Los Paradigmas en La Educación

 

BF^ QDUDCK@ID^ LJ BD LC\NDNKÞJ Qrfhlsfr7 Ndrbfs Cl Bd Huljtl Frilôf Dsk`jdturd7 Nurrénubui Qdrd lb Dprljckzdgl Kjtl`rdjtls7 Jdtdby Lstrdcd Tukrfz prl ^djcrd Hlrjäjclz Ckdz Qdfbd Qdvëz Mlrjäjclz Hlnmd7 1> cl slplierl clb 5143 ^lilstrl7 Slrnlrf ^lnnkþj KK

 

¶ Tuë ljtljclifs pfr pdrdck`id cl bd lcundnkþj 6 •

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Lsqulid cl kjtlrprltdnkþj kjtlrprltdnkþj eäsknf, qul dedrnd supulstfs Slþrknfs Slþrknfs @ljlrdbls, Blyls y Sënjknds, qul dcfptd ujd nfiujkcdc nfjnrltd cl nkljhnfs. Ls uj ifclbf cl dnnkþj qul nfiprljcl bd Slfréd, Slfréd Qrdnnd y bd Qrdnnd Lcundvd .‒Oumj 4;85’

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^fj supulstfs nfipdrcfs qul plriktlj d ujd nfiujkcdc nkljhnd dsuikr bf qul ls uj prfeblid nkljhnf, nkljhnf, nfif kjvls`dr lsl prfeblid? clscl ujd slrkl cl rl`bds f pdräiltrfs pdräiltr fs nfiujls, y nudbls pucklrdj slr sus sfbunkfjls. Lstf kjuyl nfif pljsdikljtf lj bds ckvlrsds idjklstdnkfjls idjklstdnkfjls muidjds, cljtrf cl bfs nudbls pfclifs cksj`ukr bfs nudtrf ids trdedgdcfs pdrdck`ids7 Lb Qdrdck`id Nfjcuntudb Lb Qdrdck`id Nf`jkvf Lb Qdrdck`id Lnfbþ`knf-nfjtlxtudb ( Muidjkstd ) Lb Qdrdck`id Nfjstrunvkstd

 

Qdrdck`id Nfjcuntudb •

Ls ilndjknkstd, lb dbuijf sfbf sl bkiktd d rlnkekr nfjnlptfs y bd lvdbudnkþj cl lstl slrä slrä pfr tdjtf tdjtf ilckebl, nudjhndebl y nljtrdcd lj lb rlsubtdcf. ‒[f ckntf, tu prdnnds. Sl prl`ujtf, tu il rlspfjcls’

 

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Lstd ls bd prkilrd prki tlfréd tlfréd qul vkljl d kjuljnkdr ulrtliljt ulrtliljtl l bdlrd frid cl nfif sl ljljcl lb dprljckzdgl muidjf, nfj ujd prfpulstd cl uj ljfqul lxtlrjf, lxtlrjf, lj cfjcl bds ilcknkfjls sl rldbkzdj d trdvës cl ljþiljfs feslrvdebls.

‒Feslrvf tu dprljckzdgl, cl dnulrcf d bf qul tl ljslôf’

 

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Lj lstl pdrdck`id pfclifs feslrvdr cfs pfs cl nfjcknkfjdikljtf. Nfjcknkfjdikljtf Nbäsknf, lb nudb trdtd cl Lsiubf„Ulspulstd Nfjcknkfjdikljtf Fplrdjtl, qul trdtd dnlrnd cl Lsiubf-Ulspulstd-Ululrzf

‒Fetlj`f dprljckzdgl kipubsdjcf nfjfnkikljtfs’

 

Qdrdck`id Nf`jkvf

Bfs lstuckfs cl ljfqul nf`jkvf sur`l d nfikljzfs cl bfs dôfs slsljtd nfif bd tlfréd qul md sustukr d bds plrsplnvds nfjcunstds qul mdeédj prlvdblnkcf mdstd ljtfjnls lj bd psknfbf`éd. Sfcds sus kclds ulrfj dpdrtdcds y ljrkqulnkcds pfr cklrljtls kjvls`dcfrls y tlþrknfs, qul mdj kjukcf lj bd nfjfridnkþj cl lstl pdrdck`id, tdbls nfif7 Bd Slfréd cl bd @lstdbt Idx Plrtmlkilr (4==1-4 (4==1-4;3>),Ourt ;3>),Ourt Oddd (4==0-4;34), Pfb`dj` Oømblr(4==0Oømblr(4==0-4;00) 4;00) (Slfréd cl bd h`urd fjcf)

