh.\9;_ Hsth smtmj Thk sh inun`mi isï7 Péìbh tjcj hb pirtmcj i tu Qkjx 065. Qkjx 065.   ¡@jnh`ti tu `jnsjbi i uni `jnhxmðn ch kinci inài y chsùkrh Qkjx BMVH,, cjnch hn`jntrirés guhdjs, phbïùbis, o÷smì y ojntjnhs ch `jsis oés! BMVH

Bj quh ouhstri hb thxtj hs quh bjs vmchjguhdjs, y bjs sjpjrths fïsm`js quh bj phromthn, mntrjcu`hn ib gudicjr hn un unmvhrsj oubtmohcmi quh vi ouàj oés ibbé chb guhdj hn sï omsoj. Ujr hghopbj, hn hsti pédmni sh jfrh`hn uni ùhnti ch `jrrhj, phbïùbis, uni rhc sj`mib, uni `jounmcic y inun`mjs ch ùibqumhr njvhcic quh prhthnci mntrjcu`mr Om`rjsjft hn hb ouncj ch bjs guhdjs. I`tuibohnth, pjr hghopbj, sh jfrh`h hb smsthoi Lmnh`t smsthoi Lmnh`t , yi ohn`mjnicj, piri mnthri`tuir `jn bi pintibbi i trivís chb prjpmj ùhrpj. Nmnthncj ai binzicj cjs `jnsjbis hn hsti cíìci. Bi prmohri Nmnthncj Dioh @ukh (;559). (;559). Ph ìri`thrmzi pjr shr un ùkj dhjoítrm`j, chb quh puhch hbhdmrsh hb `jbjr, y prhshnti `joj ÷nmì fjroi ch iboi`hniomhntj ch bjs guhdjs hb Dioh@ukh Jptmìb Cms`, Cms`, un fjroitj cmfhrhnth i bjs aikmtuibhs @C j CVC. Bjs cms`js sjn ch iprjxmoiciohnth 1 ò ch cméohtrj y puhchn iboi`hnir dmdi-kmths. Sjcj hbbj pirh`h quh fuh `jnsmchricj i bi ajri ch cmshùirbj piri9,8hvmtir bi pmrithrïi, un fhnðohnj quh prhjùpi ajy i tjcjs bjs cmshùicjrhs y cmstrmkumcjrhs ch vmchjguhdjs. Uhrj bi drin hstrhbbi ch Nmnthncj ai smcj bi Tmm (;556). (;556). Mn`busj `jn su njokrh (ouy smombir fjnítmìohnth i Th hn mndbís) qumhrh mnsmstmr hn quh sh triti ch uni `jnsjbi quh puhch utmbmzir ùibqumhri y, ichoés, `jbh`tmviohnth. Pus `jntrjbhs j oincjs sjn ouy cmstmntjs ch bjs tricm`mjnibhs y ain mn`jrpjricj ibdunjs hbhohntjs nuhvjs, pjr hghopbj bi unmcic Nunàu`l, quh iùich ibdunis fun`mjnibmcichs ib oincj. Bi Tmm phromth tiokmín hb usj ch jtrjs hbhohntjs `joj pjr hghopbj hb vjbinth piri bjs uhdjs ch Oirmj j hb sjpjrth piri hb chpjrth. Uiri hbbi sh ain `jn`hkmcj drinchs uhdjs `joj Sah Bhdhnc jf Whbci7 Swmbmdat Urmn`hss (;556), Ohtrjmc Urmoh 07 @jrruptmjn (;554), Puphr Oirmj Dibixy (;554), Puphr Oirmj Dibixy ; (;55=), Puphr Poisa Krjs (;55=), Kriwb (;554), Oirmj Lirt Tmm (;554), [hc Pthhb (;556) (;556) y nuohrjsjs tïtubjs oés. Ichoés, su binziomhntj hstuvj isj`micj i uni shrmh ch uhdjs quh ain smcj bi moidhn ch bi `jnsjbi, pjr hghopbj, Tmm Ppjrts y Ppjrts y bi shdunci pirth ch ísth, Tmm Ubiy (;556), Tmm Fmt (;554), Tmm Ppjrts [hsjrt (;55=) (;55=) y Tmm Ousm` (;551)   hntrh jtrjs. Bis `rïtmìs tintj ch bi `jnsjbi `joj ch bjs guhdjs ain smcj ouy (;551) pjsmtmvis. Hsti `jnsjbi tmhnh i``hsj i Mnthrnht y tiokmín puhch `jnh`tirsh i bi hquhùi CP. [hsph`tj i bis `jnsjbis pjrtétmbhs Nmnthncj ai smcj dhnhricjri ch mopjrtinths sjpjrths. Bi CP Bi CP   kusì mntrjcu`mr nuhvjs `jn`hptjs hn hb ouncj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, vmchjguhdjs, pjr hghopbj, pintibbis té`tmbhs, rh`jnj`momhntj ch vjz, sjftwirh ch `jounmì`mðn mnthdricj y pjsmkmbmcichs ch `jounmì`mðn oubtmgudicjr ch oinhri mnibéokrmì `jn uni sjbi tirghti ch guhdj piri tjcjs bjs gudicjrhs. Bi `jnsjbi tiokmín mn`jrpjri bi

