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Hsti jkri surdh ch uni hstrh`ai mnthri``mðn hntrh bi pré`tm`i y bi thjrïi, kus`incj `jntrmkumr i quh bjs vmchjguhdjs `johr`mibhs sh `jnvmhrtin hn un mnstruohntj hcu`itmvj, yi quh `jn hbbjs sh puhch phnsir ipismjniciohnth. Hs hb rhsubticj ch `ism cmhz iùjs hxpbjrincj bjs jkghtjs cmdmtibhs, iprhncmhncj i gudir, `jnvhrsincj `jn sus cmshùicjrhs y cmstrmkumcjrhs y, ichoés, trikigincj fuhri y chntrj ch bis iubis `jn fiombmis, nmùjs, nmùis, ðvhnhs y hb prjfhsjricj. Umbir Bi`isi vi oés ibbé ch ibdunjs hsthrhjtmpjs `joj bjs smdumhnths7

 Bjs vmchjguhdjs sjn uni pírcmci pírcmci ch tmhopj tmhopj y, y, ichoés, sjn vmjbhntjs.  vmjbhntjs. Nj, pjrquh bjs jkghtjs `joj tibhs nj sjn nm kuhnjs nm oibjs, chphnch chb ojcj hn quh sh utmbmzin.  Hs cmfï`mb sikhr quí guhdj g uhdj hbhdmr. hbhdmr. Pï, sjn drinchs chs`jnj`mcjs y shbh``mjnir unj u jtrj hs mopjrtinth piri thnhr hxphrmhn`mis dritmfm`inths. Hsti jkri ipjrti mnfjroi`mðn sjkrh hbbjs phrj tiokmín mn`buyh `ðoj i``hchr i vïchjs ch prhshnti`mðn, kbjds, fjrjs y oés budirhs rhbi`mjnicjs `jn `ici vmchjguhdj.  Bjs vmchjguhdjs sjn choismicj iksjrkhnths.  iksjrkhnths.  Pï bj sjn, smn cuci, `joj tiokmín su`hch `jn bi `mhn`mi j bi bmthrituri. @joj smhoprh hn bi vmci, bi pismðn y hb phnsiomhntj mnthri`t÷in y ojcubin nuhstris i`tmvmcichs y, pjr quí nj tiokmín, bis rhbi`mjnhs `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs. ºUjr quí bjs vmchjguhdjs puhchn `jntrmkumr oés quh jtrjs ohcmjs i quh bis phrsjnis bbhduhn i pirtm`mpir rhspjnsikbh y `rïtm`iohnth hn uni `ubturi cmdmtib:, ºquí risdjs chfmnhn i bjs vmchjguhdjs `joj mnstruohntjs quh hxmdhn pjnhr hn pré`tm`i aikmbmcichs prjpmiohnth auoinis, pjr hghopbj, cmibjdir, irduohntir y `rhir:, ºpjr quí bjs vmchjguhdjs puhchn `jntrmkumr ib chsirrjbbj ch nuhvis fjrois ch `jntir amstjrmis:, º`uébhs sjn sus rhbi`mjnhs `jn jtrjs ohcmjs, `joj hb `ðom`, bi thbhvmsmðn, hb `mnh j bi fjtjdrifïi: y ºpjr quí fjroin pirth ch bi `ubturi pjpubir chb Pmdbj QQM:, sjn ibdunis ch bis prhduntis pbinthicis hn hsti jkri.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;

 

Umbir Bi`isi

Bjs vmchjguhdjs Iprhnchr hn ouncjs rhibhs y vmrtuibhs hUuk r9.5 Smtmvmbbus 54.54.94

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 0

 

Sïtubj jrmdmnib7 Bjs jrmdmnib7 Bjs vmchjguhdjs7 Iprhnchr hn ouncjs rhibhs rhibhs y vmrtuibhs Umbir Bi`isi, ;599 Moédhnhs ch bi `ukmhrti ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, Bjs vmchjguhdjs, Bjs PmosÅ 0, 0, Airry Ujtthr y Bis [hbmqumis ch bi  OuhrthÅ  y  HI PUJ[SPÅ FMFI  OuhrthÅ FMFI 9999, ch Hbh`trjnm` Irts Hcmtjr cmdmtib7 Smtmvmbbus hUuk kish r9.;

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 3

 

Uiri  Mrhnh, Cinmhbi, Ibm`mi, Ui÷b, [ïj, Pusini, Audj, Jttj y @irjb, quh pmhnsin ipismjniciohnth `uincj  guhdin.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 8

 

@jnthnmcj MNS[JCX@@MÐN MNS[JCX@@MÐN @IUÏSXBJ U[MOH[J7 Ujr quí iprhnchr @IUÏSXBJ quí iprhnchr `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs  Mntrjcu`  Mntrj cu``mðn `mðn.. –  Yuí hs un vmchjguhdj. vmchjguhdj. –  Kus`incj uni chfmnm`mðn. chfmnm`mðn.    –Ibdunjs I   bdunjs risdjs chb  guhdj.  uhdj. –  Smpjs ch vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs. –  Hb piphb ch ch bi mnthbmdhn`mi irtmfm`mib.  irtmfm`mib. –  Guhdjs h`jom mnthri mnthri`tmvmcic. `tmvmcic.  –   Birrjbbj prhamstjrmi y bjs prmohr prmohrjs mncustrmi. mncustrmi.   –  Bjs `jomhnzjs hnzjs y hb   –  chsi chsirrjbbj ch bi hri Nmnthncj. Nmnth ncj. js   – chsirrjbbjs Bi cí`ici ch chbibjs iùjs njvhnti.  –Nuhvjs N   uhvjs guhdjs, fjroitjs y i``hsjrmjs chsch hb iùj ;555 ;555.  –  I  I ojcj ch `jn`busmðn `jn`b usmðn.. @IUÏSXBJ MM7 Ubitifjrois ch j`mj y hcu`i`mðn @IUÏS  Mntrjccu``mðn  Mntrj u``mðn..  –  Iprhnchr  Iprhnchr `jn mn mnstruohntjs struohntjs cmshùicjs piri hb j`mj. j`mj.  –  Ojchbjs ch iprhncmzigh iprhncm zigh hn o÷btmpbhs `jnthxtjs.  `jnthxtjs.  –  Iprhnchr `jn vmchjguhdjs ch chpjrths.  – NK    I Bmvh hn un iubi ch Hcu`i`mðn Urmoirmi. Urmoirmi. –  Hb `hntrj hcu`itmvj hcu`itmvj y hb tibbhr ch vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs.   –  º@ðoj trikigir hn hb iubi:  iubi:  –  Hb kibjn`hstj kibjn`hstj y sus rhdbis.  –@joprhncmhncj @   joprhncmhncj bis rhdbis chb guhdj.  guhdj.  –  Bi `jopbhgmcic ch bis rhdbis.  rhdbis.  –  Bis rhdbis chb kibjn`hstj.  –  Kibjn`hstj hn bi `jnsjbi. rhdbis  `jnsjbi.  –  F÷tkjb y ki kibjn`hstj. bjn`hstj.  –  ºUhrj quí hs un guhdj vmrtuib:  vmrtuib:  –  Uhnsiomhntj  Uhnsiomhntj y pismðn hn hb iprhncmzigh `jn cmdmtibhs.   –  Hb `ïr`ubj oédm`j. vmchjj guhdjs vmch  guhdjs..  –  Bis rhdbis hn bjs guhdj rhibhs y cmdmtibhs.   –@ @jn`busmjnhs.   jn`busmjnhs. @IUÏSXBJ MMM7 Jkghtjs mnthbmdhnths @IUÏSXBJ  Mntrjcu`  Mntrj cu``mðn `mðn..  –  –  ºUjrquí ºUjrquí jkghtjs mnthbmdhnths: mnthbmdhnths:  –  ºYuí pjchojs iprhnchr iprhnchr `jn  `jn  Ujrtib (;554): (;554 ):   –  Hb hspi`mj vmrtuib.  vmrtuib.  –  Fjrois ch phnsir.  phnsir.  –   Bi Bi rhpr rhprhshnti`mðn hshnti`mðn ch un  prjkb  prj kbhoi hoi..  –  º@ðoj hntmhnch bi dhnth bjs prjkbhois:  prjkbhois:   –@ @jnstrumr   jnstrumr bi rhprhshnti`mðn chb prjkbhoi.  prjkbhoi.  –  Bis rhprhshnti`mjnhs mnthrnis. mnthrnis.   –  Bis rhprhshnti`mjnhs rhprhshnti`mjn hs hxthrnis. hxthrnis.  – Hstrithdmis    Hstrithdmis ch rhsjbu`mðn rhsjbu`mðn ch prjkbhois prjkbhois.. –  Oítjcj ch hnsiyj y hrrjr.  hrrjr.  –  Oítjcjs ch prjxmomcic.  prjxmomcic.  –  Oítjcjs ch fri``mjniomhntj.  –Oítjcjs O   ítjcjs kisicjs hn hb `jnj`momhntj.  `jnj`momhntj. –  @jn`busmjnhs @jn`busmjnhs.. @IUÏSXBJ MV7 Chs`mfrir bjs ohnsighs ch bjs vmchjguhdjs  Mntrjcu``mðn  Mntrj cu``mðn.. – Mnthrprhtir    Mnthrprhtir hb unmvhrsj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs. –  ºYumín hs Oirmj Krjs: ºCðnch aikmti:  aikmti: –  Vmchjguhdjs, smdnjs y smdnmfm`icj. smdnmfm`icj.  – Icqumrmr    Icqumrmr nuhvis fjrois f jrois ch ibfikhtmzi`mðn `jn  `jn  Oirmj Krjs.   –   Nuhvjs  Nuhvjs  cms`ursjs hn uni `ubturi pirtm`mpitmvi.  –Icqumrmr I   cqumrmr bi ibfikhtmzi`mðn cmdmtib i trivís chb vmchjguhdj. vmchjguhdj.   – –   Iprhncmzigh hs`jbir y `jtmcminj.  `jtmcminj.  –  Hb prjdrhsj ch Ibm`mi7 Xn iprhncmzigh mnthri`tmvj.  mnthri`tmvj.  –  I  I ojcj ch `jn`busmðn7 ºUjr quí y `ðoj  `ðoj Oirmj hn `jnthxtjs hcu`itmvjs fjroibhs: @IUÏSXBJ V7 Irduohntir hn ouncjs vmrtuibhs y rhibhs  Mntrjcu``mðn  Mntrj cu``mðn.. – Uhnsiomhntj    Uhnsiomhntj smtuicj, i``mðn y vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs. –  Bjs vmchjguhdjs pirth ch bi `ubturi.  `ubturi. –  Vmchjguhdjs y pré`tm`is smtuicis.  smtuicis.  – –   Hb phnsiomhntj `joj pré`tm`i smtuici.   –  Iprhnchr smtuici.  Iprhnchr i kus`ir y i ird irduohntir uohntir hn uni `jounmcic ch vmchjguhdjs vmchjguhdjs.. hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 6

 

 –Cmibjdir C   mibjdir hn `bish7 Aikmbmcichs ch k÷squhci j mnvhstmdi`mðn.  mnvhstmdi`mðn.   –  Bi irduohnti`mðn.  – I irduohnti`mðn.    I ojcj ch `jn`busmðn `jn`busmðn.. @IUÏSXBJ VM7 Iprhnchr i `rhir  Mntrjcu``mðn  Mntrj cu``mðn..  –  @rhitmvmcic y vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs.  –  Xn puntj ch pirtmci.  pirtmci.  –  Gudincj `jn Kbjjo Kbjx. Kbjx.  –  –  Kus`incj jtri `ubturi hs`jbir. hs`jbir.  – –   Uhnsir `jn moédhnhs y pibikris.  –[hhs`rmkmr [   hhs`rmkmr hb `jnthnmcj ch bjs ohcmjs.  ohcmjs.   –  Kbjjo Kbjx hn  hn  hb iubi7 Gudir y prjcu`mr.   –  @ubturi, prjcu``mjnhs oubtmohcmi y vmchjguhdjs. prjcu`mr. vmchjguhdjs.  –  Bi `jbikjri`mðn `rhitmvi.  –  @rhitmvmcic hn `jnthxtj.  `rhitmvi. `jnthxtj. –   I I ojcj ch `jn`busmðn7 Kus`incj hs`uhbis quh hnshùhn i `rhir. `rhir. @IUÏSXBJ VMM7 Irth y vmchjguhdjs  Mntrjcu``mðn  Mntrj cu``mðn..  –  Irth  Irth y vmchjguhdjs vmchjguhdjs..  –  ºCh quí tmpj ch irth hstiojs aikbincj: aikbincj:   –  ºUjrquí Fmnib Fintisy: – Cjs    Cjs fjrois ch phnsiomhntj. phnsiomhntj. –  Uhnsiomhntj nirritmvj y ºUjrquí Fmnib Fintisy:  `mhntïfm`j.   –  Mopbm`i`mjnhs hcu`itmvis y risdjs ch bi amstjrmi. `mhntïfm`j. amstjrmi.   –   Irth, Irth, `ubturi  pjpubir y vmchjguhdjs vmchjguhdjs..  –  ºUjr quí irth y `ubturi pjpubir: pjpubir:   –  Hcu`i`mðn, vmchjguhdjs y `ubturi pjpubir.  pjpubir. –  I ojcj ch `jn`busmðn. `jn`busmðn. @IUÏSXBJ VMMM7 @jntir amstjrmis @jntir amstjrmis hs fé`mb y cmfï`mb. cmfï`mb. –  Bjs `uhntjs, bis njvhbis, hb `mnh. `mnh.  –  Airry   Airry Ujtthr Ujtthr.. Xn fhnðohnj trinsohcmi.  trinsohcmi.  –  –  Bi hxphrmhn`mi trinsohcmi hn un tibbhr ch Hcu`i`mðn Urmoirmi.   –   Bi Urmoirmi. Bi nirri`mðn y bi i``mðn auoini hn unmvhrsjs trinsohcmi trinsohcmi..  –  Hb ojchbj ch Irmstðthbhs.  Irmstðthbhs.  –  Cmohnsmjnhs ch bi nirritmvi hn bjs vmchjguhdjs.  vmchjguhdjs.   –  Hb `uhntj ch @irjb y Uikbj.  Uikbj.  –  ºChsch cðnch i`hr`irsh ib rhbitj hn hb vmchjguhdj:  –O÷btmpbhs O   ÷btmpbhs ojchbjs thðrm`js.  thðrm`js. –  Nirritmvis hspi`mibhs.  hspi`mibhs. –  Bjs guhdjs ch ivhnturis hn Ki`ambbhritj7 Xni rhvmsti hn Mnthrnht.  Mnthrnht. –  I   I ojcj ch `j `jn`busmðn n`busmðn.. @IUÏSXBJ MQ7 Hspi`mjs vmrtuibhs y ivitirhs  Mntrjcu``mðn  Mntrj cu``mðn..  –  –  Gudincj i i  Bjs Pmos.   –  –  Pmo@mty7 Ubinmfm`ir Pmo@mty7  Ubinmfm`ir y `jnstrumr uni `mucic `mucic..  –Bjs B   js hspi`mjs ch Pmo@mty Pmo@mty..  –  Iprhnchr `jn Pmo@mty @rhitjr. @rhitjr.  –  Ubinmfm`i`mðn.  – Hb   unmvhrsj unmvhrsj   Pmo.   –  Hxpbjrincj bi Pidi.  Pidi.  –  @mkhrcrioi `jn  Bjs Pmos Pmos..  –  Hb chsirrjbbj cmibðdm`j ch bi mchntmcic.  mchntmcic. –  @jn`busmjnhs. @jn`busmjnhs. @IUÏSXBJ Q7 Nuhvjs aírjhs y ahrjïnis  Mntrjcu``mðn  Mntrj cu``mðn..  –  Nuhvjs  Nuhvjs aír aírjhs jhs hn unmvhrsjs oubtmohcmi oubtmohcmi..  –  Kus`incj uni ahrjïni.  –Ouncjs O   uncjs fmduricjs `joj hspi`mjs piri nmùjs y nmùis. nmùis.  – Hb    Hb unmvhrsj Cmsnhy y bjs vmchjguhdjs..  –  Cmsnhy hn Mnthrnht.  vmchjguhdjs Mnthrnht.  –  Ujr quí trikigir hn bis iubis bi `ubturi pjpubir.  –  Xnmvhrsjs fmduricjs ch nmùjs y nmùis. pjpubir. nmùis. –  Hspi`mjs ch guhdj ois`ubmnjs y fhohnmnjs.  fhohnmnjs.  –  Bjs hspi`mjs ch bjs aírjhs guvhnmbhs hn bjs vmchjguhdjs.  –@ @jn`busmðn7   jn`busmðn7 Aírjhs, ahrjïnis y vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs. KMKBMJD[IFÏI ÏNCM@H CH SIKBIP ÏNCM@H CH FMDX[IP hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 4

 

Idrich`momhntjs Pmhoprh ah `rhïcj quh bis mchis nj tmhnhn un sjbj iutjr, sjn `jbh`tmvis. Hstj hs bj quh j`urrh `jn hsth bmkrj. Dri`mis i qumhnhs ain `jntrmkumcj cmrh`tiohnth j mncmrh`tiohnth i quh fuhrin surdmhncj, hntrh hbbis7  Oms nmhtis y nmhtjs, nmhtjs, quh pmhnsin ipismjniciohnth `uincj guhdin. Bjs guhdin.  Bjs nmùjs y bis b is nmùis, bi dhnth gjvhn  gjvhn  quh oh ain hnshùicj i gudir hn hb @jbhdmj U÷kbm`j Ahnirhs y hn hb Mnstmtutj ch Hcu`i`mðn Ph`uncirmi Oinuhb ch Fibbi, cjs `hntrjs ch bi @jounmcic Iutðnjoi ch Oicrmc. [jsi Umrmz y hb prjfhsjricj ain smcj tiokmín uni fuhnth `jnstinth ch ipjyj.  Hb Drupj ch Mnvhstmdi`mðn Moédhnhs, Uibikris h Mchis  Mchis  ch bi Xnmvhrsmcic ch Ib`ibé y bi XNHC. Iomdis y iomdjs `jn qumhn ah `jopirtmcj ou`ais `jsis mrrhphtmkbhs, nj sðbj bis mchis. Dri`mis i [ut Oirtïnhz, Piri @jrtís y Nity Ojnghbit, quh ain bhïcj y rhvmsicj hstis pédmnis. Siokmín Siokmín i Biuri Oínchz, Aí`tjr chb @istmbbj, Omrmin @ah`i, Oirïi Dir`ïi Uhrnïi, Ini Khbín Dir`ïi Virhbi, Dbjrmi @jrtís y Phrdmj Hspmnmbbi, smn su trikigj hsth bmkrj nj hxmstmrïi. Hn bjs ÷btmojs tmhopjs Ghs÷s Fikrh y Qucmt @isis, oh ain hnshùicj sjkrh vmchjguhdjs intmdujs y `mnh. Mzislun Xrrhtikmzlimi y Hrhi Uibi`mjs oh i`hr`irjn i ou`ajs vmchjguhdjs. Kirkiri [jdjff, Ahnry Ghnlmns y Ghrry Krunhr. Pu iomstic, bis bh`turis ch sus trikigjs y su dhnhrjsmcic ain mcj trinsfjroincj om fjroi ch phnsir y, qumzés, ch i`tuir.  Iomdis y iomdjs `jn iomdjs `jn qumhnhs ah mcj dhnhrincj ou`ais ch hstis mchis7 Iohbmi Ibvirhz, Ioibmi [hmni, Ini Frhmxis, @irohn @ruz, @hsir @jbb, @biri FhrnénchzViri, Cjrms [usa, Hudhnh Oitusjv, Girjsbiv Pvhb`a, Ghsphr Guub, Gjshtxu Bmnizi, Ljnstintmn Omtduts`a, Bhjnjr Oirdibhf, Oirïi Ibkurquhrquh, Oirgi, Linliinrinti, Oipy Ahrrinz-]kirri, Oittahw Thmsh, Uikbj chb [mj, Ni`aj Vmbi, Nhbsjn Widibj, Uitrm`mi N÷ùhz, Uambmp Sain y Suubi Njusmimnhn.  Hcm`mjnhs Ojriti, Ojriti chsch sus bmkrjs `john`í i iprhnchr Usm`jbjdïi, Hcu`i`mðn @jounm`i`mðn. Uiubj, @jsïn ai ah`aj mnthrhsinths sudhrhn`mis y ai thnmcj ou`aiy pi`mhn`mi. Ni`aj Ujzj oh pusj hn `jnti`tj `jn hbbjs.  Cmvhrsis mnstmtu`mjnhs y hoprhsis hoprhsis quh ain ah`aj oés fé`mb f é`mb hb trikigj.  trikigj. Hbh`trjnm` Irts ch Hspiùi quh amzj pjsmkbh bi `jbikjri`mðn hntrh bi unmvhrsmcic y bi hoprhsi. Bi Xnmvhrsmcic ch Ib`ibé quh phromth `rhir hspi`mjs ch cms`usmðn. Bi @jnshghrïi ch Hcu`i`mðn ch bi @jounmcic ch Oicrmc, bi @jnshghrïi ch Hcu`i`mðn @mhn`mi y @ubturi ch @istmbbi Bi Oin`ai, Hb Omnmsthrmj ch Hcu`i`mðn, y hb Omnmsthrmj ch @mhn`mi h Mnnjvi`mðn, quh ain fmnin`micj cmstmntjs prjyh`tjs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 1

 

