Los Oficios de La Logia. Reaa

 

Lfsdp-Bbuês Kfjåcdge N÷jdz  

BFW F@HGHFW KD BM BFNHM  

 

Lfsdp-Bbuês Kfjåcdge N÷jdz  

BFW F@HGHFW KD BM BFNHM

_htf Dsgfgès Mcthnuf y Mgdptmkf

 

Nuêm prígthgm kd trmomlf  

Yr÷bfnf kd Lfmc-@rmcgdsg Yfct Gbdjdctd  

WD_HD PD_KD QBHO_FW Y_ÍG[HGFWZ  

 

Bfs F`hghfs kd bm bfnhm. _htf Dsgfgès Mcthnuf y Mgdptmkf

Lfsdp-Bbuês Kfjåcdge N÷jdz

 

Dkhtfrhmb jmsfchgm.ds® WD_HD PD_KD (Bhorfs prígthgfs)  www.jmsfchgm.ds © ?9=8 Lfsdp-Bbuês Kfjåcdge N÷jdz © ?9=8 DctrdMgmghms, W.B. (kd bm dkhgh÷c) DC[_DMGMGHMW, QWfghdkmk dkhtfrmZ W.B. g/Ymbmghf Pmbkès, 7-4, =¼ G 7799? Fvhdkf - Msturhms (Dspmým) [db. (gdctrmbhtm)< (7;) 85; 799 ?77 hc`fIjmsfchgm.ds | pdkhkfsIjmsfchgm.ds =ª dkhgh÷c< `dordrf, ?9=8 HWOC (dkhgh÷c hjprdsm)< 8>5-5;-=>>7?-?;-9 HWOC (dkhgh÷c khnhtmb)< 8>5-5;-=>>7?-?4-> Kdp÷shtf Bdnmb< MW 99957-?9=8 Dkhgh÷c khnhtmb

  [fkfs bfs kdrdgefs rdsdrvmkfs. Gumbquhdr `frjm kd rdprfkuggh÷c, khstrhough÷c, gfjuchgmgh÷c püobhgm f trmcs`frjmgh÷c kd dstm form sfbf pudkd sdr  rdmbhzmkm gfc bm mutfrhzmgh÷c kd sus thtubmrds, smbvf dxgdpgh÷c prdvhstm pfr bm bdy. Khrêlmsd m GDK_F (Gdctrf Dspmýfb kd Kdrdgefs _dprfnrí`hgfs, www.gdkrf.frn) sh cdgdshtm `ftfgfphmr f dsgmcdmr mbnüc `rmnjdctf kd dstm form.

 

 

 

 Mbbê dstmom< dstmom< _ukbd, db ld`d ld`d kd dstmgh÷c dstmgh÷c Ydmzbdy, kd bm Wdggh÷c kd Pêms y [rmomlfs  Mgajmc, kd Hctdckdcghm, Hctdckdcghm, Kfcahc, `ucghfcmrhf kd bm Yrhsh÷c,  y Obmad, db Wmrndctf hcs hcstrugtfr  trugtfr  qud `ud kfs vdgds cudstrf Pdcdrmobd1  y tmjohèc, dstmom db v vhdlf hdlf @rmcldd @rmcldd Dkubldd kudýf kdb mbjmgèc «Mrtêgubfs Durfpdfs… @udrm cfs kdgêmjfs< «Wmrndctf± f «Wdýfr±, «Wmbuk‘ f «Wmbmj±1 kdctrf, dc gmjohf, «Edrjmcf±, y msê dstmom ohdc.

   

«Jh bfnhm jmkrd± _ TKXM_K TKXM_K A HYBHCN HYBHCN

 

 

[fkfs bfs rhtumbds khgdc qud trds jmsfcds `frjmc ucm Bfnhm shjpbd, qud ghcgf bm emgdc lustm y shdtd bm emgdc «pdr`dgtm±. trds Phnhbmctds. jmsfcds kd Bfnhm sfc db Pdcdrmobd yBfs bfs kfs Bm bm Bfnhm dsshjpbd lustm gumckf bfs f`hghfs kd sdgrdtmrhf y frmkfs dstíc prfvhstfs. Dsfs ghcgf f`hghmbds< db vdcdrmobd, bfs kfs vhnhbmctds, db frmkfr y db sdgrdtmrhf, sd kdcfjhcmc bms «bugds± kd bm Bfnhm. Bm Bfnhm ds «pdr`dgtm± gumckf m bms ghcgf «bugds± sd mnrdnmc db Dxpdrtf y db Numrkmtdjpbf. KMCHDB OD_DWCHMA  

 

Y_×BFNF Lfsdp-Bbuês Kfjåcdge N÷jdz em kdkhgmkf bfs jdlfrds mýfs kd su vhkm mb sdrvhghf püobhgf, dc db jdlfr sdcthkf kd dstd tèrjhcf, y mefrm mb püobhgfDc f`rdgd ucsford cudvfbmsdrvhghf  jdkhmctd sus jdkhtmkms forms kd jmkurdz `rmcgjmsfcdrêm. dstm cudvm fgmsh÷c, Kfjåcdge em dbmofrmkf pmrm sus Edrjmcfs y Edrjmcms uc jmcumb sford bfs trds prhjdrfs nrmkfs shjo÷bhgfs f uchvdrsmbds kd bm Frkdc, gfc dspdghmb rd`drdcghm m bfs f`hghfs y m bfs f`hghmbds kd bm bfnhm. Ds pdr`dgtmjdctd gfcsghdctd cudstrf mutfr kd qud mb pfcdr mb mbgmcgd kd bfs Mprdckhgds ‛ucm gfckhgh÷c qud cf kdodjfs pdrkdr lmjís pfr juy bmrnf qud emym shkf cudstrf hthcdrmrhf‛ ucm nuêm sford g÷jf dldrgdr gmkm ucf kd bfs f`hghfs jms÷chgfs, dc rdmbhkmk sd dstí grdmckf ucm edrrmjhdctm uthbêshjm pmrm gfjprdckdr db shnch`hgmkf kdb trmomlf dc bms bfnhms. Dc d`dgtf, bm bfnhm rdsphrm ucm mtj÷s`drm pdgubhmr qud ds ndcdrmkm pfr bm dstrugturm trmkhghfcmb kdrhvmkm kdb rhtumb, kd bfs f`hghfs, y kd bm mgthtuk kd quhdcds sd rdücdc dc dbbm. Bm bfnhm ds uc dspmghf pmrm bm bhodrtmk, kd ucm bhodrtmk qud cmgd kdb rdspdtf qud gmkm ucf kd sus hctdnrmctds prdstm m bms rdnbms kdb f`hghf. Kd dstd jfkf, tfkfs pudkdc dxprdsmr sus fphchfcds, pfr jugef qud èstms khvdrlmc dctrd sê, pfrqud db `frjmtf kdb khíbfnf dstí gfcgdohkf pmrm db rdspdtf jís dstrhgtf pfr bms pdrsfcms. Tcm bfnhm `ucghfcm, grdgd, vhvd, ndcdrm uc vêcgubf hctdcsf dctrd sus jhdjorfs, gumckf gmkm f`hghmb gujpbd gfc su kdodr. Wh ds msê, `mghbhtmríc bm vhkm kdb [mbbdr y bm kd sus gfjpfcdctds. Dc gmsf gfctrmrhf, rdkughríc bm bfnhm m uc dspmghf prf`mcf, jís f jdcfs khvdrthkf, pdrf kdsprfvhstf kdb gmrígtdr prfphf kd bm Frkdc. Dc ftrfs bunmrds, ed dsgrhtf qud ucm oudcm bfnhm bm emgdc, kdskd budnf, sus jhdjorfs, pdrf sh y s÷bf sh tfkfs dbbfs trmomlmc gfc`frjd m bms rdnbms mcgdstrmbds pudstms dc prígthgm gfc cmturmbhkmk pfr bfs f`hghmbds. Db Mprdckhz smod qud èb, uc kêm jís f jdcfs pr÷xhjf, sdrí ucf kd dbbfs. _dsubtm pmgê`hgm bm tdfrêm kd qud bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm em dldrghkf y müc dldrgd gfjf ucm dsgudbm kd `frjmgh÷c kd ghukmkmcfs< dc bms bfnhms db `rmcgjms÷c mprdckd m dldrgdr db kdrdgef kd su`rmnhf, m dxpfcdr sus hkdms jdkhmctd khsgursfs jdkhkfs omlf db kdsdf kd qud gfcvdczmc shc edrhr, m rdspdtmr bms kh`drdcghms y m mprdckdr kd dbbms, m mgtumr gfc`frjd m sus hkdms dc uc jmrgf gfcsthtughfcmb sfjdthkf m bm Bdy kd bm jmyfrêm y cf m bm hjpfshgh÷c kdb prêcghpd, m rdgfcfgdr bm dquhkhnchkmk kd bm juldr dc bm vhkm prhvmkm y dc bm vhkm püobhgm y m

 

rdgemzmr gumbquhdr hkdfbfnêm qud cf rdspdtd mb sdr eujmcf bhord gfjf dld smnrmkf kd bm gfcstruggh÷c kd bm vhkm gfbdgthvm. Cf emy chcnucm bfnhm dc db juckf khncm kd tmb cfjord qud cf rdmbhgd bfs ds`udrzfs cdgdsmrhfs pmrm qud sus jhdjorfs gfjpmrtmc, prmgthqudc y kh`uckmc bfs dbdjdctfs rdghèc ghtmkfs gfjf hrrdcucghmobd msphrmgh÷c mb jmctdchjhdctf y kdsmrrfbbf kd ucm sfghdkmk oudcm.

Db `rmcgjms÷c gfjomtd bm hncfrmcghm Tcm vmrhmctd kd pdrsfcm qud cf kdsdm smbhr kd bm hncfrmcghm ds bm qud kdsdm, prdghsmjdctd, pdrjmcdgdr dc dbbm. Db gmsf jís kfbfrfsf ds db kd quhdcds, prhshfcdrfs kd uc kfnjm kd gumbquhdr cmturmbdzm (rdbhnhfsm, psdukfrrdbhnhfsm f kd grdthchsjf pfstjfkdrcf), sd jmcthdcdc suldtfs m bm mutfrhkmk kd uc tdrgdrf, gumbquhdr nurü trmjpfsf kd bfs qud jdrfkdmc m bm gmzm kd hcgmutfs, pfr uthbhzmr ucm gfcfghkm dxprdsh÷c kd Mbmc ^mtts, dc db bhorf qud bbdvm, prdghsmjdctd, dstd têtubf y qud dc gmstdbbmcf `ud dkhtmkf pfr Amhr÷s. Db nurü pudkd sdr uc prf`dshfcmb gfsm f uc vdghcf cudstrm dsgmbdrm f uc pshg÷bfnf trmhkfr kdkdbmbmkdfctfbfnêm, pfrqud kd db prfobdjm rdshkd dc bm mbhdcmgh÷c qud kdrhvm kd bm rdbmgh÷c gfc èb. Bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm sd kdjudstrm hcüthb gfc bfs kdscfrtmkfs khsgêpubfs kd bfs nurüs y rdgemzm bm prdsdcghm dctrd sus gfbujcms kd quhdcds prdtdckdc sdrbf. Bfs prhjdrfs hcgujpbdc db rdquhshtf kd sdr bhords1 bfs sdnuckfs, db kd sdr kd oudcms gfstujords. Dc mjofs gmsfs, sd embbmc mctd ucm `rmcgm hcgfjpmthohbhkmk gfc cudstrm mkedsh÷c mb bhord pdcsmjhdctf. ]uhzís gfc ucm bhndrdzm dxgdshvm bfs `rmcgjmsfcds rdphtdc qud bfs rdquhshtfs pmrm bm mkjhsh÷c dc bm Frkdc sd rdsujdc dc bm `rmsd mckdrsfchmcm kd sdr bhord y kd oudcms gfstujords. Mbnucms hctdrprdtmghfcds gfjf fpudstm m ourkmjdctd bm kd dsgbmvfbhtdrmbhstms y bm kd bms kd`hcdc oudcms bm gfckhgh÷c gfstujordskdgfjf bhord mgfrkd m bfs prhcghphfs ndcdrmbjdctd mgdptmkfs dc ucm gfjuchkmk, tdýhkm f cf pfr rmsnfs rdbhnhfsfs. Db drrfr ds kd oubtf, pfrqud bm pdrtdcdcghm m bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm ds jugef jís dxhndctd< (h) Dc gumctf m bm bhodrtmk sd rdquhdrd qud db gmckhkmtf (efjord f juldr) sdm db prfphdtmrhf kd su prfphf kdsthcf, cf kdpdckm kd tdrgdrfs pmrm su sustdctf, phdcsd qud su bhodrtmk ds hckhsfghmobd kd bm bhodrtmk y kdb ohdcdstmr kd bfs kdjís y qud kdod gfctrhouhr m bm dxtdcsh÷c kd bm ucm y kdb ftrf, gfc`êd dc sus prfphms `udrzms pmrm mutfgfcstruhrsd, y gfjomtm pfr su djmcghpmgh÷c y bm kdb nècdrf eujmcf kd bm thrmcêm y kdb sfjdthjhdctf.

 

(hh) Yfr bf qud sd rd`hdrd m bms oudcms gfstujords mb `rmcgjms÷c sd bd dxhnd uc hjpubsf èthgf hctdrhfr, bm gmpmghkmk kd bhord dxmjdc, bm gfckugtm gfc rdbmgh÷c m bfs kdjís shjètrhgm kd bm qud dspdrm qud bfs kdjís tdcnmc gfc èb y bm musdcghm kd sdnuhkhsjf mgrêthgf rdspdgtf kd bfs pmtrfcds jfrmbds mb usf, jdkhmctd db dldrghghf kd bm hctdbhndcghm y kd bm vfbuctmk. Dc sujm, bm bhodrtmk y bms oudcms gfstujords qud sd prdkhgmc kdb `rmcgjms÷c cf sfc gmrmgtdrêsthgms dxtdrcms ch dx÷ndcms, pudstf qud ch bm prhjdrm cmgd kd bm musdcghm kd gfdrgh÷c ch bms sdnuckms prfgdkdc kd bm mgdptmgh÷c kd ucm mutfrhkmk. Mb gfctrmrhf< bm bhodrtmk kdb `rmcgjms÷c ds bm kd quhdc gfjomtd pfr su mutfkdtdrjhcmgh÷c y pfr bm kd bfs kdjís (kd meê db bdjm bhodrtmk-hnumb bhodrtmk-hnumbkmk-`rmtdrchk kmk-`rmtdrchkmk) mk) y bms oudcms gfstujords kdb `rmcgjms÷c sfc hcgfjpmthobds gfc bfs pmtrfcds jfrmbds hjpudstfs (dc gumctf qud hjpudstfs, cf dc gumctf tmbds) dc gmkm jfjdctf kd bm Ehstfrhm. Fsgmr ^hbkd y Jmra [wmhc, pfr pfcdr kfs dldjpbfs cftfrhfs, `udrfc kfs `rmcgjmsfcds bhords y kd oudcms gfstujords pfrqud msujhdrfc db kdodr kd sdr gfjf drmc y kd pdcsmr gfjf pdcsmomc. Dc jmtdrhm kd pfbêthgm y kd rdbhnh÷c, gfjf gfcsdgudcghm kd kdjmckírsdbd mb `rmcgjms÷c qud sdm bhord y kd oudcms gfstujords, bm Frkdc ds hnumbjdctd dxhndctd gfc quhdcds kdsdmc trmomlmr dc db sdcf kd bm jhsjm. Wd pudkd sdr bhodrtmrhf, pdrf cf hckh`drdctd1 bhodrmb, pdrf cf bhodrhstm, qud ds db mct÷chjf kd bhodrmb mpbhgmobd m quhdcds fprhjdc mb nècdrf eujmcf y quhdrdc gfckdcmrbf m bm jhsdrhm dc kd`dcsm kd ucm `mbsm cfgh÷c kd bhodrtmk. Wd pudkd sdr gfcsdrvmkfr f sfghmbhstm, pdrf cucgm `udrm kdb jmrgf kd bfs prhcghphfs y vmbfrds omshbmrds kd ucm sfghdkmk kdjfgríthgm. Cf sd pudkd sdr ch gefvhchstm ch rmghstm ch xdc÷`fof ch jhs÷nhcf ch efj÷`fof, pfrqud tfkms dstms bmgrms y bms mcíbfnms kd bm khnchkmk eujmcm y kd bmy `rmtdrchkmk. Wd pudkd,sfc dccdnmghfcds `hc, sdr grdydctd f hcgrèkubf, shdjprd gumckf bm grddcghm cf sdm dstubthghm supdrsthghfsm y bm hcgrdkubhkmk sd msfghd m bm hctdbhndcghm kd rdgfcfgdr gumctf cf smodjfs. Dc bfs jfjdctfs gmphtmbds, gumckf dstíc dc ludnf bms rdnbms kd bm gfcvhvdcghm rdpuobhgmcm, db `rmcgjms÷c, gfc hckdpdckdcghm kd guíb sdm su mksgrhpgh÷c ètchgm, pfbêthgm f rdbhnhfsm, thdcd uc gfjprfjhsf hcdbukhobd gfc bm bhodrtmk. Bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm cf ds prfsdbhthstm, pfrqud sd cutrd cf kd ndctds jís f jdcfs ívhkms kd gfjprmr uc prfkugtf, shcf kd sdrds eujmcfs gfjprfjdthkfs gfc db prfnrdsf hckhvhkumb y gfbdgthvf jdkhmctd db gubthvf kd bmytrmkhgh÷c bm oüsqudkm kd bm vdrkmk jhcüsgubms db kdsdfhchghíthgm, kd gfctrhouhr m bm dxtdcsh÷c kd bfs dsgrhtm vmbfrdsgfc kd

 

ghvhbhkmk, msê gfjf m bm prígthgm kd bms vhrtukds eujmcms, prhvmkms y püobhgms. Bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm cf msphrm m qud hcnrdsdc dc sus bfnhms jís mbbí kdb ucf pfr jhb kd bfs ghukmkmcfs kd uc pmês. M quhdc sd mgdrgm m bm Frkdc cf sd bd f`rdgd uc gmtdghsjf kd sfbughfcds prdgfghcmkms shcf qud sd bd prfpfcd db rdtf kd usmr su hctdbhndcghm y su vfbuctmk. Db gmckhkmtf kdsguorhrí dc db kmjdrf qud frcm db pmvhjdctf kd bfs tdjpbfs jms÷chgfs uc sêjofbf kd bm fpfshgh÷c kd bfs gfctrmrhfs y ucm bbmjmkm m gfcvhvhr grdmthvmjdctd gfc bms gfctrmkhgghfcds qud lmbfcmc db pmsmkf y db prdsdctd. Kd èb kdpdckdrí, dxgbushvmjdctd, qud su gfjprfjhsf jms÷chgf shrvm pmrm sdr jdlfr y pmrm emgdr uc juckf jdlfr. Bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm ds gfjf db gmugd kd uc rêf kd mnums gmukmbfsms y cf gfjf bm gudcgm kd uc bmnf dstmcgmkf. Bm Frkdc dstí vhvm y kdsphdrtm cudstrfs sdcthkfs, gfc`hrjm cudstrms hctuhghfcds y prfvfgm cudstrf gfjprfjhsf gfc bfs kdjís. Wh cf ds msê, ds qud edjfs pdrkhkf bm mnulm kd jmrdmr y cudstrf kdsgfcghdrtf cf ds mtrhouhobd m bm Frkdc, shcf m bm hcsfpfrtmobd bdvdkmk, pfr uthbhzmr ucm dxprdsh÷c kd Jhbmc Auckdrm, cudstrm mprfxhjmgh÷c dbbm.suDchthcdrmrhf, d`dgtf, ds jdcdstdr dvfgmrkdqud, dc mbnüc jfjdctfm kd db `rmcgjms÷c dsgfgès rdghohrí bm shnuhdctd mkjfchgh÷c< «Dstukhm shc kdsgmcsf, edrjmcf jêf, pmrm qud db kdsdf kd dkugmr d hcstruhr m tus sdjdlmctds cf sdm ucm vmcm msphrmgh÷c, shcf uc `rugtê`drf pdcsmjhdctf± . Bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm cf ds bm rdspudstm, shcf db jètfkf pmrm `frjubmrsd prdnuctms. Bm Frkdc cf thdcd, cf jd gmcsmrè kd rdpdthrbf, bms rdspudstms, pdrf thdcd bm vhrtumbhkmk kd morhr bfs flfs mctd bms cudvms rdmbhkmkds pmrm mcmbhzmrbms kdskd bm bhodrtmk kdb pdcsmjhdctf, shc mtmkurms, shc jís Cfrtd qud bm vfgmgh÷c kd sdrvhr bm gmusmqud kd ucm bhodrtmk kd cudstrf tfkfs. Ds, pfr tmctf, fpfrtucf dvfgmr dc uc rhtumb mbkdmbgmcgd =898 kd Wuprdjf Gfcsdlf kd Dspmým sd bdd qud bm bhodrtmk sd embbm dc pdbhnrf (…) Bms cmghfcds qud, grdyèckfsd sdýfrms kdb juckf, prdtdckdc hjpfcdrsd m bms ftrms pfr db kdrdgef kdb jís `udrtd1 bfs jfcfpfbhfs dsgmckmbfsfs1 bfs mtdctmkfs m bm bhodrtmk kdb trmomlf1 bms modrrmghfcds kdb dspêrhtu kd pmrthkf y kd sdgtm1 bfs mctmnfchsjfs kd gbmsd, rmzm y gfckhgh÷c qud mjdcmzmc gfcvdrthr mb shnbf UU dc uc vdrkmkdrf hc`hdrcf, sfc bfs mkvdrsmrhfs qud kdodjfs mtmgmr, shc gdsmr uc jfjdctf dc bm bugem, emstm qud sdmc vdcghkfs. X dstd  prfnrmjm kd emgd uc shnbf jmcthdcd ucm sfrprdckdctd

bfzmcêm, mucqudsdm mqudbbms prdfgupmghfcds emymdcqudjèrhtfs mýmkhr kd ftrms, m guyf sdrvhghf gfcsmnrmrí db `rmcgjms÷c, ucm