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 38

ìpturi ch moédhnhs hn 0C dri`mis i cjs `éoiris hxthrmjrhs.

Fmduri 9.90. Guhdjs y `jnsjbis hn ;595.

Siokmín Pjny hsté prhshnth hn hb ohrìcj `jn hnjroh fuhrzi. Pus `jnsjbis sjn Ubiystitmjn ; (;555) (;555) y Ubiystitmjn 0 (;556) (;556) quh prhshnti bjs guhdjs hn fjroitj CVC. Ai smcj bi `jnsjbi `jn oés vhntis ch bi `jopiùïi. Pus dréfm`js vmsuibhs sjn hx`hbhnths y, bj omsoj quh bi QKjx bi QKjx ch Om`rjsjft , cmspjnh ch un smsthoi ch guhdjs hn bïnhi (Ubiystitmjn Ajoh). Ajoh). Fmnibohnth ahojs ch `mtir bi UPU (Ubiystitmjn Ujrtikbh, ;558),, bi prmohri mnùrsmðn ch Pjny hn hb ohrìcj ch bis pjrtétmbhs. Bjs `jn`hptjs ch ;558) UPU  y CP UPU CP  sjn `jopbhtiohnth jpuhstjs. Bi UPU UPU p hromth bi rhprjcu``mðn ch phbïùbis, o÷smì y guhdjs ch ibti chfmnm`mðn, phrj pjshh ohnjs iutjnjoïi quh bis kithrïis, y un ìtébjdj ch guhdjs oés rhcu`mcj, bi CP bi CP   ipjstð pjr bis cjs pintibbis y cmspjnh ch un iopbmj ikinm`j ch guhdjs. Guhdjs ch jrchnicjr Aisti hb ojohntj ahojs ibucmcj rhphtmciohnth i bi hvjbu`mðn ch bis `jnsjbis, phrj nj njs ahojs fmgicj cmrh`tiohnth hn bj quh jùrrh `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs. [h`jrchojs quh hn bjs prmohrjs sh gudiki y quh fuh nh`hsirmj quh ibdumhn tuvmhri bi dhnmib mchi ch utmbmzir uni pintibbi ch thbhvmsmðn `joj mnstruohntj `jopbhohntirmj piri quh ipirh`mhrin bis `jnsjbis. Pmn rhphtmr bj yi `johnticj, pjchojs `mtir ibdunjs amtjs chb pisicj piri `joprhnchr quí smdnmfmìn bjs guhdjs cmshùicjs piri hb jrchnicjr hn bi prmohri cíìci chb smdbj QQM . Ujr hghopbj, rh`jrchojs Ppi`hwir (9=69),, quh `jnsmstïi hn cjs nivhs quh sh ojvïin ibrhchcjr ch uni hstrhbbi `hntrib (9=69) ìci unj ch hbbjs mnthntincj chstrumr ib jtrj. Mnsmstmr tiokmín hn bis ivhnturis ch thxtj, pjr hghopbj Icvhntur Icvhnturhh (9=46), (9=46), cjnch bjs i`jnth`momhntjs ch bi amstjrmi sh dhnhrikin i pirtmr ch thxtjs hs`rmtjs pjr hb gudicjr hn hb th`bicj, smn mn`bumr moédhnhs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 36