Mntrjcu``mðn @jn bjs vmchjguhdjs  vmchjguhdjs  sh puhch  phnsir ipismjniciohnth. ipismjniciohnth. Bj jkshrvirhojs fmgéncjnjs hn bis i`tmvmcichs ch bjs oés phquhùjs `uincj hstén gudincj hn su phquhùi `jnsjbi j hn bi Tmm. º@ðoj nj iprjvh`air hsti hnhrdïi piri ojtmvir i qumhnhs nj sh hntusmisoin `jn uni tirhi hs`jbir aikmtuib: Hsth hs hb rhtj quh sh hs`jnch tris hstis pédmnis. @jntrmkumr i quh bjs vmchjguhdjs `johr`mibhs sh `jnvmhrtin hn un mnstruohntj hcu`itmvj `jn hb quh hs pjsmkbh ai`hr oés fé`mb hb iprhncmzigh. Siokmín chsch hb `mnh, bjs `ðom`s, bi thbhvmsmðn j hb phrmðcm`j sh iprhnch. Bjs vmchjguhdjs, bj omsoj quh hsjs ohcmjs ch `jounm`i`mðn hn su cïi, nj suhbhn chgir mncmfhrhnth i nicmh, tmhnhn chtri`tjrhs y icomricjrhs. Nj smhoprh sjn kmhn `jnj`mcjs. Pjn rhbitmviohnth nuhvjs, bjs prmohrjs surdmhrjn ai`h ohnjs ch 85 iùjs y su hvjbu`mðn ai smcj ouy répmci. Xnis vh`hs sh cm`h quh sjn jkris ch irth y jtris quh sjn choismicj vmjbhntjs. Iokis ifmroi`mjnhs aikrïi quh gustmfm`irbis. Pmn cuci, piri quh sh `jnvmhrtin hn mnstruohntjs hcu`itmvjs hs nh`hsirmj `jnj`hrbjs. Hstis pédmnis qumhrhn ojstrir nj tintj quí sh puhch iprhnchr `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs, smnj `ðoj utmbmzirbjs piri ai`hrbj pjsmkbh. Hb bmkrj hs hb rhsubticj ch `ism cmhz iùjs hxpbjrincj bjs vmchjguhdjs, iprhncmhncj i gudir, `jnvhrsincj `jn sus cmshùicjrhs y cmstrmkumcjrhs y, ichoés, trikigincj hn bis iubis `jn nmùjs, nmùis, ðvhnhs y hb prjfhsjricj. Hstis rhfbhxmjnhs sjn piri qumhnhs qumhrhn chs`ukrmr hb vibjr `ubturib y hcu`itmvj ch hstis nuhvis fjrois ch j`mj  j`mj   chsch un éokmtj mnthrcms`mpbmnir   hn hb quh hstén prhshnths bi psm`jbjdïi, bi sj`mjbjdïi, hb irth, bi mnthrcms`mpbmnir bmthrituri, hb cmshùj dréfm`j y bi prjdrioi`mðn mnfjroétm`i. Nj oh rhsmstj i uni rh`johnci`mðn7  gudir  gudir,, gudir, gudir, gudir. gudir. Uhrciojs hb omhcj i bis `jnsjbis y i bis pintibbis, shrén un kuhn puntj ch pirtmci piri phnsir ipismjniciohnth. Guduhojs `jn jtris phrsjnis, ch `uibqumhr hcic, y hn hs`hnirmjs rhibhs j vmrtuibhs. @jopirtmr hb `jnj`momhntj njs hnshùiré i ohgjrir y prjdrhsir. Srhss rhfbhxmjnhs Srh rjophr `jn ibdunjs hsthrhjtmpjs. prmohri, bjs vmchjguhdjs sjn uniprhvmis pírcmciqumhrhn ch tmhopj y, ichoés, sjn vmjbhntjs. vmjbhntjs . Oh Bi itrhvj i phnsir quh bjs jkghtjs `joj tibhs nj sjn nm kuhnjs nm oibjs, chphnch chb ojcj hn quh sh utmbmzin. Bi shdunci, hs cmfï`mb sikhr quí guhdj hbhdmr. hbhdmr . Pï, sjn drinchs chs`jnj`mcjs y `rhj quh shbh``mjnir unj u jtrj hs mopjrtinth piri thnhr hxphrmhn`mis dritmfm`inths. I vh`hs sh cm`h quh nj sh ai `rhicj tjcivïi unj `jn bi `ibmcic ch uni phbï`ubi tin `jnj`mci pjr su `ibmcic `joj @isikbin`i @isikbin`i   (9=3;). Uj`j i pj`j sh iprhnch i `jnj`hrbjs. Njs isjokrirhojs ch bi mnfjroi`mðn quh hxmsth hn Mnthrnht sjkrh hbbjs. @rïtm`is, duïis chb guhdj, vïchjs, pédmnis whk, sjn kuhnis fuhnths ch mnfjroi`mðn. Hn bis pédmnis ch hsth bmkrj sh `johntin ou`ajs vmchjguhdjs quh smrvhn tintj ch puntj ch pirtmci i qumhnhs qumhrin mnm`mirsh hn hsth unmvhrsj, `joj piri prjfuncmzir hn hbbjs. Bi thr`hri rhfbhxmðn sh rhfmhrh i jtrj hsthrhjtmpj, bjs vmchjguhdjs sjn choismicj iksjrkhnths.. Pï, bj sjn smn cuci. Siokmín bj hs bi `mhn`mi j bi bmthrituri `uincj iksjrkhnths itripin i uni mnvhstmdicjri, i un iutjr ch njvhbis j i sus bh`tjris. @joj smhoprh hn hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni =

 

bi vmci, bi pismðn y hb phnsiomhntj mnthri`t÷in y ojcubin nuhstris i`tmvmcichs y, pjr quí nj tiokmín, nuhstris rhbi`mjnhs `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs. Vhiojs iajri krhvhohnth uni phquhùi sïnthsms ch bjs `ipïtubjs y ch bi mchi hshn`mib quh sh ai quhrmcj trinsomtmr i trivís ch hbbjs.  Hn `ici `ipïtubj ahojs tjoicj `joj puntj ch pirtmci un vmchjguhdj `jn`rhtj  `jn`rhtj   y chsch iquï njs ahojs i`hr`icj i `jn`hptjs `bivh piri bjs hsph`mibmstis hn hsth `iopj, ou`ais vh`hs i`icíom`js y jtris cmshùicjrhs prjfhsmjnibhs ch guhdjs. Ph ain `jnsmchricj tiokmín bis ipjrti`mjnhs ch bi psm`jbjdïi, bi sj`mjbjdïi, bis `mhn`mis ch bi hcu`i`mðn. Njs ahojs fmgicj hn quí sh puhch iprhnchr y hnshùir chsch hsh guhdj hsph`ïfm`j y tiokmín `ðoj puhch ai`hrsh. Bjs `ipïtubjs puhchn bhhrsh tjcjs shdumcjs j ch fjroi mnchphncmhnth. Hsti pjsmkmbmcic nj hs ibdj kus`icj `jns`mhnthohnth, smnj quh sh chrmvi ch bis `iri`thrïstm`is ch bjs vmchjguhdjs. Cmstmntjs tmpjs phromthn rhfbhxmjnir sjkrh thois ouy virmicjs hn rhbi`mðn `jn hb iprhncmzigh. Hn `uibqumhr `isj, bjs `ipïtubjs puhchn idrupirsh hn trhs drinchs kbjquhs, quh nj hstén hxpbï`mtiohnth oir`icjs, oir`icjs , phrj quh sh su`hchn ch fjroi `ism niturib sm njs chthnhojs hn bi mchi ch quh `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs sh pmhnsi y sh rhfbhxmjni ipismjniciohnth. Hn bis riï`hs ch hsti mchi sh [XNH[, psm`ðbjdj njrthiohrm`inj puhchn chs`ukrmr ibdunis ipjrti`mjnhs ch Ghrjoh njrthiohrm`in y `rhicjr ch bi psm`jbjdïi `jdnmtmvi. Cmstmnduh hsthKiutjr cjs fjrois ch phnsiomhntj.j Ujr uni pirth, hb phnsiomhntj `jtmcminj, oés `hr`inj i bi vmvhn`mi quh mopbm`i bi `joprhnsmðn ch uni amstjrmi quh njs hoj`mjni. Ujr jtri, hb phnsiomhntj ch bi `mhn`mi. Bi hs`uhbi j``mchntib sh ai j`upicj ch hnshùir bi shdunci, phrj ai jbvmcicj ou`ais vh`hs bi prmohri. Hsti cmstmn`mðn hs bi b i quh duïi hb jrchn hn quh sh su`hchn bjs `ipïtubjs ch hsth bmkrj. @johnziojs `jn bjs oés `hr`injs ib phnsiomhntj `mhntïfm`j y, thncmhncj puhnths chsch bi mchi ch `rhi`mðn y irth, bbhdiojs i bi `jnstru``mðn ch amstjrmis y i bi `ubturi pjpubir. Hb `jnthnmcj ch bjs `ipïtubjs sh smnthtmzi krhvhohnth i `jntmnui`mðn. Hb kbjquh mnm`mib, mnm`mib, quh mn`buyh cjs `ipïtubjs, njs phromtmré pr phromtmré  prjfuncmzir jfuncmzir hn quí hs uni   hx`hp`mðn, nj njs `hntriojs sðbj hn un un vmchjguhdj. vmchjguhdj. Hb @ipïtubj Urmohrj  Urmohrj  hs uni uhdj, smnj quh sh pjnhn virmjs hghopbjs. Ubinthiojs ibdunis `uhstmjnhs chsch uni prhdunti dhnhrib7 ºUjr quí iprhnchr `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs:  vmchjguhdjs:   Nj sh hn`jntriré uni rhspuhsti `hrrici, smnj sudhrhn`mis chsch bjs cmstmntjs tmpjs ch vmchjguhdjs quh ajy sh hn`uhntrin hn hb ohr`icj y jtrjs quh oir`irjn un amtj hn su amstjrmi. Hstjs mnstruohntjs `ubturibhs surdhn i pirtmr ch chsirrjbbjs mnfjroétm`js, phrj nj chgin ch shr guhdjs. Urjfuncmzirhojs hn hbbjs piri rhfbhxmjnir pjr quí hb guhdj nj hsté rhùmcj `jn hb iprhncmzigh y bi hnshùinzi smnj quh puhch ai`hrbj oés fé`mb y ojtmvicjr. hcu`i`mðn,, prjfuncmzirhojs hn bis Hn hb @ipïtubj MM,  Ubitifjrois ch j`mj y hcu`i`mðn pjsmkmbmcichs quh jfrh`hn bjs vmchjguhdjs piri hstikbh`hr rhbi`mjnhs hntrh cmstmntjs

hs`hnirmjs ch ch   iprhncmzigh y hnshùinzi. Sjoiojs `joj puntj ch pirtmci bjs guhdjs ch chpjrths. Shncrhojs jpjrtunmcic ch prjfuncmzir hn bi mchi ch quh bjs guhdjs ain ch shr smdnmfm`itmvjs y ch ibbï ni`h su itri`tmvj. Xn kuhn guhdj hs hb quh hndin`ai ib hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 95

 

udicjr y bj `joprjohth hoj`mjnibohnth, ch iaï quh bjs thðrm`js aikbhn chb `ïr`ubj oédm`j   quh rjchi ib gudicjr hn smtui`mjnhs ch guhdj. Shncrhojs jpjrtunmcic ch oédm`j `jopirir bjs guhdjs quh j`urrhn hn hb ouncj rhib `jn sus `jrrhspjncmhnths vmchjguhdjs. Ujr hghopbj, ºquí ipjrti un guhdj cmdmtib `joj NKI `joj  NKI Bmvh ;595  ;595 frhnth ib ah`aj ch gudir hn hb pitmj ch rh`rhj: Chsch iokjs sh puhchn iprhnchr y hnshùir, iunquh nj shin bjs omsojs `jnthnmcjs nm sh aidi ch bi omsoi oinhri. Uishojs iajri ib shduncj kbjquh. kbjquh. Pm `jnsmchriojs bi cjkbh cmohnsmðn ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, `joj jkghtjs rhdmcjs pjr rhdbis j `joj hxprhsmðn ch bi `ubturi y bi hstítm`i pjpubir, hsth kbjquh sh fmgi hn bi mchi ch quh sjn ahrriomhntis piri phnsir y rhsjbvhr prjkbhois. Ph `jnsmchrin Jkghtjs mnthbmdhnths, mnthbmdhnths, `jn`hptj ib quh sh chcm`i hb MMM,, yi quh su usj `jntrmkuyh i trinsfjroir bis rhprhshnti`mjnhs quh hb @ipïtubj MMM udicjr `jnstruyh chb ouncj y tiokmín sus hstrithdmis ch rhsjbu`mðn ch prjkbhois. Sjoiojs `joj puntj ch pirtmci i Ujrtib i  Ujrtib (;554), (;554), un vmchjguhdj quh phromth rhsjbvhr uni shrmh ch puzzbhs hn bjs quh un hspi`mj, nj smhoprh trmcmohnsmjnib, phromth hxpbjrir y vmvmr hxphrmhn`mis mopjsmkbhs hn hb ouncj rhib. Hb ojcj hn quh hb gudicjr sh ouhvh i trivís ch sus pintibbis njs ciré bi jpjrtunmcic ch prjfuncmzir hn bjs prj`hsjs ch rhsjbu`mðn ch prjkbhois quh sh pjnhn hn pré`tm`i. (MV)  bi nh`hsmcic ch mnstruohntjs Ph chcm`i tiokmín un `ipïtubj iyuchn i icqumrmr nuhvis fjrois(MV) ch   iibfikhtmzi`mðn quhipjrtir phromtin  Chs`mfrirquh bjs ohnsighs ch bjs vmchjguhdjs. vmchjguhdjs. Hbbj supjnh quh hb gudicjr ai ch shr `ipiz ch `joprhnchr sus smdnjs y rhspjnchr i hbbjs, sjkrh tjcj smhncj `jns`mhnth chb tmpj ch cms`ursj quh utmbmzi. Isï hs `ðoj smdumhncj i Giohs Dhh, bmndòmsti Njrthiohrm`inj, hnthnchojs bi ibfikhtmzi`mðn.  Nhw Puphr Oirmj Krjs (;556)  (;556)  iyuciré i rhvmsir bis aikmbmcichs quh fi`mbmtin hb phnsiomhntj utmbmzincj o÷btmpbhs cms`ursjs. Inibmzirhojs `ðoj Ibm`mi, uni nmùi quh ahojs jkshrvicj i trivís chb tmhopj, hn cjs ojohntjs ch uhdj shpiricjs pjr un iùj ch cmfhrhn`mi, i bjs 8 y i bjs 6 iùjs, rhsuhbvh prjkbhois ipjrtincj phrsph`tmvis rhibohnth cmfhrhnths chb guhdj hn cjs ojohntjs cmstmntjs chb chsirrjbbj. irduohnti`mðn  quh puhchn Hb @ipïtubj V  V  sh `hntri hn bjs prj`hsjs ch irduohnti`mðn  rhbi`mjnirsh `jn hb ah`aj ch gudir hn uni `bish ch kmjbjdïi hn bi quh sh utmbmzð hb vmchjguhdj Ppjrh (;551). (;551). Hxpbjrirhojs bjs cmébjdjs quh tmhnhn budir hn hb iubi y bis ipjrti`mjnhs i un fjrj hn Mnthrnht piri ipjyir hb iprhncmzigh ch `mhrtjs `jnthnmcjs `urrm`ubirhs. @hrriojs hsth kbjquh `jn un `ipïtubj (VM)  (VM)  chcm`icj i  Ipr  Iprhnchr hnchr i `rhir `rhir.. Hn hsth `isj njs `hntriojs hn bi mchi ch quh bjs hstucminths nj sðbj sjn rh`hptjrhs ch bjs ohnsighs quh sh hnvïin ohcminth hb vmchjguhdj y chsch bjs quh puhchn rhfbhxmjnir j irduohntir. Hbbjs y hbbis puhchn `jnvhrtmrsh tiokmín hn prjcu`tjrhs ch `jnthnmcjs `jounm`itmvjs utmbmzincj o÷btmpbhs cms`ursjs. [hvmsiojs hsth prj`hsj `rhicjr i pirtmr ch prjcu``mjnhs oubtmohcmi rhibmzicis pjr hb ibuonicj, i pirtmr chb vmchjguhdj Kbjjo Kjx (;551), (;551), hn tibbhrhs jrdinmzicjs jrdinmzicjs chntrj chb ajrirmj aikmtuib chb `ursj. Hb `jn`hptj quh phromth jrdinmzir bjs `uitrj ÷btmojs `ipïtubjs (VMM ib Q) ch hsth hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 99

 

vjbuohn hn un ÷btmoj kbjquh  kbjquh  hs hb ch `ubturi pjpubir. pjpubir. Uirtmojs ch bis rhbi`mjnhs gipjnhsi  Fmnib Fintisy hntrh Irth hntrh  Irth y vmchjguhdjs  vmchjguhdjs  ( @ipïtubj VMM), VMM), ipjyicjs hn bi shrmh gipjnhsi Fmnib (9=14-;595) (  sh i`iki ch binzir bi vhrsmðn n÷ohrj QMMM chb guhdj), quh sh prhshnti hn (9=14-;595) o÷btmpbhs `jnsjbis y hn U@. Pmdumhncj ch `hr`i i Ahnry G HNLMNP, thðrm`j njrthiohrm`inj ch bjs ohcmjs, `jnsmchrir i bjs vmchjguhdjs `joj jkghtjs irtïstm`js supjnh rhbi`mjnirbjs oés kmhn `jn bis `ithdjrïis ch bi hstítm`i pjpubir quh `jn hb irth i`icíom`j, isj`micj pjr hghopbj i bi hs`ubturi `bésm`i j i bi pmnturi chb [hni`momhntj. Iopbmincj hsti phrsph`tmvi njs mntrjcu`mojs hn bis pjsmkmbmcichs quh jfrh`hn bjs vmchjguhdjs i bi ajri ch @jntir amstjrmis amstjrmis   (@ipïtubj VMMM) . Hs tiokmín un thoi pjbíom`j, sm hsté `birj quh ístis nj puhchn shpirirsh ch ch   bis prjcu``mjnhs `mnhoitjdréfm`is nj j`urrh isï hn bjs guhdjs vmrtuibhs. I pirtmr ch un fhnðohnj trinsohcmi  `joj hb ch  Airry Ujtthr  trinsohcmi Ujtthr hxpbjriojs bis pjsmkmbmcichs hxprhsmvis tintj ch o÷btmpbhs ohcmjs `uincj bjs hstucminths, quh sh `jnvmhrthn hn `bish hn njvhbmstis j «kbjduhrjs¼, trinsomthn sus jpmnmjnhs sjkrh bjs vmchjguhdjs j bis phbï`ubis ch Airry Ujtthr i trivís ch Mnthrnht. ivitir, y i bis Uisiojs chsch ibbï, hn hb @ipïtubj MQ, MQ, ib `jn`hptj ch Mchntmcic y ivitir, pjsmkmbmcichs quh njs jfrh`hn bjs guhdjs ch smoubi`mðn, `joj Pmo@mty @rhitjr (;551) y Bjs Pmos 0 (;55=), (;55=) , piri `jnstrumrbjs. Fmnibohnth chcm`iojs hb @ipïtubj Q  Q  i bjs  Nuhvjs aírjhs aírjhs   quh jfrh`hn i bjs ðvhnhs bjs ohcmjs ch `jounm`i`mðn y njs fmgiojs hn bis pjsmkmbmcichs hcu`itmvis ch frinqum`mis `johr`mibhs `joj, pjr hghopbj, hb ouncj ch  Cmsnhy y bjs vmchjguhdjs quh ain surdmcj ibrhchcjr ch chthromnicjs phrsjnighs. phrsjnighs. Sjcj hbbj hs cmfï`mb ch hnthnchr smn `jnsmchrir bis mnthri``mjnhs hntrh o÷btmpbhs oinmfhsti`mjnhs ch hsti `ubturi pjpubir.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 9;

 

@IUÏSXBJ U[MOH[J

Ujr quí iprhnchr `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs  Fm`ai rhsuohn chb `ipïtubj Yuí sh puhch iprhnchr7 @ðoj sjn bjs vmchjguhdjs y su hvjbu`mðn hn rhbi`mðn i bis cmstmntis ppbitifjrois. bitifjrois. Ibdunjs vmchjguhdjs `ism oïtm`js7

Ppi`h mnvichrs (9=41)  (9=41) ch Simtj,  Ui` Oin (9=15)  (9=15) ch Oin`j,  Cjnlhy Ljnd (9=19)  (9=19) ch Nmnthncj.

Uédmnis whk y vïchjs mnthrhsinths7

attp7//yjutu.kh/PaJ=rtyMQ-5  vhrsmðn piri hb mUajnh Ppi`h mnvichrs7  mnvichrs7  attp7//yjutu.kh/PaJ=rtyMQ-5  Ui` Oin7  Oin7  attp7//yjutu.kh/UF[gDopTb`w  Cjnlhy ljnd7  ljnd7  attp7//yjutu.kh/SOaHs41Wmx1 Xni hx`hbhnth hx`hbhnth rhvmsmðn ch bi amstj amstjrmi rmi ch bis `jnsjbis (9=45-;556) puhch hn`jntrirsh hn attp7//www.tahdioh`jnsjbh.`jo/

Hghopbjs7

Inébmsms ch guhdjs

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 90

 

 Mntrjcu``mðn Hb `mnh, bi thbhvmsmðn, bjs `ðom`s y bjs bmkrjs sjn mnstruohntjs `jn bjs quh sh puhch iprhnchr. Pjn pirth ch bi `ubturi chb smdbj QQM  phrj nj ain ipirh`mcj hn hsth ojohntj, tmhnhn uni amstjrmi `jrti j birdi. Nj tjcjs sh isj`min `jn bi omsoi fuhrzi i smtui`mjnhs ch iprhncmzigh, bi oiyjrïi sh vmn`ubin i bi vmci `jtmcmini. Ujndiojs un hghopbj. nuhvi vhrsmðn chyhstis pédmnisHbshpirtmcj vi i gudir bi shomfmnib Ajy, ch bi `uincj `jpi chb`jomhnzj ouncj chuni f÷tkjb hntrh Hspiùi Ibhoinmi. sh vhré pjr thbhvmsmðn y oiùini sh hs`rmkmrén nuohrjsis rhshùis. Hn hsth `isj, `joj hn ou`ajs jtrjs, hb guhdj tmhnh hb pjchr ch unmr i bis phrsjnis y bis rhfbhxmjnhs sjkrh íb hstén prhshnths hn o÷btmpbhs ohcmjs. ºAiy ibdj quh sh puhci iprhnchr hn hsti smtui`mðn: Hs`u`aiki bi ricmj omhntris mki ib trikigj y hn`jntrí uni rhspuhsti, hntrh ou`ais pjsmkbhs. Hb pjsmkbhs.  Hb bj`utjr ch`ïi quh hb f÷tkjb hs ou`aj oés quh un guhdj. guhdj. Nj sh triti ch cmsomnumr hb vibjr ch bi mchi ch guhdj, smnj ch pjthn`mir su pjchr `joj hbhohntj ch uni chthromnici `ubturi. Ujr hghopbj, hn su jpmnmðn, hb f÷tkjb phromth rhprhshntir ou`ais ch bis `uhstmjnhs quh prhj`upin ajy i bi sj`mhcic. Hntrh hbbis, bi prhshn`mi ch bjs ni`mjnibmsojs, hb ohr`icj quh rjchi i tjcj hb mnthr`iokmj ch udicjrhs, bi jrdinmzi`mðn sj`mib quh hsté tris íb y quh phromth bbhdir i bi jrdinmzi`mðn chb `iophjnitj. Hsh bj`utjr njs ojstriki quh hb f÷tkjb puhch shr un kuhn puntj ch pirtmci piri hstucmir ou`ajs fhnðohnjs sj`mibhs. Ujchojs shdumr `jn hsth hghopbj y pisir chb f÷tkjb quh sh guhdi hn `iopjs rhibhs i bjs vmchjguhdjs. Uhnshojs, pjr hghopbj, hn sidis `joj bis ch FMF ch  FMFI I j  NKI  NKI h  cmticjs pjr Hbh`trjnm` Irts, uni `jnj`mci cmstrmkumcjri ch vmchjguhdjs. Pjn ouy pjpubirhs hntrh bjs ioinths ch bjs vmchjguhdjs ch chpjrths. Bis prmohris vhrsmjnhs ipirh`hn yi hn 9==1. Hs fé`mb hn`jntrir mnfjroi`mðn sjkrh hbbjs, mn`busj inths ch quh hstín hn hb ohr`icj. Kisti, pjr hghopbj, i`ucmr i Tmlmphcmi hn su vhrsmðn mndbhsi j i bis b is pédmnis ch bjs cmstrmkumcjrhs jfm`mibhs. Hn hstis frinqum`mis bjs ohgjrhs gudicjrhs ch bjs hqumpjs, ni`mjnibhs h mnthrni`mjnibhs, hstén prhshnths hn bis pintibbis, phrj hn hsth `isj `jntrjbicjs pjr bi phrsjni quh guhdi. Hb guhdj rhib y hb vmrtuib tmhnhn ou`aj hn `jo÷n, iunquh nj sjn mcíntm`js. Urjfuncmzirhojs hn hb `jn`hptj ch vmchjguhdj, sus tmpjs y su hvjbu`mðn i trivís ch su `jrti amstjrmi, mn`mcmhncj hn bjs isph`tjs oés rhbhvinths `uincj quhrhojs `jnvhrtmrbjs hn mnstruohntjs m nstruohntjs hcu`itmvjs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 93

 

Yuí hs un vmchjguhdj

hkjjlhbj.`jo Uédmni 98  

Kus`incj uni chfmnm`mðn Yumhnhs sh ain j`upicj ch hsth thoi suhbhn `mtir hb `jn`hptj ch Gjainn AXMWMNDI (;555), intrjpðbjdj ajbincís quh pukbm`i  Ajoj Buchns  Buchns  hn 9=01. Hsti hri su chfmnm`mðn, quh shrïi vébmci tintj piri bjs guhdjs g uhdjs rhibhs `joj piri bjs vmrtuibhs. «Hb guhdj hs uni i`tmvmcic bmkrh y `jns`mhnth, quh j`urrh fuhri ch bi vmci 'jrcmnirmi' pjrquh sh `jnsmchri quh nj iunquhprjvh`aj i vh`hs iksjrkh ib gudicjr mnthnsi sh y `jopbhtiohnth. Hs ighni i mnthrhshs y ch hbbihsnjshrmi, sh jktmhnh h`jnðom`j. Hsi i`tmvmcic rhibmzi ch i`uhrcj `jn rhdbis fmgis yoithrmibhs ch uni fjroi jrchnici, chntrj unjs chthromnicjs bïomths hspi`mj-thopjribhs. Urjouhvh bi fjroi`mðn ch drupjs sj`mibhs quh tmhnchn i rjchirsh i sï omsojs ch sh`rhtj y i i`hntuir sus cmfhrhn`mis rhsph`tj chb rhstj utmbmzincj bjs ohcmjs oés virmicjs¼. (@mticj hn PIBHN y WMOOH[OIN, ;556i, péd. 48.)