 

prfjdsm tfjmkm m jfkf kd pmrmkhnjm, f kd rdsujdc kdb gfjprfjhsf mkquhrhkf< «Yrfpmnmr bms vdrkmkds üthbds mb prfnrdsf sfghmb, prftdndr mb kèohb y mb hcfgdctd y gfcshkdrmr gfjf edrjmcfs m bfs fprhjhkfs y gfjf dcdjhnfs m bfs fprdsfrds y kdsdcjmsgmrmr bm ehpfgrdsêm y bm hjpfsturm, msê gfjf gfjomthr gfc bms mrjms kd bm rmz÷c, bm pdrsumsh÷c y db oudc dldjpbf mb `mcmthsjf, m bm supdrsthgh÷c, m bm thrmcêm y m bm hclusthghm±. Bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm embbm su vdrkmkdrf sdcthkf dc bm pftdcghmgh÷c kd bm cmturmbdzm dkugmthvm kd bm Frkdc, m bm gumb shrvd jdkhmctd bm sundrdcghm kd hkdms hccfvmkfrms m trmvès kd bm hjmndc. Èstd ds db shnch`hgmkf kd bfs sêjofbfs, hckughr m quhdc trmtm kd hctdrprdtmrbfs pmrm kdspdrtmr db pdcsmjhdctf y pmrm dvfgmr bfs trmzfs kd ucm èthgm gfjpmrthkm qud em kd cmgdr kd bm _mz÷c eujmcm1 y emgdrbf kd tmb jmcdrm qud, supdrmckf bms `rfctdrms gubturmbds, ghdrtfs vmbfrds pudkmc kdsguorhrsd m sê jhsjfs, y sdr kdsguohdrtfs pfr tfkfs bfs ghukmkmcfs kdb juckf, gfjf uchvdrsmbds. Db prhjdr `rutf kd bms dcsdýmczms jms÷chgms ds db mjfr m bm Eujmchkmk y kd èb sd kdrhvmc eujmcfs  gfjf bm dxhndcghm tmctf rdgfcfghjhdctf kd ghvhbds. bfs kdrdgefs kd bfsdbgfrrdbmthvfs gfrrdbmthvf s kdodrds Mjoms gudsthfcds `frjmc pmrtd kd mqudbbf qud, hccdnmobdjdctd, ds uchvdrsmb y, pfr tmctf, kd gumctf sd msfghm, pfr su prfphm cmturmbdzm, gfc bm @rmcgjmsfcdrêm. Bm prfnrdsh÷c kdb `rmcgjms÷c cf emgd jís qud kdstmgmr, qud bm dkugmgh÷c jms÷chgm, sd gdctrm dc bm gfcstruggh÷c kd uc cfsftrfs uchvdrsmb, mohdrtf, ndcdrfsf, hcgfjpmthobd gfc gumbquhdr sdnrdnmgh÷c kd uc dbbfs kh`drdctd, jmrnhcmkf y bdlmcf, uc cfsftrfs uchvdrsmb tdýhkf kd bm hkdm kd `rmtdrchkmk . Gfctrm bm hkdcthkmk dctrd `rmcgjmsfcdrêm y gfjprfjhsf sfghmb, mpmrdgd dc fgmshfcds bm nrmvd hc`dggh÷c prfkughkm pfr uc vhrus gfcshstdctd dc bmjmcdrm, gfcvdrsh÷c bms mbdnfrêms kdb dc vdrkmkds f, khgef kd ftrm dc bmkd trmcs`frjmgh÷c rhtumb dc ucmpmrdctds `hc dc sê jhsjf. Tcm tdckdcghm dc`drjhzm qud tfkmvêm ds pdfr sh vm mgfjpmýmkm kdb dcgbmustrmjhdctf kd bm bfnhm dc su pdqudýdz bfgmb y dc ucm dspdghd kd mutfgfjpbmgdcghm gfc su jdkhfgrhkmk. Cf ds gfjpmthobd bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm bhodrmb gfc bm pdqudýdz pudobdrhcm. Db jmcumb kd Lfsdp-Bbuês Kfjåcdge rdgfnd y mjpbêm bfs gfcgdptfs trmkhghfcmbds kdb _htf Dsgfgès Mcthnuf y Mgdptmkf. Db bdgtfr, shc djomrnf, cf kdodrí fbvhkmr qud bfs trds prhjdrfs nrmkfs kd bm Frkdc thdcdc uc gmrígtdr prhjfrkhmb f uchvdrsmb. Bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm hchghm m bfs Mprdckhgds, m bfs Gfjpmýdrfs y m bfs Jmdstrfs. ]ud bm hchghmgh÷c kd dstfs kd kfshchghmghfcds. übthjfs nrmkfs khvdrsfsshjo÷bhgfs cfjords cf hjphkd, su gmrígtdr Dc rdghom dstfs nrmkfs f mzubds db

 

cd÷`htf msphrm m dsgmbmr bfs trds pdbkmýfs, shc prhsm, gfjf fordrf kdb [djpbf qud vm kdsguorhdckf cudvms emohbhkmkds y qud vm hcvdsthnmckf sford bm cmturmbdzm kdb sdr, mbrdkdkfr kd bm jdtí`frm kd bm judrtd y kd bm rdsurrdggh÷c kdb jmdstrf, ucm bdydckm tmjohèc uchvdrsmb. Tcm `udctd, mb jhsjf thdjpf, kd tfbdrmcghm, mb cf tdcdr db jms÷c qud dsgfckdrsd kd su hctdrès pfr bm khjdcsh÷c dsphrhtumb kdb sdr eujmcf. Msê, gfjf Ndrmrk kd Cdrvmb, pfkrí kdghr qud sh jd ed

sdcthkf pmnmcf dc Nrdghm, jusubjíc dc Dnhptf, pmctdêstm dc jdkhf kd bfs krusfs y kdvftf kd bfs mstrfs-khfsds kd bm Gmbkdm, dc Gfcstmcthcfpbm gfjprdckê bm nrmckdzm kd dsm tfbdrmcghm uchvdrsmb  qud dldrgdc efy bfs turgfs. Ymrm jê, bdgtfr kd Cdrvmb dc bfs übthjfs

mýfs, Dstmjoub ds ucm hjmndc mjpbhmkm kd bf qud bm jmsfcdrêm kdsdm sdr< gfsjfpfbhtm, mohdrtm, pburmb y tfbdrmctd. [hdcd rmz÷c Kfjåcdge mb gdýhr su pdkmnfnêm mb _htf Dsgfgès, pmrm jdlfr gfjprdcsh÷c kd sus dcsdýmczms, pdrf quhdc bdm dstm form pfkrí dstmr sdnurf kd qud dstí, rdmbjdctd, gfcfghdckf bm prfpdkèuthgm kd bm jmsfcdrêm. Yfkrí jís mkdbmctd kdsguorhr ftrfs rhtfs y gfcgbuhrí qud dctrd dxhstd ucm uchkmk gfcgdptumb dcvhkhmobd. W÷bf shc jískukm mkdbmctd, sh db dbbfs jmdstrf jms÷c kdsdm hr jís mbbí, su trícshtf kd bm Fodkhdcghm (bm Nrmc Bfnhm f db Nrmc Frhdctd) m bm  Lurhskhggh÷c  Lurhskhggh ÷c (db Wuprdjf Gfcsdlf) bd emrí gfjprdckdr db shnch`hgmkf kdb kdodr gfjf dld kd bm oüsqudkm kd bm vhrtuk y pdrghohrí bm bbmjmkm m bm mggh÷c qud bd hjpbhgmrí dc bm gfc`hnurmgh÷c kdb kdvdchr . Bfs Mbtfs Nrmkfs Dsgfgdsds sd mordc mb jms÷c gfjf uc `frjhkmobd gfcsdrvmtfrhf kd bms hchghmghfcds. Ydrf mefrm, db bdgtfr dstí mprdckhdckf f vfbvhdckf m mprdckdr, bfs `uckmjdctfs kd bm jmsfcdrêm, ds kdghr, bfs prhcghphfs oíshgfs, bfs ghjhdctfs sford bfs qud sd gfcstruyd bm form. Bfs `uckmjdctfs sfc bf jís rdbdvmctd rdquhdrd kd pmghdctdjdctd gumbquhdr ds`drmbms kdbpínhcms mgtumr eujmcf y dsf qud ds bfsd qud embbmrígfcfgdr quhdc shnm kdb prdsdctd trmomlf. Èstm ds bm rmz÷c pfr bm qud ucf kd bfs gursfs jís s÷bhkfs kd `frjmgh÷c jms÷chgm bbdvm pfr têtubf, prdghsmjdctd @uckmjdctfs.  Ds db prfjfvhkf pfr bm Bfnhm _dcmghjhdctf kd Jmkrhk, gfc db mpfyf hcsthtughfcmb kd bm Nrmc Bfnhm Whjo÷bhgm Dspmýfbm y db Wuprdjf Gfcsdlf Jms÷chgf kd Dspmým y qud khrhndc Buhs Mbnfrrh, Ordccf Mjorfshch y Pbmkhjhr Gmrrhbbf. Db bhorf rd`bdlm mb Lfsdp-Bbuês Kfjåcdge qud ed gfcfghkf dc bfs tmbbdrds jms÷chgfs dc bfs qud cfs edjfs dcgfctrmkf fgupmckf uc mshdctf dc bms gfbujcms, mtdckhdckf m bfs f`hghmbds dcgmrnmkfs kd gmkm tdchkm. Ohdcvdchkm sdm dstm form m bm qud kdsdf sugdshvms dctrd tfkfs, shnmjfs rdkdsguorhdckf db bèxhgf dkhghfcds jms÷chgf dc qudbmsdcqud, bm bdcnum gmstdbbmcm cfs

 

bdnmrfc cudstrfs Edrjmcfs, sford tfkf, m `hcmbds kdb shnbf UHU. Dc dsd ds`udrzf `hbfb÷nhgf (pmrm prfpfcdr uthbhzmr bfomtfs  f bfodzcfs dc bunmr kd ftrms `÷rjubms, pfr dldjpbf), db mutfr jd embbmrí shdjprd m su bmkf.   LFMC-@_MCGDWG YFC[ GBDJDC[D Ymsmkf Nrmc Gfjdckmkfr kdb Wuprdjf Gfcsdlf Jms÷chgf kd Dspmým. (?9=9-?9=>)  

 

Y_D@MGHF Db foldtf kd dstd bhorf ds db kd gfcsdnuhr ucm nuêm rd`drdcghmb mgtumbhzmkm pmrm bfs Edrjmcfs y Edrjmcms kd bms bfnhms kdb _htf Dsgfgès Mcthnuf y Mgdptmkf kdb jètfkf jms÷chgf trmomlmcqud dstdkdctrf _htf. kd bms gffrkdcmkms y rhqudzm Dstm form pudkd m prhjdrm vhstm gfc`uckhrsd gfc db pdqudýf fpüsgubf, pdrf nrmc bhorf, Bfs F`hghfs y F`hghmbds kd bm Bfnhm  qud Kmchdb Odrdschma dbmofr÷ y `hcmbhz÷ emgd mefrm 7; mýfs dc bm pdqudým y trmcquhbm pfobmgh÷c kd Bd Bmvmckfu, rdnh÷c kd bm Yrfvdczm m frhbbms kdb Jdkhtdrrícdf. Dc mqudb vmbhfsf dcsmyf, Odrdschma, gfc uc hctdbhndctd rdkugghfchsjf, cfs hctrfkugêm dc bm rhqudzm hchghíthgm pmrm kdsgrhohr bfs kh`drdctds F`hghfs kd Bfnhm, mofrkmckf ndcèrhgmjdctd bm khstrhough÷c kd dstfs, sdnüc bfs kh`drdctds rhtfs. Gfc ucm hctuhthvm shjpbh`hgmgh÷c gfcvdrtêm su dcsmyf dc ucm form gubtm, dc bm purm gfcgdpgh÷c bhtdrmrhm, vmbhfsm d hcmbtdrmobd kd bdgturm mjdcm y mnrmkmobd pmrm bfs hchghmkfs, qud dc pfgms pínhcms rdvhvêmc db dspêrhtu kd bfs F`hghfs kd Bfnhm. Whc bunmr m kukms, shdjprd sdrí ucm form jms÷chgm kd rd`drdcghm. Dstd bhorf prdtdckd mpfrtmr kdskd ftrm gfcgdpgh÷c y jètfkf, shc kdsjdrdgdr db trmomlf kdb Jmdstrf Odrdschma, cudvfs dbdjdctfs y guftms kd gfctrhough÷c mb rdspdgtf kd bfs kh`drdctds F`hghfs, pdrf kdctrf kd bms gffrkdcmkms dspdgê`hgms kdb rhtumb kdb _htf Dsgfgès Mcthnuf y Mgdptmkf, prdsghckhdckf kd kdsgrhpghfcds suoldthvms kd thpf gmombêsthgf f kd ftrms pfshobds rmêgds kd gfcfghjhdctf rdbmghfcmkf gfc bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm. Yfr ftrf bmkf, mb sdnuhr bms pmutms kdb rhtumb kdb _DMM, sd prdtdckdc dvhtmr pfshobds gfc`ushfcds kd Mprdckhgds y Gfjpmýdrfs dc bms kh`drdcghms rhtumbds kd bfs f`hghfs dc bfnhm sdnüc db rhtf prmgthgmkf, ghrgucstmcghm qud cf sd prfkugd gumckf sd bdd m Odrdschma kdskd bms gffrkdcmkms kd bm Jmdstrêm, ym qud dctfcgds db bdgtfr sd kdbdhtm y dcrhqudgd gfc bms mpfrtmghfcds kd bfs jmthgds kd dstd. Yfr ftrm pmrtd, tfkf bf qud dstí hjprdsf dc pmpdb f dc jdkhfs dbdgtr÷chgfs ds susgdpthobd kd sdr bdêkf pfr quhdc cf dstí prdpmrmkf pmrm bddrbf. Kd dstm jmcdrm pudkd fgurrhr, gfjf dc ftrfs bhorfs puobhgmkfs, qud mbnuhdc cfs tmged kd kdsvdbmr sdgrdtfs jms÷chgfs. M dstd rdprfged ds `íghb rdspfckdr gfc qud mpmrtd kd tfkm bm hcjdcshkmk kd dctrmkms dc Hctdrcdt gfc rdspdgtf m bm jmsfcdrêm, bfs

 

`fckfs kd bms prhcghpmbds ohobhftdgms cmghfcmbds gfcthdcdc rhtumbds, gfjdctmrhfs, gmtdghsjfs y kfgujdctfs jms÷chgfs kd bhord mggdsf. Dstms mgusmghfcds f rdprfgeds ym emc dstmkf `frjubmkms mctdrhfrjdctd dc bms jübthpbds puobhgmghfcds gfcshkdrmkms gfjf jmsfcfbfnêm, qud ds db sustrmtf kd ucm mprfxhjmgh÷c hctdbdgtumb kd bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm, dbmofrmkm m pmrthr kd gfbmofrmghfcds kd tfkfs bfs hcvdsthnmkfrds jmsfcds f prf`mcfs. Db üchgf y vdrkmkdrf sdgrdtf cf em shkf cucgm puobhgmkf pfrqud ds hcgfjuchgmobd. _dprdsdctm cf db dc`fqud hctdbdgtumb, shcf bm dxpdrhdcghm kd bf vhvhkf pfr db hchghmkf. Bm jmsfcfbfnêm trmtm kd dxpbhgmr bm jmsfcdrêm dc ndcdrmb, cf dc bf dsdcghmb. Dstm hjpfrtmctd `mgdtm cf khsjhcuyd puds su uthbhkmk, pdrf bm shtüm dxmgtmjdctd dc su vdrkmkdrm dsdcghm.  

 

HC[_FKTGGH×C Bm prígthgm kdb _htf Dsgfgès Mcthnuf y Mgdptmkf ds ucf kd bfs gmjhcfs hchghíthgfs kd qud khspfcd uc rdghèc hchghmkf dc jmsfcdrêm, kdctrf momchgf kd rhtfs jísvêms prmgthgmkfs. Wu gfcgdpgh÷c f`rdgdkdb mb qud bf kdb prmgthgm dctrmr dc bms kd kfs chvdbds hckhsfghmobds gfctdchkf y gfcthcdctd dc db mspdgtf hchghíthgf qud sd hjorhgmc y `uckmjdctmc db ucf dc db ftrf y shtümc mb sdr eujmcf shdjprd dc db gdctrf. M bf bmrnf kd su prígthgm, db hchghmkf sd hrí vhdckf hcjdrsf dc bm oüsqudkm y rd`bdxhfcds dsphrhtumbhstms, sdpmrmkms f gfcluctms. Bm khvhsm kdb _DMM ds Frkf mo Gemf, jdkhmctd dbbm db jms÷c f jmsfcm rdgfcfgd bm dxhstdcghm kd uc prhcghphf kd Frkdc dc db Tchvdrsf. Kdskd bms bdyds kd bm Cmturmbdzm mb pdcsmjhdctf kdb efjord, tfkf sd frnmchzm m pmrthr kdb Gmfs. Wh ym dc db juckf jmtdrhmb bfs ítfjfs dc kdsfrkdc dc db jmnjm sd pudkdc gfcvdrthr dc ítfjfs frkdcmkfs dc db grhstmb, dc db juckf dsphrhtumb sd kmc jübthpbds dldjpbfs shjhbmrds. Kdskd bfs gfcfghjhdctfs edtdrfnècdfs sd bbdnm m uc gfcfghjhdctf dstrugturmkf, dstrugturmkf, m pmrthr kdb gmjhcf drríthgf mb gmjhcf hchghíthgf, kdskd pbmcds khspdrsfs m ucm form dsphrhtumb, y m pmrthr kd gfjpfrtmjhdctfs kdsfrkdcmkfs, m bm gfcgdpgh÷c pbdcm kdb rhtf. Bm prígthgm kdb _htf Dsgfgès Mcthnuf y Mgdptmkf, hcghtm m trds vdrofs hcjutmobds< Ousgmr, Wmodr y Gfcfgdr. OTWGM_. Dc db kfjhchf kdb shjofbhsjf, kd bm dsphrhtumbhkmk y kd bm trmsgdckdcghm. Ydrf kd ucm jmcdrm tftmb y shc bêjhtds, shc hkdms prdgfcgdohkms, dc tfkms bms khrdgghfcds, gfc tfkm bhodrtmk, gfc bm pfshohbhkmk kd mcmbhzmr y gfjprdckdr, y pmrm tdcdr mggdsf m bf kdsgfcfghkf, prf`uckhzmckf dc bf gfcfghkf, shdjprd pmrm kdspuès pfkdr trmcsjhthr m bfs kdjís bfs gfcfghjhdctfs mkquhrhkfs. WMOD_. _dgfbdgtmr y rdgfndr hc`frjmgh÷c, hkdcth`hgmr y dstmobdgdr sus frêndcds, mgujubmr y jdjfrhzmr kdohkmjdctd bfs gfcfghjhdctfs mkquhrhkfs, smodr khsgdrchr y rmzfcmr, prmgthgmr db mrtd kd prdstmr mtdcgh÷c, y uthbhzmr kdohkmjdctd bms edrrmjhdctms y bfs gfcgdptfs rdghohkfs. GFCFGD_. Wmodr bbdnmr jís mbbí kd bm dvhkdcghm, trmsjutmr bf jmtdrhmb dc dsphrhtumb, pdcdtrmr dc bf hcdxprdsmobd, gfjpmrthr bm dsphrhtumbhkmk, pdrghohr bf cf gfjuchgmkf, kdsmrrfbbmr bm hctuhgh÷c lustm y cdgdsmrhm, pmsmr kd bf hcjmcdctd m bf trmsgdckdctd, prf`uckhzmr dc bm jmkurmgh÷c kd ucf jhsjf, kdsguorhr db juckf, bms hkdms y bfs

 

efjords dc bf qud vdrkmkdrmjdctd sfc y cf dc bf qud pmrdgdc y dstmr shdjprd gudsthfcmckf bms gfsms.  

 

BM HCW[MBMGH×C KDB GFBDNHF KD F@HGHMBDW KD TCM BFNHM Ymrm tfkfs bfs `rmcgjmsfcds, bm Hcstmbmgh÷c kdb Gfbdnhf kd F`hghmbds kd ucm bfnhm ds db jfjdctf prhvhbdnhmkf pmrm mshsthr y pfkdr dxpdrhjdctmr y vhvhr ucm dxpdrhdcghm gfc vmbfr kd sêjofbf. Tc sêjofbf qud sd jmch`hdstm dc kfs vêms f gmjhcfs gfctrmpudstfs< db kd bm hbush÷c kdb mggdsf y db kd bm trmcquhbhkmk kdb kdodr gujpbhkf dc bm kdsgmrnm. Wd trmtm kd ucm dxpdrhdcghm gfjüc pmrm tfkfs, gfjpmrthkm d hctdcsmjdctd vhvhkm, qud dstmobdgd y pdrpdtum bm hjprfctm kd bm sugdsh÷c y gfcthcuhkmk kd bm Form, kdb F`hghf, kd bm Frkdc. Ds db jfjdctf kd pdcsmr qud dc mqudbbfs jfjdctfs kd bm gdrdjfchm, Edrjmcfs y Edrjmcms kd mbnucm pmrtd kdb juckf, kd mbnüc ftrf Frhdctd, dc ucm bfnhm jms÷chgm, dc ucm Gmkdcm kd Tch÷c, dstmríc kdsdmckf bfs jdlfrds vftfs pmrm db kdvdchr jms÷chgf uchvdrsmb, pmrm tfkfs bfs Edrjmcfs rdpmrthkfs dc bm `mz kd bm thdrrm, dc kdsdfs kd nfzf, mjfr, `rmtdrchkmk, bhodrtmk y pmz. Bfs jmsfcds cucgm dstmjfs sfbfs dc db pdcsmjhdctf f dc bm jdctd kd cudstrfs Edrjmcfs dc bm bdlmcêm `êshgm kd bms cmghfcds y pmêsds. Wh bm jmsfcdrêm shnud dc phd, sh bms bfnhms dxhstdc y sd pudkdc rduchr ds nrmghms mb ds`udrzf y trmomlf kd cudstrfs mcgdstrfs, kd bfs qud cfs prdgdkhdrfc dc cudstrfs trmomlfs. X pfr dsf, pfr dstm rmz÷c, bm Bmtfjhm gfcthcüm su kdvdchr pfr db `hrjd gfjprfjhsf kd sus sugdsfrds ‛ cfsftrfs‛ gumckf mggdkdjfs m bfs F`hghfs kd Bfnhm, pmrm prfsdnuhr bm tmrdm kd bm Frkdc. Bm jdgíchgm kdb Gfbdnhf kd kd ucm bfnhm mb `ucghfcmjhdctf y dstrugturm kd F`hghmbds uc rdbfl jdgíchgf, kdb ds qudshjhbmr gumckf morhjfs su pmrtd pfstdrhfr, gfctrmstmjfs qud su gfjpfshgh÷c gfcsthtuyd ucm jubthtuk kd pdqudýfs dbdjdctfs y dcnrmcmlds tftmbjdctd gffrkhcmkfs dctrd sê, kd tmb jmcdrm qud, sh ucf `mbbm, shrvd pmrm qud db rdbfl kdld kd `ucghfcmr. Db F`hghmb kd ucm bfnhm, uc Jmdstrf Jms÷c, cf ds shjpbdjdctd uc Edrjmcf qud fgupm ucm Khnchkmk u F`hghf y shrvd mb [mbbdr. Ds uc Edrjmcf f ucm Edrjmcm qud, pfr uc thdjpf kdtdrjhcmkf, thdcd db smnrmkf kdodr dcgmrnmkf y ftfrnmkf pfr su bfnhm kd dldrgdr ucm `ucgh÷c qud kdod pdrjhthrbd hr jís bdlfs dc db gfcfghjhdctf kd sê jhsjf y kd bfs jhdjorfs kd sumtmbbdr. X dstmckf dc kdjís tfkf jfjdctf mtdctf tfkf db vmbfr shjo÷bhgf kd su

 

f`hghf, kd su gmrnf, bbdnmrí m gfjprdckdr qud cf dstí dc mqudb gmrnf pfr db mzmr, shcf jdrgdk m uc hchghíthgf gfjprfjhsf. Dstmrí shdjprd dc su jmcf db smodr mprfvdgemr dstm dxpdrhdcghm üchgm pmrm pfkdr mshjhbmr y gfjprdckdr bms dxpdrhdcghms qud bbdnmrí m vhvhr y qud bd sdrvhríc hchghíthgmjdctd pmrm db `uturf dc su trmydgtfrhm jms÷chgm. Bfs gfbbmrds sd hctdrgmjohmc, bms edrrmjhdctms jms÷chgms pmsmc kd ucm jmcf m ftrm, sd dldgutmc bfs mormzfs `rmtdrcmbds y bfs oudcfs kdsdfs, db _htumb mgtüm, sd emgd prdsdctd...  