Bi `rmsms ch bi mncustrmi ch bis vmchj`jnsjbis hn 9=10, yi ohn`mjnici, phromtmð quh hstjs guhdjs ch jrchnicjr sibmhrin khnhfm`micjs, pjr hghopbj guhdjs piri @joojcjrh 63,, un jrchnicjr phrsjnib quh ipirh`h hn 9=1;. Ph hcmtirjn piri íb ibdunjs guhdjs, 63 pjr hghopbj, Ghwhbs jf Cirlnhss (9=16) j j bi shrmh ch Kitoin quh `jomhnzi i ipirh`hr hn 9=11. Isj`micjs ib jrchnicjr ipirh`hn nuhvjs guhdjs hn bi prmohri cíìci chb smdbj QQM, yi ahojs aikbicj ch Cjjo (9==0) (9==0) j Oyst (9==9). (9==9). Ai`mi bi shdunci omtic ch hsti cíìci bi nh`hsmcic ch ohgjrir bjs dréfm`js hn hb cmshùj ch bjs uhdjs ai`h vjbvhr bi omrici ib jrchnicjr. Ujr hghopbj ahojs `johnticj yi quh Sjok [imchr (9==6) (9==6) fuh unj ch bjs prmohrjs guhdjs quh sh khnhfm`mð ch hstjs nuhvjs smsthois ch dréfm`js. Urjbjndincj hb chsirrjbbj th`njbðdm`j ch bjs guhdjs g uhdjs yi ohn`mjnicjs, hn bi cíìci chb ;555 ain ipirh`mcj nuhvjs guhdjs `joj Bjs Pmos (;555/;595) (;555/;595) j Ppjrh (;551/;55=),, cmstrmkumcjs pjr Hbh`trjnm` Irts sðbj piri jrchnicjrhs, tintj Oi` `joj (;551/;55=) U@. Ohrh`hn shr `mticjs pjrquh ibrhchcjr ch hbbjs sh ai dhnhricj tjcj un unmvhrsj sj`mib y oubtmohcmi, quh `johntirhojs `jn chtibbh hn ìpïtubjs pjsthrmjrhs. Bjs pjsthrmjrhs. Bjs Pmos hs uni sidi ch vmchjguhdjs ch smoubi`mðn sj`mib, cmshùicjs pjr Tmbb Trmdat. Bjs vmchjguhdjs ch hsti shrmh ìrh`hn ch jkghtmvjs chfmnmcjs, hx`hptj ibdunis hxpinsmjnhs quh mntrjcughrjn hsh hstmbj ch guhdj. Guhdjs ousmìbhs Nj viojs i hxthnchrnjs iajri hn hsth tmpj ch guhdjs phrj hs nh`hsirmj ohn`mjnirbjs `joj unj ch bjs bjdrjs mopjrtinths hn hsti prmohri cíìci chb smdbj QQM. Hn Tmlmphcmi aiy un hx`hbhnth irtïùbj, kmhn funciohnticj, quh phromtmré ib bh`tjr iopbmir bi mnfjroi`mðn.\90_ Bi i`tmvmcic chb gudicjr sh jrdinmzi ibrhchcjr ch uni pirtmturi ousmìb j uni ìn`mðn chthromnici. Uuhchn prhshntirsh hn cmvhrsjs fjroitjs quh shré mnthrhsinth `jnj`hr piri qumhn qumhri utmbmzirbjs `jn uni fmnibmcic hcuìtmvi. Pm kmhn bi oiyjrïi ch bjs guhdjs pjnhn hb i`hntj hn hb rmtoj, jtrjs puhchn ai`hrbj hn bi njti`mðn ousmìb j hn chthromnicjs isph`tjs isph`tjs chb sjnmcj. Vhiojs prmohrj chthromnicjs guhdjs quh ain puhstj hb i`hntj hn hb rmtoj. Cin`h Cin`h [hvjbutmjn j CC[ (9==1/;554), (9==1/;554), tiokmín `jnj`mcj `joj Cin`mnd Ptidh, Ptidh, hs uni prjbïfmì shrmh ch vmchjguhdjs ousmìbhs, smoubicjrhs ch rmtoj/kimbh, prjcu`mci pjr bi `jopiùïi gipjnhsi Ljniom. Bjs gudicjrhs sh `jbjìn sjkrh uni «pbitifjroi ch kimbh¼, tiokmín bbioici «pmsti¼ y prhsmjnin `jn bjs pmhs bis fbhàis cmspuhstis hn fjroi ch `ruz, smdumhncj hb rmtoj ch bi o÷smì y hb pitrðn vmsuib quh ipirh`h hn bi pintibbi. Ch iùhrcj i bi smn`rjnmzi`mðn quh ouhstrhn `jn hb rmtoj y bj kmhn quh sh smdi hb pitrðn ch fbhàis, sh jtjrdiré uni puntui`mðn. Chsch su prmohr binziomhntj, hn fjroi ch irìch, sh ain prjcu`mcj o÷btmpbhs virmi`mjnhs hn nuohrjsjs sjpjrths. Dumtir Ahrj (;558/;595) hs un kuhn hghopbj. hghopbj. Ph triti ch uni shrmh quh hs `jnj`mci pjr hb usj ch un cmspjsmtmvj `jn fjroi ch dumtirri quh sh utmbmzi `joj `jntrjb ch uhdj piri smoubir y ai`hr o÷smì `jn hbbi, rhprhshntincj njtis ch `jbjrhs hn bi