Hb thxtj puhch `johntirsh smdumhncj ch `hr`i hb hghopbj inthrmjr, hb `iophjnitj chb ouncj ch f÷tkjb ch ;595. Hspiùi nj sðbj pisð i bi fmnib smnj quh bi dinð. Hn hsth `isj aiy ibdj hsph`mibohnth mnthrhsinth. Bjs prjtidjnmstis sjn bjs gudicjrhs ch bi shbh``mðn, phrj tiokmín hri tjcj hb piïs quh sibmð i bi `ibbh, `hbhkrincj un íxmtj quh j`upð bjs tmtubirhs ch tjcjs bjs phrmðcm`js ni`mjnibhs h mnthrni`mjnibhs. Ichoés, bi njtm`mi fuh ht`. hb trmunfj, rhi``mjnirjn prjtidjnmstis,chbbjsguhdj gudicjrhs, sus shdumcjrhs, Vhiojs`ðoj i pirtmr ch iquï bissus`iri`thrïstm`is `jn `mhrtj chtibbh.

hkjjlhbj.`jo Uédmni 96  

Ibdunjs risdjs chb guhdj • J`urrh fuhri ch bi vmci jrcmnirmi y, hs oés, nj hs `jnsmchricj `joj uni i`tmvmcic shrmi.  Hb f÷tkjb itrih i ombbjnhs ch ifm`mjnicjs, mn`busj i qumhnhs nj bj sjn, phrj bi shrmi. dhnth hs `jns`mhnth ch quh sh hn`uhntri inth ibdj quh bh phromth hvicmrsh ch bi rhibmcic oés mnohcmiti, i vh`hs prjkbhoétm`i. Bj piricðgm`j hs quh hsti hvismðn puhch shr oés fuhrth quh jtrjs i`jnth`momhntjs quh, thðrm`iohnth, shrïin oés mopjrtinths. • Hs iksjrkhnth.  iksjrkhnth.  Ph aikbi mn`busj ch un `ïr`ubj oédm`j ibrhchcjr chb guhdj quh ai`h jbvmcir hb hntjrnj mnohcmitj. Hsté oés unmcj i bi hoj`mðn quh ib `jnj`momhntj, iunquh hsh `ïr`ubj phromti bi prhshn`mi ch hstrithdmis `jdnmtmvis piri ivinzir hn hb  guhdj. Uhnshojs ch nuhvj hn hb f÷tkjb. Hb hntrhnicjr pbinmfm`i bis hstrithdmis quh ain ch pjnhrsh hn pré`tm`i y hsj hxmdh drinchs cjsms ch rhfbhxmðn. Mn`busj qumhnhs vhn hb pirtmcj chsch bis dricis j pjr thbhvmsmðn, pmhnsin ou`ais vh`hs hn bi ohgjr  gudici, aisti hn ojohntjs ojohntjs ch oéxmoi hoj`mðn. • Yumzés `uhsti `rhhrbj phrj, shd÷n hb iutjr quh `johntiojs, hb guhdj nj hsté isj`micj i mnthrhshs oithrmibhs. oithrmibhs. Hsth risdj hs cmfï`mb ch hnthnchr sm shdumojs phnsincj hn hb hghopbj chb f÷tkjb, j hn `uibqumhr jtrj chpjrth quh thndi uni `ithdjrïi prjfhsmjnib. Sjcjs `jnj`hojs bis prhj`upi`mjnhs h`jnðom`is quh rjchin i bjs chpjrtmstis ch íbmth. Njs quhci bi prhdunti ch aisti quí puntj un prjfhsmjnib chb guhdj j chb chpjrth i`t÷i `jncm`mjnicj, ÷nm`iohnth, pjr mnthrhshs h`jnðom`js j oithrmibhs. •  Bi i`tmvmcic chb gudicjr prj`hch prj`hch ch i`uhrcj i`uhrcj `jn unis rhdbis. rhdbis.   Bjs guhdjs hstén hstrh`aiohnth isj`micjs isj`micjs i bi mchi ch quh hstiojs inth ibdj quh ai ch `uopbmrsh, yi quh isï hsté `jnvhnmcj pjr uni `jbh`tmvmcic. Hsth hs hb smdnmfm`icj quh hn hb cm``mjnirmj ch bi [hib I`ichomi Hspiùjbi sh itrmkuyh ib tíromnj rhdbi. Pjkri `ism ch`mr quh `ici guhdj tmhnh sus rhdbis. Ujr hghopbj, hntrh bis oés fiojsis hsté bi chb fuhrichchfuhri guhdjch guhdj    hnguhdj hb f÷tkjb. pjsm`mðn sm hstéTmlmphcmi oés `hr`ibichchfmnh bi bïnhiisï7 ch «Xn ohtigudicjr `jntrirmihsté quhhnhb kibðn y hb phn÷btmoj icvhrsirmj¼. Ph hnthnchré ohgjr jkshrvincj bi Fmduri 9.9. Hs uni rhdbi quh i vh`hs rhsubti cmfï`mb ch `joprhnchr sm njs bmomtiojs i hxpbm`irbi jribohnth. Hn hb f÷tkjb, `joj hn `uibqumhr jtrj guhdj, hb `jnguntj ch rhdbis quh sh mn`buyhn hn su rhdbiohntj hs bj quh bj ai`h pjsmkbh.

hkjjlhbj.`jo Uédmni 94  

  Hb guhdj hs un prj`hsj `jopbhgj. Fmduri 9.9. Hb

• Smhnh budir hn sus prjpmjs bïomths hspi`mj thopjribhs. thopjribhs.   Hs ch`mr, hb guhdj hs smdnmfm`itmvj hn `jnthxtjs quh ichoés bh piri itrmkuyhn smdnmfm`icj. Ujr hghopbj, phnshojs sm gudirchthromnicjs, ib f÷tkjb smdnmfm`i bj omsoj hb nmùj j bi nmùi, quh bj pri`tm`in hn su pitmj ch rh`rhj j hn un pirquh, y hb shntmcj quh bh itrmkuyh hb  gudicjr prjfhsmjnib chb quh inths aikbékiojs. Ujchojs prh`msir ibdj oés7 hb f÷tkjb tmhnh shntmcj pjrquh hxmsth uni pjrthrïi, fïsm`i j nj, i trivís ch bi quh sh ai ch mntrjcu`mr hb kibðn. • @rhi drupjs sj`mibhs quh sh `jnvmhrthn hn `jounmcichs, hs ch`mr, puhchn imsbirsh chb rhstj.  rhstj.  Ujr hghopbj, bjs amn`ais ch un hqumpj bj smduhn y sh hntmhnchn hntrh sï tjoincj `joj puntj ch ipjyj bi icomri`mðn ai`mi su hqumpj. Yumhnhs guhdin j pirtm`mpin ch bi vmsmðn chb guhdj, ib ohnjs hn ibdunjs ojohntjs, `jopirthn vibjrhs, rhdbis y pré`tm`is. Hsj hs, prh`msiohnth, bj quh ai`h surdmr uni `jounmcic. Oés ibbé ch hsti chfmnm`mðn, jtrjs iutjrhs mnthrhsicjs hn bjs vmchjguhdjs ain itrmkumcj ib guhdj cmvhrsjs risdjs. Nuohrjsjs trikigjs sh ain mnthrhsicj pjr hsth thoi, tintj hn rhbi`mðn `jn bj quh `iri`thrmzi ib guhdj hn sï omsoj (N HTOIN, ;553< PIBHN  y W MOOH[OIN, ;556i) `joj `uincj sh `jnsmchrin sus `jnthxtjs (B I@IPI, ;595< PIBHN, ;551). Bi Sikbi 9.9 ouhstri quh chfmnmr un guhdj hs uni tirhi `jopbhgi. I pirtmr ch iquï njs fmgirhojs oés chthnmciohnth hn bjs vmchjguhdjs. Pmdumhncj i OJ[SHNPHN (;55=) cmfhrhn`mirhojs ib ohnjs trhs tíromnjs utmbmzicjs utmb mzicjs piri ohn`mjnir hb guhdj quh j`urrh hn bi pintibbi, sm kmhn hn hsth bmkrj bjs usirhojs mncmstmntiohnth. Hxmsthn guhdjs quh chphnchn `jopbhtiohnth chb jrchnicjr jrchnicjr.. Puhbh ch`mrsh quh hb prmohrj fuh Shnnms fjr Swj (9=81). (9=81). Ph gudiki hn un js`mbjs`jpmj, i ojcj ch pintibbi, quh hstiki `jnh`ticj i uni `joputicjri inibðdm`i. Mrhojs vmhncj oés ichbinth

hkjjlhbj.`jo Uédmni 91  

`ðoj ou`ajs guhdjs `jntmn÷in hn bi i`tuibmcic ipirh`mhncj hn vhrsmjnhs sðbj piri jrchnicjr, pjr hghopbj Bjs Pmos 0 (;55=). (;55=).  Hbhohntjs hn bi chfmnm`mðn chb guhdj.\9_ I pirtmr ch PIBHN y WMOOH[OIN (;553) Sikbi 9.9.  Hbhohntjs

Sris bjs prmohrjs guhdjs ch jrchnicjr aukj quh hsphrir kistinths iùjs piri quh ipirh`mhrin prmohris `jnsjbis  fuh y `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs prjpmiohnth cm`ajs cm`ajs. Ujr hghopbj,bis  Ujnd (j Shbh-Ujnd)  hbh-Ujnd) un hbbis vmchjguhdj ch bi prmohri dhnhri`mðn ch. vmchj`jnsjbis pukbm`icj pjr Itirm hn 9=4;. Hs tiokmín ch chpjrths y smoubi uni ohsi ch pmnd-pjnd. I pirtmr ch íb sh ain dhnhricj ombhs ch guhdjs piri cmfhrhnths tmpjs ch `jnsjbis, tintj pjrtétmbhs `joj ch sjkrhohsi. Hs cmfï`mb hbhdmr ibd÷n hghopbj `jn`rhtj quh puhci rhsubtir piricmdoétm`j. Pmhoprh ohn`mjnj bi sidi ch Nmnthncj quh surdmð ibrhchcjr ch Puphr Oirmj Krjs\;_ hn 9=10 y phroinh`h aisti bi fh`ai, `jn uhdjs tin `jnj`mcjs `joj Puphr Oirmj Dibixy ; (;595). (;595).

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 9=  

Fmduri 9.;.  Guhdjs cmdmtibhs.

Ph aikbi tiokmín ch bjs  guhdjs vmrtuibhs, vmrtuibhs, iquhbbjs quh sh guhdin jnbmnh. Ph cmstmnduhn pjrquh sjn piri o÷btmpbhs gudicjrhs quh guhdin i bi vhz ibrhchcjr chb ouncj. Hn tíromnjs dhnhribhs, pjr vmrtuib hnthnchojs ibdj quh nj hs rhib j, qumzés ohgjr, ibdj quh nj hs fïsm`j. Xnj ch bjs oés fiojsjs hs Tjrbc jf Tir`rift (;553), (;553), quh i`tuibohnth pjshh hb oiyjr n÷ohrj ch usuirmjs\0_.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;5  

Smpjs ch vmchjguhdjs Cmfhrhn`mir bjs guhdjs j bis phbï`ubis pjr sus risdjs hs ibdj aikmtuib y iyuci i `joprhnchrbjs un pj`j ohgjr. Uiri cirnjs `uhnti ch bi `jopbhgmcic quh supjnh idrupirbjs pjchojs `jnsubtir hb trikigj ch N HTOIN  y P MOJNP  (;554) hn hb quh sh jfrh`h un inébmsms ch 955 vmchjguhdjs rhbhvinths, smn hstikbh`hr nmnduni `bismfm`i`mðn. Ch tjcjsHxmsthn ojcjs,o÷btmpbhs nj hs uni tirhi fé`mb, pjrquh bjs thðrm`js nj quh suhbhn pjnhrshtris ch i`uhrcj. `bismfm`i`mjnhs. Hb `jn`hptj ch dínhrj sh hs`jnch hbbis prj`hch ch bi bmthrituri. @jntrmkuyh i jrdinmzir cmfhrhnths tmpjs ch thxtjs, pjr hghopbj, njvhbis, cmfusmðn phrmjcïstm`i j thitrj y, pjr supuhstj, phbï`ubis (P @AISW, 9=19). Bjs dínhrjs rhfbhgin bi `ubturi hn bi quh hstén prhshnths bjs thxtjs hs`rmtjs j iucmjvmsuibhs. Njs mnthrhsin iajri bjs vmchjguhdjs y hb `mnh, cjs ohcmjs ch `jounm`i`mðn quh sh i`hr`in hn ibdunjs ch sus risdjs. Uhrj bi fjroi hn quh hsi `ubturi sh rhvhbi hn hb `mnh j hn hb vmchjguhdj nj hs bi omsoi. Ujr uni pirth, bjs aírjhs ch bjs vmchjguhdjs sjn oés hstétm`js quh hn bis phbï`ubis y, ichoés, bi mnthri``mðn `jn bi iucmhn`mi hs tiokmín cmstmnti pjrquh sm hb gudicjr nj i`t÷i hn bi pintibbi nj j`urrmré nici. Bi iucmhn`mi pirtm`mpi ch fjroi fïsm`i, ibdj quh nj pisi hn hb `mnh, y ohntib, hn `uintj quh sh rhprhshnti h mnthrprhti bjs rhtjs quh pbinthin bjs i`jnth`momhntjs. Hn `uibqumhr `isj, piri `bismfm`ir bjs dínhrjs `mnhoitjdréfm`js j bjs vmchjguhdjs sh puhchn `jnsmchrir, ib ohnjs, trhs isph`tjs7 bi m`jnjdrifïi, bi hstru`turi y hb thoi. thoi. • M`jnjdrifïi  M`jnjdrifïi.. Ph fmgi hn bjs tmpjs ch moédhnhs quh mntrjcu`h hb guhdj y, pjr supuhstj, nj puhch shr mnchphncmhnth ch jtrjs hbhohntjs. Ujr hghopbj, bis moédhnhs shrén cmfhrhnths hn iquhbbjs guhdjs jrdinmzicjs ch fjroi nirritmvi, isj`micjs i uni amstjrmi, j ipjyicjs hn bi rhsjbu`mðn ch prjkbhois ikstri`tjs. I vh`hs iokjs isph`tjs hntrh`ruzin. Ujr hghopbj, Sjok [imchr (9==6)  shrïi un (9==6)  guhdj cjnchPmn bi nirritmvi sh mopjrti tintj `joj bis cmfm`ubtichs quh bi prjtidjnmsti chkh rhsjbvhr. hokirdj, Shtrmx (9=13)  (9=13) hs un guhdj ou`aj oés ikstri`tj. Hsté `birj, pjr tintj, quh hb tmpj ch moédhnhs m oédhnhs quh utmbmzin shrén cmstmntis. • [hsph`tj i bi hstru`turi hstru`turi  pjcrïiojs `jnsmchrir, hntrh jtrjs, cjs isph`tjs rhbhvinths. Hb prmohrj sh rhbi`mjni `jn bi phrsph`tmvi quh hb gudicjr tmhnh chb guhdj. Hn hsth `isj sh aikbi ch guhdjs hn prmohri j hn thr`hri phrsjni. Hn unjs bi rhprhshnti`mðn chb ivitir, hb aírjh chb guhdj, nj hs vmsmkbh piri hb gudicjr, hs ch`mr, ísth jkshrvi i su aírjh chsch su prjpmi phrsph`tmvi. Xn guhdj mnthrhsinth hn hsth `jnthxtj hs Kittbhfmhbc (9=3;), (9=3;), pukbm`icj pjr HI hn ;55;. Jtris vh`hs hb phrsjnigh hsté hn bi pintibbi, mn`busj `jn uni phquhùi moidhn hn bi pirth suphrmjr ch ísti7 sh aikbi hntjn`hs ch guhdjs hn thr`hri phrsjni. Hs bj quh j`urrh hn bi sidi ch  Oirmj Krjs Krjs (9=10/;595) c  mstrmkumci pjr Nmnthncj. (9=10/;595) • Siokmín hb thoi y bi tirhi  tirhi  ain ch thnhrsh hn `uhnti. Aikbirhojs ch guhdjs ch

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;9  

`mhn`mi fm``mðn (Ppi`h mnvichrs, 9=41), 9=41), mn`busj Thsthrns (Jutbiws, 9==4) j j  guhdjs ch duhrri (Ljokit, 9=44). 9=44). Iquï ai ch `jnsmchrirsh bi ohti quh hb gudicjr chkh ib`inzir y hs hbbi bi quh chthromni sm hb guhdj sh diniré j nj. Xni `bismfm`i`mðn hntrh bis ou`ais pjsmkbhs, quh mntrjcu`hn m ntrjcu`hn BIM[C y B HNS (;558), sh mn`buyh hn bi Sikbi 9.;. Sikbi 9.;.  Dínhrjs y vmchjguhdjs Dínhrj Ivhnturi

Chs`rmp`mðn Hghopbj Ph rhbi`mjni oés quh bjs guhdjs ch i``mðn `jn bi fm``mðn mnthri`tmvi. Ujnhn hb i`hntj  Ojnlhy hn bi amstjrmi y hb irduohntj. Hb gudicjr chkh rhsjbvhr prjkbhois `uincj mnthri`t÷i  Msbinc `jn jtrjs phrsjnighs, prjdrhsincj isï i trivís ch cmstmntjs ojohntjs ch bi ivhnturi. (9==5/;595), Drmo  Fincindj (9==1) Hstrithdmi Bjs auoinjs sh hnfrhntin i prjkbhois quh chkhn rhsjbvhr, rhsjbvhr, pjr hghopbj, Tjrbc jf  cmstrmkuyhncj bjs rh`ursjs, jrdinmzincj bi prjcu``mðn, bis chfhnsis y bjs itiquhs. Tir`rift  Bis i``mjnhs chb jrchnicjr sjn cjkbhs7 `jntrjbir bi `jncu`ti ch bjs mncmvmcujs y ch (;558/;595) sus jpjnhnths. Bis tirhis sjn oés `jopbhgis quh hn bjs guhdjs ch i``mðn. Chpjrths Hstjs guhdjs `ukrhn `ism tjcjs bjs chpjrths moidmnikbhs. Hb jrchnicjr j hb sjftwirh  NKI, FMF FMFI I ch bi `jnsjbi tmhnh cjs piphbhs7 i)  i)  Hb `jntrjb chb phrsjnigh quh rhprhshnti i bi (9=1=/;595) phrsjni auoini y rhspjnch i sus i``mjnhs, k)  k)  Hb `jntrjb ch jtrjs phrsjnighs, bjs jpjnhnths. I``mðn Pjn bbjs js oés pjpub pjpubirhs irhs y supjnh supjnhnn quh bi i``m i``mðn ðn au auoini oini ``jntrjb jntrjbii i un phrsjn phrsjnigh igh hn  Cjjo un hntjrnj vmrtuib. Uuhchn shr hn prmohri phrsjni, hn hb quh bi phrsjni auoini vh bj (9==0), Aibj quh pjcrïi vhr su phrsjnigh, j hn thr`hri phrsjni, cjnch hb gudicjr vh bis i``mjnhs (;559/;55=), ch su phrsjnigh hn bi pintibbi. Sjok [imchr (9==6/;55=) Pmoubi`mðn Urjpjr`mjnin ib gudicjr hb `jntrjb ch un o ouncj uncj smoubicj. Bis phrsjnis puhchn Pmo@mty ojcmfm`ir hb hntjrnj y sus aikmtinths. Hb jrchnicjr `jntrmkuyh i fi`mbmtir y jrmhntir (9=1=) bi i``mðn chb gudicjr piri smoubir hb ouncj rhib. Ch rjb Xn aauoinj uoinj puhch gudir `jn ccmfhrhn mfhrhnths ths ttmpjs mpjs ch ph phrsjnig rsjnighs, hs, ppjr jr hg hghopbj hopbj,, un oidj u Xbtmoi jtrjs tmpjs itri`tmvjs. Puhbh shr nh`hsirmj rh`jbh`tir jkghtjs piri iuohntir bjs Jnbmnh pjchrhs ch bjs phrsjnighs, tjcj hbbj hn un ouncj vmrtuib. @joj hn bjs guhdjs ch (9==4), i``mðn, hb `joputicjr puhch gudir hb piphb ch hnhomdj, phrj sh mn`buyhn `iri`thrhs  Hvhrquhst  icm`mjnibhs quh iuohntin bjs isph`tjs sj`mibhs chb guhdj. (9===), Kibcur”s Dith (9==1)

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;;  

Hb piphb ch bi mnthbmdhn`mi irtmfm`mib Uhrj sm ibdj tmhnhn hn `jo÷n bjs guhdjs quh i`ikiojs ch ohn`mjnir sjn ibdunjs hbhohntjs quh hstén prhshnths hn su cmshùj. @jnsmchrirbjs puhch shr un kuhn puntj ch pirtmci piri i`hr`irsh i un vmchjguhdj pjr prmohri vhz. Hstjs risdjs, sh rhbi`mjnin `jn bis pjsmkmbmcichs quh ain ikmhrtj i bjs vmchjguhdjs bis ipjrti`mjnhs ch bi IM[C

 Mnthbmdhn`mi Irtmfm`mib  Irtmfm`mib (B

 y B

HNS

, ;558). Bjs ohn`mjniojs i `jntmnui`mðn.