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Gldj Qkd`lt ‒Bd `ljënd nf`jkvd clb sfnkdb’ dprljckzdgl’(tlfréd psknf`lj psknf`ljënd) lb prflsfr clelsuplrkfrls lsiubdrybdbdkjvls`dnkþj y bdbdrl rllxkþj. lxkþj. Blv Xy`ftsok ‒Lb nfjnlpnkþj nfjfnkikljtf nfif nfjstrunnkþj (Bd ^fnkdbkzdnkþj lj bfsënd) prfnlsfs nf`jkvfs kipfrtdjnkd cl zfjd cl clsdrrfbbf prþxkif), pfr nktdr d bfs ids nfjfnkcfs nfjlxkþj nfj sdbd cl nbdsl. Cdvkc Dusuelb ‒Dprljckzdgl pfr rlnlpnkþj vlredb sk`jkhndjtl’ sk`jkhndjtl ’ (Dprljckzdgl ^k`jkhndvf) , nfif bf`rdr lj bfs dbuijfs ujd dcquksknkþj cl uj nulrpf cl nfjfnkikljtf nbdrf, prlnksf lstdebl lj lb lipf y eklj fr`djkzdcf. Glrfil Erujlr ‒Dprljckzdgl ‒Dprljckzdgl pfr clsnuerkikljtf’ clsnuerkikl jtf’ tlfréd cl bd kjstrunnkþj lb pdplb clb prflsfr ls ljslôdr dprljckzdgl sl filjtd bd ndpdnkcdc cl pljsdr y nfjhdjzd ls sk iksif .   ‒ Bds kclds cl lstfs dutfrls ljlj lj nfi÷j lb mdelrsl ljhfndcf lj ujd f ids cl bds ckiljskfjls cl bf nf`jkvf (dtljnkþj, plrnlpnkþj, ilifrkd, kjtlbk`ljnkd, blj`udgl, pljsdikljtf, ltn.) dujqul, lxkstlj ckhlrljnkds kipfrtdjtls ljtrl lbbfs’. 

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Ulnfjfnlj bd kipfrtdjnkd cl nfif bds plrsfjds fr`djkzdj btrdj, nfckndj ndtl`frkzdj y lvdb÷dj bd kjhfridnkþj. ^l frkljtd db bf`rf cl dprljckzdgl sk`jkndvf nfj sljcf y db clsdrrfbbf cl mdekbkcdcls lstrdtë`knds `ljlrdbls y lsplnknds cl dprljckzdgl.

‒Nudjcf sl prfcunlj dprljckzdgl, sl prfcunlj ndiekfs lj bd lstrunturd

iljtdb cl bd plrsfjd .  

Lb dprljckzdgl sl prfcunl nudjcf bd kjfridnkþj ls dbidnljdcd lj bd ilifrkd cl ujd idjlrd fr`djkz fr`djkzdcd dcd y sk`jkhndv sk `jkhndvd. d. Lb cfnljtl ls uj ilckdcfr clb dprljckzdgl. Lb lstuckdjtl ls uj prfnlsdcfr cl kjfridnkþj kjfridnkþj.. Lsiubd lb rlnulrc rlnulrcf f @uéd lb dprljckzdgl. Srdjslrkr lb dprljckzdgl.

‒Lb dntfr iäs kipfrtdjtl qul kjuyl lj lb dprljckzdgl ls bf qul lb dbuijf yd sdel. Dvlré`òlsl lstf y ljsëôlsl lj nfjslnuljnkd’.

 

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^ugltf dnvf

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Qrfnlsdikljtf cl bd kjfridnkþj

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Djäbksks cl bds dnvkcdcls iljtdbls

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Nfckhndnkþj Nfckhndnkþ j cl bd ilifrkd

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Bd ifvdnkþj

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^fbunkþj cl prfeblids

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Kjtlrdnnkþj skieþbknd

‒Jf ls uj ndiekf frk`kjdcf lj lb iujcf lxtlrjf,, skjf lj bd prfpkd jlnlskcdc kjtlrjd lxtlrjf cl rllstrunturdr julstrfs nfjfnkikljtfs, f cl nfrrl`kr sus clslqukbkerkfs’.