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 34

pintibbi quh `jrrhspjnch i ìci unj ch bjs kjtjnhs chb `jntrjbicjr `jntrjbicjr.. Ph phromthn tintj pirtmcis mncmvmcuibhs `joj oubtmgudicjr, pucmhncj hstis ÷btmois shr `jjphritmvis j `jophtmtmvis. Bi shrmh ai utmbmzicj uni iopbmi dioi ch ìn`mjnhs ch rj`l ch cmvhrsis ípjìs ahàis chsch bjs iùjs shshnti aisti hb ojohntj i`tuib. Guhdjs ch rmtoj quh ain shdumcj hsti omsoi bïnhi sjn [j`l Kinc (;551) (;551) y Sah Khitbhs7 [j`l Kinc (;55=).. Hn hsth ìsj bis dumtirris sh ain phrfh``mjnicj y sh mn`buyh tiokmín uni (;55=) kithrïi y bi pjsmkmbmcic ch mntrjcu`mr i un ìntinth. Jtrjs guhdjs ousmìbhs phromthn i`tuir i bjs gudicjrhs hn fjroitj ch Lirijlh. Ujr hghopbj, PmndPtir (;553/;55=) (;553/;55=) piri Ubiystitmjn Ubiystitmjn,, quh mn`buyh un CVC i`jopiùicj ch un pir ch om`rðfjnjs, moprhs`mncmkbhs piri pjchr gudir, oés un `jnvhrtmcjr XPK. Mn`busj, ibdunjs ain bbhdicj i `jntrjbir hb vjbuohn chb sjnmcj. sjnmcj. H Hss hb ìsj ch Tmm Ousm` (;551), (;551), un guhdj chsirrjbbicj pjr Nmnthncj piri bi `jnsjbi Tmm quh smoubi hb oinhgj ch mnstruohntjs ousmìbhs. Hn bis mnstru``mjnhs sh mncmì quh qumhn smhoprh sjùð `jn bbhdir i cmrmdmr uni jrquhsti pjcré ai`hrbj `jn hsth guhdj. Ujshh un iopbmj rhphrtjrmj ousmìb, pjr hghopbj, jkris tin virmicis `joj bis ch Ojzirt y Khhtajvhn j tiokmín bjs Khitbhs. Hb `jopjsmtjr ch Nmnthncj, Ljgm Ljncj, hs uni ch bis phrsjnis quh ai suphrvmsicj hb prjyh`tj. Oubtmgudicjrhs Oubtmgudicjr hs y ojvmbmcic hn bi rhc rhc Yumzés hstjs cjs tíromnjs rhsuoin ohgjr quh jtrjs bis njvhcichs quh ai mntrjcu`mcj hsti prmohri cíìci chb smdbj QQM hn hb unmvhrsj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs. Iunquh sh rhfmhrhn i cjs tmpjs cmfhrhnths, sus risdjs phromthn isj`mir i iokjs `jn o÷btmpbhs ukmì`mjnhs hspi`mibhs chb gudicjr. Ajy, cmspjnmhncj ch uni `jnhxmðn i Mnthrnht, pjchojs i``hchr i hbbjs chsch ùibqumhr budir `jn nuhstrj thbífjnj oðvmb j udir hn un jrchnicjr pjrtétmb, iunquh hb guhdj hstí ibjgicj hn unj j virmjs shrvmcjrhs, bhginjs dhjdréfmìohnth. Uhrj ib rhbi`mjnir ojvmbmcic y vmchjguhdjs hs nh`hsirmj prh`msir ibdj oés. Guhdjs piri oðvmbhs. oðvmbhs. Bi ipirm`mðn ch bjs thbífjnjs oðvmbhs oirì un ìokmj hn ouàis ch bis `jstuokrhs ch bis phrsjnis. Bhs ai phromtmcj hstir `jnh`ticis ìsm phroinhnthohnth `jn su `jnthxtj sj`mib, sus iomdjs, su trikigj, su fiombmi, ch fjroi mnohcmiti y phrsjnibmzici. Hsi fun`mðn, quh tricm`mjnibohnth sh aikïi isj`micj i un ipiritj thbhfðnm`j, `jomhnzi iajri i iopbmirsh hn un unmvhrsj oubtmohcmi fivjrh`mcj pjr bi pjsmkmbmcic ch `jnh`tirsh i Mnthrnht i trivís ch uni bïnhi oðvmb. Hsjs cmspjsmtmvjs mn`jrpjrin idhncis, ìbhncirmjs, `éoiris ch vïchj, drikicjris y, ichoés, guhdjs, ouàis vh`hs prhmnstibicjs hn hb thbífjnj y jtris chsìrdicjs i trivís ch bi rhc. Bi th`njbjdïi quh aiy tris hbbjs vi virmincj répmciohnth iunquh tjcivïi, bjs hn dréfm`js fun`mðn ch chbuncmspjsmtmvj quh shnj utmbm`h, tmhnh ibdunischbmomti`mjnhs. Ujr hghopbj thbífjnj aikmtuib ibìnzin bi ìbmcic bjs quh phromth uni `jnsjbi pjrtétmb. Yumzés, unj ch bjs prjkbhois i bjs quh sh hnfrhntin sus cmstrmkumcjrhs hs hb ch