 

PDCD_MOBD JMDW[_F Edrjmcms y edrjmcfs, gfjf qud bm bfnhm dstí guohdrtm kdohkmjdctd y tfkfs bfs qud mshstdc sfc Mprdckhgds `rmcgjmsfcds dctrdjfs dc bms vêms qud cfs emc dstmkf trmzmkms.

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Lfym Bm lfym kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf ds ucm dsgumkrm qud gudbnm kd bm pmrtd hc`drhfr kd su gfbbmr. Dctrd khvdrsfs shnch`hgmkfs, sd pudkd kdghr qud bm dsgumkrm cfs rdgudrkm qud bfs `rmcgjmsfcds sd gfcshkdrmc kdsgdckhdctds dspdgubmthvfs  kd bfs mcthnufs jmsfcds `rmcgfs fpdrmthvfs . Bm dsgumkrm uthbhzmkm mcthnumjdctd dc bm gfcstruggh÷c kd dkh`hghfs smnrmkfs gfjf jfcmstdrhfs, momkêms y gmtdkrmbds ds uc pftdctd kd frf sgbmrm mnrmkm kdstdbbf shjo÷bhgf kdb cüjdrf  f prfpfrgh÷c Db shjofbhsjf prhcghpmb cfs bbdnm kdskd bm `hnurm smnrmkm kd. su ícnubf rdgtícnubf, gfc bm prdgbmrm hkdm kd qud ds sêjofbf kd rdgthtuk jdctmb  y rdprdsdctmgh÷c kd uc mbtf vmbfr èthgf. Gfckhghfcm bm jmcdrm kd sdr y gfjpfrtmrsd, nuhmkm shdjprd pfr bm gfedrdcghm gfc uc jhsjf, smohdckf emgdr `rdctd m bfs drrfrds, rdgfcfgdrbfs y suosmcmrbfs gfc hcjdkhmtdz.

Mtrhoutfs kdb F`hghf Dc db gursf kd su hcstmbmgh÷c, db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf ds hcvdsthkf gfc kfs mtrhoutfs qud cf pdrtdcdgdc m bfs mtudckfs kdb vdsthr< uc jmbbdtd y ucm Dspmkm @bmjêndrm.

Db Jmbbdtd Db jmbbdtd kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf pudkd sdr gfcshkdrmkf gfjf db qud fstdctmc kdtdrjhcmkfs gmrnfs f`hghmbds y db kd bfs prdshkdctds kd bfs trhoucmbds, ds kdghr, bfs ludgds. Ds uc djobdjm y khsthcthvf kd mutfrhkmk tdjpfrmb. Dc db íjohtf y dspmghf jms÷chgf, bm `hnurm kdb mtrhoutf kd pftdstmk gfcgrdtm shdjprd uc shjofbhsjf pfshthvf kd khrdggh÷c nrupmb, shdjprd y gumckf sdm dldrghkf gfc jmncmchjhkmk y lusthghm.

 

Bm Dspmkm @bmjêndrm Bm mbdnfrêm kd hctdrprdtmgh÷c kd bm Dspmkm @bmjêndrm ds sdcghbbmjdctd dsphrhtumb, y cf kdod tfjmrsd dc db sdcthkf kd kd`hchgh÷c gfjf uc mrjm. Dc db _DMM sd kh`drdcghm bm Dspmkm y db Mrjm. Db gfcgdptf kd mrjm sd pudkd mpbhgmr m bm dspmkm kdb Dxpdrtf, bm kdb Numrkmtdjpbf y bms djpbdmkms dc db prfgdsf kd `frjmgh÷c kd bm O÷vdkm kd Mgdrf. Bm Dspmkm @bmjêndrm sd dcgudctrm dc pfgms fgmshfcds y bm prhcghpmb ds db dphsfkhf jêthgf kdb Nècdshs (7,?;)< «Msê dxpubs÷ mb efjord1 y sd gfbfg÷ mb dstd kdb lmrkêc kd Dkèc m ]udruohcds gfc ucm dspmkm kd `udnf qud nhr÷ dc tfkfs bfs sdcthkfs, pmrm numrkmr db gmjhcf kdb írofb kd bm vhkm±. Db gfcgdptf kd Dspmkm @bmjêndrm dc bms bfnhms dc kfckd sd prmgthgm db _DMM ds bm jmtdrhmbhzmgh÷c kd uc rmyf, gfjf ucm fckm vhormctd kd Buz dc db sdcthkf jêthgf kd dstm cfgh÷c. Bm Dspmkm @bmjêndrm luctf gfc db jmbbdtd sd djpbdm dc bms Hchghmghfcds, kdd`dgtüm Nrmkf ybfs Dxmbtmghfcds dc db jfjdctf dc kfckd db Pdcdrmobd Ymsds Jmdstrf gbíshgfs jfvhjhdctfs rhtumbêsthgfs kd gfcsmnrmgh÷c sford bfs gmckhkmtfs. [mjohèc tfjm prftmnfchsjf dc bm Mpdrturm y Ghdrrd kd [rmomlfs. Gfc dstfs ndstfs rhtumbêsthgfs db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf rdmbhzm ucms vdrkmkdrms Ydthghfcds kd @udrzm y kd Yfkdr. Dstm shtumgh÷c rdjdjfrm shjo÷bhgmjdctd db jhtf kd bm Buz.

Tohgmgh÷c ndfnrí`hgm dc bfnhm Db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf thdcd su shthmb dc db gdctrf dxmgtf kdb Frhdctd, `rdctd m Fgghkdctd. M su kdrdgem dstm db Wdgrdtmrhf y m su hzquhdrkm db Frmkfr. ds db dcgmrnmkf kd dcvhmr bm Buz bms rdnhfcdsWhjo÷bhgmjdctd fsgurms, hbujhcmckf tmjohèc dc db pbmcf kdbemghm thdjpf, rdprdsdctmckf db mjmcdgdr, db gfjhdczf y bm _dcfvmgh÷c.

Tcm mprfxhjmgh÷c ehst÷rhgm Ymrm bm prdghsh÷c ehst÷rhgm kd bfs frêndcds kd bm dxprdsh÷c kd Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf  tdckrêmjfs qud rdjhthrcfs m bfs vdtustfs y prdtèrhtfs thdjpfs kd bm jmsfcdrêm fpdrmthvm, ym qud gfc mctdrhfrhkmk m =>=> sd gfctdjpbmomc sfbf kfs nrmkfs< db kd Mprdckhz y db kd Gfjpmýdrf. _dnhus Dc db Jmcusgrhtf kd Embbhwdbb   (=789) yqud  (=789) `udgfcstm puobhgmkf pfr prhjdrm vdz dc =5;9 pfr fLmjds. F. Embbhwdbb qud kd >8;

 

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vdrsfs dsgrhtfs dc hcnbès mcthnuf gfc rhjm dc pmrdmkf   sd kdsgrhod gfc prdghsh÷c y mrjfcêm bm `ucgh÷c f tmrdm kd uc Gfjpmýdrf gumbh`hgmkf, rdgfcfghkf pfr sus edrjmcfs mptf pmrm khrhnhr bfs trmomlfs y `frjmr m bfs Mprdckhgds dc db F`hghf. X mqudb qud jdlfr mprdckêm y drm efcdstf/X supdrmom dc mtdcgh÷c m sus gfjpmýdrfs/Wh dc dstd f`hghf bds mvdctmlmom/Kdoêm sdr jís efcrmkf qud db übthjf. Yfstdrhfrjdctd, mýfs jís tmrkd, db Jmcusgrhtf Wbfmcd  (=>99) emgd jdcgh÷c kd qud bm bfnhm dstí khrhnhkm pfr uc Jmdstrf y kfs Phnhbmctds. ‛¶Dc què gfcshstd ucm bfnhm lustm f pdr`dgtm f lustm y bdnêthjm6 ‛Tcm bfnhm lustm y pdr`dgtm dstí `frjmkm pfr kfs Mprdckhgds hcnrdsmkfs, kfs Gfjpmýdrfs kd F`hghf y kfs Jmdstrfs, f tmb vdz jms f jdcfs. Ydrf muc tdchdckf prdsdctd qud bm mpmrhgh÷c kdb [drgdr Nrmkf dc jmsfcdrêm ds omstmctd orujfsm, sd pudkdc dcgfctrmr kdtmbbds hcgfcdxfs m pmrthr kd =>75 dc bm sdnuckm dkhgh÷c kd bms Gfcsthtughfcds kd Mckdrsfc, juy prfomobdjdctd m rmêz kd bm bbdnmkm m bm jmsfcdrêm kd bfs jmsfcds cf fpdrmthvfs. Dsfs efjords gfc gmrnfs djhcdctds y ucm s÷bhkm `frjmgh÷c m tfkfs bfs chvdbds, kdtdrjhcmrfc dsd cudvf nrmkf. Dthjfb÷nhgmjdctd emobmckf, bm pmbmorm ―Pdcdrmobd‘ shnch`hgm mptf  pmrm db mjfr . Bms gfccftmghfcds mrgmcms y shjo÷bhgms kd bm Khfsm Pdcus kmc vhkm m bm `ucgh÷c suprdjm kd ucm bfnhm kd gfcstrugtfrds. Wu kdcfjhcmgh÷c hcnbdsm ^frsehp`ub Jmstdr , vhdcd m shnch`hgmr mkfrmobd y khncf kd rdspdtf. Dc `rmcgès Pdcdrmobd  pdrsfcmbhzm y shjofbhzm db trmtmjhdctf kd khncf kd vdcdrmgh÷c  y sd vhdcd m mpbhgmr gfc rdspdgtf m bm dkmk mvmczmkm kd m quhdc sd bd kdcfjhcm, shdckf ucm rdkuckmcghm

m`dgtufsm, mjmobd y dkugmkm. [mjohèc dc bm bdcnum kd Pêgtfr Eunf dc kdtdrjhcmkms èpfgms, sd us÷ pmrm db trmtmjhdctf prftfgfbmrhf kd bfs Kfgtfrds dc [dfbfnêm.

_dspfcsmohbhkmk y prukdcghm Tcm bfnhm jms÷chgm thdcd qud tdcdr uc prdshkdctd, uc Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, qud tdckrí qud prfgurmr emgdr bf cdgdsmrhf, pmrm qud dstm `ucghfcd gfc bm dxmgthtuk kd bms jmcdghbbms kd uc rdbfl, shc bfs mrqudthpfs kd bfs mousfs kd bm ldrmrquêm, bm hjpfshgh÷c y bm sujhsh÷c kd sus edrjmcfs.

 

Kdskd db Frhdctd, gfjf dcgmrnmkf kd bm khrdggh÷c kd bm bfnhm kdodrí sdr gfcsghdctd kd su mbtm rdspfcsmohbhkmk y kd qud dstd  prhvhbdnhf ds tdjpfrmb, tdchdckf dc gudctm, qud su Pdcdrmturm ds ucm prdrrfnmthvm ftfrnmkm pfr bm gfc`hmczm kd sus edrjmcfs y edrjmcms kd [mbbdr. Wu tmrdm ds ucf kd bfs tdsfrfs jís vmbhfsfs kd bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm hchghíthgm, edrdkmkm kd bm trmkhgh÷c kd bfs mcthnufs Jmdstrfs kd Form, qud dkh`hgmrfc dc db pmsmkf bfs tdjpbfs qud müc pdrvhvdc dctrd cfsftrfs y qud sfc sforhfs tdsthnfs jukfs kdb prfnrdsf uchvdrsmb. Whc djomrnf, db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf kdodrí tdcdr prdsdctd qud, dc ucm frqudstm, su khrdgtfr, gfcfgd m bm pdr`dggh÷c su bhordtf, y m èb bd tfgm khrhnhr su pmrthturm, pdrf cucgm kdod fbvhkmr qud, sh cf khspfcd kd oudcfs jüshgfs, bm form jushgmb qudkmrí khstfrshfcmkm dc sus mgfrkds.

Bm Ymbmorm ghrgubm Db kdvdchr kd bfs trmomlfs kd bfnhm kdod sdr gfckughkf pfr db Pdcdrmobd ucm pdrspdgthvm kdtfkf mjdchkmk y gfrkhmbhkmk, cucgm gmrdctd kdbkdskd rhnfr kdohkf y dc mrms dc jfjdctf kd bm fosdrvmcghm kdb rhtumb. Tcm kd bms gmrmgtdrêsthgms prhcghpmbds kd bms tdchkms jms÷chgms ds bm kd prfgurmr db usf kdb dldrghghf kd bm pmbmorm  y db gubthvf kd bm dbdnmcghm dc bm kdgbmjmgh÷c kd tfkfs bfs pmrthghpmctds. Bfuhs Mrmnfc pfdtm y cfvdbhstm `rmcgès cfs em kdlmkf uc gdrtdrf m`frhsjf< «Bm pmbmorm cf sd bd em kmkf lmjís mb efjord. Èb bm em tfjmkf±. Dstm pmrthgubmrhkmk fobhnm m bfs jhdjorfs kd uc tmbbdr, y juy dc dspdghmb mb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, m guhkmr sus dxprdshfcds y jmctdcdr dc tfkf jfjdctf bm jdsurm y oudc usf, pmrm dbdnhr gfc guhkmkf bf qud trmcsjhthrdbdc sus hctdrvdcghfcds. Dc prdtdckd chcnüc jfjdctf Yrhjdr Jmbbdtd kdod fbvhkmr bm pmrtd kdb rhtumb qud cfs rdgudrkm qud dstmjfs m guohdrtf, `udrm kd bfs fêkfs prf`mcfs y qud bm bfnhm dstí shtumkm shjo÷bhgmjdctd dc db gdctrf kdb juckf, dctrd bfs gumtrf puctfs gmrkhcmbds y èb tfjm mshdctf dc db Frhdctd, bunmr prddjhcdctd y puctf kd jhrm kd tfkfs sus edrjmcfs. Db usf mkdgumkf kd bms `ucghfcds qud ftfrnm db _htumb mb  prdshkdctd kd bm msmjobdm, bd pdrjhtd shdjprd pfkdr gmcmbhzmr bm Ymbmorm  y gfctrfbmr bms pubshfcds f pmshfcds kd bm bfnhm, gfcshnuhdckf mrjfchfsmjdctd dcgmjhcmr db gfjpfrtmjhdctf ndcdrmb y frhdctmr db  kdsfrkdc   y bms gfctrmkhgghfcds qud pukhdrmc dc kdtdrjhcmkf jfjdctf, [fbdrmcghm surnhr y bm @rmtdrchkmk @rmtdrchkmk. dc gfctrm. kd bms vêms sfghmbjdctd mgdptmobds kd bm

 

Ds gmsh hjpfshobd db dvhtmr qud mbnucms vdgds pudkm kdspuctmr uc hckhghf kd efsthbhkmk dc bms tdchkms, gfsm qud cf ds hcedrdctd m bm jmsfcdrêm shcf m bm prfphm eujmchkmk. Dc db tmbbdr gfc`buydc kh`drdctds pdrsfcms y gmkm ucm kd dbbms gfc uc dspdgh`hgf puctf kd vhstm y khvdrshkmk kd grhtdrhf y cmkhd pudkd dstmr kd jmcdrm jdctmb dc db bunmr kd ftrf, gfjf ohdc mpuctmom Frtdnm y Nmssdt. Bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm thdcd bm pmrthgubmrhkmk y `mgubtmk kd rduchr m pdrsfcms qud, kd bf gfctrmrhf, ds pfshobd qud cucgm sd euohdrmc ch gfcfghkf y dstm gmrmgtdrêsthgm thdcd qud emgdr prdvmbdgdr db mrtd kd bm uch÷c dc bm khvdrshkmk y cucgm bm uchkmk dc bm gfc`frjhkmk.

Omlf dstms prdjhsms, db usf kd bm pmbmorm dc bm bfnhm cfs pdrjhtd m gmkm ucf kd cfsftrfs db pfkdr dxprdsmr bhordjdctd bms hkdms, shc mjís prdtdckdr hjpfcdr cudstrfs gfcgdptfs m bfs kdjís. Whc kmrcfs gudctm y kd `frjm cmturmb, nrmghms mb usf kd bm fosdrvmgh÷c kd bms oudcms gfstujords, dc bfnhm sd gfcshnud db usf gmsh pmrthsmcf kd ucm frtfkfxhm dc db gfctdxtf kd bms oudcms jmcdrms y bm dkugmgh÷c. Dsd ghrgubmr kd bm pmbmorm, dc cudstrms bfnhms, cfs pdrjhtd db prhvhbdnhf kd dsgugemr kd tmctf dc tmctf  pbmcgems kd dxquhshtm gmbhkmk, prfvdgefsms dc ndcdrmb y dc pmrthgubmr, d hcgbusf üthbds pmrm sdr rd`drdcghmkms y usmkms `udrm kdb tdjpbf. Db pfkdr mshsthr gfjf dspdgtmkfrds prhvhbdnhmkfs, cfs rmth`hgm db gfcvdcghjhdctf kd qud gfjf pdrsfcms kd oudcm vfbuctmk y muc cf gfjpmrthdckf bms jhsjms hkdms u fphchfcds, tmctf pfbêthgms, rdbhnhfsms f `hbfs÷`hgms, cfs omsmjfs dc uc gfcgdptf dsdcghmb qud ds db kd vdr bm sfghdkmk dc bm qud cfs em tfgmkf vhvhr gfjf uc tdjpbf hcmgmomkf. Dc bms bfnhms jms÷chgms sd kdod dcsdýmr y mprdckdr db mrtd kd bm trmcsjhsh÷c . Dstm khsghpbhcm pdrjhtd m bfs Jmdstrfs jís vdtdrmcfs kd dcbmgd gfc bfs edrjmcfs jís rdghdctds dc bm pfkdr sdr bm gmkdcm Frkdc, y pfkdr dcsdýmr shc db dnf kdb supdrhfr . Wdcghbbmjdctd kd dstm jmcdrm sd pudkdc pfcdr bfs ghjhdctfs m bfs jís cfvdbds, pmrm qud dbbfs jhsjfs sd prdnuctdc db g÷jf  y db  pfrquè. Msê, db Pdcdrmobd kdodrí gfc sus mgtfs y sus gfcsdlfs dc pmrthgubmr, prfgdkdr m bm frhdctmgh÷c gfrrdgtm kdb jmcdlf kd dstms kfs gudsthfcds. Ds pfshobd qud, dc kdtdrjhcmkms fgmshfcds, tdcnm qud gmcmbhzmr gfc jmcf kdrdgem pdrf `hrjd, mbnucm hctdrvdcgh÷c dc bm qud mpmrdzgmc bfs jdtmbds  pmrm sustdctmr kdtdrjhcmkfs gfcgdptfs y pdcsmjhdctfs. Dc bfnhm thdcd qud prdkfjhcmr bm hnumbkmk  y   y mbnuhdc pudkd hctdctmr ‛ hcgbusf shc kmrsd gudctm‛ emgdr prdvmbdgdr sus hkdms sford mbnüc tdjm, dc `ucgh÷c kd sukd dstmtus `frjmgh÷c Db Pdcdrmobd trmtmrí gdrrmry bfs kdomtdsprf`mcfs. y bms hctdrvdcghfcds pfr

 

kfs rmzfcds hjpfrtmctds. Bm prhjdrm pmrm jmrgmr ucm nuêm m sdnuhr gfjf prhjdr rdspfcsmobd y bm sdnuckm gfc db foldtf kd gfcgbuhr bfs gfctdchkfs trmtmkfs pmrm dvhtmr bm sdcsmgh÷c kd mbnucm pfshobd gfcthcuhkmk kd gfc`rfctmgh÷c kd pmbmorm. Dc tfkms bms tdchkms db prhjdr f`hghmb kd bm bfnhm, khrhnhèckfbms, dldgutm bfs khgtmkfs kdb rhtumb, kd su gfcfghjhdctf y kd su kfjhchf kd dstd, y kdpdckd kd dbbf db oudc rdsubtmkf kd bm prígthgm hchghíthgm kd ? bms tdchkms.

Dnrènfrm y mrjfcêm dc bm bfnhm Tcf kd bfs kdodrds kdb Pdcdrmobd ds guhkmr gfc sujm prukdcghm y dsjdrf qud kurmctd bms tdchkms sd emnm prdsdctd bm dnrènfrm jms÷chgm. Ds kdghr, db dstmr mtdctf y prfgurmr qud db trmcsgursf y kdvdchr kd bms tdchkms sdm mjdcf y shjo÷bhgmjdctd dcrhqudgdkfr 7 pmrm db gfcluctf. Kurmctd bfs trmomlfs jms÷chgfs, ohdc dcgmpsubmkfs dc bm sdgudcghm kdb rhtumb, db prdshkdctd kdodrí mkjhchstrmr bfs tdjpfs  y dvhtmr bm jfcftfcêm, y kd dstm jmcdrm kmr uc tfcf kd grdmthvhkmk mb mjohdctd. Gmsh shc kmrsd gudctm, dc dstd dldrghghf gfctmrí gfc bm djpmtêm ndcdrmb y db thdjpf trmcsgurrhrí ríphkmjdctd y bm smths`mggh÷c pfr db oudc djpbdf kd dstd, bbdcmrí bfs gfrmzfcds kd bfs edrjmcfs kdb tmbbdr. Bm dbfgudcghm myukm dc nrmckds kfshs m bm dnrènfrm. Mcthnumjdctd bm dbfgudcghm prhjmom gfjf uc vdrkmkdrf tdsfrf dc bm sfghdkmk. Bm dsgrhturm y bm bdgturm dstmom rdsdrvmkm m ghdrtms gbmsds mbtms y pukhdctds y dc pmrthgubmr m bfs gbèrhnfs. Ds pfr dbbf qud jugem ndctd sd sdrvêm kd dbbm gfjf gfjuchgmgh÷c khrdgtm y frmb. Grdmr dnrènfrm ds trmcs`frjmr cudstrm khvdrshkmk dc ucm dcdrnêm pfshthvm gfjpmrthkm, qud trmcsgdckdrí jís m mbbí kd bms pudrtms kdb tdjpbf. Bfnrmr dstd dstmkf kd gfcghdcghm ds bbdnmr m vdehgubmr ucm shcdrnhm dcvfbvdctd   y gfbdgthvm, qud gmcmbhzmrí kd shnch`hgmkf shjo÷bhgf m bfs edrjmcfs kdb tmbbdr y sd dstmobdgdrí ucm gfjpbhghkmk pfshthvm dctrd db nrupf, mbdlmckf db pdbhnrf kd bms khvdrndcghms y kh`drdcghms gfthkhmcms. Db jmsfc÷bfnf _hgmrkf km Gmjhcf, dc su Khgghfcmrhf Jms÷chgf, cfs khgd qud bm dnrènfrm ds uc gudrpf jêsthgf qud sd `frjm gfc sus prfphms pdgubhmrhkmkds kdspuès kd bm mpdrturm kdb Bhorf Wmnrmkf, gumckf tfkfs sd ucdc gfc bms jdctds prdpmrmkms pmrm db mgtf kd grdmr.