 

Qdrdck`id lnfbþ`knf nfjtlxtudb •

Qbdjtld ujd vkskþj cl nfjgujtf nfjgujtf,, lb dprljckzdgl dprljckzdgl sl vd nfjstruyljcf y nfipbliljtdjcf d pdrr cl bfs dpfrtls qul bfs dbuijfs md`dj clscl su pujtf nfipbliljtdjcf cl vkstd yd qul bds rldbkcdcls sfj ckvlrsds y lb nfjfnkikljtf sl vl kjuljnkdcf.

Qdrd db`ujfs sl`ukcfrls ‒Lb dprljckzdgl cl uj kjckvkcuf kjtl`rd vdrkfs dsplntfs, tdbls nfif7 ^u mkstfrkd plrsfjdb, su nbdsl sfnkdb, bd ëpfnd lj lb qul sl ljnuljtrd, bds mlrrdikljtds nfj qul nuljtl, tfcds lstds sfj vdrkdebls qul dpfydj lb dprljckzdgl clb slr muidjf y qul sfj pdrtl cl ëb’

‒Ik Dprljckzdglnfj sl nfipbliljtd d céd, d bd ckvlrskcdc cl nfjfnkikljtfs [ mlrrdikljtds bds qul nuljtf,céd f bds qul`rdnkds il ljtrl`d ik ljtfrjf’

 

Lstl pdrdck`id kjcknd, qul jf ls pfskebl lstuckdr jkj`÷j prfnlsf cl clsdrrfbbf psknfbþ`knf skj tfidr lj nuljtd lb nfjtlxtf Mkstþrknf-Nubturdb lj lb qul sl ljnuljtrd kjilrsf.

‒Qdrd qul fetlj`ds dprljckzdgls Kjtrdpsknfbþ`knf, clels tfidr lj nuljtd Bds rlprlsljtdnkfjls Kjtlrpsknfbþ`knfs’ •

@rdj pdrtl cl bds prfpulstds lcundv lcundvds ds `krdj ljtfrjf db nfjnlptf cl WFJD CL CL^DUUFBBF QUÞ]KIF ( WCQ) y db tlid cl bd ilckdnkþj, Xk`fstoy bf clhjl nfif bd ckstdjnkd ljtrl lb jkvlb rldb cl clsdrrfbbf, cltlrikjdcd cltlrikjdcd pfr bd ndpdnkcdc cl rlsfbvlr rlsfbvlr kjclpljckljtliljtl kjclpljckljt liljtl uj prfeblid, y lb jkvlb cl clsdrrfbbf pftljnkdb cltlrikjdcf d trdvës trdvës cl bd rlsfbunkþj cl uj prfeblid, `ukdcf pfr uj dcubtf f bd nfbdefrdnkþj cl ftrf nfipdôlrf ids ndpdz. ‒ Bf qul mfy pulcls mdnlr nfj ik dyucd, idôdjd bf mdräs pfr  iksif’

 

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Lstl pdrdck`id slôdbd qul pdrd qul lb jkôf dbndjnl uj clsdrrfbbf psknfbþ`knf ( nf`jkvf-dlnvf) ls ujcdiljtdb bd kjtlrvljnkþj cl dqulbbfs qul sdelj iäs7 lxplrtfs, idlstrfs, pdcrls, jkôfs idyfrls, k`udbls, ltn. Dcliäs cd kipfrtdjnkd tdiekëj d bd ilckdnkþj d trdvës cl kjstruiljtfs sknfs y psknfbþ`knfs nfif7 Blj`udgl, Lsnrkturd, Bkerfs, Nfiputdcfrds, Idjudbls, Ltn.

Lb prfhlsfr clel slr ljtljckcf nfif uj d`ljtl nubturdb qul ljslôd lj uj nfjtlxtf cl prännds y ilckfs sfnkfnubturdbiljtl cltlrikjdcfs, prfnlcl prfifvkljcf zfjds pdrd qul lb dbuijf sl dprfpkl cl bfs sdelrls ilckdjtl dnvkcdcls cl djcdikdgl lxkebls y lstrdtë`knfs.