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 31

hn`jntrir ìomnjs piri cir mnfjroi`mðn ib gudicjr sjkrh bis ìri`thrïstmìs ch sus uhdjs i bi ajri ch tjoir bi ch`msmðn ch icqumrmrbjs. Puhbhn shdumr cjs hstrithdmis7 bi prmohri, `jntmnuir guhdjs quh yi tmhnhn uni tricm`mðn, pjr hghopbj Sjok [imchr (9==6/;55=)   j ibdunjs `bésm`js guhdjs ch irìch< bi shdunci, hstikbh`hr ibdunjs (9==6/;55=) pitrjnhs ch guhdj quh bjs aidin fé`mbohnth rh`jnj`mkbhs. Hstjs guhdjs sh ain chsirrjbbicj hn cmstmntis pbitifjrois, pjr hghopbj, Tmncjws Ojkmbh, Uibo JP, Icjkh”s Icjkh”s Fbisa Bmth, mUajnh JP, mUic mUic j Djjdbh Incrjmc. Incrjmc. Ajy bis `jopiùïis hstén tritincj ch mntrjcu`mr bi pjsmkmbmcic ch quh puhcin gudirsh tiokmín jnbmnh y hn fjroitj oubtmgudicjr. Chkhojs chstiìr, fmnibohnth, bi mopjrtin`mi quh ain icqumrmcj hn hcuì`mðn guhdjs oðvmbhs rhbi`mjnicjs `jn hb hspi`mj y ipjyicjs hn bjs smsthois DUP DUP   h, mn`busj, Djjdbh Oips. Oips. Bi mntrjcu``mðn ch mnfjroi`mðn sh isj`mi i chthromnicjs budirhs, phromtmhncj un i``hsj mnthri`tmvj i ísti, mn`busj i vh`hs rhbi`mjnicj `jn bi pjsmkmbmcic ch hbh``mðn hn fun`mðn ch bjs mnthrhshs chb udicjr. Hb trikigj ch (LBJUFH[, ;551) hs uni hx`hbhnth mntrjcu``mðn i hsth thoi.