  Bi `jopbhgmcic chb cmshùj. Fmduri 9.0. Bi

 Uhrsjnighs funciohntibhs7 funciohntibhs7 Hnhomdjs té`tm`js té`tm`js y `jopiùhrjs `jopiùhrjs Bjs vmchjguhdjs pjshhn un irduohntj isj`micj i un phrsjnigh vmrtuib, quh nj smhoprh tmhnh fjroi auoini. Ajy sh utmbmzin mn`busj tí`nm`is `mnhoitjdréfm`is piri dhnhrirbjs. Hn bis pintibbis ipirh`hn tiokmín cmstmntjs jkghtjs quh rhspjnchn i bis mnstru``mjnhs chb gudicjr y quh sh trinsomthn i trivís ch bjs oincjs ch bi `jnsjbi j chb th`bicj chb jrchnicjr. Sjcj hbbj ai smcj cmshùicj pjr hb `rhicjr chb guhdj y prjdrioicj hn un bhnduigh quh hb jrchnicjr puhci `joprhnchr. Hn ÷btmoj hxtrhoj, hs hb jrchnicjr qumhn dhnhri bjs phrsjnighs i bjs quh ai ch hnfrhntirsh hb gudicjr. Bis tí`nm`is ch i``mðn ch hstjs phrsjnighs, j hbhohntjs i`tmvjs, ain `iokmicj ou`aj. Hn bjs prmohrjs guhdjs hrin ouy smopbhs, sh bmomtikin i hnfrhntir i cjs jpjnhnths7 unj, quh `jntrjbiki hb gudicjr y, jtrj, quh dhnhriki hb jrchnicjr. Ajy bis `jsis sjn oés `jopbhgis. Kisti fmgirsh, pjr hghopbj, hn bjs guhdjs ch smoubi`mðn. Uhnshojs hn  Bjs Pmos (;555/;55=), (;555/;55=), cjnch bjs phrsjnighs nj sh hnfrhntin nh`hsirmiohnth hntrh sï, smnj quh smoubin `jopjrtiomhntjs sj`mibhs h mnthri``mjnhs quh bis phrsjnis ointmhnhn hn hb ouncj rhib, ipjyicjs ou`ais vh`hs hn rhbi`mjnhs ch tmpj h`jnðom`j, iomstic, iojr, iojr, ht`.  Uhrsjnighs ch ipjyj ipjyj Hs nh`hsirmj cjtirbjs ch cmvhrsjs hbhohntjs (aikmbmcichs, jkghtjs, ht`.) quh sh vin icqumrmhncj i trivís chb guhdj. Pus i``mjnhs suhbhn shr oés bmomticis quh bis ch bjs prjtidjnmstis y sh ointmhnhn hn un chthromnicj budir ch bi pintibbi aisti quh hb udicjr mnm`mi bi mnthri``mðn `jn hbbj. Pm jkshrviojs ibdunis moédhnhs chb guhdj  Fmnib Fintisy (9=14/;55=)  (9=14/;55=)  bjs phrsjnighs ch ipjyj j`upin un budir funciohntib,

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;0  

smduhn smhoprh i bjs prjtidjnmstis y vin virmincj sus prjpmhcichs hn fun`mðn ch bis `iri`thrïstm`is quh bhs ismdni hb gudicjr. I vh`hs sh cmshùin `joj smopbhs `jopirsis, sm kmhn pjcrén iciptirsh ib hntjrnj y i jtrjs phrsjnighs ch ipjyj, mn`buyhncj ojvmomhntjs rhibmstis, phrsjnibmcic, hoj`mjnhs, isï `joj `ipi`mcic ch hxprhsmðn i trivís chb bhnduigh.  Hstrithdmis frhnth frhnth i bjs jpjnhnths Xni hstrithdmi hs hb prj`hsj quh phromth ib gudicjr ivinzir i trivís ch bis pintibbis chb guhdj, mr rhsjbvmhncj bjs prjkbhois quh ísth pbinthi y, hn j`ismjnhs, `jopbhtir hb guhdj. Hn tíromnjs dhnhribhs sjn ch cjs tmpjs. Ujr uni pirth, bis quh hromthn chs`ukrmr rh`ursjs nh`hsirmjs piri mr ivinzincj y, pjr jtri, bis quh fi`mbmtin `jntrjbir bis jphri`mjnhs ch bjs phrsjnighs u jtrjs hbhohntjs.  hbhohntjs.   Uhnshojs hn bjs guhdjs ch chpjrths, pjr hghopbj  FMF  FMFI I (9==0/;595). (9==0/;595). Hn bjs `iopjs vmrtuibhs ch hstjs vmchjguhdjs, bj omsoj quh hn hb f÷tkjb rhib, hs nh`hsirmj ipuntir kmhn piri ohthr djbhs hn bi pjrthrïi chb `jntrirmj, quh hn hsth `isj hs hb jpjnhnth. Bjs udicjrhs vmrtuibhs puhchn hntrhnirsh piri ohgjrir su punthrïi. Isï, sh pjnhn hn pré`tm`i hstrithdmis quh phromthn ohgjrir bjs prjpmjs rh`ursjs. Uhrj tjcivïi aiy oés. Vhiojs un thxtj quh sh jfrh`h piri chs`rmkmr hb guhdj oés rh`mhnth7  HI PUJ[SP FMFI 99 99  rhmnvhnti bi phrsjnibmcic –`jn y smn hb kibðn– ch `ici gudicjr piri `ici pjsm`mðn chb `iopj `jn Uhrsjnibmty\3_.

Hn hsth `isj hb vmchjguhdj jfrh`h bi pjsmkmbmcic ch quh bjs gudicjrhs thndin cmstmntis phrsjnibmcichs, hs ch`mr, quh nj tjcjs rhspjncin ch bi omsoi oinhri `uincj rh`mkhn hb kibðn, j sh smt÷hn piri rh`mkmrbj hn bjs omsojs budirhs chb `iopj. Hb gudicjr puhch tjoir ch`msmjnhs quh `jncm`mjnhn tjcjs hsjs isph`tjs `jn hb fmn ch ohgjrir bis hstrithdmis quh ai ch pjnhr hn guhdj. Xni vhz tjoicis hsis ch`msmjnhs prhvmis sh puhch mnm`mir hb pirtmcj prjpmiohnth cm`aj y pjnhr hn pré`tm`i hsis aikmbmcichs. Hn hsth ÷btmoj `isj hstirhojs yi i`tuibmzincj hstrithdmis ch `jntrjb. Xnmcichs, hqumpjs j drupjs Sintj hn bjs guhdjs ch chpjrth `joj hn bjs ch hstrithdmi hs nh`hsirmj oinhgir cmstmntis unmcichs ch i``mðn, `ism smhoprh jrdinmzicis, pjnmhncj hn rhbi`mðn cmstmntjs phrsjnighs y jkghtjs. Hstis ain ch phromtmr pbinmfm`ir un pitrðn ch i`tmvmcic, shdumrbj aisti un chthromnicj budir y, ichoés, pjchr rhi``mjnir inth bjs `iokmjs hn hb hntjrnj `uincj ipirhz`in bis unmcichs jpjnhnths rhpbhtis ch rh`ursjs. Siokmín hn un guhdj ch chpjrth hs nh`hsirmj shbh``mjnir uni hstrithdmi piri tjcj hb hqumpj. Ujr hghopbj, hn hb f÷tkjb hb hntrhnicjr chkh hsph`mfm`ir un guhdj dhnhrib `jn cmstmntis jp`mjnhs sh hgh`uti hb pbin.hsth Uhrjhstiokmín hb guhdj vmrtuibipirh`h bjs gudicjrhs fjroin un`uincj hqumpj. Ujr hghopbj, hb thxtjhnquh ch nuhvj hn bi prhshnti`mðn chb vmchjguhdj7

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;3  

«Hxprmoh bis `iri`thrïstm`is ch bjs gudicjrhs y jptmomzi sus aikmbmcichs piri quh rmnci ib 955%, tintj mncmvmcuib `joj `jbh`tmviohnth¼. Hstj smdnmfm`i mnthdrirsh hn hb hqumpj, i`tuir `joj un drupj. Uiri `joprhnchrbj ohgjr pjchojs vhr `uibqumhri ch bjs tutjrmibhs quh jfrh`h hb vmchj i trivís ch Mnthrnht (vhr njti 3).

Hb thxtj mnsmsth hn quh hs nh`hsirmj pjnhr hn oir`ai uni i``mðn `jbh`tmvi. @johnticjrhs j nirricjrhs Xnj ch bjs rh`ursjs quh sh utmbmzin i ohnucj, pjr hghopbj hn bjs guhdjs ch chpjrth, `jnsmsth hn nirrir j chs`rmkmr quí j`urrh hn bi pintibbi curinth hb guhdj. Ibdj quh tiokmín su`hch hn bi vmci rhib, kisti fmgirsh hn bjs pirtmcjs quh sh trinsomthn pjr ricmj j thbhvmsmðn. Hb piphb ch hsti vjz hs cir `uhnti ch bis i``mjnhs chb gudicjr y chb jpjnhnth, tjcj hbbj i trivís ch un bhnduigh quh chs`rmki bi i``mðn. Bjdrirbj ch fjroi itri`tmvi hs uni tirhi mopjrtinth piri hb cmshùicjr chb guhdj, ibdj quh nj smhoprh hs fé`mb pjrquh nj sh triti sjbj ch cir `uhnti ch uni chthromnici i``mðn, smnj chb hsticj dhnhrib chb guhdj. Hbbj sh `jopbm`i, ichoés, pjr bi cmfm`ubtic ch hvmtir bi rhphtm`mðn, thnmhncj hn `uhnti quh bis frishs ain ch aikhr smcj drikicis prhvmiohnth. Nj pjchojs chgir ch shùibir, fmnibohnth, quh tjcjs hstjs risdjs ain ch hnthnchrsh fjroi cmnéom`i. vmchjguhdjs `jntmnuiohnth nuhvjs tintj i bjschcmshùicjrhs `joj Bjs i bjs gudicjrhs.pbinthin  Bi `ipi`mcic ch moprjvmsir moprj vmsir rhtjs, y ch iciptirsh i bj nuhvj hs ibdj quh, smn cuci, puhch iprhnchrsh `jnsmchrincj i bjs vmchjguhdjs `joj mnstruohntjs hcu`itmvjs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;8  

Guhdjs h mnthri`tmvmcic Jtrjs iutjrhs ain utmbmzicj `bismfm`i`mjnhs cmstmntis piri jrdinmzir bjs cmvhrsjs tmpjs ch guhdjs y sh ain fmgicj, sjkrh tjcj, hn isph`tjs hsph`ïfm`js chb guhdj quh qumhrhn chsti`ir. Nj sjn risdjs hx`buyhnths, smnj quh sh `jokmnin hntrh sï. Hn hsti bïnhi ai ch hnthnchrsh bi `bismfm`i`mðn quh prjpjnh T JBF  (;550k) `uincj aikbi ch dínhrjs mnthri`tmvjs. Bi Sikbi 9.0 mn`buyh hsis cmohnsmjnhs. Sikbi 99.0. .0.  Vmchjguhdjs y dínhrjs mnthri`tmvjs

@jn`hptj Ikstri`tj Ikstri `tj Icipti`mðn Icipt i`mðn Ivhntur vhnturii

Chs`rmp`mðn Mn`buy Mn`buyhn hn dr dréfm`js éfm`js nj «r «rhprhshn hprhshnti`mjn ti`mjnibhs¼ ibhs¼ y hb guhdj nj hhsté sté jrdin jrdinmzicj mzicj chsch uni nirritmvi. Pus aírjhs puhchn shr intrjpjoðrfm`js hn hb cmshùj, phrj nj mnthnti rhprhshntir i bi dhnth chb ouncj rhib nm i bjs inmoibhs. Hstén kkisicjs isicjs hn i`tm i`tmvmcich vmcichss icipti icipticis cis ch jjtrj trj ohc ohcmj mj j ch jt jtrj rj guhd guhdjj chb ou ouncj ncj rhib, pjr hghopbj, chpjrths, guhdjs ch ohsi, ht`. Siokmín sjn iquhbbjs `uyi nirritmvi smduh bi ch jtrj ohcmj, pjr hghopbj, bmkrjs, phbï`ubis j njvhbis dréfm`is. Hstén jrdin jrdinmzicjs mzicjs ibrhchc ibrhchcjr jr ch ppintibb intibbis is quh sh `jn `jnh`tin h`tin hhntrh ntrh sï sï.. Sjcis Sjcis hb hbbis bis mnthri`t÷in piri bjdrir bi `jnsh`u`mðn chb jkghtmvj, i trivís ch virmjs pisjs. Ujr hghopbj hn`jntrir jkghtjs j ikrmr puhrtis. Bjs aírjhs sjn bjs quh bbhvin bjs jkghtjs y, i vh`hs, bjs hntjrnjs quh sh su`hchn hvj`in chthromnicjs phrïjcjs

amstðrm`js. Vmci Vmci irtmfm`mib Mopbm`in hb `rh`momhntj j chsirrjbbj ch `rmituris cmdmtibhs ch ibd÷n tmpj, quh puhchn ojrmr sm hb gudicjr nj bis `umci sufm`mhnthohnth. I vh`hs hb ah`aj ch quh `rhz`in hs bi ohti chb guhdj. Guhdjs ch Mn`buyh uni icipti`mðn ch hstjs guhdjs quh sjn aikmtuibhs hn hb ouncj rhib. Pjn tikbhrj smombirhs y nj pjcrïin hxmstmr smn bjs rhibhs, i bjs quh momtin. @ipturir, Pu jkghtmvj prmn`mpib hs `ipturir jkghtjs quh sh ouhvhn j nj. Hsjs jkghtjs suhbhn Itrihr, mophcmr bis i``mjnhs chb phrsjnigh quh `jntrjbi hb gudicjr y i vh`hs tiokmín bis @jbh``mjnir fi`mbmtin. Guhdjs ch Pjn icipti`mjnhs ch bjs guhdjs rhibhs chb omsoj njokrh.   `irtis @jokith, Mopbm`i i cjs j oés gudicjrhs, j i un gudicjr y hb jtrj `jntrjbicj pjr hb cmspirjs jrchnicjr. Puhbhn mn`bumr cmspirjs ch unj i jtrj. Siokmín puhchn mopbm`ir un drupj frhnth i unj, ht`. Choj

Hvismðnn Hvismð @jncu`mr @jncu `mr Hcu`itmvjs Hcu`it mvjs Hs`ipirr Hs`ipi Bu`ai Vuhbj

Hghopbj Shtrms (9=13)  0-C Sm`-S m`-Si`i`Sjh (9=15) Puphroin (9=4=/;551)

Sah Pmos (;555/;55=), Ppjrh (;551) @buh (9==1)  Iomcir (9=19) Criw Ujlhr (9=4=) Tirbjrcs (9=15)

Mn`buy Mn`buyhn hn hbhohn hbhohntjs, tjs, quh puhchn chs`ir chs`irdirsh dirsh ch bi rhc, y iyucin i chshnv chshnvjbvhrs jbvhrshh Pmo@mty hn hb guhdj. Pjn ouy ÷tmbhs `uincj hb guhdj prhshnti uni `mhrti cmfm`ubtic. @rhitjr  Choj (9=1=/;551) Hb jjkghtmv kghtmvjj hs hvmtir prjyh`t prjyh`tmbhs mbhs u jjtrjs trjs jkght jkghtjs js hhnn o ojvmom jvmomhntj. hntj. Bi ppuntui` untui`mðn mðn  Frhhwiy puhch hstir chthromnici pjr hb n÷ohrj ch jkghtjs quh sh hvmtin. (9=19) Hstén kisicj kisicjss hn aaikmbm ikmbmcichs cichs rrhbi`mj hbi`mjnicis nicis `jn bi `jncu` `jncu``mðn. `mðn. Ujr hgh hghopbj, opbj,  Ujbh `ipi`mcic ch ai`hr oinmjkris, `jntrjb ch bi vhbj`mcic j chb `irkurinth.  Ujsmtmjn (9=1;) Cmshùi Cmshùicjs cjs piri hn hnshùir shùir y jrm jrmhnticj hnticjs, s, cmrh`t cmrh`tiohnt iohnth, h, i fi`mbm fi`mbmtir tir hb iprhncmzig iprhncmzighh ch Kism` Oitas (9=44) ibdj hsph`ïfm`j. Hb jkghtm jkghtmvj vj sh rrhbi`mj hbi`mjni ni ``jn jn hhs`ipir s`ipir ch bbjs js pphrshdum hrshdumcjrhs cjrhs j hv hvmtir mtir ibd÷n tmpj ch  Ui` Oin `mhrrh. (9=15) Mopbm Mopbm`i `i phrsjn phrsjnighs ighs quh bu`ain unj i unj smn prjyh`t prjyh`tmbhs mbhs j irois ch fuhdj. Bjs  Ojrtib bu`aicjrhs suhbhn hstir rhprhshnticjs pjr phrsjnighs intrjpjoðrfm`js. I vh`hs puhchn shr ch chpjrths. Mopbm Mopbm`in `in aikmb aikmbmcichs mcichs rhbi`m rhbi`mjnicis jnicis `jn hsth tmpj ch i`tmv i`tmvmcic, mcic, pjr hghopb hghopbj, j, chsphdir, ithrrmzir, `jntrjb ch bi vhbj`mcic j chb `irkurinth. Mn`buyhn ivhs,

 Ljokit  (9==;)  Chs`hnt  (9==8)

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;6  

ivmjnhs, nivhs hspi`mibhs, ht`. Bi i``mðn tmhnh budir hn hb `mhbj. Guhdjs ch Ujr hghopbj, smtui`mjnhs ch ipuhstis. Hb gudicjr pirtm`mpi hn o÷btmpbhs rjncis Vmchj Ujlhr @ismnj dinincj j phrcmhncj cmnhrj. (9=15) @mnh Bjs vmchjguhdjs mn`buyhn moédhnhs hn ojvmomhntj, `mnhoitjdréfm`is, y sh  Cridjn”  Cridjn”ss mnthri`tmvj phromth ib gudicjr `iokmir hb `ursj ch bi i``mðn.  Bimr (9=10) Pmoubi`mðn Pmoub i`mðn Pmoub Pmoubir ir smdnmfm smdnmfm`i `i rhprhshnt rhprhshntir ir hb ouncj rhib. Uuhchn jrd jrdinmzir inmzirsh sh hn cjs Sah Pmos sukdínhrjs, i) Bjs quh smoubin bi jrdinmzi`mðn sj`mib. Hb gudicjr sh vibh ch unjs (;555/;55=) rh`ursjs bmomticjs piri `jnstrumr un tmpj ch `jounmcic, hspi`mj, ht`. Bi ohti `uincj sh guhdi mncmvmcuibohnth hs ai`hr quh `rhz`i bi `jounmcic, hn `isjs ch oubtmgudicjr sh triti ch cjomnir i jtrjs gudicjrhs. k) k)  Siokmín i trivís ch hbbjs sh puhch smoubir un hntrhniomhntj hn un `jnthxtj rhib, puhchn utmbmzirsh hn ivmjnhs, iutjoðvmbhs, ht`. Bikhrmntjs Bikhrmn tjs Pu íxmt íxmtjj sh rh rhbi`mjn bi`mjnii `jn bbii nivhd nivhdi`mðn i`mðn hn bjs bikhrm bikhrmntjs. ntjs. Ístjs puhchn ipirh`hr Sah Bist  chsch o÷btmpbhs phrsph`tmvis. Xnis vh`hs hb gudicjr chkh nivhdir phrshdumcj pjr Duy (;551) ibdumhn, phrj jtris nj. Hn ou`ais j`ismjnhs bjs bikhrmntjs fjroin pirth ch jtrjs  guhdjs. @irrhri ch Hb jkghtmvj hs suphrir uni cmfm`ubtic. Puhbhn shr guhdjs ch `iré`thr bmnhib, i Kjjt @iop jksté`ubjs ohnucj mopbm`in `jrrhr, sibtir j hvmtir phbmdrjs. ph bmdrjs. (;595) Guhdjs ch Mopbm`in uni icipti`mðn ch bjs guhdjs quh sh pri`tm`in isï hn hb ouncj rhib.   Lnmfh Hcdh7 bépmz y piphb  Njsh Dunnhr (9==1) Ch riquhti riquhti Smh Smhnhn nhn un unii drin tricm` tricm`mðn, mðn, pjr hs hsjj sh `jnsm `jnsmchrin chrin uunn tmp tmpjj hsp hsph`ïfm`j h`ïfm`j..   Vmrtui Shnnms (;555) Ubitifjroi [hqum Ubitifjroi [hqumhrhn hrhn ojv ojvmomhn momhntj tj i triv trivís ís ch un unii shrmh cchh nmvhb nmvhbhs, hs, `jrrm `jrrmhncj, hncj, ssibtinc ibtincjj j  Cjnlhy hs`ibincj. Bjs phrsjnighs y hntjrnjs sh puhchn vhr chsch cmstmntis phrsph`tmvis.  Ljnd (9=19) I ohnucj supjnhn hvmtir chthromnicjs jkghtjs. Urjdrioi`mðn Hb gudicjr hs`rmkh phquhùjs prjdriois piri `jntrjbir bjs hbhohntjs chb guhdj, ch  IM Tir7 fjroi quh hstjs rhi``mjnin hn fun`mðn ch cm`ai prjdrioi`mðn.  Fbhht  @jooinc (;595) Uuzzbhs @jnsm @jnsmsth sth hn rhsjbv rhsjbvhr hr hnmdo hnmdois is virmic virmicjs, js, pjr hsj nj sh triti ch rhsjbv rhsjbvhr hr `jnfbm `jnfbm`tjs `tjs  [ukml”  [ukml”ss hntrh bjs phrsjnighs. @ukh (9=43/;595) Icmvmninzis Hb jkghtmvj hs rhspjnchr i un `jnguntj ch `uhstmjnhs quh suhbh rhquhrmr Srmvmib `jnj`momhntjs prhvmjs pjr pirth chb gudicjr.  Uursumt  (;553) @irrhris @irrhr is Mopbm Mopbm`i `i dinir uni `irrhri j rhibmzi rhibmzirr un chthro chthromnicj mnicj rh`jrrm rh`jrrmcj. cj.   Oirmj Lirt  (9==;/;595) [mtoj y Hxmdh quh bjs gudicjrhs ointhndin un chthromnicj rmtoj. Xtmbmzin oincjs ouy  [j`l Kinc cinzi virmicjs. (;554) [jbh Ubiy Bjs ggudicj udicjrhs rhs hb hbmdhn mdhn un pphrsjnig hrsjnighh `jn chthro chthromnicis mnicis i`tmvm i`tmvmcichs cichs y `iri `iri`thrïs `thrïstm`is tm`is..  Cmikbj Uuhchn shr mncmvmcuibhs j oubtmgudicjr. (9==4) Chpjrths Chpjrt hs Pjn icipti icipti`mjnhs `mjnhs ch chpjrt chpjrths hs hxmst hxmsthnths hnths j virmi` virmi`mjnhs mjnhs ch hbbjs hbbjs..   NKI (9=1=/;55=) Hstrithdmi Hstrit hdmi Ujnhn hb i`h i`hntj ntj hn bi hst hstrithdm rithdmii frhnt frhnthh i bbii i``mð i``mðnn j hb us usjj ch rhfbhgj rhfbhgjss rép répmcjs. mcjs.   Fmnib  Fintisy (9=14/;595) Hbhdmr un Hb jkghtmvj hs ib`inzir un kbin`j, hn ojvmomhntj j nj.   @irnmvib kbin`j (9=15) Xtmbmcichs Xtmbm cichs Uhromt Uhromthn hn bjd bjdrir rir uni aikmbm aikmbmcic, cic, ipj ipjyicjs yicjs hn prmn prmn`mpmj `mpmjss tjoicjs tjoicjs qu qumzés mzés ch un  Oirmj chthromnicj guhdj. Shi`ahs Sypmnd (9==9/9==4)

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;4  

Xn pj`j ch amstjrmi7 Guhdjs, jrchnicjrhs y `jnsjbis Bj omsoj quh j`urrh `jn hb `mnh j `jn jtrjs mnvhntjs, quh ain thnmcj uni drin rhphr`usmðn sj`mib, hs cmfï`mb rhbi`mjnir bi ipirm`mðn chb vmchjguhdj `jn uni sjbi phrsjni. Hs prhfhrmkbh `hntrirsh hn phrïjcjs j ojohntjs amstðrm`js quh, ichoés, phromthn `jnthxtuibmzir sj`mib y `ubturibohnth bjs fhnðohnjs. Aiy ibdunjs trikigjs hx`hbhnths piri i`hr`irsh i bi amstjrmi ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, pjr hghopbj hb ch L HNS (;559) j OIBBMHS y O H]H[(  ;558), ichoés ch ibdunis pédmnis whk i bis quh tiokmín t iokmín ibucmrhojs. [hfbhxmjnir sjkrh hb thoi hs un kuhn `iomnj piri `joprhnchr quh su chsirrjbbj nj sðbj chphnch ch bi th`njbjdïi quh bjs ai ah`aj pjsmkbhs, smnj tiokmín ch `ðoj sus `jnthnmcjs y hstru`turi ain mcj `iokmincj i trivís chb tmhopj. tm hopj. Sjcj hbbj hs bj quh phromtmré hbhdmr ohgjr unjs u jtrjs, hn fun`mðn ch nuhstrjs mnthrhshs `joj udicjrhs y, pjr quí nj, ch su pjsmkbh vibjr hcu`itmvj `uincj vin i mntrjcu`mrsh hn bis iubis.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;1  

Bi prhamstjrmi y bjs prmohrjs chsirrjbbjs ch bi mncustrmi Xn `jnguntj ch tricm`mjnhs `ubturibhs prhpirð hb ni`momhntj chb vmchjguhdj. Xn fïsm`j hsticjunmchnsh `rhð hb prmohrj ohcminth un js`mbjs`jpmj y un jrchnicjr inibðdm`j. Ph bbioð Shnnms fjr Swj (9=81). (9=81). @jnsmstïi hn uni smoubi`mðn chb thnms ai`mhncj ipirh`hr hn bi pintibbi uni bïnhi ajrmzjntib y jtri vhrtm`ib quh momtikin bi rhc bi pmsti. Uiri gudir hri nh`hsirmj phbjti. Nj tuvjynun`i mnthrhshs `johr`mibhs, phrj`ib`ubir intm`mpð`ðoj bj quhdjbphir pjcrïiuni shr supuhsti bi mnthri``mðn hntrh bis phrsjnis y bis oéqumnis. Ohrh`h bi phni vhr `ðoj fun`mjniki hb guhdj hn ibd÷n vïchj ch ]juSukh. ]juSukh.