 

Dc gumctf m bm mrjfcêm, qud bfs mcthnufs nrhdnfs kd`hcêmc gfjf db `rutf kd bfs t÷rrhkfs y tujubtufsfs mjfrds kd  Mrds  y  M`rfkhtm, thdcd qud tfjmrsd dc bfnhm gfc jmcf khdstrm, kd jmcdrm qud sd prfkuzgm uc dquhbhorhf kd bms hctdrvdcghfcds dc db tmbbdr. Kd dstm jmcdrm tfkf rdsubtmrí mnrmkmobd. Wh dc db íjohtf jushgmb sd gfcshkdrm mrjfcêm m bm oudcm rdbmgh÷c dctrd bfs khsthctfs mgfrkds, bm prfpfrgh÷c y gfrrdspfckdcghm jmctdchkm pfr db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf `mghbhtmrí bm mjhstmk y bm oudcm gfrrdspfckdcghm, bfnrmckf qud db tmbbdr msujm gfc mnrmkf su rfb, jmctdchèckfsd kd dsm jmcdrm bm frnmchzmgh÷c, db frkdc, db rdspdtf jutuf y `rmtdrcmb, kdctrf kd ucfs pmríjdtrfs kd pmz hctdrhfr y kd gmbjm, qud thdcd qud rdhcmr dc tfkms bms bfnhms. X dc bm Gmkdcm kd Tch÷c, gfjf jfjdctf kd jíxhjm `ush÷c kd dnrènfrm y mrjfcêm, sd kdod gfcsdnuhr qud bm dcdrnêm djmcmctd kd bfs edrjmcfs ghrgubd dctrd bms jmcfs kdb gfbdgthvf y sd dbdvd juy pfr dcghjm kd bms prdfgupmghfcds y prfobdjms jmtdrhmbds.

Mutfrhkmk dsphrhtumb kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf Bm pftdstmk qud fstdctm db Yrhjdr Jmbbdtd mb sdctmrsd dc bm Whbbm kd Wmbfj÷c  ‛cf [rfcf, pfrqud dc bfs trfcfs sudbdc sdctmrsd bfs jfcmrgms‛, bd prdsdctm gfjf uc Yrhcgdps F`hghh  f   f ld`d kd uc F`hghf. Wu kdodr prhjfrkhmb dstrhom dc trmomlmr pmrm qud bm Buz kdb  Gfcfghjhdctf  hbujhcd db tdjpbf kurmctd bms tdchkms. Db Pdcdrmobd trmtmrí kd jmctdcdr bms bdyds kd bm Frkdc y bm dldgugh÷c gfrrdgtm kd bfs rdnbmjdctfs y dstmtutfs kd bm bfnhm y kd bm Fodkhdcghm, dldrghdckf su bmofr gfc jmcf kd ehdrrf y numctd kd sdkm, ds kdghr, gfc `hrjdzm, pdrf gfc ofckmk. Gfrrdspfckd tmjohèc mb gfc prdshkdctd vdbmrgumckf gfc khsgrdgh÷c pfr bm mshstdcghm y smodr dxgusmr pfckdrmgh÷c sdm cdgdsmrhf, m bfs musdctds pfr jfthvfs prf`dshfcmbds y pdrsfcmbds. [mjohèc prfgurmrí bm gfcgurrdcghm kd bfs edrjmcfs y edrjmcms m bms [dchkms Obmcgms f gfc`drdcghms qud tdcnmc hctdrès gubturmb, sfghmb f jms÷chgf y prfvddrí kd dcgudctrfs `rmtdrcmbds mbrdkdkfr kd ucm oudcm jdsm, shdjprd qud sdm pfshobd, mpmrtd kd bm mshstdcghm m bfs ínmpds cfrjmbds kdspuès kd gmkm tdchkm. X mtdchèckfcfs m qud ucm bfnhm thdcd qud sdr gfjf uc bmofrmtfrhf kd eujmchkmk   y vdrkmkdrf mtmcfr kd bm @rmtdrchkmk , db Pdcdrmobd kdod smodr db jfjdctf fpfrtucf kd khstdckdr db mjohdctd kdb tmbbdr y bfnrmr ; bm mpmrhgh÷cy edrjmcms kd bm gfjpbhghkmk y sh bm dsbfnhm. cdgdsmrhf bm sfcrhsm dctrd bfs edrjmcfs qud kdgfrmc

 

Db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf kdodrí guhkmrsd kd dvhtmr gfc`bhgtfs y sdr jdkhmkfr fpfrtucf  sh surnd mbnucm kh`drdcghm dctrd edrjmcfs kd bm bfnhm. Wu gfckugtm kdod sdr kd mkmbhk y bêkdr kd bm khpbfjmghm pmrm pfkdr cdutrmbhzmr kd bm jmcdrm jís sumvd pfshobd tfkfs bfs fgmshfcmbds kds÷rkdcds qud sd pudkmc prdsdctmr kdctrf y `udrm kdb tdjpbf. Kdod, mshjhsjf, cf vdrsd gfcshkdrmkf pfr sus mgtfs f kdghshfcds gfjf uc rdydzudbf, gfjf uc jícmndr kd djprdsm y dvhkdctdjdctd cucgm gfjf uc khgtmkfr kd pbmzm. Yfr db gfctrmrhf, em kd sdr db hctdnrmkfr kd jmcf kd bm Tch÷c  y bm Wêctdshs, pmrm pfkdr dldrgdr kd Yhdkrm Mcnubmr. Yfkrêm kmrsd db gmsf kd qud sd pukhdrm prdsdctmr mctd db khrdgtfr kdb tmbbdr uc kdtdrjhcmkf msuctf qud, pfr su gfjpbdlhkmk f nrmvdkmk, dxhnhdsd ucm vmbfrmgh÷c pmusmkm, rd`bdxhvm y kd gfcsdcsf. Wdrí dctfcgds db jfjdctf kd bms gfcsubtms khsgrdtms m ftrfs Edrjmcfs Pdcdrmobds kd ftrms bfnhms, f jmsfcds kd dkmk, vdrkmkdrfs pfzfs kd dxpdrhdcghm kdb  Mrtd _dmb , qud dc ftrfs thdjpfs fstdctmrfc tmb gmrnf. Bfs gfcsdlfs prukdctds, smohfs y jdsurmkfs, shdjprd `rutf kd bm dxpdrhdcghm, sdríc `udctd prhjfrkhmb pmrm bms kdghshfcds m tfjmr dvhtmckf prfvhkdcghms prdghphtmkms, kd bms qud bm jmsfcdrêm ds dcdjhnm.

Bm vhkm gfthkhmcm kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf Ds pmrtd kd bms `ucghfcds kdb Pdcdrmobd dstmr mb jíxhjf dc bm sfjorm, m gmombbf kd bm khsgrdgh÷c. Dstm `mgdtm thdcd qud dstmr gfcthcumjdctd dc jdctd, bd emgd jhrmr kd cf omcmbhzmr y gfjdtdr bhndrdzms y mgtumr gfc khsgrdgh÷c dspmrtmcm, dvhtmckf gfjdctmrhfs püobhgfs prukdcghm.dspurhfs, uthbhzmckf pfr cfrjm db tmgtf y bm rdsdrvm y bm Bms `ucghfcds hcedrdctds mb gmrnf dxhndc thdjpf y khspfshgh÷c. Wh m prhjdrm vhstm tfkf pudkd pmrdgdr pbmgdctdrf y mnrmkmobd, cf ds msê. Xm qud dc db kdsdjpdýf kd dstm hjpfrtmctd `ucgh÷c kd nuêm y rdprdsdctmgh÷c hcsthtughfcmb kd bm bfnhm y kd bm Fodkhdcghm m bm qud sd pdrtdcdgd, emy jfjdctfs kd tfkf thpf. Dc prhjdr bunmr, bm `ucgh÷c bfnêsthgm. Bm prdpmrmgh÷c kd bms tdchkms fobhnm mb thtubmr m gfc`dgghfcmr bms Gfcvfgmtfrhms, kdghkhr bms pbmcgems f trmomlfs m bddr, rdnubmr bms bmofrds kd bfs Phnhbmctds, y tmjohèc vhshtmr ftrms bfnhms, rdghohr kdbdnmghfcds y smodr hctdrgmbmr vhshtms m ftrfs tmbbdrds. Whc kukm, bm `ucgh÷c kd kdbdnmr ds hjpfrtmctd y pfr dbbf db Yrhjdr

 

Jmbbdtd kdod emodr smohkf dsgfndr ohdc su dquhpf kd trmomlf, ds kdghr su Gfbdnhf kd F`hghmbds. Ymrthdckf kd bm prdjhsm mctds ghtmkm kdb tdrcmrhf, kdodrí qudkmr ohdc gbmrf qud ucm Pdcdrmturm cf ds uc gmrnf khrhnhkf pfr uc efjord f ucm juldr tmbdctfsfs f gmrhsjíthgfs, shcf qud sd thdcd qud gfc`hnurmr gfjf uc dquhpf. Kd dstm jmcdrm, bms prdrrfnmthvms kdb Pdcdrmobd bd ftfrnmc bm pftdstmk sh bf grdydrm gfcvdchdctd kd mshsthr dc bms rduchfcds kd hcstruggh÷c kd sus kfs Phnhbmctds m bfs Mprdckhgds y Gfjpmýdrfs, pdrf shdjprd kdod kd prfgurmr cf hctdr`drhr bf jís jêchjf dc bms gbmsds bdgthvms, ym qud em ftfrnmkf su gfc`hmczm y mb jhsjf thdjpf dldrgd kd jmcdrm prígthgm y rdmb bm `ucgh÷c kd kdbdnmgh÷c. Kd hnumb jmcdrm, rdnubmrjdctd gfjpmrthrí sdshfcds mkjhchstrmthvms gfc db [dsfrdrf, Efsphtmbmrhf y db Wdgrdtmrhf, gfc bm jhsjm prmxhs mctdrhfr kd kdbdnmgh÷c kd `ucghfcds gfc bm gfc`hmczm pbdcm dc bfs f`hghmbds dc bf qud rdspdgtm m sus gmpmghkmkds y gfjpdtdcghms. Dc fgmshfcds, db Pdcdrmobd sd vdrí dc bm cfobd, pdrf kurm fobhnmgh÷c, kd vhshtmr m edrjmcfs dc`drjfs, shc qud bms tmrdms kdb Efsphtmbmrhf sd vdmc jdrjmkms. Bm vhkm gfthkhmcm, dc su kdvdchr khmrhf, pudkd smgukhr kd jugems y kh`drdctds jmcdrms m gumbquhdr jhdjorf kd bm bfnhm. Dc jfjdctfs kh`êghbds ds juy nrmth`hgmctd vdrsd mgfjpmýmkf pfr db Pdcdrmobd, y dc bfs gmsfs kd dc`drjdkmk d hckhspfshgh÷c, cmkm jís bdchthvf pmrm db hckhspudstf, rdghohr dstm vhshtm. Wh db prfobdjm ds jís nrmvd, sh sd trmtm kd mbnüc Ymsf mb Frhdctd Dtdrcf kd uc edrjmcf kdb tmbbdr f kd mbnüc `mjhbhmr mbbdnmkf, ds ftrf jfjdctf hckhspdcsmobd kd mgtumgh÷c hcjdkhmtm kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf. Wdm gumb sdm bm efrm kdb kêm dc qud sd prfkuzgm dstm shtumgh÷c. Bm `mjhbhm kdb edrjmcf `mbbdghkf f db edrjmcf qud em pdrkhkf m uc sdr mnrmkdgdríc shdjprd y sd sdcthríc dc su kfbfr, gfcqudrhkf, bm prdsdcghm kdb Pdcdrmobd, qud dc ucmbhvhmkfs prhjdr jfjdctf rdprdsdctm m bm bfnhm y m bm Fodkhdcghm.

4

Dxèndshs y pbmch`hgmgh÷c kd bm bfnhm Dc gfckhghfcds kd cfrjmbhkmk, db Pdcdrmobd mord bm bfnhm gumckf ds  Lustm y Ydr`dgtm  y pfr tmctf gujpbd gfc bfs rdquhshtfs dsdcghmbds, jêchjfs y oíshgfs pmrm rdmbhzmr bms `ucghfcds jms÷chgms. [fkfs dstfs jdcdstdrds kdskd thdjpfs rdjftfs cf sfc gujpbhkfs y dldgutmkfs pfr shjpbd gmprhgef. Tcm mjpbhm ohobhfnrm`êm sustmcthvm Bfnhm Lustm y Ydr`dgtm. Wd trmtm kd ucms y prdghsmehst÷rhgms bms pmbmorms `udctds qud kd shctdthzmc ucfs vmbfrds y ucms rdnbms f

 

cfrjms, qud sd emc hkf shnuhdckf m trmvès kd bfs mýfs. Db rdpmsmr gfc kdtdchjhdctf db Jmcusgrhtf Wbfmcd  (=>99), db Jmcusgrhtf ^hbahcsfc  (=>?>) y Jmsfcdrêm khsdgghfcmkm  (=>79) cfs pudkd prfpfrghfcmr ucm omsd uch`hgmkfrm mb rdspdgtf y ucms `udctds kd dstukhf, mgfcsdlmobds pmrm tfkfs bfs jhdjorfs kd ucm bfnhm dc ndcdrmb. Dc bfs mvmtmrds kd ucm Pdcdrmturm, db Yrhjdr Jmbbdtd sd pudkd dcgfctrmr hc`hchkmk kd prfobdjms y dc kdtdrjhcmkms fgmshfcds, hcgbusf pmrm pfkdr morhr trmomlfs pfr `mbtm kd qufruj. X mucqud gmsh shdjprd pudkd dxhsthr uc kdcfjhcmkfr gfjüc, su bhkdrmznf, su hjmnhcmgh÷c, prdvhsh÷c, db dldrghghf kd bm mcthghpmgh÷c y bm khpbfjmghm, pudkdc sfbvdctmr bfs prfobdjms qud sd prdsdctdc. Gumckf sd hchghm db gursf jms÷chgf, ndcdrmbjdctd pfr db jds kd sdpthdjord, kdspuès kd dstmobdgdrsd db gmbdckmrhf kd tdchkms kdb tmbbdr dc gfjüc mgudrkf gfc tfkfs bfs edrjmcfs, sd gfcshnud ucm prdvhsh÷c mprfxhjmkm y sd pudkdc dvhtmr `uturms `mbtms kd mshstdcghm. Dc gumctf m bm prdsdcghm kd bfs edrjmcfs kd bm bfnhm m bfs Ínmpds pfstdrhfrds m bm tdchkm, sd thdcd qud jfthvmr bm pmrthghpmgh÷c kd tfkfs ym qud dstm pmrtd gfcthcum kd edgef gfc db mgtf hchghmb y thdcd qud gfcshkdrmrsd db übthjf sdnjdctf kd bm tdchkm. Ghdrtf ds qud, kdohkf m bms fgupmghfcds prf`mcms, mbnucfs edrjmcfs mgukdc m bms tdchkms shnuhdckf bms hcdxfrmobds pmutms kd bm mndckm. Cf tfkfs, pdrf sh ucm nrmc jmyfrêm. Dstm shtumgh÷c sudbd hjpbhgmr bm ghrgucstmcghm qud kdspuès kd pmrthghpmr dc bm rduch÷c, mbnucfs prfgurdc dvhtmr db Ínmpd, pmrm gfcthcumr gfc su ruthcm khmrhm. Wdrêm oudcf puctumbhzmr qud sd kdod mshsthr m dsd gdcígubf pfstdrhfr, sh sd jd pdrjhtd dsm dxprdsh÷c, ym qud bm pmrthghpmgh÷c dsd gfcvhtd ndcdrmbjdctd `runmb, pfr ftrm pmrtd, `mvfrdgd db trmtf dctrd edrjmcfs, pfstdrhfr m bm gmrmgtdrêsthgm rhnhkdz jutuf. kdb rhtumb kdctrf kdb tdjpbf, y pdrjhtd bm khstdcsh÷c y db gfcfghjhdctf

Db thdjpf kdb dldrghghf kd bm Pdcdrmturm Dc bf qud rdspdgtm mb thdjpf kd jmckmtf kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, dxhstdc ucms cfrjms y pmutms, mbnucms cf dsgrhtms, pdrf dc bf jís hjpfrtmctd, sd shnudc ucms rdnbms kdtdrjhcmkms. X, vdrkmkdrmjdctd, ds uc tdjm qud emy qud trmtmr gfc db jíxhjf rhnfr. Wdrêm hjpfrtmctd rdgfrkmr qud dstd gmrnf dc bm sdnuckm jhtmk kdb shnbf UPHHH, dc ucm nrmc jmyfrêm kd bfnhms durfpdms drm uc djpbdf  Mk vhtmbhghf. Dstdshcf , cf emgêm sfbmjdctd rdprdsdctmom dstm ghrgucstmcghm, qudPhtmj db Pdcdrmobd y kdsemgêm m su bhord luhghf

 

y mbodkrhf bfs kdsthcfs kd su bfnhm. Yfstdrhfrjdctd, kdspuès kdb sdêsjf kd bm _dvfbugh÷c @rmcgdsm, bfs mcthnufs vmbfrds jms÷chgfs `udrfc hcndchfsmjdctd omrrhkfs y dc =>88, sd grdmrfc bms omsds pmrm mofbhr kd ucm vdz db Pdcdrmbmtf kd pfr vhkm. Dc bm mgtumbhkmk, `udrm kd dsfs vdtustfs y mrgmhgfs usfs, bms gfstujords emc jdlfrmkf dc pfs kd bm dstmohbhkmk y gfcthcuhkmk kd bms bfnhms shc db bmstrd kd jmckmtfs shc `hc. Dc @rmcghm sd thdcd bm gfstujord kd qud bm Pdcdrmturm sdm pfr uc mýf, rdcfvmobd pfr kfs vdgds, bf qud gfcbbdvm qud dstm, kurd uc jíxhjf kd trds mýfs. Dc db dstmkf dspmýfb, mtdchèckfcfs m bfs pmrthgubmrds rdnbmjdctfs y dstmtutfs kd bms bfnhms y kd bms Fodkhdcghms, bms Pdcdrmturms thdcdc ucm kurmgh÷c kd trds mýfs, pukhdckf dc kdtdrjhcmkms fgmshfcds (kdpdckhdckf shdjprd kd bms Fodkhdcghms), rdpdthrsd uc jmckmtf jís, ds kdghr, kfs bdnhsbmturms. Bf qud sê ds dvhkdctd ds qud sh uc edrjmcf f edrjmcm bbdnm m bm Pdcdrmturm, mctds emorí dxpudstf m bm bfnhm su  prfydgtf kd trmomlf, y dc kdtdrjhcmkms ghrgucstmcghms, pmrm gfjpbdtmr khgef gfjprfjhsf, sd pudkd cdgdshtmr db kfobdtd dc db dldrghghf kdb gmrnf. Cf ds mgfcsdlmobd qud ucm Pdcdrmturm sd prfbfcnud dc kdjmsêm. Bm sdgudcghm kd gfcthcuhkmk kd bms bfnhms emgd cdgdsmrhm bm rdcfvmgh÷c, db gmjohf. [fkfs bfs Jmdstrfs, dc prhcghphf, pudkdc msphrmr m bm Pdcdrmturm, y bm jmsfcdrêm, sus rdnbms y su smohkurêm msê bf pdrjhtd. Cf fostmctd, dstm rftmgh÷c f turcfvdr , cf pudkd sdr jmcdlmkm gfjf sh sd trmtmrm kd uc gmrnf dldguthvf kd ucm sfghdkmk mc÷chjm f cdnfghf prf`mcf. Dstm hjpfrtmctd `ucgh÷c kd rdcfvmgh÷c cf kdodrêm cucgm sdr rdmbhzmkf kd jmcdrm ruthcmrhm.

Db F`hghf kd Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf Db prhjdr jmbbdtd kd bm Bfnhm, dc omsd m su rdspfcsmohbhkmk dc bm gfckuggh÷c kd dstm, thdcd mshncmkfs ucm sdrhd kd pftdstmkds, fobhnmghfcds y kdodrds< Gfcvfgmr bm bfnhm gfjf jêchjf ucm vdz pfr jds f bf dstmobdghkf pfr bfs rdnbmjdctfs hctdrcfs kd bm jhsjm. _dspfcsmohbhzmrsd kd bm gfc`dggh÷c y dcvêf kd bms gfcvfgmtfrhms f`hghmbds kd bm bfnhm. Morhr y gdrrmr bfs [rmomlfs y khrhnhrbfs m tfkfs bfs d`dgtfs. Dstmobdgdrtfkfs db Frkdc kd dstfs. kd hctdrès pmrm bm bfnhm y pmrm bm Yrfjfvdr bfs mspdgtfs

 

jmsfcdrêm dc ndcdrmb. Morhr, jfkdrmr y gdrrmr bfs kdomtds qud sd pudkmc fgmshfcmr dc bfnhm. Mpbhgmr y dstmobdgdr su vftf prdpfckdrmctd dc vftmghfcds qud qudkdc hnumbmkms. Yrfgbmjmr db rdsubtmkf kd bms vftmghfcds. Gfcgdkdr y rdthrmr db usf kd bm pmbmorm, khrdgtmjdctd f gfc bm myukm kd bfs Phnhbmctds y db Frmkfr. Gfcgdkdr bm mutfrhzmgh÷c pmrm fgmshfcmbjdctd dctrmr y smbhr kd bfnhm. Dc chcnucm fgmsh÷c pfkrí chcnüc Edrjmcf kd bm bfnhm, pfcdr dc gudsth÷c su mutfrhkmk, ch gdcsurmr f kdsmgmtmr sus kdghshfcds (sfbf bms hctdrvdcghfcds kdb Frmkfr gfc rdspdgtf m mbnucm gudsth÷c kd rdnbmjdctfs). Msdnurmrsd kdb oudc kdsmrrfbbf kd bms tdchkms tmctf frkhcmrhms gfjf bms Jmncms. Gfctrfbmr gfc khsgrdgh÷c y mjpbhf sdcthkf kd bm kdbdnmgh÷c bm mgthvhkmk kd tfkfs bfs F`hghmbds kd bm bfnhm. Yrdshkhr kd kdrdgef, tfkms bms gfjhshfcds pdrjmcdctds f prfvhshfcmbds, shc mousmr dc chcnüc jfjdctf kd dsm `mgubtmk. Mkjhchstrmr db gfrrdgtf usf kd bms `hcdzms kdb tmbbdr luctf gfc db [dsfrdrf, gfc su jíxhjm rdspfcsmohbhkmk `hcmb. _dghohr tfkm bm gfrrdspfckdcghm rdghohkm pfr bm bfnhm y kdtdrjhcmr su bdgturm pfr pmrtd kdb Wdgrdtmrhf y dc fgmsh÷c kd gfjuchgmkfss kd bm Fodkhdcghm pfr db Frmkfr. gfjuchgmkf _dprdsdctmr mb tmbbdr dc vhshtms m ftrms bfnhms mkdgumkmjdctd tmctf dc tdchkms kd kh`drdctd êckfbd, msê gfjf dc gfc`drdcghms, kd`ucghfcds y omcqudtds. Yrdsdrvmr bm Gmrtm Ymtdctd kd bm bfnhm gfjf rdspfcsmobd `hcmb kd bm jhsjm.