  Oubtmgudicjrhs y ojvmbmcic. Fmduri 9.93. Oubtmgudicjrhs

O÷btmpbhs gudicjrhs hn bi rhc. rhc.P uhbh njokrirsh i hstjs guhdjs ch rjb quh sh guhdin i trivís Mnthrnht OOJ[UD (Oissmvhbybudir Oubtmpbiyhr Jnbmnh [jbhbiymndchDioh). Dioh) . Hn `jn hbbjsbis bjssmdbis gudicjrhs, chsch ùibqumhr chb ouncj, isuohn hb rjb ch unj ch bjs phrsjnighs piri mnthri`tuir `jn jtrjs i trivís ch Mnthrnht. Hb guhdj `jntmn÷i iunquh un gudicjr mncmvmcuib bj ikincjnh y hb smsthoi sh ointmhnh hn unj ch bjs shrvmcjrhs mnfjroétm`js ch bi hoprhsi quh bj ai binzicj. Uiri cir uni mchi ch su vjbuohn kisti ch`mr quh hn íb sh distirjn oés ch ohcmj kmbbðn ch cðbirhs hn hb iùj ;558, y quh hsi ìntmcic bbhdð i 9,3 kmbbjnhs ch cðbirhs hn ;551.\93_P h triti ch guhdjs hn bjs quh pirtm`mpir suhbh hxmdmr uni ùjti ohnsuib j hb pidj hn fun`mðn chb tmhopj `jnsuomcj, ibdj quh ci uni mchi ch `ðoj bjs vmchjguhdjs ain mcj virmincj hn bis pré`tmìs sj`mibhs, ùbturibhs y h`jnðomìs quh sh isj`min i hbbjs (LH[[, ;556< SI]BJ[, ;556). Hstjs guhdjs tmhnhn ibdunjs risdjs `jounhs. Ujr hghopbj, hb ahàj ch pjchr jkthnhr puntjs y ivinzir i trivís ch cmstmntjs nmvhbhs, bi pjsmkmbmcic ch `jbikjri`mðn `jn jtrjs gudicjrhs, bi icipti`mðn ch bjs phrsjnighs i bjs chshjs chb gudicjr, tintj hn

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 3=

sus isph`tjs tí`nm`js `joj vmsuibhs. Ichoés, bi oiyjrïi hstén kisicjs hn thois tricm`mjnibhs ch fintisïi, `mhn`mi fm``mðn, krughrïi, ht`. Siokmín aiy quh chstiìr su pjthn`mib ch i``mðn sj`mib, quh mn`busj `rmstibmzi hn hb ni`momhntj ch uni `mhrti ùbturi mnthrni quh sh jkshrvi, pjr hghopbj, hn hb usj ch chthromnicis pibikris quh vin icqumrmhncj smdnmfmìcj sðbj piri qumhnhs phrthnh`hn i bi b i `jounmcic chb guhdj. I ojcj ch hghopbj pjchojs ohn`mjnir hb oés `jnj`mcj Tjrbc jf Tir`rift , hb oés drinch chb ouncj y quh fuh binzicj hn ;553. Bjs gudicjrhs `jntrjbin un phrsjnigh j ivitir chsch uni phrsph`tmvi hn thr`hri phrsjni (`jn bi jp`mðn ch gudir hn prmohri phrsjni), hxpbjrincj hb hntjrnj, phbhincj `jntri virmjs ojnstrujs y udicjrhs, `jopbhtincj omsmjnhs h mnthri`tuincj `jn jtrjs phrsjnighs. Uiri hntrir hn hb guhdj, bjs gudicjrhs chkhn shbh``mjnir un rhmnj (j shrvmcjr), bjs phrsjnighs hvjbu`mjnin, vin dinincj aikmbmcichs y tibhntjs phromtmhncj ib gudicjr chfmnmrbjs. Hn sïnthsms, nj ìkh cuci ch quh bis ipbmì`mjnhs hcuìtmvis hn bjs iùjs prðxmojs pisin pjr i`hrìrsh i hstis nuhvis fjrois ch guhdj, quh phromtmrén `rhir y iopbmir bjs hs`hnirmjs ch iprhncmzigh y hnshùinzi isj`micjs i bjs vmchjguhdjs. Uhrj hbbj nj smdnmfmì quh jtris ojcibmcichs viyin i chsipirh`hr, sh trinsfjroirén shduriohnth bis pré`tmìs isj`micis i hbbis `joj ahojs mcj vmhncj i trivís ch hsth rh`jrrmcj.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 85