  Bjs prmohrjs vmchjguhdjs y sus sjpjrths. Fmduri 9.3. Bjs

Bjs iùjs shshnti sjn tiokmín mopjrtinths pjrquh intm`mpin ibdj ch bj quh shrén bjs vmchjguhdjs hn hb futurj. Ppi`hTir (9=69), (9=69), hs jtrj amtj mopjrtinth. [ibpa KIH[, su `rhicjr h mnomdrinth ch bi Ibhoinmi Nizm i Hsticjs Xnmcjs, sh mnthrhsð pjr hb pjchr ch bi SV `joj fjroi ch prjyh``mðn h mntuyð nuhvjs `iomnjs ch su mopjrtin`mi `joj hbhohntj ch j`mj hn hb ajdir. Hn bi cí`ici ch bjs shthnti ipirh`hn ibdunjs guhdjs `ism oïtm`js, pjr hghopbj, @joputhr Ppi`h (9=49). (9=49). Pm kmhn su cmshùj nj hri rhibohnth mnnjvicjr sï bj fuh hb `jnthxtj hn quh ipirh`mð. Ph tritiki ch un guhdj ir`ich ir`ich.. @jn hsth tíromnj dhnírm`j sh chsmdni i bis oéqumnis rh`rhitmvis ch vmchjguhdjs cmspjnmkbhs hn budirhs p÷kbm`js `joj bjs kirhs, `hntrjs `johr`mibhs j sibjnhs rh`rhitmvjs hsph`mibmzicjs. Pjn smombirhs i bis oéqumnis tridiphrris ch bjs `ismnjs, phrj chkmcj i quh nj sjn guhdjs ch izir nm ch ipuhstis, yi quh sh kisin hn bi chstrhzi chb gudicjr, pjr bj dhnhrib nj tmhnhn bis bmomti`mjnhs bhdibhs ch ístis. Bi pibikri ir`ich ir`ich   sh rhfmhrh tiokmín i un dínhrj tïpm`j ch vmchjguhdjs, rhbitmviohnth shn`mbbjs, `jn bjs dréfm`js pj`j `jopbm`icjs. Hn hbbjs bi cmfm`ubtic iuohnti prjdrhsmviohnth `jn `ici pintibbi suphrici. Pmn hokirdj, sus `jnthnmcjs, hs ch`mr, sus amstjrmis, phrsjnibmcic ch bjs phrsjnighs, ht`., sjn ouy shn`mbbjs. Bjs cmshùicjrhs ch @joputhr Ppi`h, Ppi`h, Njbin KXPANHBB  y Shc C IKNH], `rhirjn hn

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni ;=  

9=4; bi `jopiùïi Itirm, quh fuh pmjnhri hn guhdjs hn guhdjs ir`ich ir`ich,, vmchjguhdjs y jrchnicjrhs phrsjnibhs. Cjomnð bi mncustrmi ch bi `joputi`mðn y hb j`mj chsch prmn`mpmjs ch bjs shthnti aisti ohcmicjs ch bi cí`ici ch bjs iùjs j`ahnti. @jntrmkuyð ch`msmviohnth i pjpubirmzir bjs vmchjguhdjs. I hbbi chkhojs isj`mir Ujnd isj`mir  Ujnd (9=4;), (9=4;), `rhicj pjr Njbin KXPANHBB. Hn uni hntrhvmsti, hsth `rhicjr ipuntiki bjs prjkbhois quh aikïi thnmcj `jn su guhdj inthrmjr, @joputhr Ppi`h (9=49)  (9=49)  y quh iajri quhrïi suphrirbjs. Ohrh`h bi phni trins`rmkmr sus pibikris, pjrquh ouhstrin bjs rhtjs i bjs quh sh ai ch hnfrhntir un cmshùicjr ch vmchjguhdjs y `ðoj, mn`busj hn bjs prmohrjs, hri mopjrtinth thnhr hn `uhnti i bi pjsmkbh iucmhn`mi, i bjs futurjs gudicjrhs. [hfmrmíncjsh i hsh vmchjguhdj inthrmjr njs cm`h7 Shnïis quh bhhr bis mnstru``mjnhs inths ch gudir y bi dhnth nj qumhrh bhhr mnstru``mjnhs. Uiri thnhr íxmtj thnïi quh hn`jntrir un guhdj ib quh bi dhnth yi supmhri gudir< ibdj tin smopbh quh mn`busj ibdumhn kjrri`aj, hn un kir `uibqumhri, pucmhri gudir.\8_

Uiri `joprhnchr, ichoés, `ðoj hb chsirrjbbj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs ai hsticj isj`micj ib ch bis mncustrmis quh bjs ain ah`aj pjsmkbhs, pjchojs `mtir bi pjbíom`i quh hxmstmð hn hsjs ojohntjs i`hr`i ch bi jrmdmnibmcic ch hsth guhdj y bjs chrh`ajs ch bi pithnth. Hs un kuhn hghopbj ch bjs `jnfbm`tjs quh dhnhri bi prjpmhcic mnthbh`tuib `uincj sh pbinthi hn hb `jnthxtj ch bi mnnjvi`mðn th`njbðdm`i. Sin rhbhvinth piri bi amstjrmi ch bjs vmchjguhdjs `joj hb smsthoi quh i`ikiojs ch chs`rmkmr hs hb binziomhntj ch bi prmohri `jnsjbi, hnthncmci hn tíromnjs i`tuibhs, bi Oidnivjx bi Oidnivjx Jcysshy Ajoh Hnthrtimnohnt Pystho (9=4;)\6_  quh pjcïi shr usici `jn un smsthoi Ohdivjx smsthoi Ohdivjx   ch SV. Bi Jcysshy fuh hb prmohr smsthoi `ishrj ch vmchjguhdjs. Bjs 9; guhdjs quh sh binzirjn mnm`mibohnth piri hbbi hrin ouy shn`mbbjs, rhbi`mjnicjs `jn bjs chpjrths `joj thnms j vjbhmkjb. Cicj su rhcu`mcj aircwirh, `irh`ïin ch sjnmcj y bjs gudicjrhs chkïin ohojrmzir sus puntui`mjnhs, yi quh nj hxmstïi un oh`inmsoj quh phromtmhri injtirbjs. I pirtmr ch 9=43 `johnzirjn i ipirh`hr nuhvis vhrsmjnhs ch bi Jcysshy. Hs mnthrhsinth shùibir un smsthoi `bðnm`j hn hspiùjb quh mn`buïi ÷nm`iohnth 4 guhdjs ch chpjrths. Hxmstmhrjn o÷btmpbhs vhrsmjnhs ch hsti `jnsjbi. Xni pjsthrmjr i`tuibmzi`mðn ch bi `jnsjbi Jcysshy 955, bi ;55, bbhviki mn`jrpjrici uni pintibbi ch puntui`mðn< phromtïi aisti 3 gudicjrhs. Hs uni ouhstri ch `ðoj, pj`j i pj`j, bjs vmchjguhdjs vin chgincj ch hstir isj`micjs i un sjbj udicjr.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 05  

  Hb prjyh`tj Jcysshy7 Bi prmohri `jnsjbi. Fmduri 9.8. Hb

Hn hb jtjùj ch 9=48, bi `jopiùïi Oidnivjx, `hch inth bi pjpubirmcic chb Ujnd, \4_ quh binziprjntj ib ohr`icj bi `jnsjbipjr  Itirm UJND  UJND`bjnhs   y sh `in`hbð hb yprjyh`tj ohr`icj fuh mnuncicj `jnsjbis ch Ujnd guhdjs Jcysshy. chrmvicjs.Hb Hstjs iùjs hstén oir`icjs pjr bi mntrjcu``mðn oismvi chb vmchjguhdj hn HH.XX.  HH.XX.  y hbbj hn uni cjkbh cmrh``mðn7 hb ohr`icj ch bis `jnsjbis, `jnsjbis, smdumhncj i [ibpa KIH[, y hb ohr`icj ir`ich, ir`ich, smdumhncj bjs pisjs ch Njbin K XPANHBB. Hxmstmhrjn tiokmín ivin`hs quh `jntrmkuyhrjn ib prjdrhsj ch hsti mncustrmi, tintj i nmvhb tí`nm`j `joj hn rhbi`mðn `jn bi ipirm`mðn ch nuhvjs dínhrjs y `jnthnmcjs. Ujr hghopbj, Dun Fmdat  (9=48) mntrjcugj (9=48)  mntrjcugj  phrmfírm`js icm`mjnibhs  icm`mjnibhs  (pmstjbis) hn bjs guhdjs ch ir`ich y hn bis `jnsjbis, uni mchi quh ai smcj rhtjoici hn bjs guhdjs ch bi Tmm mm   y hn vhrsmjnhs ch uhdjs ousm`ibhs piri U@. Ai`mi ohcmicjs ch bjs iùjs shthnti `jomhnzin bjs prjkbhois hn bi mncustrmi ch bjs vmchjguhdjs. Bis `jnsjbis cjoístm`is ivinzikin, phrj nj bis oéqumnis ir`ich. Itirm fuh ch bjs pj`js quh sjkrhvmvmhrjn. Bi rizðn fuh quh mntrjcughrjn bjs guhdjs oés `rhitmvjs. Hn hsth ojohntj tuvj budir bi mnvismðn gipjnhsi. gipjnhsi. Ujchojs chsti`ir cjs vmchjguhdjs. Ppi`h Mnvichrs (9=41)  (9=41) ch Simtj quh tuvj un drin íxmtj, shduriohnth jr su `iré`thr mnnjvicjr. mnnjvicjr. Smhnh uni hstru`turi nirritmvi, mn`buyhncj mchis ch `mhn`mi fm``mðn. Hn shduncj budir sh triti ch un guhdj smn un fmnib ÷nm`j, pjrquh nj hxmsth bïomth piri hb n÷ohrj ch puntjs quh sh puhchn bjdrir. Hn thr`hr budir hb rmtoj ch sjnmcj chb guhdj hsté mnthdricj hn íb y fjroi pirth ch bi hxphrmhn`mi ch gudir. Inth hstis njvhcichs, y sjkrh tjcj su íxmtj, hs fé`mb phnsir quh jtris `jopiùïis sh binzirjn i `jpmirbj.

Jtrj guhdj gipjnís, rhbhvinth hn hsth ojohntj, hs Ui` hs  Ui` Oin (9=15) ch Nio`j. Nio`j. Hs iomdikbh y tmhnh auojr, nj hs vmjbhntj. Fuh un guhdj ivinzicj ch bikhrmntj, rhbitmviohnth smopbh. Uisð i bi amstjrmi `joj hb prmohrj ib quh gudirjn bis oughrhs y

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 09  

prjntj sibmð ch bjs `hntrjs ch ir`ich piri hntrir hn bjs rhstiurinths y bjs kirhs. Ichoés, pj`j i pj`j, sh fuh `jnstruyhncj ibrhchcjr ch íb tjci uni `ubturi pjpubir hsph`ïfm`i. Ujr hghopbj, hstuvj prhshnth hn bjs phrmðcm`js, bis `iomshtis y bi SV. Sjcivïi ajy puhch gudirsh i trivís ch vhrsmjnhs phrfh``mjnicis hn bi hx`hbhnth pintibbi chb mUic mUic  j hn hb mUajnh mUajnh  ch  Ippbh  Ippbh.. I ohcmicjs ch bjs iùjs shthnti surdhn tiokmín nuhvis `jnsjbis. Ujr hghopbj bi Itirm V@P ;655, quh fuh binzici hn 9=44. Ujr prmohri vhz hsti oir`i mn`buyh `irtu`ajs y nj vmchjguhdjs isj`micjs cmrh`tiohnth i bi oéqumni. Hsth ah`aj `jnstmtuyh uni drin njvhcic hn hb cmshùj ch guhdjs smombirhs i bjs quh ajy `jnj`hojs. Siokmín aiy quh chsti`ir bi ipirm`mðn ch  Ippbh ;, quh prjpjr` prjpjr`mjni mjni bi rmohri pbitifjroi vmikbh piri bjs guhdjs ch jrchnicjr jrchnicjr,, i pirtmr ch ibbï fuh oés fé`mb `hntrirsh hn bjs hfh`tjs hsph`mibhs. Phdumrhojs iajri aikbincj chb aircwirh quh phromtmð, pj`j i pj`j, hb ivin`h ch bi mncustrmi ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, isj`micj yi i bi quh pjcrïiojs bbioir bi hri ch Nmnthncj.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 0;  

Bjs `jomhnzjs y hb chsirrjbbj ch bi hri Nmnthncj  Bis nuhvis `jnsjbis `jnsjbis ch Nmnthncj Hsti hoprhsi hs ajy kmhn `jnj`mci hn hb ohr`icj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, hntrh jtris rizjnhs hs `jnj`mci pjrquh ai mntrjcu`mcj hn hb ohr`icj bi phquhùi CP y bi Tmm mm.. Hsi mn`mchn`mi sj`mib `johnzð `jn ipirm`mðn ch bjs prmohrjs smsthois pjrtétmbhs. I `jomhnzjs ch bjs iùjs j`ahnti mntrjcugj hb smsthoi «Dioh & Tit`a¼ (9=15) quh isj`min   cmfhrhnths guhdjs. Ph tritiki ch uni ipirh`h hn bi  bi  Fmduri 9.6. \1_  I hbbi sh isj`min bïnhi ch iprjxmoiciohnth 8= guhdjs hbh`trðnm`js pjrtétmbhs `rhicjs pjr Dunphm ]JLJM  ch 9=15 i 9==9. Ibdunjs ch sus tïtubjs fuhrjn  Umnkibb, Cjnlhy Ljnd, Sah  Bhdhnc jf Whbci, Oirmj Krjs, Krjs, Om`lhy Ojush  Ojush  y Kibbjjn Fmdat . Ujsthrmjrohnth, hn bi pbitifjroi Dioh Kjy (9=1=), (9=1=), sh mn`buyð uni shrmh ch rh`jpmbi`mjnhs ch hstjs guhdjs. I`tuibohnth, `jnshdumr hstis `jnsjbis pjrtétmbhs hs hxtrhoiciohnth cmfï`mb y sh `jnsmchrin pmhzis amstðrm`is y irtï`ubjs ch `jbh``mjnmsti.

  Nmnthncj prhcjomni hn hb ohr`icj ohr`icj ch bis `jnsjbis. Fmduri 9.6. Nmnthncj

Uhrj curinth bjs prmohrjs iùjs j`ahnti sh prjcugj uni `rmsms hn mncustrmi Aikïi ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, shduriohnth pjrquh hxmstïi uni suphrprjcu``mðn chbisjftwirh. choismicjs guhdjs cmspjnmkbhs. @mhrtis `jopiùïis rhspjncmhrjn ikiritincj ou`aj bjs prh`mjs. Bi smtui`mðn sh hstikmbmzð hn 9=16 y Nmnthncj sibmð ouy khnhfm`mici, i hbbj `jntrmkuyð bi ipirm`mðn ch  Cjnlhy Ljnd (9=15), (9=15), un guhdj yi ohn`mjnicj quh intm`mpiki bj quh shrïi pjsthrmjrohnth hb fiojsj phrsjnigh  Oirmj Krjs Krjs,, quh phroinh`h vmvj hn bi i`tuibmcic. Nmnthncj binzð tiokmín jtris `jnsjbis quh ohrh`h bi phni ohn`mjnir. Ujr hghopbj, hn 9=18 ipirh`h Nmnthncj ipirh`h  Nmnthncj Hnthrtimnohnt Pystho (NHP)  (NHP)  quh thnïi `irtu`ajs rhnjvikbhs. Uhrj bi quh rhibohnth vjbvmð i trinsfjroir hb ohr`icj ch bis pjrtétmbhs fuh Dioh Kjy (9=1=). (9=1=).\=_  @jnthnïi bi omsoi hstru`turi quh tmhnhn bis `jnsjbis i`tuibhs. Ph `jnvmrtmð ouy prjntj hn un fhnðohnj ch bi `ubturi pjpubir. Fuh qumzés unj ch bjs smsthois quh oés íxmtj ai thnmcj, hntrh jtris rizjnhs pjrquh hn hbbi pjcïi udirsh ib Shtrmx (9=13)  (9=13) unj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs oés fiojsjs ch tjcjs bjs tmhopjs quh

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 00  

tjcivïi ajy hsté prhshnth hn hb ohr`icj hn cmfhrhnths pbitifjrois.

Fmduri 9.4.  Vmchjguhdjs quh hnshùin i phnsir.

Hxpbjrirhojs iajri ibdunjs guhdjs quh ipirh`hn hn hsti cí`ici, mnsmstmhncj hn iquhbbjs isph`tjs quh njs phromtin `joprhnchr ohgjr su hvjbu`mðn y `ðoj hsth mnstruohntj ch `jounm`i`mðn y j`mj ai bbhdicj i sus fjroitjs y `jnthnmcjs i`tuibhs. Vhrhojs bj quh smdnmfm`irjn ibdunjs guhdjs binzicjs pjr Nmnthncj ibrhchcjr chb phrsjnigh ch Oirmj Krjs y njs fmgirhojs chspuís hn cjs tmpjs ch guhdjs quh hstén yi prhshnths hn hb ohr`icj curinth hsti cí`ici, bjs ch ivhnturis y bjs ch hstrithdmis. Gudincj `jn Oirmj Krjs  Cjnlhy Ljnd (9=15s)  (9=15s)  hs un vmchjguhdj ir`ich binzicj hn 9=19 pjr Nmnthncj. Ujsthrmjrohnth ipirh`mð hn uni drin virmhcic ch pbitifjrois. Hs hb inth`hsjr mnohcmitj ch Oirmj, ch ah`aj tjci bi shrmh hs chb omsoj iutjr, Pamdhru O M]IOJSJ. Hn hsth `isj, hb phrsjnigh `hntrib hs tiokmín un fjntinhrj, bbioicj Guopoin (oés tirch `jnj`mcj `joj Oirmj), quh chkh rhs`itir i su njvmi Uiubmni ch bis dirris ch un djrmbi dmdinth, Cjnlhy Ljnd. Bis pintibbis quh chs`rmkhn hspi`mjs y puzzbhs sjn un `birj inth`hsjr ch jtrjs guhdjs ch bi shrmh. Hn ;595 hsth guhdj sh ai rhhcmticj piri hb mUajnh. Ichoés, chsti`in hn hsth ojohntj jtrjs guhdjs ch bi shrmh. Ujr hghopbj,  Oirmj Krjs Krjs (9=1;)  (9=1;)  hs un vmchjguhdj ir`ich piri bis oéqumnis rh`rhitmvis, hcmticj pjsthrmjrohnth hn o÷btmpbhs pbitifjrois. Ipirh`h pjr prmohri vhz Bumdm, tiokmín fjntinhrj ahroinj ch Ph Oirmj. Bjs bihspi`mjs y puzzbhs tmhnhnsuphrir ch nuhvj uni mopjrtin`miy funciohntib. mntrjcu`h mchi ch quh hs nh`hsirmj cmstmntjs nmvhbhs piri ivinzir hn hb guhdj. Puphr Oirmj Krjs (9=18)  (9=18)  fuh uni vhrsmðn pjsthrmjr

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 03  

quh, `joj njvhcic, mntrjcugj bi ojcibmcic oubtmgudicjr. Hb guhdj vjbvmð i ipirh`hr hn 9==5 `jn hb njokrh ch Puphr Oirmj 0 0 y sh ai vuhbtj i pukbm`ir hn jtris hcm`mjnhs aisti ;55= hn uni vhrsmðn piri bi Tmm mm..  Bjs guhdjs ch ivhnturis ivhnturis Hs nh`hsirmj tiokmín chcm`ir ibduni ithn`mðn i bjs prmohrjs guhdjs prmohrjs  guhdjs ch ivhnturis quh surdhn hn bi cí`ici bjs iùjs j`ahnti. Ujsthrmjrohnth njs fmgirhojs tiokmín hn bjs ch hstrithdmi, phrjch`john`hojs pjr bis ivhnturis. @biri FH[NÉNCHW -VI[I (;55=), hn uni thsms ouy rh`mhnth prhshntici hn hb Dhjrdmi Mnstmtuth jf Sh`anjbjdy (HH.XX.), njs cm`h quh hn un guhdj ch ivhnturis hxmsthn, ib ohnjs, trhs hbhohntjs7 uni amstjrmi quh sh chsirrjbbi i trivís ch íb, bi rhsjbu`mðn ch un `jnguntj ch puzzbhs, quh sh `jn`ithnin h mnthdrin hn bi amstjrmi, y ib ohnjs un phrsjnigh. Mopbm`i oinmpubi`mðn ch jkghtjs y nivhdi`mðn hn hspi`mjs quh ipirh`hn hn bis pintibbis chb uhdj. Pðbj `uincj tjcjs hstjs risdjs hstén prhshnths pjchojs aikbir rhibohnth ch un guhdj ch ivhnturis. Ch i`uhrcj `jn hsti iutjri puhchn shr ch trhs tmpjs7 9. 9.    Ivhnturis Ivhnturis ch thxtj.  thxtj. Ph triti ch fm``mjnhs mnthri`tmvis hn bis quh hb ouncj ch fm``mðn hs chs`rmtj vhrkibohnth. Hb guhdj mnthrprhti uni hntrici hs`rmti hn hb th`bicj ch un jrchnicjr,, njroibohnth hn bhnduigh niturib, bj `uib prjvj`i uni nuhvi smtui`mðn y jrchnicjr isï su`hsmviohnth. Pjn fiojsjs guhdjs `joj Wjrl (9=44/9=1;), (9=44/9=1;), unjs ch bjs prmohrjs `rhicj hn hb OMS (HH.XX.), y I y  I Omnc Fjrhvhr Vjyidmnd Vjyidmnd (9=18). (9=18).\95_ Hn bi cí`ici ch bjs iùjs j`ahnti tuvmhrjn hn Hspiùi un drin chsirrjbbj. ;. ;.    Ivhnturis Ivhnturis dréfm`is. dréfm`is. Xn dínhrj ch trinsm`mðn, yi quh bjs guhdjs fun`mjnin mduib quh bjs inthrmjrhs, phrj mn`buyhn moédhnhs. Fhrnénchz-VI[I  (;595) njs cm`h quh sus dréfm`js sh `jrrhspjncïin `jn `ici nuhvi smtui`mðn y nj hrin mnthri`tmvjs. Ujr hghopbj, njs `mti Omsthry `mti Omsthry Ajush (9=15) (9=15)  j Srhisurh Msbinc (9=18). (9=18). 0. 0.   Guhdjs ch ipuntir y `bmquhir (pjmnt-inc-`bm`l). (pjmnt-inc-`bm`l). I cmfhrhn`mi ch bjs inthrmjrhs sus dréfm`js sjn mnthri`tmvjs. Hntrh hbbjs pjchojs `mtir i  Lmnd”  Lmnd”ss Yuhst (9=10). (9=10). Hb phrsjnigh nj hs yi un m`jnj smnj uni smbuhti `jbjrhici. Hb gudicjr `jntrjbi ib phrsjnigh `jn hb `ursjr y bjs gudicjrhs puhchn tmphir ibdunjs `joincjs piri quh rhibm`hn i``mjnhs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 08  

Fmduri 9.1.  Vmchjguhdjs ch ivhnturis hn bjs 15.