Übthjms rd`bdxhfcds Db dldrghghf kd bm Pdcdrmturm ds ucm dxpdrhdcghm hcsphrmkfrm, dsthjubmctd y cfobd qud gfcbbdvm ucm tfjm kd gfctmgtf kh`drdctd, êcthjm y pdrsfcmb gfc bfs edrjmcfs y edrjmcms kd bm bfnhm. Bdydckf m Kmchdb Odrdschma cfs qudkm ohdc nrmomkm ucm mprdghmgh÷c rdsujhkm dc uc pírrm`f< «Db dldrghghf kdb Pdcdrmbmtf trmcs`frjm mb Jmdstrf, jís muc, bf sfshdnm. Tc pmsmkf Pdcdrmobd qud em prmgthgmkf su F`hghf db Mrtd, lmjís sd gfjpfrtmrí jms÷chgmjdctd gfjf mctds. sdnüc Cf tdckrí bm prdtdcsh÷c kd sdr uc

 

dctdckhkf f uc smohf dc kdtdrjhcmkms gudsthfcds. Dstí bhodrmkf kdb pbmgdr kd kfjhcmr, vhvhrí gfc db pbmgdr kd gfjpmrthr bm pmbmorm y smorí dsgugemr y gfjprdckdr dc kdtdrjhcmkms fgmshfcds bf qud cf sd em 0 khgef±. Db thdjpf trmomlmkf mb sdrvhghf kd bm bfnhm kdskd db Frhdctd, kdlmrí mtrís pmrtd kd hcfbvhkmobds, jfjdctfs quhzísm kurfs kd vhvdcghms gfc`bhgtfsmnrmkmobds hctdrcfs, d kdsdrghfcds, mrrdomtfs, rdsdcthjhdctfs, qud emoríc shkf dc tfkf gmsf gfjf trmjpms hchghíthgms qud db gmrnf gfcbbdvm dc sê. Dc db rd`drdctd kdb Pdcdrmobd thdcd qud pdrkurmr bm hkdm kd qud smod f supf supdrmr bms kh`hgubtmkds emohtumbds gfc myukm kdb rhtumb, bfs rdnbmjdctfs kd bm bfnhm y kd bm gfcsthtugh÷c kd bm Fodkhdcghm, y tmjohèc kd bfs gfcsdlfs kd ftrfs Pdcdrmobds y edrjmcfs gfc jmyfr dxpdrhdcghm. Kd dstm jmcdrm tdckrí bm sdnurhkmk kdb ohdc formr y db trmomlf gujpbhkf. Yfr dsm ghrgucstmcghm, db Yrhjdr Jmbbdtd dstmrí shdjprd khspudstf m omlmr kd su shbbm gumckf shtumgh÷c rdquhdrm, dc chcnüc jfjdctf thdcd qud fbvhkmrbmqud, mucqudbfds rdndctd pfrqud tdjpfrmb  , cf bbdvm gfrfcm, shcf qud gfcthcüm bbdvmckf db jmckhb kd fordrf. X qud, mb `hcmbhzmr su jmckmtf, pmsmrí gfc eujhbkmk mb f`hghf kd Numrkm [djpbf. Db emodr pfkhkf sdcthrsd üthb dc uc jfjdctf kmkf m sus edrjmcfs, tmctf gfc bfs jís vdtdrmcfs gfjf gfc bfs rdghèc hcnrdsmkfs ds uc  prhvhbdnhf. X smodr qud sd pfkrí trmcsjhthr mb sugdsfr ucm bfnhm gfc oudcm smbuk, tmctf dc db pbmcf hchghíthgf gfjf dc db jmtdrhmb. Yfrqud thdcd qud qudkmr juy gbmrf qud db trmomlf kdb Yrhjdr Jmbbdtd kd bm bfnhm em shkf uc mgtf kd sdrvhghf m sus edrjmcfs y m bm jmsfcdrêm.  

 

BFW PHNHBMC[DW KD BM BFNHM< Y_HJD_ X WDNTCKF PHNHBMC[D M bm efrm kd mcmbhzmr bm bmofr kd bfs Phnhbmctds kd bm bfnhm, ds kdghr, db Yrhjdr y db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd, ds cdgdsmrhf rdsmbtmr bm hjpfrtmcghm kd dstfs kfs F`hghfs dc bms bfnhms. Hckdpdckhdctdjdctd kd gfc`frjmr bm tdrcm kd nfohdrcf kd bfs tmbbdrds gfjf myukmctds kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, fstdctmc bm dcfrjd rdspfcsmohbhkmk kd bm `frjmgh÷c kd bfs Mprdckhgds y Gfjpmýdrfs pmrm su pfstdrhfr bbdnmkm m bm Jmdstrêm. Dbbfs, dc db prhjdr dstmkhf, kdskd bm Gfbujcm kdb Cfrtd omlf bm buz cfgturcm kd bm bucm, ucm vdz bbdnmkf db jfjdctf fpfrtucf, pmsmríc m bm Gfbujcm kdb Jdkhfkêm, qud ym dstí omlf bm buz sfbmr khurcm, kd bm jmcf kd su hcstrugtfr, db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd. Wd emgd prdsdctd db küf kd tèrjhcfs Phnhbmcghm y  Ydrsdvdrmcghm, pmbmorms qud sd dcgudctrmc dc mbnucms Gíjmrms kd _d`bdxh÷c, jfjdctfs mctds kd bm Hchghmgh÷c. Ds m gfcsdgudcghm kd tfkf db pdrhfkf kd hcstruggh÷c kfckd sd pudkd mprdghmr rdtrfspdgthvmjdctd tfkf su sdcthkf d hctdcgh÷c hchghíthgm. Omlf bm dkugmgh÷c mgfjpmsmkm kd bfs kfs Phnhbmctds sd cfs mpmrdgd uc gêrgubf vhrtufsf< db Gfjpís sd mord, bm cdobhcm vm kdsmpmrdghdckf,   Mprdckhgds y Gfjpmýdrfs, vmc gfcthcumckf db gmjhcf, omlf mb  jhrmkm hctdbhndctd y `rmtdrcmb kd bfs Edrjmcfs hcstrugtfrds.

Wd kmrí shcnubmr hjpfrtmcghm m bms sdgudcghms hchghíthgms, shjo÷bhgms y rhtumbêsthgms kd bfs dstukhmctds, y mb bbdnmr dstfs mb sdnuckf dsbmo÷c kd su dcsdýmczm, ds kdghr m Gfjpmýdrfs, pmubmthcmjdctd hríc rdpmsmckf bfs tdjms kd Yrhjdr Nrmkf, ym qud dstd dstmkhf ds db prdpmrmtfrhf pmrm db smbtf `hcmb emghm bm Jmdstrêm, qud thdcd qud dstmr sustdctmkf pfr ucfs pftdctds y rfoustfs mcgbmlds y s÷bhkms omsds, gfjf bfs vdtustfs y s÷bhkfs ghjhdctfs kd bms gmtdkrmbds. [mctf dc Yrhjdr Nrmkf kd Mprdckhgds gfjf dc Wdnuckf Nrmkf kd Gfjpmýdrfs, bfs F`hghmbds dcgmrnmkfs kd bfs jhsjfs prfgurmríc dxpbhgmr dc db jfjdctf fpfrtucf, kdspuès kd bfs vhmlds rhtumbêsthgfs qud emoríc pmsmkf dc bfnhm, db shnch`hgmkf prf`uckf kd bfs jhsjfs. Dc ucm kd bms mkdckms mb `hcmb kdb bhorf, gfc bms qud sd rd`udrzm dstd dstukhf, hcgbuhjfs gfjf gfcgursf prhcghpmb kfs pfshobds dldjpbfs gfjpbdtfs kd bm `frjmgh÷c jms÷chgm m dcsdýmr m bfs Mprdckhgds y Gfjpmýdrfs pfr pmrtd kdb Yrhjdr y Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd.  

 

Y_HJD_ PHNHBMC[D Wh db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd rdprdsdctm shjo÷bhgmjdctd bm nrmghm kd bm Odbbdzm, db  Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd rdprdsdctm bm @udrzm hc`bdxhobd. Mucqud fpudstfs, sd gfjpdcdtrmc. Gfcfgdr y gfjprdckdr bm @rmcgjmsfcdrêm

Mrjmck Yfuhbbd

Lfym Gfbnmkm dc bm pmrtd hc`drhfr kdb gfbbmr kd F`hghmb, bm lfym kdb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd ds db chvdb. [mjohèc sd pudkd kdcfjhcmr msê su ohsdgtrhz (db ehbf m pbfjf f pdrpdckhgubmr). Db chvdb ds uc hcstrujdctf pmrm vdrh`hgmr f dstmobdgdr bm efrhzfctmbhkmk kd ucm supdr`hghd. Wdnüc dstm kd`hchgh÷c kd khgghfcmrhf prf`mcf, pudkd bbdnmrsd m dstmobdgdr su shjofbhsjf jms÷chgf. Db chvdb chvdbm, mpbmcm emstm qud bm supdr`hghd sfordbmbmhnumbkmk qud mgtüm pudkm sdrvhr kd omsd pmrm bm gfcstruggh÷c. Whjofbhzm kd tfkfs bfs jmsfcds. X vhdcd m kd`hchr db gfcgdptf kd dcsdýmczm qud db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd kdod smodr hjprhjhr m bfs Gfjpmýdrfs. Wu tmrdm gfcshstd dc dcsdýmr m bfs Gfjpmýdrfs, m gmkm ucf sdnüc su rhtjf kd mprdckhzmld y dstukhf, m smodr uthbhzmr db chvdb pmrm rdemohbhtmr shc kdstruhr tfkf bf gfcgdrchdctd m su pdrsfcmbhkmk, shc mjís pdrkdr kd vhstm bm pdrpdckhgubmrhkmk, ym qud jdrgdk m dbbm pfkríc dcgfctrmr dc bf jís prf`uckf kd dbbfs jhsjfs bms sfjorms y bfs puctfs cdnrfs kd su pdrsfcmbhkmk y emgdrbfs kdsmpmrdgdr.

Tohgmgh÷c ndfnrí`hgm dc bfnhm

Db bunmr kdb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd dc bfnhm ds m bm hzquhdrkm kdb Fgghkdctd, dctrmckf dc db [djpbf, lustf mb bmkf kd bm Gfbujcm O (Ofmz), jhrmckf emghm db Frhdctd. Yudkd fosdrvmr y mkjhchstrmr bm Gfbujcm kdb Wur dc kfckd dstíc uohgmkfs bfs Gfjpmýdrfs dc bfnhm, tdchèckfbfs m su kdrdgem. Wu pfshgh÷c dc Fgghkdctd, gfjf sdnuckf jmbbdtd kd bm bfnhm bd pdrjhtd dstmr gmrm mb Frhdctd y vhsumbjdctd kd jmcdrm khrdgtm gfc db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf.

Mprfxhjmgh÷c bfnêsthgm kdb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd Db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd ucm Dc kd dbbmssdcf trdskd prhjdrms kdb tdjpbfkdy sdnuckf jmbbdtd kd bmdsbfnhm. bm Frkdcbugds bm hjpfrtmcghm

 

su F`hghf dstí ucíchjdjdctd rdgfcfghkm, pfr sus rdspfcsmohbhkmkds dc db [mbbdr. Kurmctd bms tdchkms, bfs gfjprfjhsfs kdb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd sfc cujdrfsfs. Mpmrtd kd gfctrfbmr bm Gfbujcm kd Jdkhfkêm, pudkd dldrgdr dc uc jfjdctf su mutfrhkmk sford bm Gfbujcm kdb Cfrtd, shc cdgdshkmk kd prdvdchr mb tdrgdr jmbbdtd, shdjprd gfc db vhstf oudcf kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf. Gfctrfbm bm dctrmkm kdb tdjpbf gfc bm myukm kdb Numrkmtdjpbf y prfpfcd bm mpdrturm y ghdrrd kd dstd mb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf. Wh bf gfcshkdrm cdgdsmrhf pfkrí bddr sh ds db jfjdctf sus pbmcgems kdskd su bunmr, y sh kdsdm emgdrbf kdskd db shthmb kdb Frmkfr, db Yrdshkdctd kd bm bfnhm cfjormrí uc Edrjmcf gumbh`hgmkf pmrm susthtuhr prfvhshfcmbjdctd db bunmr. Tc shthmb kd Phnhbmctd cucgm pudkd qudkmr kdshdrtf. Bm Gmkdcm lmjís kdod rfjpdrsd. Db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd y tmjohèc db tdrgdr jmbbdtd, cf momckfcmrí dc chcnüc jfjdctf kd bm [dchkm su shthmb, m cf sdr pfr frkdc dxprdsm kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf. Ydrf sus jmyfrds rdspfcsmohbhkmkds dstrhomc dc ucm hjpfrtmctd `ucgh÷c hchghíthgm qud ds guhkmrsd kd bm hcstruggh÷c kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs kd bm Bfnhm. Dstm jhsh÷c, qud ds bm gfcthcumgh÷c kd bm hcstruggh÷c kd bfs Mprdckhgds, sd gfcvhdrtd dc Wdnuckf Nrmkf gfjf uc vdrkmkdrf tdsfrf hchghíthgf, pfr sdr uc gfjpdckhf kd sêjofbfs, kd jhtfs y kd rhtfs, qud bfs jmsfcds tdcdjfs pfr jhsh÷c prhjfrkhmb trmcsjhthr kd jmcdrm frkdcmkm hctmgtfs, kdskd bfs jhsjfs hchghfs kd bm `uckmgh÷c kd bm Frkdc. [rmomlmckf dc ohcfjhf, db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd trmcsjhthrí dc su jfjdctf mb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd, db chvdb kd gfcfghjhdctf kd bfs Mprdckhgds qud bbdnmríc mb nrmkf kd Gfjpmýdrfs. Kd dstm jmcdrm sd gujpbd mrjfchfsmjdctd uc jfkdbf kd trmcsjhsh÷c qud `mghbhtm bfs trmomlfs shjo÷bhgfs y rhtumbhstêgfs kd bm bfnhm.

Db jmbbdtd kdb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd Db jmbbdtd kd bfs Phnhbmctds dc bfnhm y dc dspdghmb kdb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd thdcd ucms gmrmgtdrêsthgms dspdghmbds, kh`drdcghmkms kdb jmbbdtd kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, qud sd gfcgrdtmc dc trds puctfs oíshgfs y dsdcghmbds, trds thpfs kd `ucgh÷c< Bm KHWGHYBHCM, pfrqud kdod kd emgdrsd fosdrvmr dctrd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs y sh F`hghmbds ds cdgdsmrhf dctrddcbfsgmkm Mprdckhgds Jmdstrfs y bfs shtumkfs ucm kdy bfs bms

 

Gfbujcms. Bm DLDGTGH×C _HNT_FWM KDB _H[F, prfgurmckf jmctdcdr db rhtjf sdgudcghmb kd bm tdchkm, khrhnhkm pfr db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf. Bm _DWYFCWMOHBHKMK kd bm hcstruggh÷c kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs, gfjf jdctfr kd dstfs. Dstms pdgubhmrhkmkds fobhnmc m bfs Gfjpmýdrfs m pmrthghpmr mgthvmjdctd dc bm tdchkm. Dstmr shdjprd mtdctfs y dc dspdghmb mb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd y su mgtumgh÷c. Whc mprdghmrbf, shc mpdcms kmrsd gudctm, bbdnmc m gfjprdckdr bms kh`drdcghms kd bfs trds jmbbdtds dc bfnhm, shdjprd kdctrf kd bms gffrkdcmkms kd qud tfkfs dc kh`drdctd jdkhkm sfc kd prdsdrvmgh÷c kdb frkdc cmturmb kd bms [dchkms.

]uè CF DW y què DW db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd Db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd cf ds uc pdkmnfnf f prf`dsfr prf`dshfcmb. Dc chcnüc jfjdctf, jms÷chgmjdctd emobmckf, sd pudkd emobmr kd dstd gfcgdptf, qud hcgbusf pudkd gfhcghkhr gfc dstm prf`dsh÷c dc bm vhkm prf`mcm. Dc bms vêms jms÷chgms sfbmjdctd hcstruyd m mbujcfs qud sfc sus Edrjmcfs y qud dspdrmc rdghohr ucm trmkhgh÷c frmb qud bds dcgmjhcd emghm db smodr, jdkhmctd db dldjpbf y db smodr hcgubgmr bm shjofbfnêm kd nrmkf. Db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd cf ds uc jmdstrf dsphrhtumb. Dc jmsfcdrêm sd thdcd qud guhkmr jugef dstd tdjm. Bfs jmdstrfs dsphrhtumbds dsgmsdmc y bfs pfgfs qud pudkm emodr sfc prf`uckmjdctd gdbfsfs kd sus mgtfs y juy rdstrhgthvfs. Db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd ds uc Hcstrugtfr. Tc gfcsdldrf shjo÷bhgf qud hc`frjm kdohkmjdctd y mgtf sdnuhkf mprfvdgem db khíbfnf pmrm gfcgrdtmr bm hc`frjmgh÷c qud trmcsjhtd m bfs Gfjpmýdrfs. Yrdsdctm gfc cdutrmbhkmk kd pdcsmjhdctf y ousgm db dldjpbf prígthgf pmrm hctrfkughr sus gfcfghjhdctfs kd jmcdrm bf jís `íghb y gfjprdcshvm pfshobd. Db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd ds uc Hcvdsthnmkfr pfr cmturmbdzm. X thdcd qud prfgurmr pfkdr rdspfckdr gfc smohkurêm bms pfshobds prdnuctms qud pudkmc pbmctdmr sus dcsdýmczms. Dc dstd puctf, dvhtmrí bm jmchkm mbfgugh÷c kd «dstf cf ds kd tu nrmkf±. Emorí kd tdcdr prdsdctd qud bm Hcsthtugh÷c, dc cudstrm Frkdc cf vdkm m cmkhd, bf qud mbnucfs kdcfjhcmc sdgrdtfs, pudstf qud üchgmjdctd dxhnd ucm khsgrdgh÷c mosfbutm kdctrf kd cudstrfs trmomlfs, pmrm pfkdr bbdnmr m sdr Edrjmcfs gfc gmrígtdr, khsghpbhcmkfs y gfc jmsfcds. vfbuctmk prfphm, dbdjdctfs dsdcghmbds pmrm bbdnmr m sdr vdrkmkdrfs

 

Db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd ds uc Hcsphrmkfr Pfgmghfcmb. Wus dcsdýmczms, sus gfjdctmrhfs, tdckdríc shdjprd m kdspdrtmr prdnuctms hjmnhcmthvms. Nhbodrt Mbomc cfs khgd qud, shc emgdr jmyèuthgm gfjf W÷grmtds, prfgurmrí bf jís m jdcukf pfshobd prfvfgmr m bfs Gfjpmýdrfs m emgdr db ds`udrzf kd rdjfvdr sus jdchcnds, pmrm >

  Bm tègchgm bm kdspdrtmr gfjprdcsh÷c m vdgds kfrjhkm. mgdrgm jmyèuthgm bm gfcshstd dc prdnuctmr mb hctdrbfgutfr kd mbnfkdpmrm budnf prfgdkdr m kdomthr bm rdspudstm kmkm pfr jdkhf kdb dstmobdghjhdctf kd smphdcghms ndcdrmbds. Bm khsgush÷c bbdvm mb hctdrbfgutfr m uc gfcgdptf cudvf kdsmrrfbbmkf m pmrthr kdb mctdrhfr.

Bm hcstruggh÷c kd Nrmkf Db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd pfkrí dcgfctrmr uc momchgf kd kh`drdctds pdrsfcmbhkmkds dc sus gbmsds m bfs Gfjpmýdrfs. Cucgm kdod fbvhkmr qud dc prhcghphf dstfs Edrjmcfs emc supdrmkf db Yrhjdr Nrmkf, mvmbmkfs pfr db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd y bfs kdjís Edrjmcfs kd bm Bfnhm y emc rdmbhzmkf su Ymsd kd Nrmkf. Yfr ftrm pmrtd, db gmjhcf y kdvdchr jms÷chgf ds uc rdgfrrhkf qud emy qud gfcshkdrmr pdrsfcmb d hckhvhkumb y gmsh mbnucms vdgds dnfêstm. Dc bms `hbms kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs cf dcgfctrmrí cucgm ucm uchkmk bhcdmb. Chcnucf kd dbbfs dc prhcghphf tdckrí db jhsjf chvdb, y bf jís prfphf ds pdcsmr qud gmkm ucf emorí rdgfrrhkf su gmjhcf hchghíthgf m su prfphf rhtjf. Wdrí puds tmrdm kdb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd fosdrvmr, gfcstmtmr, dsgugemr m gmkm ucf kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs gfc khsgrdgh÷c pmrm emgdrsd ucm hkdm kd su tdjpdrmjdctf, gfcfghjhdctfs y khspfshgh÷c. Dstm bmofr bd kmrí bm `ftf `hchse ndcdrmb, dc bm qud sd dcgfctrmrí mb Gfjpmýdrf mvmczmkf qud gmsh dstí dc bm pmrrhbbm kd smbhkm emghm bm Jmdstrêm. Cucgm kdodrí kdlmr kd pdcsmr qud ym thdcd ucfs gfcfghjhdctfs s÷bhkfs. Ydrf tmjohèc pfkrí bfgmbhzmr mb têjhkf qud cf fsm, qud sd rdtrmd pfr db tdjfr kd kdghr mbnucm dstuphkdz. Ftrm pfshohbhkmk ds bm kd tdcdr dc db nrupf mb sdnurf f juy sdnurf kd sê jhsjf y pfr supudstf mb qud cf pudkd dvhtmr db tdcdr uc dnf sfordkhjdcshfcmkf. Ds pfshobd qud tmjohèc pudkm tdcdr dc sus gbmsds mb Gfjpmýdrf qud em bdêkf jugefs bhorfs kd jmsfcdrêm y ohdc ghdrtf tmjohèc ftrfs qud db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd fosdrvmrí gfjf gfc gfcfghjhdctf pdrf qud cf bfnrmc gfjuchgmr bf qud smodc. Dc `hc, pdrsfcmbhkmkds edtdrfnècdms, rdgfrrhkfs jms÷chgfs kh`drdctds, qud bdrdsubtm kmríccfbmuch`frjd jdkhkm ykd bm `uturm hjpmrthr, qudbfshdjprd lmjís bhcdmb. hcstruggh÷c m

 

[fkf dstd dsgdcmrhf kd tdjpdrmjdctfs kdodrí sdr trmtmkf gfc kdstrdzm y emohbhkmk gfc mbtms kfshs kd sdcshohbhkmk `rmtdrcmb. Whc sdr ucm rdnbm `hlm kd mgtumgh÷c, db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd prfgurmrí cucgm sfordprftdndr m bfs qud gfcshkdrd jís sdcshobds, cf suodsthjmr m bfs qud sd shdctdc jís `udrtds, dsgugemr m tfkfs gfc hnumb mtdcgh÷c, mgfcsdlmrbfs shc lmjís hjpfcdr y shdjprd jhrmr kd dcgfctrmr bm jmcdrm kd dcsdýmrbds bm vêm, jfstrmrbds db gmjhcf m sdnuhr shc bbdnmr cucgm m trmzírsdbf.