I ojcj ch `jn`busmðn7 `jn`busmðn7 Iprhnchr ch y `jn `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs Xn rhsuohn ch bi rhvmsmðn inthrmjr, ch ibdunjs ch ojohntjs chb rh`jrrmcj rhibmzicj, iyuciré i `joprhnchr ohgjr sus mopbmì`mjnhs hcuìtmvis. Urmohrjj, hs nh`hsirmi, qumzés, bi gustmfmì`mðn ch un ìpïtubj ch hsth tmpj hn un Urmohr bmkrj chcmìcj i bjs vmchjguhdjs `johr`mibhs, nj sðbj jkghtjs piri hb j`mj smnj pjsmkbhs mnstruohntjs ch iprhncmzigh y hnshùinzi. hnshùinzi. Bi rizðn hs shn`mbbi7 hsphriojs quh iyuch i `joprhnchrbjs ohgjr hb ahàj ch rhfbhxmjnir sjkrh quí hs un vmchjguhdj, su `jn`hptj, sus risdjs y sus fjroitjs, isï `joj bis virmi`mjnhs quh ain jùrrmcj hn hbbjs i trivís ch su `jrti amstjrmi. @uibqumhr hbhohntj quh puhch shr utmbmzicj piri iprhnchr y hnshùir hn un iubi j fuhri ch hbbi, ch fjroi mnthn`mjnib, ai ch shr hnthncmcj hn su `jnthxtj. Hbbj iyuciré i hstikbh`hr rhbi`mjnhs hntrh bi vmci `jtmcmini y bis b is hsùhbis, mnstmtutjs j unmvhrsmcichs. Nj hs bj omsoj utmbmzir un guhdj quh jtrj, un sjpjrth oithrmib u jtrj, y piri hbbj hs mopjrtinth `jnj`hr bjs quh hxmsthn y quí tmpj hs oés ichùicj piri nuhstris nh`hsmcichs y chshjs hsph`ïfm`js. Phduncj,, bjs vmchjguhdjs sjn guhdjs y, shduriohnth, ibdj oés. Ikrhn bi Phduncj pjsmkmbmcic ch mntrjcu`mr ib gudicjr hn un ouncj vmrtuib, y ichoés ch fjroi pbi`hnthri. Iokjs risdjs sjn nh`hsirmjs piri quh bis phrsjnis sh chshnvuhbvin `joj `mucicinis ìpi`hs ch utmbmzir `rïtmìohnth bjs hbhohntjs quh bhs jfrh`h su ùbturi. Mrhojs vmhncj `ðoj, ibrhchcjr ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, hs pjsmkbh dhnhrir smtui`mjnhs hcuìtmvis quh `jntrmkuyin i hbbj. Ujr hghopbj, shré nh`hsirmj chsùkrmr sus bhnduighs y bi fjroi hn quh trinsomthn sus ohnsighs, oés ibbé ch bi bhndui jrib y hs`rmti. Shr`hrj,, nj hxmsth un iùhrcj sjkrh bjs tmpjs ch vmchjguhdjs quh njs phromthn Shr`hrj `bismfmìrbjs. Hn ùibqumhr ìsj, idrupirbjs pjr unjs `rmthrmjs u jtrjs mntrjcu`h `birmcic y iyuci i hbhdmr. Bi mncustrmi y bis hoprhsis ch cmstrmku`mðn ain `jntrmkumcj tiokmín i dhnhrirbis, hs ch`mr, nj hs sðbj uni tirhi piri bi vmci iìcíomì j bi mnvhstmdi`mðn. @jntrmkumré i fi`mbmtir bi hbh``mðn y i prh`msir quí y `ðoj sh puhch iprhnchr y hnshùir chsch Fmgíojnjs, hn ùirtj budir, hn hb hbbjs. smdnmfmìcj hcuìtmvj ch bjs prmohrjs ùirtj ojohntjs ch su amstjrmi. @rhj quh sjn uni kuhni hsùhbi piri iprhnchr i `rhir. Ajy, hn uni sj`mhcic quh hxmdh nj sðbj rh`mkmr ohnsighs smnj tiokmín prjcu`mrbjs,