Ichoés ch hstjs guhdjs ch ivhnturis quh ipirh`hn hn bjs prmohrjs iùjs ch bi cí`ici ch bjs j`ahnti pjchojs `mtir ibdunjs jtrjs. Ujr hghopbj, Sah Bhdhnc jf Whbci (9=16),, uni shrmh ch vmchjguhdjs ch i``mðn-ivhnturi `rhici pjr bjs cmshùicjrhs (9=16) Pamdhru OM]IOJSJ  y Silisam S HWXLI, chsirrjbbici pjr Nmnthncj. Hb gudicjr chkh rhsjbvhr un `jnguntj ch puzzbhs piri dinir pjchrhs. Hn hb guhdj sh tmhnh bi moprhsmðn ch quh hsis i`tmvmcichs nj tmhnhn un fmn hn sï omsois, smnj quh sjn piri ohgjrir bjs pjchrhs chb phrsjnigh. I bj birdj ch sus tïtubjs sh chs`rmkhn bis ivhnturis chb duhrrhrj Bmnl, quh chkhré hnfrhntirsh i phbmdrjs y rhsjbvhr i`hrtmgjs, `jn hb jkghtmvj ch rhs`itir i bi Urmn`hsi Whbci, chrrjtir i Dinjncjrf y sibvir su ajdir, hb rhmnj ch Ayrubh. Hb guhdj oés rh`mhnth ch bi shrmh hs Sah Bhdhnc jf Whbci7 Ppmrmt Sri`ls (;55=).. @joj vhojs sh mn`buyhn hbhohntjs `hntribhs ch uni amstjrmi, iunquh smhoprh (;55=) isj`micjs bi nh`hsmcic ch rhsjbvhr prjkbhois. prjkbhoi s. Jtris ihoprhsis cmfhrhnths ch chthromnicjs Nmnthncj fuhrjn tiokmín rhbhvinths hn hsth ojohntj. Ujr hghopbj, Bu`isIrts binzð Mncmini binzð Mncmini Gjnhs inc tah Bist @rusich (9=1=), (9=1=), un guhdj quh rh`uhrci i Biri @rjft. Ib mduib quh hn bi phbï`ubi y hn bi ivhnturi dréfm`i, hb chkhr chb gudicjr hs hn`jntrir hb Pintj Drmib. Ujchojs `mtir tiokmín Sah sh`rht jf Ojnlhy Msbinc (9==5). (9==5). Hs uni ivhnturi dréfm`i rhibmzici pjr bi omsoi `jopiùïi cjnch sh pirjcmin amstjrmis ch pmritis, `rhincj un ouncj ch auojr quh rhvjbu`mjnð hb dínhrj. bdunjs guhdjs ch hstrithdmi [h`jrchojs quh pjr guhdjs ch hstrithdmi hnthnchojs iquhbbjs quh hxmdhn pjnhr hn pré`tm`i aikmbmcichs hsph`ïfm`is, `joj bi pbinmfm`i`mðn, prj`hsjs `jopbhgjs ch rhsjbu`mðn ch prjkbhois, ht`.  ht`. I vh`hs sjn guhdjs ch smoubi`mðn hn bjs quh hb gudicjr

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 06  

puhch rhprhshntir hb piphb ch un hoprhsirmj, un ghfh ch Hsticj, un dhnhrib, j `uibqumhr jtrj phrsjnigh, hn bjs quh thncré quh chsirrjbbir uni shrmh ch hstrithdmis, dhstmjnincj bjs rh`ursjs ch bjs quh sh cmspjnh, piri dinir uni kitibbi, `jnshdumr cmnhrj j puntjs, chthromnici pjsm`mðn, ht`., y isï bjdrir hb jkghtmvj fmnib. @joj hghopbj njs rhfhrmrhojs i ibdunjs hsph`mibohnth rhbhvinths hn hsth ojohntj pjr bi njvhcic quh rhprhshntin. rhprhshntin. Ohn`mjnirhojs Ohn`mjnirhojs ÷nm`iohnth `uitrj. Hb prmohrj hs Wixxjn (9=1;). (9=1;). Bis prmn`mpibhs mnnjvi`mjnhs ch hsth guhdj sh rhbi`mjnin `jn su smsthoi ch dréfm`js.  dréfm`js.  Fuh `rhicj chsch uni phrsph`tmvi msjoítrm`i, uni tí`nm`i ch cmkugj piri rh`rhir bi prjfuncmcic y bi pjsm`mðn rhbitmvi ch bjs jkghtjs. Uhromth `rhir bi mbusmðn ðptm`i ch quh bjs jkghtjs puhchn sibtir. Hs un guhdj hn thr`hri phrsjni quh phromth thnhr uni phrsph`tmvi `jopbhti chb guhdj chsch bi hsqumni suphrmjr ch bi pintibbi. Hb shduncj hs Ujpubjus hs Ujpubjus (9=1=), (9=1=), quh mn`busj sh ai rhhcmticj ajy piri bi Nmnthncj CP. Fuh hb prmohrj ch un dínhrj `jnj`mcj `joj vmchjguhdjs ch smoubi`mðn ch un cmjs. Hb gudicjr hs un shr jonmpjthnth, `jn tjtib cjomnmj sjkrh tjcjs bjs hbhohntjs chb guhdj. Fuh uni ch bis prmohris `rhi`mjnhs chb fiojsj Uhthr O JB]NHIXQ, iutjr ch tïtubjs kmhn `jnj`mcjs, `joj Cundhjn `joj Cundhjn Lhhphr (9==4) (9==4)  j Kbi`l & Tamth (;559), (;559), iokjs cmstrmkumcjs pjr Hbh`trjnm` Irts.

  Ubinmfm`ir `mucichs y `mvmbmzi`mjnhs. Fmduri 9.=. Ubinmfm`ir

Chkhojs rhfhrmrnjs tiokmín i bi ipirm`mðn ch bi sidi Pmo@mty (9=11/;551). (9=11/;551). Vjbvhrhojs i íb piri inibmzirbj `jn oés prjfuncmcic hn un `ipïtubj pjsthrmjr. Bi thoétm`i ch bjs guhdjs ch bi sidi sh hnfj`i ai`mi bi `rhi`mðn, dhstmðn y hvjbu`mðn ch `mucichs ch fjroi quh bjs `mucicinjs cmspjndin chb oiyjr n÷ohrj ch rh`ursjs pjsmkbhs piri chsirrjbbir su vmci hn bi `mucic. Fmnibohnth ohn`mjnirhojs, piri `hrrir hsti cí`ici, @mvmbmzitmjn (9==5), (9==5), tiokmín ch un sjbj gudicjr, sm kmhn hxmsth uni vhrsmðn oubtmgudicjr bbioici @mvNht (9==8). (9==8). Hb gudicjr tjoi hb rjb chb rhdhnth ch uni `mvmbmzi`mðn hophzincj `jn uni smopbh unmcic-pjkbicjr y triti ch `jnstrumr un mophrmj `jopmtmhncj `jn jtris `mvmbmzi`mjnhs. Hb jkghtmvj chb guhdj hs cmrmdmr hsti `mvmbmzi`mðn chsch su mnm`mj aisti bbhdir ib hspi`mj j `jnqumstir tjcj hb pbinhti (quh puhch shr bi tmhrri j un pbinhti `rhicj ib izir). Xni krhvh rhfbhxmðn quh smnthtm`h ibdunjs isph`tjs rhbhvinths hn hsti cí`ici ch

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 04  

bjs iùjs j`ahnti iyuciré, shduriohnth, i qumhn chshh i`hr`irsh i bjs vmchjguhdjs `jnsmchréncjbjs `joj mnstruohntjs hcu`itmvjs. Nj `ikh cuci ch quh hsth unmvhrsj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs ouhstri `ðoj bjs `iokmjs ch bis `jstuokrhs sj`mibhs, bjs mnthrhshs ch bis phrsjnis i `uibqumhr hcic hstén `jncm`mjnicjs pjr hb chsirrjbbj ch bi mncustrmi, hn hsth `isj y sjkrh tjcj Nmnthncj. Ai smcj `rhicjri tintj ch cmfhrhnths sjpjrths fïsm`js `joj ch `jnthnmcjs. Pjn hstjs ÷btmojs bjs quh qumzés mnthrhshn ch fjroi oés mnohcmiti hn bi hcu`i`mðn. Ujr hghopbj, guhdjs `joj bjs ch bi sidi ch Oirmj Krjs, j `uibqumhri ch bjs ohn`mjnicjs `joj ch hstrithdmi, puhchn shr uni kuhni hs`uhbi piri iprhnchr i phnsir y i `jntir amstjrmis. Uhrj aiy ibdj oés, njs puhchn ikrmr bis puhrtis ch bis iubis ib ouncj hxthrmjr y i bjs mnthrhshs ch bjs oés ðvhnhs, mn`busj hn hcu`i`mðn mnfintmb. Mrhojs ipjrtincj hstrithdmis piri hbbj hn `ipïtubjs pjsthrmjrhs y hn rhbi`mðn `jn guhdjs hsph`ïfm`js.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 01  

Bi cí`ici ch bjs iùjs njvhnti Hsti cí`ici sh `iri`thrmzi pjr mopjrtinths ivin`hs hn hb ouncj ch bis `jnsjbis, quh ch ibduni oinhri `jncm`mjnð tiokmín bi `jopbhgmcic ch bjs guhdjs quh sh prjcughrjn. Nmnthncj, pjr hghopbj, binzi hb `jnj`mcj Puphr Nmnthncj Hnthrtimnohnt  Pystho (PNHP) hn (PNHP) hn 9==9, quh vi hvjbu`mjnincj i trivís ch bi cí`ici. Hn 9==8 aiy quh chsti`ir bi ipirm`mðn ch Pjny Ubiystitmjn  Ubiystitmjn  y bi hvjbu`mðn ch bi Pidi Dínhsms (9=1=), (9=1=) , hn cmvhrsis vhrsmjnhs. Uhrj `hntríojnjs iajri oés cmrh`tiohnth hn bjs vmchjguhdjs quh sh `rhirjn hn hsti htipi. Bi mncustrmi rhbi`mjnici `jn bi dhnhri`mðn ch `jnthnmcjs piri vmchjguhdjs hxphrmohntð uni drin hxpbjsmðn y bi shbh``mðn quh sh prhshnth chphnchré smhoprh ch bi omrici ch qumhn bi ai`h. Ujr jtri pirth, hs cmfï`mb hn`jntrir drinchs virmi`mjnh virmi`mjnhss `jn uni phrsph`tmvi rhbitmviohnth `jrti hn hb tmhopj. Uhrsjnibohnth shùibirí `joj un risdj `biriohnth cmstmntmvj ch hsth ojohntj bi prhshn`mi ch guhdjs `jn thoétm`is vmjbhntis,, quh `rhin uni  vmjbhntis uni mopjrtinth `jrrmhnth ch jpmnmðn `jntrirmi i hsth tmpj ch j`mj. Uhrj tiokmín hn hsti htipi ipirh`hn j sh `jnsjbmcin sidis pjpubirhs, ou`ais rhbi`mjnicis `jn guhdjs ch ivhnturi y i``mðn, quh vin trinsfjroincj hb guhdj mnm`mib, `joj mnohcmitiohnth vhrhojs, piri mr mntrjcu`mhncj mopjrtinths mnnjvi`mjnhs. bdunis sidis gipjnhsis Hn bjs vmchjguhdjs hs ouy aikmtuib bi prhshn`mi ch ibdunis frinqum`mis quh hcmtin nuohrjsis vhrsmjnhs ch un guhdj quh aikmtuibohnth ai thnmcj íxmtj. Ph su`hchn i bj birdj ch bjs iùjs y sh triti ch un fhnðohnj ou`aj oés aikmtuib hn hsti mncustrmi quh hn bi chb `mnh. Ajy hxmsthn ibdunjs tïtubjs quh ipirh`mhrjn hn bjs iùjs j`ahnti y njvhnti. Aikbékiojs hn un ipirticj inthrmjr ch Pmo@mty (9=11/;551)  (9=11/;551)  y pjchojs ai`hrbj iajri ch jtris sidis kmhn `jnj`mcis, phrj ohn`mjnirhojs sjbiohnth cjs. Xni ch hstis sidis hs bi gipjnhsi  Fmnib Fintisy (9=14/;55=). (9=14/;55=). Hs uni shrmh ch uhdjs rjbh pbiymnd  pbiymnd  y hstrithdmi quh mn`buyhn inmoi`mðn, hs`hnirmjs fintéstm`js, itri`tmvj vmsuib, vïchjs, fjtjs rhibmstis y un hx`hbhnth cmshùj. Hs kmhn `jnj`mci pjr su `iré`thr mnnjvicjr y tiokmín pjr su o÷sm`i. Ai thnmcj uni hnjroh fuhrzi hn bi mncustrmi chb vmchjguhdj. Hb irduohntj sh `hntri hn un drupj ch aírjhs quh sh hnfrhntin i phrsjnighs ch fm``mðn, mnspmricjs hn bi omtjbjdïi ahkrhi, bitmni y gipjnhsi. Ibrhchcjr ch hbbi ai surdmcj uni `ubturi pjpubir quh sh oithrmibmzi hn ohcmjs moprhsjs, phbï`ubis y jtrjs jkghtjs. Chsti`i tiokmín bi shrmh fintéstm`i Kibcur”s Dith (9==1/;555),, quh sh iokmhnti hn hb unmvhrsj ch fintisïi ch bjs [hmnjs Jbvmcicjs (9==1/;555) prhshnth hn un guhdj `bésm`j,  Cundhjns & Cridjns (9=43). (9=43). Ph `iri`thrmzin pjr bi iopbmtuc ch su amstjrmi y bi `intmcic ch ivhnturis sh`unci sh`uncirmis rmis quh mn`buyh. Hb gudicjr `rhi un phrsjnigh ib quh sh bh unhn jtrjs quh tiokmín puhchn `jntrjbirsh, aisti `jopbhtir un hqumpj ch shms ivhnturhrjs quh sh hnfrhntin i jtrjs. Drin pirth chb íxmtj chb guhdj sh chkh ib jrmdmnib smsthoi ch `jokith. Ujr hghopbj, hn hb ojohntj

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 0=  

chshicj, hb gudicjr puhch pirir bi i``mðn piri cir ðrchnhs i sus phrsjnighs.

  Hs`hnirmjs mnspmricjs hn bi omtjbjdïi. Fmduri 9.95. Hs`hnirmjs

Jtri shrmh ch guhdjs, `jn un `iré`thr tjtibohnth cmstmntj ch bi sidis inthrmjrhs chkmcj i su smopbm`mcic, hs Sioidjt`am (9==6/;55=). (9==6/;55=). @johnzð smhncj un ipiritj `jn fjroi ch auhvj, chb tioiùj ch bi piboi ch bi oinj, `jn uni pintibbi hn kbin`j y nhdrj pmxhbici, cjnch ipirh`h uni ois`jti vmrtuib. Ph ain hcmticj aisti 04 vhrsmjnhs cmstmntis, cmstrmkumcis hn cmstmntjs sjpjrths, mn`buyhncj bi Nmnthncj bi Nmnthncj CP  CP y bi Tmm. Ohn`mjniki inthrmjrohnth quh bi prhshn`mi ch shrmhs, isj`micis i vmchjguhdjs pjpubirhs, suhbh shr un fhnðohnj rhbitmviohnth aikmtuib. Siokmín hsth ah`aj puhch shr jkghtj ch rhfbhxmðn pjr pirth ch un hcu`icjr. Ph rhfmhrhn oés i `jn`hptjs j vibjrhs rhbi`mjnicjs `jn bi hcu`i`mðn quh i hstrithdmis j ohtjcjbjdïis `jn`rhtis. @rhj quh ch hsth ah`aj, `jn cmohnsmjnhs sj`mibhs y `ubturibhs, sh puhchn iprhnchr cjs prmn`mpmjs. Ujr uni pirth, `rhir nj hs ibdj fé`mb y, sjkrh tjcj, bi mnnjvi`mðn nj surdh ch bi nici. Hs nh`hsirmj un trikigj prhvmj quh `ism smhoprh hs prh`msj `jntmnuir. Bi `jopbhgmcic th`njbðdm`i ch hstjs nuhvjs mnstruohntjs ch j`mj, quh dhnhrin ombbjnhs ch hurjs, mopmch i vh`hs dhnhrir `jnthnmcjs nuhvjs y quh itrimdin i bis iucmhn`mis `jn bi fuhrzi quh bj ain ah`aj unjs pj`js. Bi mnsitmsfi``mðn quh puhch chgir bi iushn`mi ch `jnthnmcjs nuhvjs puhch shr un kuhn puntj ch pirtmci piri rhfbhxmjnir hn un `jnthxtj hcu`itmvj mnthrdhnhri`mjnib y, hsph`ïfm`iohnth, hn hb oir`j ch bis mnstmtu`mjnhs hcu`itmvis. Jpmnmðn p÷kbm`i y vmjbhn`mi hn bjs vmchjguhdjs Bi ipirm`mðn ch nuhvjs ohcmjs quh mopbm`in nuhvis fjrois y cmshùjs piri bis smtui`mjnhs `jounm`itmvis suhbh mr isj`mici i vh`hs i un `mhrtj rh`aizj pjpubir. Hs cmfï`mb hxpbm`ir sus rizjnhs, phrj ai j`urrmcj pjr hghopbj `jn bjs `ðom`s, bi thbhvmsmðn y, pjr supuhstj, bjs vmchjguhdjs. Hn hsth `isj bis `rïtm`is nhditmvis sh ain hsticj isj`mincj i bi ipirm`mðn ch guhdjs vmjbhntjs quh `johnzirjn i surdmr `jn fuhrzi hn bi cí`ici ch bjs njvhnti. Uhrj yi ahojs vmstj quh nj tjcjs h, mn`busj, quh bi prhshn`mi ch vmjbhn`mi nj thncrïi pjr quí hstmdoitmzir i un guhdj chthromnicj y ou`aj ohnjs i tjcjs hbbjs. Uhrj vhiojs ibdunjs hghopbjs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 35  

 Ojrtib Ljokit (9==;/;599) (9==;/;599)   hs tiokmín uni sidi quh itrigj bi ithn`mðn ch jtrjs ohcmjs pjr bi vmjbhn`mi quh hxprhsikin sus dréfm`js cmdmtibmzicjs. @ici bu`aicjr, ch ah`aj, hri un i`tjr auoinj `jn sus ojvmomhntjs rh`ipturicjs h mn`jrpjricjs hn hb uhdj. Hsth hstmbj dréfm`j thromnð hn  Ojrtib Ljokit 3. Bi vmjbhn`mi hsté tiokmín prhshnth hn hb thoi. Hb bu`aicjr tmhnh su prjpmi amstjrmi y pirtm`mpiré hn hb tjrnhj ch @jokith Ojrtib. @ici unj tmhnh sus prjpmjs ojvmomhntjs ch phbhi `uhrpj i `uhrpj, y ibdunjs sjn `ipi`hs ch utmbmzir hnhrdïis hsph`mibhs piri iti`ir ib jpjnhnth. Djbphi aisti quh hb jpjnhnth hs chsohokricj. Pus phrsjnighs sjn yi m`jnjs ch bi `ubturi chb vmchjguhdj y sh ain icipticj `ðom`s, shrmhs ch thbhvmsmðn j phbï`ubis.  Nmdat Srip Srip (9==;)  (9==;) fuh jtrj guhdj `jntrjvhrtmcj, quh mn`busj prjvj`ð un chkith hn hb @jndrhsj ch Hsticjs Xnmcjs sjkrh bi vmjbhn`mi hn bjs b js vmchjguhdjs. Hsti hs bi rizðn pjr bi quh bj `mtiojs iquï. Ou`ais phrsjnis bj ain `rmtm`icj, iphbincj i quh, hntrh jtrjs prjkbhois, tmhnh oibjs i`tjrhs, uni o÷sm`i «`ursm¼ y uni amstjrmi quh nj hndin`ai. Ujchojs `mtir tiokmín i Tjbfhnsthmn 0C, 0C, un vmchjguhdj ch cmspirjs hn prmohri phrsjni. Fuh pmjnhrj hn su dínhrj piri U@ y bh smdumhrjn jtrjs tin mopjrtinths `joj  Cjjo (9==0)  (9==0)  y Yuilh (9==6), (9==6), quh ohn`mjnirhojs hnshdumci. Siokmín sh binzð hsth guhdj piri Nmnthncj piri  Nmnthncj Tmm.  Tmm.  Bi i``mðn tmhnh budir hn un ouncj trmcmohnsmjnib. Bjs jkghtjs nj sjn moédhnhs moprhsis smnj trinsfjroi`mjnhs ch un ojchbj oithoétm`j.