Db vmbfr kd bm dcsdýmczm oíshgm kd bm mrquhtdgturm Bm jmsfcdrêm thdcd gfjf omsd pmrm sus dcsdýmczms shjo÷bhgms db gfcgdptf dsdcghmb kd bm mrquhtdgturm, qud sd `uckmjdctm dc gumtrf prhcghphfs< jmtdrhmb, jfrmb, `êshgf d hctdbdgtumb . X m pmrthr kd dstfs gfcgdptfs tmc hjpfrtmctds, bm gfcgdpgh÷c kdb jmtdrhmb gfcsthtuyd db djpbdf y usf kd hc`hchkmk kd sêjofbfs qud dstíc omsmkfs y ghjdctmkfs dc bm mrhtjèthgm, bm ndfjdtrêm y bm trhnfcfjdtrêm. Bm mrquhtdgturm mcthnum gfc`frjmkm pfr trds nrhdnms ÷rkdcdsdckdbms gfbujcms, qud bbdvmc bfs cfjords kd bms pfobmghfcds qud sd msdnurm `udrfc grdmkms, sfc db k÷rhgf, gfjpudstf kd gmphtdb, íomgf gfc dquhcf y gumrtf ofgdb1 db l÷chgf guyf gmphtdb dstm mkfrcmkf gfc vfbutms, y db gfrhcthf, qud gfcstm kd gmphtdb mkfrcmkf gfc eflms kd mgmctf y gmbêgubfs. Yfstdrhfrjdctd, dc Htmbhm, bfs fordrfs gfcstrugtfrds kd bm Dkmk  Jdkhm, grdmrfc kfs ÷rkdcds sdguckmrhfs kd dstms gfbujcms m bfs qud kdcfjhcmrfc tfsgmcf, guyf gmphtdb ds shjhbmr mb k÷rhgf y su `ustd thdcd ucm mbturm hnumb m shdtd vdgds su khíjdtrf hc`drhfr1 y db gfjpudstf, qud thdcd dc su gmphtdb, bms eflms kd mgmctf kdb gfrhcthf y bms vfbutms kdb dc bunmr kd gmbêgubfs. jfkdrcm dstmobdgh÷ shdtd ÷rkdcds Yfrl÷chgf übthjf, bm mrquhtdgturm tdrghmrhfs< gfbujcm íthgm, gfbujcm smbfj÷chgm, gfbujcm n÷thgm, gfbujcm rfstrmtm, gfbujcm mombmustrmkm, gfbujcm djodohkm y gfbujcm mhsbmkm. Mucqud pmrdzgm sforhf, db shjofbhsjf kd bm mrquhtdgturm ds kd shcnubmr hjpfrtmcghm dc bm `frjmgh÷c kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs. [fkfs dstfs gfcgdptfs sd pfkríc dstukhmr y vdr dc bm mkdckm gfrrdspfckhdctd m bm `frjmgh÷c kd Wdnuckm Nrmkf mb `hcmb kd dstm form. Ydrf bm omsd ds msfghmr bm mrquhtdgturm gfjf prhcghphf `uckmjdctmb kdb bdcnumld jms÷chgf y su hcstruggh÷c shjo÷bhgm, pudstf qud dc db hctdrhfr kd sus djobdjms, kd shncfs y mbdnfrêmsbmssdjmtdjíthgms jmch`hdstmc gfcstmctdjdctd bfs prhcghphfs bm ndfjdtrêm, y bm trhnfcfjdtrêm,

 

ghdcghms `uckmjdctmbds d hckhspdcsmobds pmrm pfkdr bfnrmr bm gfcstruggh÷c kd bms forms nrmckhfsms, y `rmcgmjdctd, dc db Wdnuckf Nrmkf db f`hghmb rdspfcsmobd, ds kdghr, db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd thdcd mctd sê db kdodr y bm cdgdshkmk kd tmjohèc gfcstruhr y dkh`hgmr ucm form nrmckhfsm qud ds uc vdrkmkdrf y pftdctd jmdstrf jms÷c.

Db gfcgdptf kd bm mshjhbmgh÷c kd bm ghdcghm m bfs Gfjpmýdrfs Ghdcghm qud prfvhdcd kdb bmtêc sghdcthm, ds db gfcfghjhdctf kd bms gfsms pfr jdkhf kd sus gmusms1 ds bm cfrjm f kfgtrhcm qud gfcsthtuyd ucm hjpfrtmctd rmjm kdb smodr hctdbdgtumb kdb efjord, ym qud vhdcd m gfcvdrndr dc db gfcluctf kd gfcfghjhdctfs qud sd mkquhdrdc. Oudcf ds smodr qud efy dc kêm sd sudbd bbdnmr m bm jmsfcdrêm gfc kdtdrjhcmkf chvdb kd gfcfghjhdctfs, mucqud cf kdlm kd sdr cdgdsmrhf dstd rdpmsf, tdchdckf dc gudctm qud dstms dcsdýmczms prfvhdcdc kd ftrfs thdjpfs dc bfs qud sfbf dstmomc m khspfshgh÷c kd pfgms gmstms sfghmbds, dspdghmbjdctd dc db gbdrf y bms gbmsds mbtms. Bm hctdbhndcghm dc db efjord ds ucm `mgubtmk kdb mbjm, pfr jdkhf kd bm gumb sd gfjprdckdc, gfcghodc y gfjpmrmc bms hkdms gfc bhord vfbuctmk pmrm dsgfndr bm qud bd pmrdzgm jdlfr. Kd mbnucm jmcdrm fobhnm m emgdr usf kd bfs jís purfs rmzfcmjhdctfs kd gfc`frjhkmk gfc bfs khgtmkfs kd bm gfcghdcghm y pfr bf tmctf ds bmofr hcdxgusmobd kdb prhjdr Phnhbmctd gfcfgdr bms dstrugturms kd pdcsmjhdctf kd sus mbujcfs, kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs, pmrm pfkdr dcgmuzmr khncmjdctd sus mprdghmghfcds ndcdrmbds y sdr db nuêm fpfrtucf pmrm sus dstukhfs sford bm gfcgdpgh÷c jms÷chgm kd bms mbdnfrêms y kd bfs sêjofbfs dc mrms m su gfrrdgtm mshjhbmgh÷c y prfnrdsh÷c jms÷chgm. Db foldthvf kdb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd ds dcgmuzmr dstd pmtrhjfchf dc bm gfcghdcghm jms÷chgm kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs, pmrm qud sdpmc vdr bms kh`drdcghms gfc bms qud emc bbdnmkf kd bm vhkm prf`mcm, bfs pdr`dgghfcmjhdctfs qud emc mbgmczmkf dc db Yrhjdr Nrmkf, trmomlmckf dc bm phdkrm kurm d hrrdnubmr y pfkdr mefrm bbdnmr mb jdlfr trmomlf sford bm phdkrm.

Db Bhorf kd bm Bdy Wmnrmkm Db nrmkf kd Gfjpmýdrf thdcd qud dstukhmr dstd tdjm. Dc prhcghphf db Bhorf kd bm Bdy Wmnrmkm, dc ucm mjpbhm jmyfrêm kd bfnhms ds bm Ohobhm, gfcgdohkm dc su tftmbhkmk. Dc jugems sd mkfptmc bhorfs gfjf bfs rdnbmjdctfs hctdrcfs, bfs kd bfnhms bm Fodkhdcghm, bfsftrfs Kdrdgefs

 

Eujmcfs, f hcgbusf uc bhorf dc obmcgf. Whc djomrnf, pmrm bm `frjmgh÷c kdb Gfjpmýdrf, sd kdod gfctdjpbmr uc pbmcf ndcdrmb kd bm Ohobhm, cf sfbf dc db gfcgdptf kd bhorf kdb grhsthmchsjf shcf kdskd bm cfgh÷c d hkdm kdb tèrjhcf nrhdnf Ohobfs, ds kdghr bhorf, cfjord ftfrnmkf mb gfcluctf kd Bhorfs qud gfcsthtuydc db Mcthnuf y Cudvf [dstmjdctf. Wdnüc mutfrhzmkms fphchfcds, bfs Bhorfs kdb Mcthnuf [dstmjdctf `udrfc dsgrhtfs frhnhcmbjdctd dc hkhfjm edordf y bfs kdb Cudvf, dc bdcnum nrhdnm. Dc bfs prhjdrfs shnbfs kd bm drm grhsthmcm, dc db jfjdctf dc qud db bmtêc drm bm bdcnum uchvdrsmb, sd trmkulf m dstd hkhfjm ucm vdrsh÷c qud, pubhkm y rmzfcmkm pfr Wmc Ldr÷chjf, sd kdcfjhc÷ Pubnmtm Bmthcm, guyf tdxtf ds db üchgf mkjhthkf pfr bm Hnbdshm _fjmcm. Cf ds pfshobd pfkdr kmr ucm hkdm dxmgtm sford tfkms y gmkm ucm kd bms vdrshfcds oêobhgms qud sd emc puobhgmkf dc bms vdrshfcds jfkdrcms, pdrf gfjf kmtf `hkdkhncf d hjpfrtmctd, cfs omstm gfc kdghr qud bm Wfghdkmk Oêobhgm Orhtíchgm y Dxtrmcldrm, kdskd db mýf =478, emstm db kêm kd efy, em trmkughkf d hjprdsf bm Ohobhm dc kfsghdctfs trdhctm hkhfjms y khmbdgtfs. Bms khsthctms khvhshfcds qud gfcthdcd bm Ohobhm f Mcthnuf [dstmjdctf sfc ?? bhorfs, qud mshjhbmc trds nrmckds nrupfs< Db prhjdr nrupf bf gfc`frjm bm Bdy f Ydctmtdugf, qud gfcthdcd db Nècdshs, db Èxfkf, db Bdvêthgf, bfs Cüjdrfs, y db Kdutdrfcfjhf. Db Wdnuckf nrupf bf gfcsthtuydc bfs Yrf`dtms, guyfs bhorfs sfc< Lfsuè, Ludgds, Wmjudb, _dyds, Gr÷chgms, Kmchdb, Dskrms y Cfdjhms, Dstedr, Lfo, Hsmêms, Ldrdjêms y Bmjdctmghfcds, Dzdquhdb y bfs Kfgd Yrf`dtms Jdcfrds. Db tdrgdr nrupf dstm `frjmkf pfr bfs Dsgrhtfs y bfs bhorfs sfc< Wmbjfs, Yrfvdrohfs, Gmctmrds y db Dgbdshmstès. Kdspuès tdcdjfs db Cudvf [dstmjdctf qud mnrupm y gfcthdcd bfs kdcfjhcmkfs bhorfs pfstdrhfrds  m Ldsugrhstf qud tmjohèc sd khvhkdc dc trds nrmckds nrupfs kdcfjhcmkfs «ehst÷rhgfs± qud trmtmc bfs gumtrf Dvmcndbhfs y bfs Edgefs kd bfs Mp÷stfbds, tmjohèc bfs kfgtrhcmbds `frjmkfs pfr bms ?= dpêstfbms dsgrhtms pfr bfs mp÷stfbds y bfs prf`èthgfs qud sd rd`hdrdc mb Mpfgmbhpshs. Bm Ohobhm, jís mbbí kd bms grddcghms, gfcthdcd kdctrf kd sus tdjms kd dcsdýmczm, bms ghdcghms, bms mrtds y jmrgm puctumbjdctd bfs shstdjms kd vhkm kd bfs pudobfs, pfr bf qud bdlfs kd jmctdcdr mctmnfchsjfs y sdr ndcdrmkfrm kd gfc`bhgtfs f rmrfs sf`hsjms, cfs kdrrmjmqud ucmsdhcdxthcnuhobd Wmohkurêm, ds gmpmz kd hbujhcmr mb efjord dcgudctrm kdctrf kd bmsqud thchdobms y bm fsgurhkmk kd bm

 

Hncfrmcghm. Bms dcsdýmczms kd bm Ohobhm sd emc prfpmnmkf y dxtdckhkf emstm bfs jís rdjftfs d hncftfs bunmrds kd bm thdrrm, bbdvmckf gfc dbbms bfs prhcghphfs kd Bhodrtmk d Hnumbkmk. Dc jmsfcdrêm, bm Ohobhm `frjm pmrtd hctdnrmctd kd bfs mtrhoutfs y frcmjdctfs kd bm nrmc jmyfrêm kd bms bfnhms gfjf edjfs khgef dc uc prhcghphf. Bm Ohobhm `ud hctrfkughkm gfjf uc bhorf hckhspdcsmobd pmrm bm vmbhkdz f bdnmbhkmk kd bfs trmomlfs dc bfnhm, kdskd db mýf kd =>?=, `dgem qud tuvf vdrh`hgmgh÷c dc Hcnbmtdrrm dc bm prhjdrm Nrmc Gfcvdcgh÷c kd bfs Mbtfs Gudrpfs kd Durfpm. Bm Ohobhm jmrgm jfrmbjdctd bm rdgthtuk m qud sd kdodc suldtmr y khspfcdr bfs rmzfcmjhdctfs kd bm gfckugtm y mgtfs jms÷chgfs y db kdvdchr `udrm kd bfnhm, ds kdghr, dc bm sfghdkmk f juckf prf`mcf bm gfckugtm kdb jms÷c. Whc djomrnf, pmrm bm dcsdýmczm kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs, db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd msdnurmrí kdohkmjdctd bm kdsgrhpgh÷c y gfcfghjhdctf kd bm Ohobhm, gfjf bêcdm kd Wmodr y kd cudvms gfcgdpghfcds pmrm db kdsmrrfbbf kd bm gubturm jms÷chgm.

_dsujdc ehst÷rhgf kdb nrmkf, frhndc y shnch`hgmkf Bm pmbmorm Gfjpmýdrf prfvhdcd kd bm pmbmorm ―gmjpmým‘ y sd gfc`hdrd f mpbhgm m bms pdrsfcms qud `frjmc pmrtd y gfctdchkf kd uc nrupf f gfcnbfjdrmkf frnmchzmkf, qud gfc`hnurmc y pdrshnudc uc jhsjf hkdmb, trmomlmckf dc db jhsjf gfjprfjhsf. Bm kdcfjhcmgh÷c kd Gfjpmýdrf thdcd uc frhndc omstmctd gfctrfvdrthkf f khsguthkf, ym qud mbnucfs ehstfrhmkfrds bf emgdc prfvdchr kdb tèrjhcf hcnbès @dbbfw . jmsfcdrêm dstí gursmkm gfcshkdrmkm, f msê kdodrêm sdr, gfjf gmrrdrmy y Bmdstm kdod sdr jdkhmctd ucm dsgmbm kd ucm dstukhfs gfcfghjhdctfs guyms jmtdrhms sd hjpmrtdc m pmrthr kd nrmkfs, pfr bf qud bfs Gfjpmýdrfs gfc`frjmc bm sdnuckm dtmpm kd dcsdýmczm. Emy qud mýmkhr qud db nrmkf kd Gfjpmýdrf ds gfcsdgudcghm kd uc nrmc dcgmkdcmjhdctf kd dcsdýmczms shjo÷bhgms qud bd sdrvhríc pfstdrhfrjdctd dc su kdvdchr jms÷chgf, tfkms dbbms tdckdctds mb pdr`dgghfcmjhdctf jfrmb, `êshgf d hctdbdgtumb, kd jmcdrm gfcsghdctd y khsgrdtm. Bm ghdcghm qud sd prfgurm hcgubgmr mb Gfjpmýdrf prfpfrghfcmrí mb Edrjmcf qud em bbdnmkf m dstd nrmkf prfgdkdctd kd bm fsgurhkmk kd bms Gfbujcms mbkdb Cfrtd, kd bfssuprhjdrfs kd sdr gfcgdpgh÷c gfctrhouydckf kdsmrrfbbf hctdbdgtf,dbdjdctfs qud thdcd qud bm gbmvd

 

kd bm kd`hchgh÷c jms÷chgm kd qud sfbf bfs Hchghmkfs sfc gmpmgds kd mpbhgmr gfc luhghfs s÷bhkfs bfs gfcfghjhdctfs mkquhrhkfs pmrm pfkdr kdspuès d`dgtumr uc gfcghdczukf mcíbhshs kd sus pdcsmjhdctfs.

Bfs vhmlds kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs m ftrms bfnhms Bm vhshtm kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs dc sfbhtmrhf m ftrms bfnhms kdod sdr mkjhchstrmkm gfc tmgtf y prukdcghm pfr db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd. Dc prhcghphf, y ds cmturmb, db Gfjpmýdrf dstmrí kdsdfsf kd pfkdr hchghmr uc pdrhpbf kd vhshtms m ftrms bfnhms kd kh`drdctds Fodkhdcghms y rhtfs, kd bfs qud emorí fêkf emobmr, d hcgbusf qud m bf jdlfr em vhshtmkf ym dc gfjpmýêm kdb Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd. Db Wdnuckf Jmbbdtd kdodrí dxpbhgmr bms pdgubhmrhkmkds kd bms bfnhms qud bfs Gfjpmýdrfs kdsdmc vhshtmr, pmrm su prdvhm hc`frjmgh÷c, ym qud dstfs kdodc smodr qud kd mbnucm jmcdrm su vhshtm sdrí gfctrmstmkm pfr bm bfnhm vhshtmctd, y ds su kdodr kdlmr mbtf db pmodbb÷c kd su tmbbdr. Db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctddstd kdodrí mbdctmr gfc vhshtms m ftrms bfnhms, kfsh`hgmckf prfgdkhjhdctf gfcprdgmugh÷c db chvdb kdbms gfcfghjhdctfs ‛ shdjprd khvdrsf‛ kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs. Dstm ghrgucstmcghm shdjprd tdckrí qud sdr dxpbhgmkm m bfs jhsjfs dc `ucgh÷c kdb ohdc ndcdrmb y prdsthnhf jms÷chgf kd bm bfnhm. Tcm oudcm prf`hbmxhs hchghmb pfkrêm sdr qud sd hchghmrmc bms vhshtms dc sfbhtmrhf dc db sdcf kd bm jhsjm Fodkhdcghm, y dc prhjdr bunmr m bms bfnhms dc qud sd prmgthqud db jhsjf rhtf. Dstd edgef `mghbhtmrí bm sfbturm kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs dc su cudvf dstmkf. Kd dstm jmcdrm qudkmrí ohdc pmtdctd dc su jdctd db qud gmkm bfnhm ds uc juckf, qud thdcd su prfphf fbfr, mtjfs`drm, pdgubhmrhkmkds kd suGfjf sdnuhjhdctf rhtumb kd su Phnhbmctd mrjfcêm pmrthgubmr. rd`bdxh÷ckdb `hcmb, db yYrhjdr kdodrêm gfcshkdrmr uc tdjm qud, sh sd foldthvm y sd jmkurm, pudkd sdr hctdrdsmctd y odcd`hghfsf pmrm bfs Gfjpmýdrfs y dc kd`hchthvm pmrm bm bfnhm. Wh ym edjfs edgef gfcstmr mctdrhfrjdctd qud sd kdod smodr prfnrmjmr bms vhshtms m ftrms bfnhms, gfc mrrdnbf m su kh`drdctd gmpmghtmgh÷c dc `ucgh÷c kdb thdjpf qud bfs Gfjpmýdrfs bbdvmc dc dstd sdnuckf nrmkf jms÷chgf, sdrêm hctdrdsmctd tmjohèc gfcshkdrmr sh ds odcd`hghfsf pmrm db Gfjpmýdrf vhshtmr shc prdvhm gfcshkdrmgh÷c bfnhms kd ftrms Fodkhdcghms qud prmgthgmc uc rhtumb kh`drdctd. Emy qud tdcdr dc gudctm qud db Gfjpmýdrf dstí dc ucm prfnrdsh÷c hchghíthgm shjo÷bhgm gfcthcum. qud, sdnüc su chvdbkddcqud su sd nrmkf y su pmrthgubmr yprfnrdsh÷c, sd pudkdXkmr bm ghrgucstmcghm gfrrhdrm

 

db rhdsnf kd vdrsd kdsdstmohbhzmkf pfr bms dvhkdctds y cfrjmbds vmrhmghfcds kd bm hcvdrsh÷c ndfnrí`hgm kd F`hghmbds dc bfnhm, kd dxprdshfcds kh`drdcghmkms rhtumbêsthgms, kd rfbds kd bfs khvdrsfs F`hghmbds, d hcgbusf kdb gfbfr kd sus gfbbmrds y jmckhbds. Bm prdnuctm ds< dxhsthdckf tmbbdrds kd ftrms Fodkhdcghms y bfnhms qud prmgthqudc db _DMM, ¶pfr què prdghphtmr bms vhshtms m ftrfs kd kh`drdctds rhtfs6 Ds sfbf ucm rd`bdxh÷c `rutf kd bm dxpdrhdcghm mgujubmkm y kd khvdrsms `mgdtms vhvhkms mb rdspdgtf pfr bms bfnhms. Dstm ghrgucspdggh÷c cf sfbmjdctd vm khrhnhkm mb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd, qud kd oudc sdnurf tdckrí sus fphchfcds mb rdspdgtf, shcf tmjohèc m bfs Edrjmcfs Gfjpmýdrfs, ym qud cf sd trmtm kd uc jdcfsprdghf m sus gfcfghjhdctfs, shcf kd ucm jdkhkm qud pudkd nbfombjdctd m`dgtmrbd pfshthvmjdctd. Xm qud kdod shdjprd tdcdr ohdc gbmrf qud bm jmsfcdrêm thdcd sus tdjpfs, y qud dstfs, bm jmyfrêm kd bms vdgds cf bbdvmc db jhsjf rdbfl qud bfs tdjpfs kdb juckf prf`mcf. Bm b÷nhgm cfs emgd pdcsmr qud dstms vhshtms m bfnhms kd kh`drdctds rhtfs sd kdodc hjpubsmr pfr pmrtd kdb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd m Gfjpmýdrfs qud ym sd dcgudctrmc dc db trmjf `hcmb kd su shcnbmkurm y dstíc prdpmrmkfs pmrm mggdkdr m bm Jmdstrêm.

Bm bhodrtmk hchghíthgm kdb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd Bm jmyfr bhodrtmk sd gfcshnud m trmvès kdb jíxhjf rhnfr.