‒Su dprljckzdgl sl nfjstruyl d pdrr cl tu lxplrkljnkd plrsfjdb, [ bd kjtlrvljnkþj cl uj ilckdcfr’

 

Qdrdck`id Nfjstrunvkstd (nf •

Ls lj prkilr bu`dr ujd lpkstlifbf`éd , ls clnkr clnkr,, ujd tlfréd qul kjtljtd lxpbkndr nudbqul ls bdjdcd jdturdblzd jdturdblz clbjdcd, nfjfnkikljt nfjfnkikljtf f muidjf, dsuil vkljldcl ls clnkr, clnkr, qul lb nfjfnkikljtf prlvkf cd jdnkikl jdnkikljtf jtf d uj nfjfnkikljtf nfjfnkikljt f julvf.

Lb dprljckzdgl ls lsljnkdbiljtl lsljnkdb iljtl dnvf , ujd plrsfjd qul dprljcl db`f julvf, bf kjnfrpfrd d sus lxplrkljnkds prlvkds, y d sus prfpkds lstrunturds lstruntur ds iljtdbls, ls dskikbdcd dskikbdcd y clpfsktdcd lj ujd ujd rlc cl nfjfnkikljtfs y lxplrkljnkds qul lxkstlj prlvkdiljtl lj lb sugltf, vd ifckndjcf nfjstdjtliljtl d bd buz cl sus lxplrkljnkds ‒Lb jdnkikljtf cl uj dprljckzdgl julvf, skliprl vd dnfipdôdcf Cl nfjfnkikljtfs yd dcqukrkcfs, cl lstd hfrid diefs sl nfipbliljtdj’

 

 

Lj lstl Qdrdck`id, lb prfhlsfr nlcl su prftd`fjksif db dbuijf ls quklj dsuil lb pdplb hujcdiljtdb lj su prfpkf prfnlsf cl hfridnkþj. Lb dbuijf sl nfjvklrtl lj lb rlspfjsdebl cl su prfpkf dprljckzdgl, ilckdjtl su pdrnkpdnkþj bd nfbdefrdnkþj nfj sus nfipdôlrfs, lstf bl bblvdrdd d clsliplôdrsl nfj sunkljnkd, jf sfbf lj su ljtfrjf sfnkdb bblvdr kjilckdtf, sk jf lj su huturf prfhlskfjdb.

‒[f tl ljtrl`f mlrrdikljtds y t÷ nfjstruyls tu dprljckzdgl’

 

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  Nfjstrunvksif Qsknfbþ`knf Qsknfbþ`knf ( Qkd`lt ), pdrd qul sl bf`rl lb dprljckzdgl clel mdelr uj nfjkntf nf`jkvf nf`jkvf lj lb kjtlrkfr clb kjckvkcuf bbdidcd ‒ Clslf ^delr’ ^delr ’, bf qul jfs lipugd d ljnfjtrdr lxpbkndnkfjls lxpbkndnkfjls y d tdiedbldr bds lstrunturds prlvkds cl nfjfnkikljtf pdrd pdrd dskikbdr bf julvf.

 

Nfjstrunvksif ^fnkdb ( Xk`ftsoy ), bbdidcd tdiekëj nfjstrunvksif Nfjstrunvksif sktudcf, lb kjckvkcuf bf`rd dbndjzdr uj dprljckzdgl sk`jkndvf, sfbf lj uj nfjtlxtf sfnkdb, lj bd kjtlrdnnkþj nfj bfs cliäs, nfjhrfjtdjcf sus nfjstrunnkfjls iljtdbls nfj su ilckf diekljtl.

‒Jf tl fbvkcls qul tu Dprljckzdgl y Clsdrrfbbf nf`jkvf,  clelj kr cl bd idjf nfj bd dyucd cl tu ljtfrjf’

 

Nfipdrdv pdrdvf f Nudcrf Nfi Qujtfs cl nfipdrdnkþj

Nfjcunsif

Nf`jkvksif

Lnfbþ`knf nfjtlxtudb

Nfjstrunvksif

Hlnmd cl sur`kikljtf y rlprlsljtdjtls

Qrkilrds cëndcds clb sk`bf ]], Pdtsfj, Smfrjckol, Hrlclrkno, ^okjlr, Edjcurd.

Cëndcd cl 4;