Fmduri 9.99.  Vmjbhn`mi hn bjs vmchjguhdjs.

 Cjjo (9==0)  (9==0) hs jtrj guhdj quh pjpubirmzð bi oiyjrïi ch risdjs quh mn`buyhn bjs uhdjs ch cmspirjs hn prmohri phrsjni. Puhbh ch`mrsh, mn`busj, quh fuh hsth guhdj hb quh `rhj hb ojchbj shdumcj pjsthrmjrohnth. Hb 0 ch idjstj ch ;553 fuh binzicj ib ohr`icj Cjjo ohr`icj  Cjjo 0, 0 , quh mn`buyh nj sðbj unj ch bjs ojtjrhs 0C oés pjthnths aisti bi fh`ai hn bi quh sibmð, smnj tiokmín uni iokmhnti`mðn ÷nm`i piri un guhdj ch hsti `bish, yi quh phromth i `uibqumhri ojcmfm`ir `ism bi drin oiyjrïi ch bjs isph`tjs chb uhdj. Yuilh (9==6)  (9==6)  hs tiokmín un vmchjguhdj ch cmspirjs hn prmohri phrsjni. Xtmbmzð ojchbjs trmcmohnsmjnibhs tintj piri bjs gudicjrhs `joj piri sus jpjnhnths. Pu ojtjr hs ouy pjthnth y `joj mnnjvi`mðn ch cmshùj chsti`i hb tritiomhntj ch bi

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 39  

buz. Hn suoi, sðbj cjs nuhvjs `johntirmjs. Ujr uni pirth, chsdri`miciohnth hs hvmchnth quh bi vmjbhn`mi hsté prhshnth hn ou`ais smtui`mjnhs ch bi vmci y, `jntmnuiohnth, hn ou`ajs ohcmjs ch `jounm`i`mðn. Ujr hbbj hxmdh uni rhfbhxmðn shrmi inth hbbi, tintj i nmvhb mncmvmcuib `joj `jbh`tmvj. Bjs vmchjguhdjs rhbi`mjnicjs `jn bi vmjbhn`mi, quh smn cuci itrihn i ou`ais phrsjnis y ou`ais vh`hs i bjs icjbhs`hnths, puhchn shr un puntj ch pirtmci piri hsi rhfbhxmðn `uincj ain smcj cmshùicjs rhspjncmhncj i `rmthrmjs ch `ibmcic, pjr hghopbj, hn rhbi`mðn `jn sus irduohntjs, prhshnti`mðn irtïstm`i y chsirrjbbj th`njbðdm`j. Sjcj hbbj chkhré thnhrsh hn `uhnti `uincj sh kusquh utmbmzirbjs `joj mnstruohntjs hcu`itmvjs.  Nuhvjs guhdjs ch ivhnturis ivhnturis Bi bbhdici ch Oyst ch  Oyst (9==3)  (9==3) supjncré tjci uni rhvjbu`mðn chntrj chb dínhrj ch bis ivhnturis dréfm`is. Bi sidi sh `jnvmrtmð hn hb guhdj oés vhncmcj ch U@ aisti bi bbhdici ch Bjs ch  Bjs Pmos (;555). (;555). Hb chsirrjbbj, bbhvicj i `ikj pjr @yin Tjrbcs, Tjrbcs, tuvj un birdj `iomnj mnm`micj hn 9==9, `uincj bjs ahroinjs [jkyn y [inc O MBBH[ hophzirin i cirbh fjroi, y `ubomnicj hn 9==0. Pu íxmtj fivjrh`mð hb mnthrís ch ou`ais `jopiùïis hn bis ivhnturis dréfm`is hn prmohri phrsjni, ipirh`mhncj oubtmtuc ch tïtubjs smombirhs. Hb gudicjr puhch ojvhr su phrsjnigh ib budir quh íb chshh, ai`mhncj `bm` `jn hb ritðn, h mnthri`tuir `jn jkghtjs hsph`ïfm`js `jn sjbj ai`hr `bm` hn hbbjs. Nj aiy hnhomdjs, smnj un `jnguntj ch icmvmninzis quh sh chkhn rhsjbvhr. Uiri `jopbhtirbj hs prh`msj chs`ukrmr y shdumr pmstis quh trinspjrtirén i ]PS   hs bi pj`i mnfjroi`mðn jtris hris, `jnsmchricis «omnm-ouncjs¼. Bi `bivh ch  O ]PS  quh prjpjr`mjni ib gudicjr, pjr bj quh ísth sh bmomti i hxpbjrir y ch`mcmr su smdumhnth pisj. Ujr hbbj tmhnh cmvhrsjs fmnibhs, ibdj quh ai`h ib guhdj ou`aj oés vmvj y cmnéom`j.

Fmduri 9.9;.  @jntir amstjrmis `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs.

Siokmín curinth hsti cí`ici ipirh`mð jtrj `bésm`j, Sjok [imchr (9==6), (9==6), hb prmohr vmchjguhdj ch i``mðn ivhnturi, ib quh `jnstrumcj i`jopiùirjn phbï`ubis, `ðom`s, pirquhs thoétm`js, ht`. ySjcj un unmvhrsj ibrhchcjr ch bjs nuhvjsnjvhbis, aírjhs ch bi `ubturi pjpubir. Biri @rjft hs uni ch bis ahrjïnis oés fiojsis hn bi mncustrmi chb vmchjguhdj, qumzés pjrquh hri un phrsjnigh fhohnmnj. Hs uni irquhðbjdi

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 3;  

ivhnturhri quh kus`i intmdujs thsjrjs. Ipirh`h `ism smhoprh vhstmci y hqumpici ch bi omsoi oinhri. Bjs `iokmjs quh sh ain mcj prjcu`mhncj hn hb phrsjnigh pirh`hn `jrrhspjnchr oés i bis njvhcichs quh ain phromtmcj mntrjcu`mr bjs nuhvjs dréfm`js quh i un chshj pjr ojcmfm`ir bis `iri`thrïstm`is ch bjs `rhicjrhs. Chsch quh ipirh`mð hb prmohr vmchjguhdj hn 9==6 aisti ;595 sh ain prjcu`mcj cmhz vhrsmjnhs chntrj ch bi sidi\99_p  iri cmvhrsjs tmpjs ch `jnsjbis. Hs cmfï`mb smnthtmzir quí j`urrmð hn hsti cí`ici. Ujchojs chsti`ir quh hb chsirrjbbj ch nuhvjs tïtubjs, quh `jntmnuirén su`hsmviohnth, tmhnh un phsj mopjrtinth. Ichoés, sh cmvhrsmfm`in y sus ivin`hs i nmvhb tí`nm`j chphnchn ou`aj chb chsirrjbbj ch bi mncustrmi, sjkrh tjcj sh isj`min i bi pjthn`mi ch bjs dréfm`js quh sh hs`jnchn hn su cmshùj, phromtmhncj phrsjnighs y hs`hnirmjs `ici vhz oés `jopbhgjs, y quh sjn pjsmkbhs pjr bi pjthn`mi ch bjs jrchnicjrhs quh bjs dhnhrin y ch bis pintibbis quh phromthn vmsuibmzirbjs. Bi prhshn`mi ch bis nirri`mjnhs hn ibdunjs, isj`mici i bi i``mðn ch bjs phrsjnighs y i bi cmvhrsmfm`i`mðn ch bjs dínhrjs, phromtmré dhnhrir hs`hnirmjs hcu`itmvjs hs`jbirhs quh `jntrmkuyin ib chsirrjbbj ch nuhvis ibfikhtmzi`mjnhs y, sjkrh tjcj, ch phrsjnis `ipi`hs ch inibmzir `rïtm`iohnth hb bhnduigh ch bjs ohcmjs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 30  

Nuhvjs guhdjs, fjroitjs y i``hsjrmjs chsch hb iùj ;555 Nj `ikh cuci ch quh bjs `jnthnmcjs y bi th`njbjdïi prhshnths hn bjs ohcmjs ch `jounm`i`mðn hstén hn hstrh`ai rhbi`mðn. Bjs vmchjguhdjs nj ain hs`ipicj i hsth fhnðohnj. Phrïi mophnsikbh chs`rmkmr su chsirrjbbj smn `jnsmchrir `ðoj ain mcj ivinzincj bis sjpjrths hn bjs quh sh guhdi, hb sjftwirh quh bj phromth, bjs `jntrjbhs quh oinhgi `jn hb gudicjr y, pjr   Oh quí itrhvj nj, bisimchis ch bjsquh `rhicjrhs quhtrhs surdhn hn mnthri``mðn hstjs ohcmjs.  ohcmjs. ivhnturir ib ohnjs risdjs `iri`thrmzin i bjs vmchjguhdjs ch hsti cí`ici. • Bi pjthn`mi ch th`njbjdïi quh phromth cmshùir bis `jnsjbis, `jnsjbis, i`hr`éncjbis `ici vhz oés i un jrchnicjr `jnh`ticj i bi rhc. Hstjs sjpjrths fi`mbmtin uni `ibmcic hn bjs dréfm`js, mophnsikbh `uincj ai`h ohnjs ch 85 iùjs sh `jomhnzi i aikbir ch vmchjguhdjs. •  Bi nh`hsmcic ch suphrir bis b is cmfm`ubtichs quh pbinthin i bjs gudicjrhs gudicjrhs bjs oincjs tricm`mjnibhs.   Hxmdhn uni aikmbmcic oinuib quh `jncm`mjni, quhriojs j nj, bjs tricm`mjnibhs. prj`hsjs ch phnsiomhntj ou`aj oés `jopbhgjs prhshnths hn hb guhdj. Bjs cmshùicjrhs y `rhicjrhs ch hsti th`njbjdïi sh ain vmstj jkbmdicjs i dhnhrir nuhvis fjrois ch mnthri``mðn `jn bi pintibbi, prhs`mncmhncj i vh`hs ch bjs oincjs tricm`mjnibhs, `joj j`urrh hn bi Tmm mm   ch Nmnthncj (;556) j hn hb nuhvj smsthoi  Lmnh`t   quh inun`mi Om`rjsjft piri mnthri`tuir `jn bi pintibbi i trivís chb prjpmj `uhrpj. •  Bis rhbi`mjnhs rhbi`mjnhs ch bjs vmchjguhdjs `jn jtrjs smsthois ch `jounm`i`mðn. Hsph`mibohnth bis njvhcichs quh ai mntrjcu`mcj Mnthrnht y quh pirh`hn jrmhntirsh hn uni cjkbh cmrh``mðn. Ujr uni pirth, bi dhnhri`mðn ch guhdjs isj`micjs i bi ojvmbmcic, hs ch`mr, sh puhch gudir hn `uibqumhr budir pjrquh hstén hn bi rhc. Ujr jtri pirth, bis `jounmcichs sj`mibhs, pjr hghopbj Swmtthr j Fi`hkjjl, iopbïin bjs `jnthxtjs chb guhdj `uincj bjs gudicjrhs `jopirthn mnthrhshs, chshjs, jpmnmjnhs, ht`. Urjfuncmzirhojs ibdj oés hn hstjs isph`tjs quh pjcré thnhr hn `uhnti qumhn sh i`hrquh i bjs vmchjguhdjs `jn un mnthrís hcu`itmvj.  Nuhvis `jnsjbis Srhs drinchs mncustrmis vin i cjomnir hb ohr`icj ch bis `jnsjbis hn hstjs iùjs, pjr jrchn ibfikítm`j7 Om`rjsjft, Nmnthncj y Pjny. @ici uni ai ah`aj ivinzir sus cmshùjs pjr bïnhis cmstmntis, `jopbhohntirmis qumzés. @john`hojs pjr Om`rjsjft quh binzð hn ;559 bi `jnsjbi `jnsjbi QKjx.  QKjx.  Amn`ursmðn in ipirh`mcj su`hsmvis vhrsmjnhs prhshnth bi i`tuibmcic. Fuh bi prmohri ch hsti `jopiùïi hn hby hsté ohr`icj ch hn bjs vmchjguhdjs. Hn hbbi sh ain hcmticj guhdjs kmhn `jnj`mcjs pjr bjs ifm`mjnicjs, pjr hghopbj,  Chic jr Ibmvh 0 (9==6/;595), Aibj7 @jokit Hvjbvhc (;558), Jccwjrbc7

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 33  

 Oun`a”s Jccyshh (;55;),  Oun`a”s (;55;), y  Urjgh  Urjgh`t `t Djtaio [i`mnd (;55;). (;55;). Uhromth un shrvm`mj i trivís ch Mnthrnht cjnch bis phrsjnis quh sh sus`rmkhn puhchn gudir jnbmnh.\9;_  Hsth smtmj Thk sh inun`mi isï7 Pé`ibh tjcj hb pirtmcj i tu Qkjx 065. Qkjx  065.   ¡@jnh`ti tu `jnsjbi i uni `jnhxmðn ch kinci in`ai y chs`ukrh  Qkjx  BMVH,, cjnch hn`jntrirés guhdjs, phbï`ubis, o÷sm`i y ojntjnhs ch `jsis oés!  BMVH

Bj quh ouhstri hb thxtj hs quh bjs vmchjguhdjs, y bjs sjpjrths fïsm`js quh bj phromthn, mntrjcu`hn ib gudicjr hn un unmvhrsj oubtmohcmi quh vi ou`aj oés ibbé chb guhdj hn sï omsoj. Ujr hghopbj, hn hsti pédmni sh jfrh`hn uni `uhnti ch `jrrhj, phbï`ubis, uni rhc sj`mib, uni `jounmcic y inun`mjs ch `uibqumhr njvhcic quh prhthnci mntrjcu`mr Om`rjsjft hn hb ouncj ch bjs guhdjs. I`tuibohnth, pjr hghopbj, sh jfrh`h hb smsthoi Lmnh`t  smsthoi  Lmnh`t , yi ohn`mjnicj, piri mnthri`tuir `jn bi pintibbi i trivís chb prjpmj `uhrpj. Nmnthncj ai binzicj cjs `jnsjbis hn hsti cí`ici. Bi prmohri  Nmnthncj Dioh @ukh (;559). (;559). Ph `iri`thrmzi pjr shr un `ukj dhjoítrm`j, chb quh puhch hbhdmrsh hb `jbjr, y prhshnti `joj ÷nm`i fjroi ch iboi`hniomhntj ch bjs guhdjs hb Dioh@ukh Jptm`ib Cms`, Cms`, un fjroitj cmfhrhnth i bjs aikmtuibhs @C j CVC. Bjs cms`js sjn ch iprjxmoiciohnth 1 `o ch cméohtrj y puhchn iboi`hnir dmdi-kmths. Sjcj hbbj pirh`h quh fuh `jnsmchricj i bi ajri ch cmshùirbj piri9,8hvmtir bi pmrithrïi, un fhnðohnj quh prhj`upi ajy i tjcjs bjs cmshùicjrhs y cmstrmkumcjrhs ch vmchjguhdjs. Uhrj bi drin hstrhbbi ch Nmnthncj ai smcj bi Tmm (;556). (;556). Mn`busj `jn su njokrh (ouy smombir fjnítm`iohnth i Th  hn mndbís) qumhrh mnsmstmr hn quh sh triti ch uni `jnsjbi quh puhch utmbmzir `uibqumhri y, ichoés, `jbh`tmviohnth. Pus `jntrjbhs j oincjs sjn ouy cmstmntjs ch bjs tricm`mjnibhs y ain mn`jrpjricj ibdunjs hbhohntjs nuhvjs, pjr hghopbj bi unmcic Nun`au`l, quh iùich ibdunis fun`mjnibmcichs ib oincj. Bi Tmm phromth tiokmín hb usj ch jtrjs hbhohntjs `joj pjr hghopbj hb vjbinth piri bjs uhdjs ch Oirmj j hb sjpjrth piri hb chpjrth. Uiri hbbi sh ain `jn`hkmcj drinchs uhdjs `joj Sah Bhdhnc jf Whbci7 Swmbmdat Urmn`hss (;556), Ohtrjmc Urmoh 07 @jrruptmjn (;554), Puphr Oirmj Dibixy (;554), Puphr Oirmj Dibixy ; (;55=), Puphr Poisa Krjs (;55=), Kriwb (;554), Oirmj Lirt Tmm (;554), [hc Pthhb (;556)  (;556)   y nuohrjsjs tïtubjs oés. Ichoés, su binziomhntj hstuvj isj`micj i uni shrmh ch uhdjs quh ain smcj bi moidhn ch bi `jnsjbi, pjr hghopbj, Tmm Ppjrts y Ppjrts y bi shdunci pirth ch ísth, Tmm Ubiy (;556), Tmm Fmt (;554), Tmm Ppjrts [hsjrt (;55=)  (;55=)  y Tmm Ousm` (;551)   hntrh jtrjs. Bis `rïtm`is tintj ch bi `jnsjbi `joj ch bjs guhdjs ain smcj ouy (;551) pjsmtmvis. Hsti `jnsjbi tmhnh i``hsj i Mnthrnht y tiokmín puhch `jnh`tirsh i bi hquhùi CP. [hsph`tj i bis `jnsjbis pjrtétmbhs Nmnthncj ai smcj dhnhricjri ch mopjrtinths sjpjrths. Bi CP Bi  CP   kus`i mntrjcu`mr nuhvjs `jn`hptjs hn hb ouncj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, vmchjguhdjs, pjr hghopbj, pintibbis té`tmbhs, rh`jnj`momhntj ch vjz, sjftwirh ch `jounm`i`mðn mnthdricj y pjsmkmbmcichs ch `jounm`i`mðn oubtmgudicjr ch oinhri mnibéokrm`i `jn uni sjbi tirghti ch guhdj piri tjcjs bjs gudicjrhs. Bi `jnsjbi tiokmín mn`jrpjri bi

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 38  

`ipturi ch moédhnhs hn 0C dri`mis i cjs `éoiris hxthrmjrhs.

Fmduri 9.90.  Guhdjs y `jnsjbis hn ;595.

Siokmín Pjny hsté prhshnth hn hb ohr`icj `jn hnjroh fuhrzi. Pus `jnsjbis sjn  Ubiystitmjn ; (;555)  (;555) y  Ubiystitmjn 0 (;556)  (;556) quh prhshnti bjs guhdjs hn fjroitj CVC. Ai smcj bi `jnsjbi `jn oés vhntis ch bi `jopiùïi. Pus dréfm`js vmsuibhs sjn hx`hbhnths y, bj omsoj quh bi QKjx bi QKjx ch Om`rjsjft , cmspjnh ch un smsthoi ch guhdjs hn bïnhi (Ubiystitmjn Ajoh). Ajoh). Fmnibohnth ahojs ch `mtir bi  UPU (Ubiystitmjn Ujrtikbh, ;558),, bi prmohri mn`ursmðn ch Pjny hn hb ohr`icj ch bis pjrtétmbhs. Bjs `jn`hptjs ch ;558)  UPU  y  CP  UPU  CP  sjn `jopbhtiohnth jpuhstjs. Bi  UPU  UPU p  hromth bi rhprjcu``mðn ch phbï`ubis, o÷sm`i y guhdjs ch ibti chfmnm`mðn, phrj pjshh ohnjs iutjnjoïi quh bis kithrïis, y un `itébjdj ch guhdjs oés rhcu`mcj, bi CP bi  CP   ipjstð pjr bis cjs pintibbis y cmspjnh ch un iopbmj ikinm`j ch guhdjs. Guhdjs ch jrchnicjr Aisti hb ojohntj ahojs ibucmcj rhphtmciohnth i bi hvjbu`mðn ch bis `jnsjbis, phrj nj njs ahojs fmgicj cmrh`tiohnth hn bj quh j`urrh `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs. [h`jrchojs quh hn bjs prmohrjs sh gudiki y quh fuh nh`hsirmj quh ibdumhn tuvmhri bi dhnmib mchi ch utmbmzir uni pintibbi ch thbhvmsmðn `joj mnstruohntj `jopbhohntirmj piri quh ipirh`mhrin bis `jnsjbis. Pmn rhphtmr bj yi `johnticj,  pjchojs `mtir ibdunjs amtjs chb pisicj piri `joprhnchr quí smdnmfm`in bjs guhdjs cmshùicjs piri hb jrchnicjr hn bi prmohri cí`ici chb smdbj  QQM . Ujr hghopbj, rh`jrchojs Ppi`hwir (9=69),, quh `jnsmstïi hn cjs nivhs quh sh ojvïin ibrhchcjr ch uni hstrhbbi `hntrib (9=69) `ici unj ch hbbjs mnthntincj chstrumr ib jtrj. Mnsmstmr tiokmín hn bis ivhnturis ch thxtj, pjr hghopbj  Icvhntur  Icvhnturhh (9=46), (9=46), cjnch bjs i`jnth`momhntjs ch bi amstjrmi sh dhnhrikin i pirtmr ch thxtjs hs`rmtjs pjr hb gudicjr hn hb th`bicj, smn mn`bumr moédhnhs.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 36  