YMTB PMBD_X

Gmsh dc db puctf `hcmb kd bms gfcshkdrmghfcds dxpudstms, ds db jfjdctf mkdgumkf pmrm dxpfcdr qud cf dxhstd uc jètfkf hc`mbhobd pmrm dbdnhr mb Yrhjdrsus Phnhbmctd, muc gumckf sdm pfr kdghshfcds bfnhm y shnuhdckf rdnbmjdctfs y gfcgurrhdckf jèrhtfs kdy dxpdrhdcghm jms÷chgm pmrm su dbdggh÷c (gfjf dc bm jmyfrêm kd bfs ftrfs F`hghfs). Cf emy, cf dxhstd prfgdkhjhdctf nmrmcthzmkf, pdrf sd pudkd rdgurrhr m bm hjmnhcmgh÷c, hkdms, phstms, frhnhcmbhkmk, y m uc grhtdrhf jms÷chgf omsmkf dc bm dxpdrhdcghm kdb gmckhkmtf y dc su jmcdrm kd sdr dc bm vhkm prf`mcm mgfjfkmkm kdskd db pdr`hb jms÷chgf. Db gmckhkmtf m Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd thdcd mctd sê bm `mgubtmk kd mucmr sus gfcfghjhdctfs jms÷chgfs gfc db dldrghghf kd bm hjprfvhsmgh÷c, bm bhodrtmk kd hccfvmr m jdkhkm kd hr gfcfghdckf bm pdrsfcmbhkmk kd gmkm ucf kd sus mbujcfs, bfs Gfjpmýdrfs. Gumbquhdr jètfkf uthbhzmkf, gfc db odcdpbíghtf kdb Pdcdrmobd

 

Jmdstrf, qud dstmrí kdohkmjdctd hc`frjmkf mb rdspdgtf sdrí oudcf, ym qud dc tfkf jfjdctf tdckdrí m mjfbkmrsd mb `ucghfcmjhdctf kd bms dcsdýmczms mprfphmkms pmrm db mprdckhzmld gfrrdgtf dc ndcdrmb y db mkhdstrmjhdctf pmrthgubmr kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs. Db sdcthkf gfjüc dc db sfbhghtmr bfs trmomlfs kd pbmcgems dc bfs Gfjpmýdrfs, hcghkhdckf dc bm gfjohcmgh÷c kdb trmomlf shjo÷bhgf gfc su pdrsfcmbhkmk, myukmrí kd jmcdrm suthb dc db jdlfrmjhdctf kd dstfs. Wmodr hcgubgmr kd oudc prhcghphf bm dxtdcsh÷c kd bms pbmcgems y db hcdsthjmobd vmbfr kd bm sêctdshs gfrrdgtm, y mb jhsjf thdjpf rd`frzmr gfc phds kd pínhcm rd`drdcghmbds su trmomlf, jmrgmrí kdskd db hchghf bm gfrrdgtm frhdctmgh÷c bfs Gfjpmýdrfs, qud, shc mprdghmrbf, kmríc gfrrdgtf rhnfr m sus trmomlfs jms÷chgfs.

Kdodrds y prfp÷shtfs `hcmbds kdb f`hghf kd Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd [rmtmr kd hcstruhr dc tfkf jfjdctf m bfs Gfjpmýdrfs ucm dcsdýmczm jfrmb `hbfs÷`hgm, rhtumbêsthgm y shjo÷bhgm dc bms vêms kd bfs vmbfrds jms÷chgfs. Yrfphghmr dc tfkf jfjdctf db KHÍBFNF GFCW[_TG[HPF kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs, hctdrvhchdckf dc db jhsjf gfc prukdcghm y thdctf, prfgurmckf qud dstd khíbfnf cf kdgmhnm y qud sdm mgdptmkf y dspdrmkf pfr bfs Gfjpmýdrfs. Xm qud dstm ghrgucstmcghm bds prfphghm kdskd oudc prhcghphf m smodr DWGTGEM_ y smodr EMOBM_ dc db jfjdctf prdghsf, ym qud sh sd dsgugem ucm hkdm qud cf sd gfjpmrtd prhjdrmjdctd sd mshjhbm y sd dcthdckd bm hkdm. Cmkm jís cfghvf ds db qud shc dsgugemr ym sd dstí pdcsmckf bm jmcdrm kd rdomthr bm fphch÷c kdb qud dstí emobmckf. Yrfgurmr qud db rhtumb kdb _DMM pdcdtrd gfc hctdcshkmk dc bm gfcgdpgh÷c jms÷chgm kd bms bmofrds kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs, tmctf dc su gfcfghjhdctf shjo÷bhgf gfjf dc db rhtumbêsthgf dc bfnhm, ym qud bfs Gfjpmýdrfs sfc tmjohèc db dspdlf kd bfs Mprdckhgds kdskd bm fsgurm omcgmkm kd bms Gfbujcms kdb Cfrtd. Yrfgurmr gfc kdbhgmkdzm mpbhgmr ucm cfrjm qud prfpfcd Lfmc5 @rmcgdsg Yfct Gbdjdctd < Wumvhtdr hc `frjm, `frthtdr hc rd. Dstm dxprdsh÷c ohdc dxpbhgmkm kdskd oudc prhcghphf shdctm omsds dxtrmfrkhcmrhms kd gfcgdpgh÷c jms÷chgm. Db hkhfjm hcnbès, m vdgds tmc pmrgf y ohdc kh`drdcghmkf kdb mouckmctd y khvdrsf bèxhgf kdb gmstdbbmcf, thdcd dxprdshfcds gfcghsms mb rdspdgtf< «Ndctbd hc

 

jmccdr, rdsfbutd hc dxdguthfc± (Dbdnmctd dc bms jmcdrms y `udrtd dc bm dldgugh÷c). «Mc hrfc emck hc m vdbvdt nbfvd± (Jmcf kd mgdrf dc tdrghfpdbf).  Db prdshkdctd kd Dstmkfs Tchkfs m prhcghphfs numctd kd tdrghfpdbf).  kdb shnbf UU [edfkfrd _ffsdvdbt ehzf `mjfsm bm `rmsd< «^mba sf`tby, out gmrry m ohn sthga± (Gmjhcmr y mgtumr gfc sumvhkmk, pdrf jmctdcdr obmckhkf uc nrmc omst÷c). Db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd cf pfkrí pdrjhthr vdbdhkmkds m bfs Gfjpmýdrfs. Dstfs kdodríc dc tfkf jfjdctf dctdckdr bfs _dnbmjdctfs tmctf kd bm Fodkhdcghm gfjf kd su Bfnhm y kdskd oudc prhcghphf tdcdrbfs dc jdctd, ym qud kd dstm jmcdrm vdehgubmríc jdlfr bms dcsdýmczms shjo÷bhgmss y rhtumbêsthgm shjo÷bhgm rhtumbêsthgms. s. Db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd ds db nuêm qud prfpfcd bm sdckm, sd trmtm kd prfpfcdr uc sêjhb m bfs Gfjpmýdrfs kd uc vhmld hchghíthgf  rdmb emghm ucm jdtm, qud jmrqud su gmjhcf, qud bf kdbhjhtd, gfc bm dxpbhgmgh÷c kd qud dcgfctrmríc dsgfbbfs dc bm rutm y qud su kdodr ds smodrbfs dsquhvmr y gfcthcumr emghm mkdbmctd. Dc chcnüc jfjdctf db sdnuckf jmbbdtd mgtumrí, sdcghbbmjdctd bds jmrgmrí db gmjhcf m sdnuhr. Db sdcthkf `hcmb ds db kd emodr shkf db nuêm frhdctmkfr qud thdcd gfjf jdtm y prfp÷shtf `mghbhtmr bms phstms y bms gbmvds mkdgumkms pmrm qud bfs Gfjpmýdrfs pudkmc bbdnmr mb bunmr jmrgmkf gfc db omnmld hchghíthgf y rhtumbêsthgf mkdgumkf pmrm pfkdr bbdnmr `rdctd m bms pudrtms qud bds morhríc db gmjhcf m bm Jmdstrêm. Db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd dc tfkf jfjdctf kdod jmrgmr dc bm jdctd kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs db PMBF_ HCGMBGTBMOBD KDB WDC[HKF KDB [_MOMLF. Db jètfkf ds `íghb. Cucgm momckfcmr sus edrrmjhdctms shjo÷bhgms qud bd `udrfc gfcgdkhkms y ftfrnmkms dc sus ghcgf vhmlds dc db jfjdctf kd su Ymsf kd Nrmkf. Wh sd prfgdkd gfc kdsguhkf dc bm hcstruggh÷c y sd pdrjmcdgd fghfsfs, shc kmrcfs gudctm sd rdtrfgdkd m bms thchdobms kd bm hncfrmcghm, jmkrd kd bms jhsdrhms y bfs vhghfs.  

 

WDNTCKF PHNHBMC[D [fkf efjord dxpdrhjdctm db kdsdf kd dvmkhrsd kd bm ds`drm dstrdgem kd su sdr. Kd su dctfrcf  y kd su vhkm, vhkm, kd su dspmghf dspmghf y kd kd su thdjpf thdjpf  y dc dstd sdcthkf, dcgudctrm dcgudctrm bm jmsfcdrêm. jmsfcdrêm.

EDC_H [F_[ CFTNEÈW

Lfym Ds bm pbfjmkm y shnch`hgm rdgthtuk . Wdnüc bm _MD, bm pbfjmkm ds uc hcstrujdctf gfjpudstf pfr ucm pdsm ghbêckrhgm f g÷chgm kd jdtmb qud sd suldtm mb dxtrdjf kd ucm gudrkm pmrm qud èstm, tdcsmkm pfr bm `udrzm kd bm nrmvdkmk, sdýmbd bm bêcdm vdrthgmb. Gfjf sd em khgef mctdrhfrjdctd shjofbhzm _dgthtuk, qud kdod rdspbmckdgdr dc tfkfs bfs mgtfs y luhghfs kd uc oudc jms÷c y rdprdsdctm tmjohèc bm Lusthghm y bm Dquhkmk. Ds bmnuhmkf rdprdsdctmgh÷c kd bm gfckugtm kdb jms÷c qud dstmr shdjprd pfr db shjofbhsjf kd bm pbfjmkm, kdqud dstmthdcd jmcdrm sdrí shdjprd rdgtf, lustf, ofckmkfsf, jfkdrmkf, smohf y dstmrí shdjprd mpdnmkf mb prhcghphf kd bm vdrkmk. Msê gfjf bm pbfjmkm em myukmkf m bfs mbomýhbds m bf bmrnf kd bm ehstfrhm m dbdvmr sus dkh`hgmghfcds gfc jmyfr prdghsh÷c, msê bfs jmsfcds kdodjfs nuhmrcfs pmrm qud dstd sêjofbf qud tdcdjfs dc bfnhm cfs gfc`hdrm ucm `udrtd gmrnm kd rdspfcsmohbhkmk, dspdghmbjdctd dc quhdc dstí hcvdsthkf kdb f`hghf kd Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd. Jmgady dc bm Dcghgbfpdkhm kd bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm, dxprdsm bf shnuhdctd< «Bm pdrpdckhgubmr dc db sdcthkf ndfjètrhgf shnch`hgm bf qud ds vdrthgmby yshjo÷bhgf, kdrdgef, trmcsjhtd shc hcgbhcmrsd m ucf u ftrf Dc @frtmbdzm, db sdcthkf `hnurmthvf bm shnch`hgmgh÷c kd bmkf. Lusthghm, Yrukdcghm y [djpbmczm. Bm Lusthghm, qud cf sd hcgbhcm m ftrf bmkf shcf mb kd bm Pdrkmk1 bm @frtmbdzm, qud cf gdkd mctd chcnüc mtmqud mkvdrsf1 bm Yrukdcghm, qud shdjprd prfshnud pfr bm sdckm rdgtm kd bm hctdnrhkmk1 bm [djpbmczm, qud cf sd kdsvêm pfr db mpdthtf kd bms pmshfcds±.

Tohgmgh÷c ndfnrí`hgm dc bfnhm Db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd dc bfnhm dstí shtumkf ndfnrí`hgmjdctd dc bm jhtmk kd bm Gfbujcm kd Jdkhfkêm, gfctrfbmckf pdr`dgtmjdctd bm Gfbujcm kdb Cfrtd dc kfckd sd embbmc gfbfgmkfs bfs Mprdckhgds.

 

Gfjf tdrgdr jmbbdtd, dstí shtumkf dc uc bunmr pdr`dgtf pmrm db kfjhchf kd bm zfcm kdb Wdptdctrh÷c, gfjpfchdckf ucm trhmcnubmgh÷c pdr`dgtm gfc db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf y db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd.

Mprfxhjmgh÷c ehst÷rhgm Bm dxhstdcghm kd Phnhbmctds dc bfnhm prfvhdcd kd bm   jmsfcdrêm fpdrmthvm. Dc bfs tmbbdrds qud dstmomc mb bmkf kd bms nrmckds gfcstrugghfcds kd gmtdkrmbds y jfcmstdrhfs, dc kfckd sd numrkmomc bfs hcstrujdctfs kd mrquhtdgturm y bfs kdjís mkjhcêgubfs tègchgfs, tmjohèc dstmomc uohgmkfs bfs Jmdstrfs qud tdcêmc m su gmrnf bms tmrdms kd supdrvhsmr y kd khrhnhr db trmomlf kd bfs Mprdckhgds y Gfjpmýdrfs. Wu tmrdm prhcghpmb drm bm kd, mpmrtd kdb trmomlf cfrjmb kd bm gfcstruggh÷c, smodr hjouhr y trmcsjhthr bfs gfcfghjhdctfs kdb F`hghf m dstfs fpdrmrhfs. Dc bm Dkmk Jdkhm, bfs tmbbdrds mkymgdctds m bms nrmckds bfnhms. Yrdghsmjdctd efy dc kêm muc sd gfcstrugghfcds sd kd kdcfjhcmomc pudkd vhshtmr ucm dstms bfnhms, bm kd bm gmtdkrmb kd Dstrmsournf. Dc dstms bfnhms, mkdjís kd numrkmrsd bms edrrmjhdctms kdb F`hghf, bfs Jmdstrfs dcgmrnmkfs kd bms forms khsdýmomc bfs pbmcfs, y pfr ftrm pmrtd bfs rdghctfs sdrvêmc pmrm mbhjdctmrsd bfs fordrfs, kdsgmcsmr y numrkmr sus pdrtdcdcghms. Fovhf ds kdghr qud tmjohèc bfs Jmdstrfs hjpmrtêmc dc mqudb bunmr bms ÷rkdcds kd trmomlf y bms dcsdýmczms fpfrtucms kd gfcstruggh÷c. Bfs jmsfcds kd mqudbbm èpfgm drmc kdcfjhcmkfs m pmrthr kd =74= @rdd Wtfcd Jmsfcs, y tdcêmc bm gfcshkdrmgh÷c kd efjords bhords, bf qud shnch`hgmom qud cf drmc shdrvfs ch dsgbmvfs y qud cf kdpdckêmc dc mosfbutf kd uc sdýfr `dukmb f dgbdshísthgf, ch kdmucm gf`rmkêm f nuhbkm qud ndcdrmbjdctd pdrtdcdgêmc bm msfghmgh÷c, vhbbm. Dbbfs kdpdckêmc sfbf y dxgbushvmjdctd kd bm bfnhm. Dc mqudbbm èpfgm sd khsthcnuêmc kfs gbmsds kd f`hghfs< bfs F`hghfs _dnbmkfs y bfs F`hghfs Lurmkfs. Ymrm dldrgdr bfs prhjdrfs drm cdgdsmrhf sfjdtdrsd m ucm rdnbmjdctmgh÷c dstmobdghkm dc pbmzm pfr bm mutfrhkmk püobhgm kd bm vhbbm. Dc gmjohf, bfs F`hghfs Lurmkfs drmc jugef jís mut÷cfjfs, y bm mkjhsh÷c m dstfs f`hghfs dstmom shdjprd sfjdthkm m uc lurmjdctf f prfjdsm. X bfs `rmcgjmsfcds kd bm èpfgm `frjmomc pmrtd kd dstfs f`hghfs, prdstmckf lurmjdctf m su msfghmgh÷c.

Kfgujdctmgh÷c mb rdspdgtf kdb F`hghf

 

Dxhstd kfgujdctmgh÷c hctdrdsmctd y prdghsm mgdrgm kd bms cfrjms y usfs kdb F`hghf qud ds hctdrdsmctd gfcsubtmr y gfcfgdr, cf sfbf pfr pmrtd kd bfs Mprdckhgds, shcf pfr tfkfs bfs `rmcgjmsfcds y tmjohèc bfs hctdrdsmkfs dc bm ehstfrhm kd bm jmsfcdrêm fpdrmthvm qud prdgdkh÷ m bm jmsfcdrêm dspdgubmthvm kd cudstrfs kêms. Jmcusgrhtf _dnhus hc`frjmgh÷c Bm gfcsubtmhctdrdsmctd kd bfs shnuhdctds y gfjpbdtm jmcusgrhtfs mb rdspdgtf< mpfrtmrí mb bdgtfr ucm 8 (=789), Jmcusgrhtf Gffa  (=;=9)  (=;=9) y bfs Dstmtutfs kd _mthsofcm (=;48).

_fb kdb Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd Db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd, gfjf gfjpfcdctd kd bms [rds Bugds kd bm Bfnhm, thdcd db kdodr kd mshsthr mb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf pmrm bm tfjm kd kdghshfcds rdbmthvms m bm vhkm kdb [mbbdr. Hckdpdckhdctdjdctd kd dstm `ucgh÷c thdcd uc kfobd pmpdb f rfb, ym qud kdod mshsthr mb prdshkdctd kd bm bfnhm pmrm bm mpdrturm y ghdrrd kd [rmomlfs, gfjf bf emgd mshjhsjf db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd. [mjohèc nrmvhtm dc èb db gmrnf kd bm `frjmgh÷c kd bfs Mprdckhgds y dstm ds bm jís hctdrdsmctd y gmrnmkm kd rdspfcsmohbhkmk kd tfkfs bfs F`hghmbds kd bm Bfnhm. Dstd rfb kd dcsdýmczm ds suostmcghmbjdctd juy hjpfrtmctd ym qud thdcd qud gfjdczmr gfc bm dkugmgh÷c shjo÷bhgm kd bfs rdghèc hchghmkfs kd jmcdrm fpfrtucm pmrm qud bds vmym dctrmckf pfgf m pfgf, pdrf gfc `hrjdzm, bm shjofbfnêm jms÷chgm kd Yrhjdr Nrmkf. Bm prdpmrmgh÷c sd thdcd qud kdsmrrfbbmr m bf bmrnf kdb gursf jms÷chgf, tdchdckf dc gudctm qud db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd sd pudkd dcgfctrmr gfc vmrhfs Mprdckhgds gfc khsthctfs chvdbds kd prdpmrmgh÷c, y dstd kdod trmtmr kd gfjpmnhcmr dsm ghrgucstmcghm. Bm kurmgh÷c kd dstms rduchfcds thdcd qud prfnrmjmrsd gfc dctrd ucm y kfs efrms kd gfctdchkf, y sd kdod ousgmr dc tfkf jfjdctf bm mtdcgh÷c kd bfs Mprdckhgds jdkhmctd dxpbhgmghfcds gfc mjdchkmk y trmcsvdrsmbhkmk pbmnmkm kd dldjpbfs prígthgfs pmrm `mghbhtmr mkdgumkmjdctd su gfjprdcsh÷c. Db bunmr pudkd sdr bm Wmbm Eüjdkm, mucqud tmjohèc sd pudkdc d`dgtumr bms gbmsds dc db hctdrhfr kdb tdjpbf pmrm `mghbhtmr bm mshjhbmgh÷c shjo÷bhgm dc db bunmr dc kfckd dstíc shtumkfs bfs dbdjdctfs m dstukhmr. Db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd prdpmrmrí gfc mctdrhfrhkmk db tdjm, y tmjohèc pudkd mgfcsdlmr m bfs Mprdckhgds qud emnmc bf jhsjf kdskd su pdrspdgthvm, ym qud kd dstm jmcdrm db gfctrmstd `hcmb, m`hcmkf pfr bms prdghshfcds kdb prf`dsfr, pudkd sdr jís pfshthvf pmrm bfs mbujcfs.

 

Bms prdnuctms kd bfs Mprdckhgds kdodc tdcdr shdjprd rdspudstm. Db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd kdod dc tfkf jfjdctf `fjdctmr y mbdctmr bm gurhfshkmk y db sdcthkf kd hcvdsthnmgh÷c kd bfs Mprdckhgds. Dc rdmbhkmk sd thdcd qud ousgmr db jètfkf pmrm qud bms prdnuctms orftdc, y lmjís ds mgfcsdlmobd db drrfr qud m vdgds sd gfjdtd kd qud gumckf uc Mprdckhz kdb thpf< «Dstf pbmctdmdsucm uc gudsth÷c tdjm qud f prdnuctm cf ds kdsdtubdnrmkf, rdspfckd dspdrm gfc y`rmsds jís mkdbmctd sd td rdspfckdrí±. Dc dstd gmsf sd kdod suthbjdctd rdkhrhnhr bm gudsth÷c m chvdb susgdpthobd kd gfjprdcsh÷c kdb Mprdckhz. Tcm kd bms `ucghfcds prhcghpmbds kd bm dcsdýmczm kd Yrhjdr Nrmkf ds smodr hcgubgmr m bfs Mprdckhgds bm gfckhgh÷c kdb shbdcghf  dc bfnhm qud kdodc jmctdcdr, pmrm mprfvdgemrbf prdghsmjdctd dc vdr y fosdrvmr kdtdchkmjdctd tfkf db trmcsgursf kdb rhtumb, y mb jhsjf thdjpf db jdgmchsjf kd bm tfjm kd bm Ymbmorm pfr bfs Gfjpmýdrfs y Jmdstrfs. Ds ucf kd bfs foldthvfs kdb Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd pmrm dcsdýmr m bfs Mprdckhgds db cfobd f`hghf kd mprdckdr m dsgugemr dc shbdcghf. Kurmctd bms sdshfcds kd mprdckhzmld sd kdod hcghkhr gfcstmctdjdctd dc bm dctrmkm y smbhkm kdb tdjpbf kd bm jmcdrm gfrrdgtm. Tc jètfkf d`dgthvf ds dc gmkm ucm kd bms sdshfcds prmgthgmr shc `mbtm dstd dldrghghf qud mb `hcmb kdb gursf qudkmrí ohdc `hlmkf y mprdckhkf pfr bfs Mprdckhgds. [mjohèc ds fpfrtucf dcsdýmrbds m jmrgemr pfr db tdjpbf dsgumkrmckf ohdc y gfc `mghbhkmk.

Bm ghrgubmgh÷c pfr db tdjpbf Dc bfs tdjpbfs kdb _DMM, bm ghrgubmgh÷c f kdmjoubmgh÷c cmturmb kd bfs Edrjmcfs ds rdbfl kdxfgèctrhgm, ds kdghr, gfrrdspfckd mb jfvhjhdctf kd bms mnulms kdb kd hzquhdrkm m kdrdgem. Bm hctdrprdtmgh÷c jís ndcdrmbhzmkm ds qud db Hchghmkf, dc su oüsqudkm kd bm Buz, pmrtd kd Fgghkdctd (kd bm rdmbhkmk prf`mcm), gfcthcüm pfr db Wdptdctrh÷c (rmz÷c purm) y sd khrhnd mb Frhdctd (rdmbhkmk suoldthvm y gfcsghdctd), pmsmckf pfstdrhfrjdctd pfr db Wur emghm Fgghkdctd kd cudvf (juckf kd bm rdmbhkmk prf`mcm). Dxhstd ucm dxgdpgh÷c qud dc db _DMM sd frhnhcm mb prhcghphf kd bfs [rmomlfs, gumckf bfs Phnhbmctds rdgfrrdc db [djpbf pmrm msdnurmrsd kd qud tfkfs bfs mshstdctds sfc jmsfcds, bf gumb emgdc dc mjofs sdcthkfs, gfjdczmckf gmkm ucf kdskd bm omsd kd su gfbujcm y gruzíckfsd kdspuès dc db [mjohèc vmrêm sustmcghmbjdctd dc bms Gdrdjfchms Jmncms kdFrhdctd. Hchghmgh÷c.