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 89

hnfrhntir i bjs hstucminths i hxprhsirsh utmbmzincj ibdunjs ch bjs prmn`mpmjs prhshnths hn su cmshùj puhch `jntrmkumr i `rhir `rhir hs`hnirmjs hcuìtmvjs mnnjvicjrhs rhbi`mjnicjs `jn nuhvis fjrois ch ibfikhtmzi`mðn. Bi qumnti qumnti   `jn`busmðn sh rhbi`mjni `jn bjs ivin`hs quh ain thnmcj budir hn bi cíìci ch bjs iùjs shthnti y jàhnti. Hn hsh ojohntj sh ain iopbmicj tintj bjs fjroitjs `joj bjs `jnthnmcjs. Bi prhshn`mi ch guhdjs ch hstrithdmis j ch i``mðn/ivhnturis ai dhnhricj mopjrtinths chkiths sjkrh bjs prj`hsjs ch phnsiomhntj quh pjnh hn pré`tmì hb gudicjr y tiokmín sjkrh hb fjroitj ch hstjs nuhvjs tmpjs ch thxtj. [hsjbvhr prjkbhois y `jntir amstjrmis sjn, qumzés, mopjrtinths i`tmvmcichs i mnvhstmdir ùincj ibdumhn sh hnfrhnti i un vmchjguhdj. Fmnibohnth,, aiy quh `jnsmchrir bjs nuhvjs hs`hnirmjs quh hn bi prmohri cíìci Fmnibohnth chb smdbj QQM sh ain `rhicj i pirtmr ch bi mntrjcu``mðn ch bjs vmchjguhdjs hn bjs thbífjnjs oðvmbhs. Pm kmhn yi sh isj`mikin ib `jn`hptj ch ojvmbmcic, pjrquh sh pjcïi gudir hn uni `jnsjbi pjrtétmb, iajri sh isj`min `jn nuhvis fun`mjnhs ìsm smhoprh ch ìré`thr sj`mib. Vmvmojs hn uni sj`mhcic oubtmohcmi quh ai dhnhricj nuhvjs pitrjnhs ch `jounmì`mðn quh ain ch hstir prhshnths hn bis mnstmtu`mjnhs hs`jbirhs y unmvhrsmtirmis. Ichoés, bis mnthri``mjnhs sj`mibhs quh pjsmkmbmti hb vmchjguhdj sh ain vmstj iopbmicis i trivís ch bi ipirm`mðn ch bjs guhdjs jnbmnh y oubtmgudicjr, rhprhshntitmvjs ch nuhvis fjrois ch ùbturi pjpubir. Pjkrh tjcjs hstjs `jn`hptjs mrhojs prjfuncmzincj hn bjs ìpïtubjs smdumhnths.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 8;

@IUÏSXBJ MM

Ubitifjrois ch j`mj y hcuì`mðn Fmài rhsuohn chb ìpïtubj Yuíí sh puhc Yu puhchh iprh iprhnc nchr hr77

Vmchjguhdjs ch chpjrths7

@ðo ðojj trik trikig igir ir hn hb iubi iubi.. Bi mopjrtin`mi ch bis rhdbis hn bjs guhdjs rhibhs y cmdmtibhs. Bi hoj`mðn hs mopjrtinth hn hb iprhncmzigh.

NKI Bmvh 95 (;55=) (;55=)  ch Hbh`trjnm` Irts FMFI FMF I 95 (;55=) (;55=)  ch Hbh`trjnm` Irts

attp7//www.hi.`jo/hs/guhdjs/nki-bmvh .`jo/hs/guhdjs/nki-bmvh,, hb guhdj Uédmnis whk y vïchjs mnthrhsinths7 NKI mnthrhsinths7 NKI Bmvh Bmvh 957 957   attp7//www.hi NKI Bmvh Bmvh 957 957   attp7//nki-bmvh.hispjrts attp7//nki-bmvh.hispjrts.`jo/ajoh.i`tmjn .`jo/ajoh.i`tmjn,, pédmni jfm`mib attp7//www.hi.`jo/hs/guhdjs/fmfi-95 djs/fmfi-95,, hb guhdj FMFI 95 FMFI 9577 attp7//www.hi.`jo/hs/guh FMFI FMF I 95< 95

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