Bi `rmsms ch bi mncustrmi ch bis vmchj`jnsjbis hn 9=10, yi ohn`mjnici, phromtmð quh hstjs guhdjs ch jrchnicjr sibmhrin khnhfm`micjs, pjr hghopbj guhdjs piri @joojcjrh 63,, un jrchnicjr phrsjnib quh ipirh`h hn 9=1;. Ph hcmtirjn piri íb ibdunjs guhdjs, 63 pjr hghopbj, Ghwhbs jf Cirlnhss (9=16) j j  bi shrmh ch Kitoin quh `jomhnzi i ipirh`hr hn 9=11. Isj`micjs ib jrchnicjr ipirh`hn nuhvjs guhdjs hn bi prmohri cí`ici chb smdbj QQM, yi ahojs aikbicj ch  Cjjo (9==0)  (9==0)  j  Oyst (9==9). (9==9). Ai`mi bi shdunci omtic ch hsti cí`ici bi nh`hsmcic ch ohgjrir bjs dréfm`js hn hb cmshùj ch bjs uhdjs ai`h vjbvhr bi omrici ib jrchnicjr. Ujr hghopbj ahojs `johnticj yi quh Sjok [imchr (9==6)  (9==6) fuh unj ch bjs prmohrjs guhdjs quh sh khnhfm`mð ch hstjs nuhvjs smsthois ch dréfm`js. Urjbjndincj hb chsirrjbbj th`njbðdm`j ch bjs guhdjs g uhdjs yi ohn`mjnicjs, hn bi cí`ici chb ;555 ain ipirh`mcj nuhvjs guhdjs `joj  Bjs Pmos (;555/;595)  (;555/;595)  j Ppjrh (;551/;55=),, cmstrmkumcjs pjr Hbh`trjnm` Irts sðbj piri jrchnicjrhs, tintj Oi` `joj (;551/;55=) U@. Ohrh`hn shr `mticjs pjrquh ibrhchcjr ch hbbjs sh ai dhnhricj tjcj un unmvhrsj sj`mib y oubtmohcmi, quh `johntirhojs `jn chtibbh hn `ipïtubjs pjsthrmjrhs. Bjs pjsthrmjrhs. Bjs Pmos hs uni sidi ch vmchjguhdjs ch smoubi`mðn sj`mib, cmshùicjs pjr Tmbb Trmdat. Bjs vmchjguhdjs ch hsti shrmh `irh`hn ch jkghtmvjs chfmnmcjs, hx`hptj ibdunis hxpinsmjnhs quh mntrjcughrjn hsh hstmbj ch guhdj. Guhdjs ousm`ibhs Nj viojs i hxthnchrnjs iajri hn hsth tmpj ch guhdjs phrj hs nh`hsirmj ohn`mjnirbjs `joj unj ch bjs bjdrjs mopjrtinths hn hsti prmohri cí`ici chb smdbj QQM. Hn Tmlmphcmi aiy un hx`hbhnth irtï`ubj, kmhn funciohnticj, quh phromtmré ib bh`tjr iopbmir bi mnfjroi`mðn.\90_  Bi i`tmvmcic chb gudicjr sh jrdinmzi ibrhchcjr ch uni pirtmturi ousm`ib j uni `in`mðn chthromnici. Uuhchn prhshntirsh hn cmvhrsjs fjroitjs quh shré mnthrhsinth `jnj`hr piri qumhn qumhri utmbmzirbjs `jn uni fmnibmcic hcu`itmvi. Pm kmhn bi oiyjrïi ch bjs guhdjs pjnhn hb i`hntj hn hb rmtoj, jtrjs puhchn ai`hrbj hn bi njti`mðn ousm`ib j hn chthromnicjs isph`tjs isph`tjs chb sjnmcj. Vhiojs prmohrj chthromnicjs guhdjs quh ain puhstj hb i`hntj hn hb rmtoj. Cin`h  Cin`h [hvjbutmjn j CC[ (9==1/;554), (9==1/;554), tiokmín `jnj`mcj `joj  Cin`mnd Ptidh, Ptidh, hs uni prjbïfm`i shrmh ch vmchjguhdjs ousm`ibhs, smoubicjrhs ch rmtoj/kimbh, prjcu`mci pjr bi `jopiùïi gipjnhsi Ljniom. Bjs gudicjrhs sh `jbj`in sjkrh uni «pbitifjroi ch kimbh¼, tiokmín bbioici «pmsti¼ y prhsmjnin `jn bjs pmhs bis fbh`ais cmspuhstis hn fjroi ch `ruz, smdumhncj hb rmtoj ch bi o÷sm`i y hb pitrðn vmsuib quh ipirh`h hn bi pintibbi. Ch i`uhrcj i bi smn`rjnmzi`mðn quh ouhstrhn `jn hb rmtoj y bj kmhn quh sh smdi hb pitrðn ch fbh`ais, sh jtjrdiré uni puntui`mðn. Chsch su prmohr binziomhntj, hn fjroi ch ir`ich, sh ain prjcu`mcj o÷btmpbhs virmi`mjnhs hn nuohrjsjs sjpjrths. Dumtir Ahrj (;558/;595) hs un kuhn hghopbj.  hghopbj.  Ph triti ch uni shrmh quh hs `jnj`mci pjr hb usj ch un cmspjsmtmvj `jn fjroi ch dumtirri quh sh utmbmzi `joj `jntrjb ch uhdj piri smoubir y ai`hr o÷sm`i `jn hbbi, rhprhshntincj njtis ch `jbjrhs hn bi

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 34  

pintibbi quh `jrrhspjnch i `ici unj ch bjs kjtjnhs chb `jntrjbicjr `jntrjbicjr.. Ph phromthn tintj pirtmcis mncmvmcuibhs `joj oubtmgudicjr, pucmhncj hstis ÷btmois shr `jjphritmvis j `jophtmtmvis. Bi shrmh ai utmbmzicj uni iopbmi dioi ch `in`mjnhs ch rj`l ch cmvhrsis ípj`is ah`ais chsch bjs iùjs shshnti aisti hb ojohntj i`tuib. Guhdjs ch rmtoj quh ain shdumcj hsti omsoi bïnhi sjn  [j`l Kinc (;551)  (;551)  y Sah Khitbhs7 [j`l Kinc (;55=).. Hn hsth `isj bis dumtirris sh ain phrfh``mjnicj y sh mn`buyh tiokmín uni (;55=) kithrïi y bi pjsmkmbmcic ch mntrjcu`mr i un `intinth. Jtrjs guhdjs ousm`ibhs phromthn i`tuir i bjs gudicjrhs hn fjroitj ch  Lirijlh. Ujr hghopbj, PmndPtir (;553/;55=)  (;553/;55=)  piri  Ubiystitmjn  Ubiystitmjn,, quh mn`buyh un CVC i`jopiùicj ch un pir ch om`rðfjnjs, moprhs`mncmkbhs piri pjchr gudir, oés un `jnvhrtmcjr XPK. Mn`busj, ibdunjs ain bbhdicj i `jntrjbir hb vjbuohn chb sjnmcj.  sjnmcj.  H Hss hb `isj ch Tmm Ousm` (;551), (;551), un guhdj chsirrjbbicj pjr Nmnthncj piri bi `jnsjbi Tmm quh smoubi hb oinhgj ch mnstruohntjs ousm`ibhs. Hn bis mnstru``mjnhs sh mncm`i quh qumhn smhoprh sjùð `jn bbhdir i cmrmdmr uni jrquhsti pjcré ai`hrbj `jn hsth guhdj. Ujshh un iopbmj rhphrtjrmj ousm`ib, pjr hghopbj, jkris tin virmicis `joj bis ch Ojzirt y Khhtajvhn j tiokmín bjs Khitbhs. Hb `jopjsmtjr ch Nmnthncj, Ljgm Ljncj, hs uni ch bis phrsjnis quh ai suphrvmsicj hb prjyh`tj.  Oubtmgudicjrhs  Oubtmgudicjr hs y ojvmbmcic hn bi rhc rhc Yumzés hstjs cjs tíromnjs rhsuoin ohgjr quh jtrjs bis njvhcichs quh ai mntrjcu`mcj hsti prmohri cí`ici chb smdbj QQM  hn hb unmvhrsj ch bjs vmchjguhdjs. Iunquh sh rhfmhrhn i cjs tmpjs cmfhrhnths, sus risdjs phromthn isj`mir i iokjs `jn o÷btmpbhs ukm`i`mjnhs hspi`mibhs chb gudicjr. Ajy, cmspjnmhncj ch uni `jnhxmðn i Mnthrnht, pjchojs i``hchr i hbbjs chsch `uibqumhr budir `jn nuhstrj thbífjnj oðvmb j udir hn un jrchnicjr pjrtétmb, iunquh hb guhdj hstí ibjgicj hn unj j virmjs shrvmcjrhs, bhginjs dhjdréfm`iohnth. Uhrj ib rhbi`mjnir ojvmbmcic y vmchjguhdjs hs nh`hsirmj prh`msir ibdj oés. Guhdjs piri oðvmbhs.  oðvmbhs.  Bi ipirm`mðn ch bjs thbífjnjs oðvmbhs oir`i un `iokmj hn ou`ais ch bis `jstuokrhs ch bis phrsjnis. Bhs ai phromtmcj hstir `jnh`ticis `ism phroinhnthohnth `jn su `jnthxtj sj`mib, sus iomdjs, su trikigj, su fiombmi, ch fjroi mnohcmiti y phrsjnibmzici. Hsi fun`mðn, quh tricm`mjnibohnth sh aikïi isj`micj i un ipiritj thbhfðnm`j, `jomhnzi iajri i iopbmirsh hn un unmvhrsj oubtmohcmi fivjrh`mcj pjr bi pjsmkmbmcic ch `jnh`tirsh i Mnthrnht i trivís ch uni bïnhi oðvmb. Hsjs cmspjsmtmvjs mn`jrpjrin idhncis, `ibhncirmjs, `éoiris ch vïchj, drikicjris y, ichoés, guhdjs, ou`ais vh`hs prhmnstibicjs hn hb thbífjnj y jtris chs`irdicjs i trivís ch bi rhc. Bi th`njbjdïi quh aiy tris hbbjs vi virmincj répmciohnth iunquh tjcivïi, bjs hn dréfm`js fun`mðn ch chbuncmspjsmtmvj quh shnj utmbm`h, tmhnh ibdunischbmomti`mjnhs. Ujr hghopbj thbífjnj aikmtuib ib`inzin bi `ibmcic bjs quh phromth uni `jnsjbi pjrtétmb. Yumzés, unj ch bjs prjkbhois i bjs quh sh hnfrhntin sus cmstrmkumcjrhs hs hb ch

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 31  

hn`jntrir `iomnjs piri cir mnfjroi`mðn ib gudicjr sjkrh bis `iri`thrïstm`is ch sus uhdjs i bi ajri ch tjoir bi ch`msmðn ch icqumrmrbjs. Puhbhn shdumr cjs hstrithdmis7 bi prmohri, `jntmnuir guhdjs quh yi tmhnhn uni tricm`mðn, pjr hghopbj Sjok [imchr (9==6/;55=)   j ibdunjs `bésm`js guhdjs ch ir`ich< bi shdunci, hstikbh`hr ibdunjs (9==6/;55=) pitrjnhs ch guhdj quh bjs aidin fé`mbohnth rh`jnj`mkbhs. Hstjs guhdjs sh ain chsirrjbbicj hn cmstmntis pbitifjrois, pjr hghopbj, Tmncjws  Ojkmbh, Uibo JP, Icjkh”s Icjkh”s Fbisa Bmth, mUajnh JP, mUic  mUic  j Djjdbh Incrjmc.  Incrjmc.  Ajy bis `jopiùïis hstén tritincj ch mntrjcu`mr bi pjsmkmbmcic ch quh puhcin gudirsh tiokmín jnbmnh y hn fjroitj oubtmgudicjr. Chkhojs chsti`ir, fmnibohnth, bi mopjrtin`mi quh ain icqumrmcj hn hcu`i`mðn guhdjs oðvmbhs rhbi`mjnicjs `jn hb hspi`mj y ipjyicjs hn bjs smsthois DUP DUP   h, mn`busj, Djjdbh Oips. Oips. Bi mntrjcu``mðn ch mnfjroi`mðn sh isj`mi i  chthromnicjs budirhs, phromtmhncj un i``hsj mnthri`tmvj i ísti, mn`busj i vh`hs rhbi`mjnicj `jn bi pjsmkmbmcic ch hbh``mðn hn fun`mðn ch bjs mnthrhshs chb udicjr. Hb trikigj ch (LBJUFH[, ;551) hs uni hx`hbhnth mntrjcu``mðn i hsth thoi.

  Oubtmgudicjrhs y ojvmbmcic. Fmduri 9.93. Oubtmgudicjrhs

O÷btmpbhs gudicjrhs hn bi rhc.  rhc.P   uhbh njokrirsh i hstjs guhdjs ch rjb quh sh guhdin i trivís Mnthrnht OOJ[UD (Oissmvhbybudir Oubtmpbiyhr Jnbmnh [jbhbiymndchDioh). Dioh) . Hn `jn hbbjsbis bjssmdbis gudicjrhs, chsch `uibqumhr chb ouncj, isuohn hb rjb ch unj ch bjs phrsjnighs piri mnthri`tuir `jn jtrjs i trivís ch Mnthrnht. Hb guhdj `jntmn÷i iunquh un gudicjr mncmvmcuib bj ikincjnh y hb smsthoi sh ointmhnh hn unj ch bjs shrvmcjrhs mnfjroétm`js ch bi hoprhsi quh bj ai binzicj. Uiri cir uni mchi ch su vjbuohn kisti ch`mr quh hn íb sh distirjn oés ch ohcmj kmbbðn ch cðbirhs hn hb iùj ;558, y quh hsi `intmcic bbhdð i 9,3 kmbbjnhs ch cðbirhs hn ;551.\93_P   h triti ch guhdjs hn bjs quh pirtm`mpir suhbh hxmdmr uni `ujti ohnsuib j hb pidj hn fun`mðn chb tmhopj `jnsuomcj, ibdj quh ci uni mchi ch `ðoj bjs vmchjguhdjs ain mcj virmincj hn bis pré`tm`is sj`mibhs, `ubturibhs y h`jnðom`is quh sh isj`min i hbbjs (LH[[, ;556< SI]BJ[, ;556). Hstjs guhdjs tmhnhn ibdunjs risdjs `jounhs. Ujr hghopbj, hb ah`aj ch pjchr jkthnhr puntjs y ivinzir i trivís ch cmstmntjs nmvhbhs, bi pjsmkmbmcic ch `jbikjri`mðn `jn jtrjs gudicjrhs, bi icipti`mðn ch bjs phrsjnighs i bjs chshjs chb gudicjr, tintj hn

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 3=  

sus isph`tjs tí`nm`js `joj vmsuibhs. Ichoés, bi oiyjrïi hstén kisicjs hn thois tricm`mjnibhs ch fintisïi, `mhn`mi fm``mðn, krughrïi, ht`. Siokmín aiy quh chsti`ir su pjthn`mib ch i``mðn sj`mib, quh mn`busj `rmstibmzi hn hb ni`momhntj ch uni `mhrti `ubturi mnthrni quh sh jkshrvi, pjr hghopbj, hn hb usj ch chthromnicis pibikris quh vin icqumrmhncj smdnmfm`icj sðbj piri qumhnhs phrthnh`hn i bi b i `jounmcic chb guhdj. I ojcj ch hghopbj pjchojs ohn`mjnir hb oés `jnj`mcj Tjrbc jf Tir`rift , hb oés drinch chb ouncj y quh fuh binzicj hn ;553. Bjs gudicjrhs `jntrjbin un phrsjnigh j ivitir chsch uni phrsph`tmvi hn thr`hri phrsjni (`jn bi jp`mðn ch gudir hn prmohri phrsjni), hxpbjrincj hb hntjrnj, phbhincj `jntri virmjs ojnstrujs y udicjrhs, `jopbhtincj omsmjnhs h mnthri`tuincj `jn jtrjs phrsjnighs. Uiri hntrir hn hb guhdj, bjs gudicjrhs chkhn shbh``mjnir un rhmnj (j shrvmcjr), bjs phrsjnighs hvjbu`mjnin, vin dinincj aikmbmcichs y tibhntjs phromtmhncj ib gudicjr chfmnmrbjs. Hn sïnthsms, nj `ikh cuci ch quh bis ipbm`i`mjnhs hcu`itmvis hn bjs iùjs prðxmojs pisin pjr i`hr`irsh i hstis nuhvis fjrois ch guhdj, quh phromtmrén `rhir y iopbmir bjs hs`hnirmjs ch iprhncmzigh y hnshùinzi isj`micjs i bjs vmchjguhdjs. Uhrj hbbj nj smdnmfm`i quh jtris ojcibmcichs viyin i chsipirh`hr, sh trinsfjroirén shduriohnth bis pré`tm`is isj`micis i hbbis `joj ahojs mcj vmhncj i trivís ch hsth rh`jrrmcj.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 85  

 I ojcj ch `jn`busmðn7 `jn`busmðn7 Iprhnchr ch y `jn `jn bjs vmchjguhdjs Xn rhsuohn ch bi rhvmsmðn inthrmjr, ch ibdunjs ch ojohntjs chb rh`jrrmcj rhibmzicj, iyuciré i `joprhnchr ohgjr sus mopbm`i`mjnhs hcu`itmvis.  Urmohrjj, hs nh`hsirmi, qumzés, bi gustmfm`i`mðn ch un `ipïtubj ch hsth tmpj hn un  Urmohr bmkrj chcm`icj i bjs vmchjguhdjs `johr`mibhs, nj sðbj jkghtjs piri hb j`mj smnj  pjsmkbhs mnstruohntjs ch iprhncmzigh y hnshùinzi.  hnshùinzi. Bi rizðn hs shn`mbbi7 hsphriojs quh iyuch i `joprhnchrbjs ohgjr hb ah`aj ch rhfbhxmjnir sjkrh quí hs un vmchjguhdj, su `jn`hptj, sus risdjs y sus fjroitjs, isï `joj bis virmi`mjnhs quh ain j`urrmcj hn hbbjs i trivís ch su `jrti amstjrmi. @uibqumhr hbhohntj quh puhch shr utmbmzicj piri iprhnchr y hnshùir hn un iubi j fuhri ch hbbi, ch fjroi mnthn`mjnib, ai ch shr hnthncmcj hn su `jnthxtj. Hbbj iyuciré i hstikbh`hr rhbi`mjnhs hntrh bi vmci `jtmcmini y bis b is hs`uhbis, mnstmtutjs j unmvhrsmcichs. Nj hs bj omsoj utmbmzir un guhdj quh jtrj, un sjpjrth oithrmib u jtrj, y piri hbbj hs mopjrtinth `jnj`hr bjs quh hxmsthn y quí tmpj hs oés ich`uicj piri nuhstris nh`hsmcichs y chshjs hsph`ïfm`js. Phduncj,, bjs vmchjguhdjs sjn guhdjs y, shduriohnth, ibdj oés. Ikrhn bi Phduncj pjsmkmbmcic ch mntrjcu`mr ib gudicjr hn un ouncj vmrtuib, y ichoés ch fjroi pbi`hnthri. Iokjs risdjs sjn nh`hsirmjs piri quh bis phrsjnis sh chshnvuhbvin `joj `mucicinis `ipi`hs ch utmbmzir `rïtm`iohnth bjs hbhohntjs quh bhs jfrh`h su `ubturi. Mrhojs vmhncj `ðoj, ibrhchcjr ch bjs vmchjguhdjs, hs pjsmkbh dhnhrir smtui`mjnhs hcu`itmvis quh `jntrmkuyin i hbbj. Ujr hghopbj, shré nh`hsirmj chs`ukrmr sus bhnduighs y bi fjroi hn quh trinsomthn sus ohnsighs, oés ibbé ch bi bhndui jrib y hs`rmti. Shr`hrj,, nj hxmsth un i`uhrcj sjkrh bjs tmpjs ch vmchjguhdjs quh njs phromthn Shr`hrj `bismfm`irbjs. Hn `uibqumhr `isj, idrupirbjs pjr unjs `rmthrmjs u jtrjs mntrjcu`h `birmcic y iyuci i hbhdmr. Bi mncustrmi y bis hoprhsis ch cmstrmku`mðn ain `jntrmkumcj tiokmín i dhnhrirbis, hs ch`mr, nj hs sðbj uni tirhi piri bi vmci i`icíom`i j bi mnvhstmdi`mðn. @jntrmkumré i fi`mbmtir bi hbh``mðn y i prh`msir quí y `ðoj sh puhch iprhnchr y   hnshùir chsch Fmgíojnjs, hn `uirtj budir, hn hb hbbjs. smdnmfm`icj hcu`itmvj ch bjs prmohrjs `uirtj  ojohntjs ch su amstjrmi. @rhj quh sjn uni kuhni hs`uhbi piri iprhnchr i `rhir. Ajy, hn uni sj`mhcic quh hxmdh nj sðbj rh`mkmr ohnsighs smnj tiokmín prjcu`mrbjs,

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 89  

hnfrhntir i bjs hstucminths i hxprhsirsh utmbmzincj ibdunjs ch bjs prmn`mpmjs prhshnths hn su cmshùj puhch `jntrmkumr i `rhir  `rhir hs`hnirmjs hcu`itmvjs mnnjvicjrhs rhbi`mjnicjs `jn nuhvis fjrois ch ibfikhtmzi`mðn. Bi qumnti qumnti   `jn`busmðn sh rhbi`mjni `jn bjs ivin`hs quh ain thnmcj budir hn bi cí`ici ch bjs iùjs shthnti y j`ahnti. Hn hsh ojohntj sh ain iopbmicj tintj bjs fjroitjs `joj bjs `jnthnmcjs. Bi prhshn`mi ch guhdjs ch hstrithdmis j ch i``mðn/ivhnturis ai dhnhricj mopjrtinths chkiths sjkrh bjs prj`hsjs ch phnsiomhntj quh pjnh hn pré`tm`i hb gudicjr y tiokmín sjkrh hb fjroitj ch hstjs nuhvjs tmpjs ch thxtj. [hsjbvhr prjkbhois y `jntir amstjrmis sjn, qumzés, mopjrtinths i`tmvmcichs i mnvhstmdir `uincj ibdumhn sh hnfrhnti i un vmchjguhdj.  Fmnibohnth,, aiy quh `jnsmchrir bjs nuhvjs hs`hnirmjs quh hn bi prmohri cí`ici  Fmnibohnth chb smdbj QQM sh ain `rhicj i pirtmr ch bi mntrjcu``mðn ch bjs vmchjguhdjs hn bjs thbífjnjs oðvmbhs. Pm kmhn yi sh isj`mikin ib `jn`hptj ch ojvmbmcic, pjrquh sh pjcïi gudir hn uni `jnsjbi pjrtétmb, iajri sh isj`min `jn nuhvis fun`mjnhs `ism smhoprh ch `iré`thr sj`mib. Vmvmojs hn uni sj`mhcic oubtmohcmi quh ai dhnhricj nuhvjs pitrjnhs ch `jounm`i`mðn quh ain ch hstir prhshnths hn bis mnstmtu`mjnhs hs`jbirhs y unmvhrsmtirmis. Ichoés, bis mnthri``mjnhs sj`mibhs quh pjsmkmbmti hb vmchjguhdj sh ain vmstj iopbmicis i trivís ch bi ipirm`mðn ch bjs guhdjs jnbmnh y oubtmgudicjr, rhprhshntitmvjs ch nuhvis fjrois ch `ubturi pjpubir. Pjkrh tjcjs hstjs `jn`hptjs mrhojs prjfuncmzincj hn bjs `ipïtubjs smdumhnths.

hkjjlhbj.`jo - Uédmni 8;  

@IUÏSXBJ MM

Ubitifjrois ch j`mj y hcu`i`mðn  Fm`ai rhsuohn chb `ipïtubj Yuíí sh puhc Yu puhchh iprh iprhnc nchr hr77

Vmchjguhdjs ch chpjrths7

@ðo ðojj trik trikig igir ir hn hb iubi iubi.. Bi mopjrtin`mi ch bis rhdbis hn bjs guhdjs rhibhs y cmdmtibhs. Bi hoj`mðn hs mopjrtinth hn hb iprhncmzigh.  

NKI Bmvh 95 (;55=) (;55=)  ch Hbh`trjnm` Irts  FMFI  FMF I 95 (;55=) (;55=)  ch Hbh`trjnm` Irts

attp7//www.hi.`jo/hs/guhdjs/nki-bmvh .`jo/hs/guhdjs/nki-bmvh,, hb guhdj Uédmnis whk y vïchjs mnthrhsinths7 NKI mnthrhsinths7  NKI Bmvh  Bmvh 957 957   attp7//www.hi  NKI Bmvh Bmvh 957 957   attp7//nki-bmvh.hispjrts attp7//nki-bmvh.hispjrts.`jo/ajoh.i`tmjn .`jo/ajoh.i`tmjn,, pédmni jfm`mib attp7//www.hi.`jo/hs/guhdjs/fmfi-95 djs/fmfi-95,, hb guhdj  FMFI 95  FMFI 9577  attp7//www.hi.`jo/hs/guh  FMFI  FMF I 95< 95