 

Bm dcsdýmczm kd bm pfshgh÷c sdctmkm dc bfnhm kd bfs Mprdckhgds Db _htf Dsgfgès Mcthnuf y Mgdptmkf ds omstmctd dstrhgtf dc bms `frjms kd pdrjmcdcghm kd bfs jhdjorfs kd bm bfnhm y su gfrrdgtm pfshgh÷c kd mtdcgh÷c, bf qud prfeêod m tfkf db juckf pmrthghpmctd dc ucm tdchkm mkfptmr pfshghfcds kd gfjfkhkmk `udrm kd bunmr, gfjf pudkm sdr db gruzmr bms phdrcms f kdsgmcsmr bfs ormzfs mbrdkdkfr kdb omcgf. Dxhstd ucm pfshgh÷c kdcfjhcmkm pfshgh÷c kdb `mrm÷c sdctmkf, qud ds bm kdsgrhpgh÷c pdr`dgtm pmrm kdsgrhohr bm oudcm pfshgh÷c m mkfptmr dc tdchkm, y ds bm kd pdrjmcdgdr sdctmkf, ohdc kdrdgef kd dspmbkm, phds y rfkhbbms luctfs shc tdcsh÷c y gfc bms pmbjms kd bms jmcfs sford bms rfkhbbms. Mucqud pudkm pmrdgdr ucm pfshgh÷c hcg÷jfkm, gumckf sd thdcd bm gfstujord kd mkfptmrbm, ds pdr`dgtm d hcgbusf pdrjhtd rdbmlmgh÷c kdctrf kd bm mtdcgh÷c kdohkm mb trmcsgursf kd bm tdchkm.

Jmcdrm kd vdsthr dc db _htf Dsgfgès Mcthnuf y Mgdptmkf Bfs jmsfcds sfc rdgfcfghkfs y kdcfjhcmkfs Ehlfs kd bm Phukm, y bm vhukm ds bm dspfsm kdb Jmdstrf Ehrmj `mbbdghkf y dstm gudsth÷c cfs bbdvm m vdsthjdctm kd kudbf, qud pfr cfrjm ndcdrmb ds kd gfbfr cdnrf. Yfr bf tmctf, ds gfcvdchdctd vdsthr trmld cdnrf y gmjhsm obmcgm gfc gfromtm cdnrm bfs efjords y bms juldrds pmctmbfcds f `mbkm cdnrm gfc obusm cdnrm f obmcgm. Dc fgmshfcds kd jugef gmbfr dc vdrmcf tmctf bfs efjords gfjf bms juldrds pudkdc vdsthr dcghjm kd bm rfpm kd vdrmcf obusms cdnrms, shtumgh÷c dxgdpghfcmb pdrf g÷jfkm, juy dspdghmbjdctd hckhgmkm sh db tdjpbf cf khspfcd kd mhrd mgfckhghfcmkf.

Whjofbfnêm y rhtumbêsthgm m dstukhmr pfr bfs Mprdckhgds Bms jmtdrhms m mprdckdr pfr pmrtd kd bfs Mprdckhgds sfc vmrhmkms d hctdrdsmctds pmrm su `frjmgh÷c. Kd edgef, bm gfrrdgtm mshjhbmgh÷c kd bms dcsdýmczms qud bds hjpmrthrí db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd gfc`frjmrí bfs sfpfrtds fpfrtucfs kd bm gfcstruggh÷c kd su dkh`hghf jms÷chgf pdrsfcmb, qud pfstdrhfrjdctd mýmkhkfs bfs kd Gfjpmýdrf, sdrvhríc mb Hchghmkf pmrm gfcvdrthrsd dc Jmdstrf Jms÷c. Dstm pmrthgubmrhkmk ds juy hjpfrtmctd, ym qudrhtumbêsthgm kdb ds`udrzf y kd bm gfrrdgtm tmctf shjo÷bhgm gfjf kdpdckdrí dc nrmc gfjprdcsh÷c jmcdrm su

 

pfstdrhfr gmrrdrm jms÷chgm. Dc dstd nrmkf, db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd hcghkhrí dc emgdr gfjprdcshobd m bfs Mprdckhgds bm shjofbfnêm kd su Gdrdjfchm kd Hchghmgh÷c kdspuès kd pmsmkm, gfc tfkfs bfs dbdjdctfs qud dbbm gfjpfrtm< Gíjmrm kd _d`bdxh÷c y sus sêjofbfs, Phmlds, PH[_HFB, db Dspdlf, db Hcghdcsf, bm sêjofbfskdbkdb Odohkm Fbvhkf, [djpbf, db Mnum, db Wfb, db Mhrd, bm Bucm, db @udnf, bms Gfbujcms, bm Yrfjdsm, db Ymvhjdctf bm Buz, bfs Jfsmhgf, bfs trds phbmrds kd bm Wmohkurêm, @udrzm y Odbbdzm, db Kdbtm Bujhcfsf, bm Gmkdcm kd Tch÷c… dc `hc, uc nrmc gfcnbfjdrmkf kd gfcfghjhdctfs qud hríc mshjhbmckf kurmctd bms sdshfcds kd mprdckhzmld.  

 

F_MKF_ Lfym Ofrkmkm mb `hcmb kdb gfbbmr kdbdcFrmkfr f suspdckhkm kdb jhsjf, bm lfym kd jdtmb kfrmkf db _DMM mgfstujorm ym gfbnmkm prdsdctmrsd kd kfs jmcdrms kh`drdctds, mucqud prdkfjhcm bm `hnurm kd uc bhorf mohdrtf gfc bm pmbmorm BDU  (Bdy).  (Bdy). Whc djomrnf, dc mbnucms bfnhms bm lfym rdprdsdctm bm `hnurm kd uc sfb rmkhmctd. Dstd mrnujdctf shjo÷bhgf dstí mvmbmkf pfr bm hjmndc kdb mstrf rdy, sêjofbf jms÷chgf m bm vdz `drthbhzmctd y kdstrugtfr. Mucqud pfgf uthbhzmkm, dstm sdnuckm fpgh÷c ds bm qud kdsgrhod gfc jmyfr chthkdz djobdjíthgm pmrtds dsdcghmbds kd bm bmofr kdb Frmkfr. Dc prhjdr bunmr, db Frmkfr sdctmkf dc db Frhdctd y kdtrís kd bm hjmndc kdb Wfb, mgbmrm nrmghms m sus gfcfghjhdctfs mkquhrhkfs pfr su dc Bfnhm. [mjohèc, dxpdrhdcghm, bms jmtdrhms jdrgdk kd bm m bms Bdyfobhnmghfcds Jms÷chgm, kdkdbm su qudgmrnf ds kdpfshtmrhf kd mutfrbdgtfr kd  pbmcgems  ghrgucstmcghmbds, bds km vmbfr y orhbbf. Yfr übthjf, pfr bms mtrhoughfcds kd su F`hghf, pudkd sdr gfjpmrmkf gfc db Wfb kd =9  Lusthghm.

Bunmr kdb Frmkfr dc bfnhm Db Frmkfr fgupm su bunmr dc db Frhdctd m bm hzquhdrkm kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf. Dc su jdsm dstmríc shdjprd bfs bhorfs kd bm Gfcsthtugh÷c y _dnbmjdctfs kd bm Fodkhdcghm y db kd bfs rdnbmjdctfs hctdrcfs kd bm bfnhm, gfc db `hc kd tdcdrbfs shdjprd m jmcf pmrm su gfcsubtm. Db Frmkfr, kurmctd db trmcsgursf kd bm tdchkm kd Yrhjdr Nrmkf, sfbf momckfcmrí pfr kfs ghrgucstmcghms su shthmb< Wh ds bbmjmkf pfr db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf m gfcsubtm pfr mbnucm shtumgh÷c dspdghmb f pmrm db dsgbmrdghjhdctf kd mbnucm vftmgh÷c sdgrdtm. Dc db jfjdctf kd gdkdr su bunmr m uc Jmdstrf pmrm bm bdgturm kd ucm pbmcgem. Dc dstm fgmsh÷c, db Frmkfr sd sdctmrí m bm kdrdgem kd dstd Edrjmcf kurmctd bm bdgturm y db kdomtd pfstdrhfr m dstm. Tcm vdz tdrjhcmkm dstm bmofr, vudbvd m su bunmr.

Tcm mprfxhjmgh÷c dthjfb÷nhgm d ehst÷rhgm

   

Dthjfb÷nhgmjdctd bm pmbmorm «Frmkfr± prfgdkd kdb bmtêc frmtfr , qud ds `rutf kd bm mcdxh÷c kd kfs gfjpfcdctds kd khgem bdcnum< db vdrof frmrd, f emobmr püobhgmjdctd y db su`hlf -kfr , uthbhzmkf pmrm hckhgmr mndctd kd trmcsjhsh÷c. Dc db juckf prf`mcf sd thdckd m gmrmgtdrhzmr dstd tèrjhcf pmrm frmtfrhm y kd bm kdshncmr m, ds ucmkdghr, pdrsfcm db mrtd kd bmbmgmpmghkmk qud qud dctrdkfjhcd sus kftds pfsdm dbfgudcghm

gfcjfvdr f pdrsumkhr m ucm mukhdcghm. Ftrm pmrthgubmrhkmk f mtrhoutf cdgdsmrhf gfjf gumbhkmk hctdbdgtumb ds pfsddr oudcm jdjfrhm, sdr hjmnhcmthvf, pdrjdmobd y sdcshobd m bms fphchfcds kd bfs kdjís y dstmr kftmkf kd hchghmthvm, gfc mbtms kfshs kd oudcm vfgmbhzmgh÷c. Bm gfclunmgh÷c kd bms djfghfcds, bm gfjuchgmgh÷c y bm vfz sfc dsdcghmbds. Dc bf rd`drdctd m gmrmgtdrêsthgms jfrmbds sd gfcshkdrmc prdghsms y gfcgurrdctds bm shcgdrhkmk, bm efcrmkdz y bm bdmbtmk. Tcm gmrmgtdrêsthgm dsdcghmb kdb frmkfr ds gfcsdnuhr qud, jdkhmctd su mbfgugh÷c, quhdc bd dsgugem pdrghom y mshjhbd kfs gfcgdptfs< mbnf dc bm jdctd (ucm hkdm) y ucm gehspm dc db gfrmz÷c (ucm djfgh÷c). Db mrtd kd bm frmtfrhm cmgh÷ dc Whghbhm y sd kdsmrrfbb÷ `uckmjdctmbjdctd dc Nrdghm, dc kfckd drm gfcshkdrmkm gfjf uc hcstrujdctf pmrm mbgmczmr prdsthnhf y pfkdr pfbêthgf. W÷grmtds grd÷ ucm `mjfsm dsgudbm kd frmtfrhm dc Mtdcms, qud mtdsfrmom uc gfcgdptf muc jís mjpbhf y pmtrh÷thgf kd bm jhsh÷c kdb frmkfr, ym qud kdoêm sdr uc efjord hcstruhkf y jfvhkf pfr mbtfs hkdmbds èthgfs m `hc kd nmrmcthzmr db prfnrdsf kdb dstmkf. Kd dstm mgmkdjhm surnhdrfc bfs bfn÷nrm`fs kdb nrhdnf mcthnuf αζηζηύ΢πζϏ qud drmc bfs dcgmrnmkfs kd dbmofrmr y rdkmgtmr bfs khsgursfs pmrm bfs trhoucmbds. Kd Nrdghm bm frmtfrhm pms÷ m bm _dpüobhgm rfjmcm, shdckf sus jíxhjfs dxpfcdctds Jmrgf [ubhf Ghgdr÷c y Jmrgf @mohf ]uhcthbhmcf, guyfs kfgd bhorfs kd Kd hcsthtuthfcd frmtfrhm sfc su form gujord.

Bm khnch`hgmgh÷c ehst÷rhgm kdb Frmkfr pfr db Gmombbdrf _mjsmy Db Gmombbdrf _mjsmy `ud ucf kd bfs prftmnfchstms hctdbdgtumbds qud jís myuk÷ m bm kh`ush÷c kd bm jmsfcdrêm dc @rmcghm kurmctd db shnbf UPHHH, fotdchdckf ucm nrmc gdbdorhkmk pfr su khsgursf, prfcucghmkf dc =>70 dc bm Bfnhm kd Wmhct [efjms C¼ = kd Ymrês, prhjdrm Bfnhm `uckmkm dc @rmcghm dc =>?4 pfr cfobds hcnbdsds, shdckf db jhsjf qud prfcucgh÷, gfc bdvds gmjohfs, dc =>7> mctd bm msmjobdm kd bm Frkdc `rmcgdsm. Db «Khsgursf kd _mjsmy± pusf kd jmch`hdstf db dspêrhtu qud

 

mbhjdctmom db pdcsmjhdctf kd mqudbbfs efjords mrrmhnmkfs tfkmvêm dc bm gubturm kdb _dcmghjhdctf, y qud ndstmrfc bm jmsfcdrêm mgtumb, gfc su dsgmbm kd nrmkfs. _mjsmy, su `hnurm y su trmomlf jms÷chgf, dvhkdcghmc db cdxf vhshobd qud dxhstd dctrd bm jmsfcdrêm dsgfgdsm y bm `rmcgdsm, shdckf prdghsmjdctd dc @rmcghm kfckd mpmrdgh÷ db kdcfjhcmkf _htf kd Ydr`dggh÷c kd ?4 ynrmkfs, qud pmsmrêmkddctfkfs =59= bfs dc @hbmkdb`hm m gfcvdrthrsd dc db mgtumb jís prmgthgmkf _htfs, db Dsgfgès Mcthnuf y Mgdptmkf kd 77 nrmkfs. Cf ds gmsumb, puds, qud mbnucfs emymc grdêkf vdr lustmjdctd dc dstfs khsgursfs db frhndc jhsjf kd bfs Mbtfs Nrmkfs, mucqud bf jís hjpfrtmctd ds vdr dc dstms khsdrtmghfcds kdb Gmombbdrf _mjsmy db vêcgubf gfc ucm gmkdcm kd pdcsmjhdctf dsftèrhgf hchctdrrujphkf gfcvdrnhdckf dc bm shjo÷bhgm kd bm jmsfcdrêm. Wd trmtm kd kfs khsgursfs kfckd sd rdbmtm tmctf db frhndc jêthgf y bdndckmrhf kd bm [rmkhgh÷c Edrjèthgm y bm Ghdcghm Wmnrmkm gfjf su dxprdsh÷c dc db thdjpf y bms vhghshtukds ehst÷rhgms pfr bms qud èstm em tdchkf qud pmsmr. Ds puds db prhjdr dldjpbf kd bms tmrdms prfphms kdb Frmkfr qud khnch`hgm db F`hghf. Gfjf tmb, rdsujd y gfckdcsm db jdcsmld m bfs rdghèc bbdnmkfs y bds prfpfcd uc dsofzf kd mggh÷c, jfrmb y vhrtufsf, rdquhrhèckfbds db gfjprfjhsf m trmvès kdb dstukhf kd bfs sêjofbfs y bfs hcvhtm m bm oüsqudkm shcgdrm kd bfs gfcfghjhdctfs gfjf db Eujmchsjf y db Tchvdrsmbhsjf.

Bm `ucgh÷c mpmrdctd kdb Frmkfr dc bfnhm Db Frmkfr fstdctm ucm `ucgh÷c juy prdghsm gfc kdtdrjhcmkms hctdrvdcghfcds kurmctd bms tdchkms juy ohdc kdbhjhtmkms pfr db rhtf y db rhtumb. Dcgmrcm shcdcprfcucghmr pmbmorm gfc kd su sfbm prdsdcghm db Frhdctd kd ybmmggh÷c, bfnhm,sdcghbbmjdctd ucm shjo÷bhgm trmsgdckdcghm y gfjprfjhsf. Db Frmkfr ds db Numrkhíc kd bm Bdy kd bm Fodkhdcghm, kdb g÷khnf kd bm vhkm kdb tmbbdr y kdb rhtf. Wu f`hghf pudkd sdr sughctmjdctd kdsgrhtf kdbhjhtmckf sus `ucghfcds< bddr bm Gfcsthtugh÷c, bms ghrgubmrds y kdtdrjhcmkfs mcucghfs qud djmcdc kd bm Fodkhdcghm. [mjohèc bd mtmýd bm bmofr kd prfcucghmrsd m rdqudrhjhdctf kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf sford bm mkfpgh÷c kdb trmzmkf f mgtm kd bms tdchkms, msê gfjf dc kdtdrjhcmkms fgmshfcds, db rdgfrkmr m bm bfnhm db rdnbmjdctf kd dstm, kd bm Fodkhdcghm y db rhtumb kd nrmkf. Kd hnumb y`frjm, prfcucghmr dc su jfjdctf bfs khsgursfs kd ohdcvdchkm rdgfrkmr m bfs Edrjmcfs rdghèc bbdnmkfs sus cudvms

   

tmrdms, mshjhsjf bms mkjfchghfcds dc bfs Ymsds kd Nrmkf y Dxmbtmghfcds. Dxmbtmghfcd s. Wu rfb dc tmctf qud tmb dc ucm tdchkm frkhcmrhm sd rdkugd m uc pfgf kd bdgturm, m kdtdrjhcmkms mprdghmghfcds sford bm rdnubmrhkmk kd mbnucm kdghsh÷c y sford bm mgdptmgh÷c f rdgemzf kd bm jhsjm. Msê puds, dstd f`hghf gfctdjpbmkf supdr`hghmbjdctd pudkd pmrdgdr jís ohdcshc khsgrdtf dc gfjpmrmgh÷c db kd Pdcdrmobd f db kd bfs Phnhbmctds, djomrnf, bm gfcgdpgh÷cgfc shjo÷bhgm kd dstd gmrnf dctrmým jugems y suthbds vêms mkhghfcmbds, qud trmtmrdjfs kd dxpfcdr sughctm y dxpbêghtmjdctd pmrm su gfrrdgtm gfjprdcsh÷c y dldgugh÷c jís mkdbmctd. Dc db dldrghghf kdb  Mrtd, db sdcthkf kd bm bdy ds cdgdsmrhf cf bbdnmr m `frzmrbf dc dxgdsf pmrm dvhtmr bms vêms kd bms prígthgms fgubtms f sdcghbbmjdctd pfbêthgms, bm vêm hctdrjdkhm cfs nuêm shdjprd dc bm rmzfcmobd y vdrkmkdrm jdkhkm. Dc db rdgfrrhkf kd bm gfrrdggh÷c y kd bm smohkurêm hchghíthgm, gfc bm vhsh÷c kdb jms÷c dc phd y m bm frkdc, dc bm dxmgtm jdkhkm dctrd db Ghdbf y bm [hdrrm, bm `ucgh÷c kdb Frmkfr dc su rfb kd mkjhchstrmgh÷c kd bm Gfcsthtugh÷c, prhcghphfs, `hcmbhkmkds y vmbfrds ds hckhspdcsmobd. Gfjf mkmbhk y nuêm cf kd rdprdsdctmctd kd uc gmtdghsjf f kfnjm, su tmrdm kdod gfcshsthr dc db dldrghghf kd rdprdsdctmr dc su f`hghf, bm hcvhtmgh÷c mrjfchfsm dctrd db dspêrhtu y db gfjprfjhsf ndcdrmb kd bm bfnhm. Bm rdspfcsmohbhkmk hchghíthgm kd dstd gmrnf gfcbbdvm mb smohf y khsgrdtf usf kd smodr bddr dc db gfrmz÷c kd sus Edrjmcfs y pfkdr gfjuchgmrbds db bmzf hcvhshobd kd bm m`mohbhkmk y bm bdmbtmk. Db Frmkfr, shtumkf dc Frhdctd m bm kdrdgem kdb Pdcdrmobd, tdchdckf kdtrís suyf db Wfb, prdsdrvm hchghíthgmjdctd bm  pmbmorm dsgrhtm  kdb Wdgrdtmrhf y bm  pmbmorm qud bhodrm bm pmbmorm kd bms gfbujcms jdrgdk mb Pdcdrmobd, dc su pmpdb jfkdrmkfr kd bfs bêjhtds mgdptmobds y mgdptmkfs kd bm oüsqudkm hchghíthgm kd bm Bmtfjhm. Ds db pfrtmvfz kd bm Bfnhm kdctrf kd bfs pmríjdtrfs kd bfs mgudrkfs mrj÷chgfs kd bm bdnmbhkmk jms÷chgm.

Db Frmkfr, numrkhíc kd bm purdzm kdb Mrtd _dmb Bms bfnhms jms÷chgms sfc bhords y sfodrmcms. Dc tdfrêm gudctmc gfc ucm Ymtdctd pmrm db bhord dldrghghf y prígthgm kd uc _htf, gfc bm hckdpdckhdctd khspfshgh÷c kd sus rduchfcds y tdchkms, shc chcnucm gfrtmphsm dxprdsm mb rdspdgtf. Jdrgdk m bms khspfshghfcds kd sus rdnbmjdctfs hctdrcfs, pudkd mgfjfkmr db mgdptmr y rdgemzmr bhord y gfbdnhmkmjdctd m sus yvhshtmctds, mosfbutm mutfcfjêm, hchghmr m quhdc dsthjd fpfrtucf trmcsjhthr ybfsdctrds prhjdrfs nrmkfs shjo÷bhgfs

 

dc bm `frjm y jdkhkm qud grdm jís mkdgumkm. Kurmctd db shnbf UPHHH `bfrdgdc bms Fodkhdcghms, qud hchghmbjdctd drmc shjpbds fckms kd trmcsjhsh÷c kd bms bfnhms, y sd hcstmurm suthbjdctd uc gfcgdptf drr÷cdf, jms÷chgmjdctd emobmckf, kd Yftdcghms  qud drfshfcm y bhjhtm dc odcd`hghf prfphf bm mutfrhkmk y db pfkdr bfs tmbbdrds.pfcd db kdkf dc bm bbmnm gumckf sd prdnuctm< KmchdbkdOdrdschma «¶]uè pudkd pdcsmrsd kd bm dcsdýmczm dc ucm bfnhm guyf Pdcdrmobd thdcd qud dstmrbd phkhdckf tfkf thpf kd mutfrhzmghfcds m bms ‒hcstmcghms == supdrhfrds‚ kd bm Fodkhdcghm6 Fodkhdcghm6±. ±. Gfjf gfcsdgudcghm kd dstm ghrgucstmcghm, db Frmkfr qudkmrêm ghrgucsgrhtf y gfcstrdýhkf m bhjhtmrsd m sdr uc vhnêm kd bm Fodkhdcghm y msujhr sdr db nmrmctd kd bm gfc`frjhkmk kd bms prígthgms jms÷chgms kd uc tmbbdr, gfc rdnbmjdctmgh÷c y kdodrds hjpudstfs kdskd ucm mutfrhkmk prd`drdctd y supdrhfr. Ds tmrdm prhcghpmb y fobhnmgh÷c jfrmb kdb Frmkfr smodr dc tfkf jfjdctf dstmr m kd bm mbturm kd sus  `ucghfcds pdrsfcmbjdctd su gfjprfjhsf kdpfshtmrhf y gustfkhfy dctdckdr kd bm Bdy  , mbdlíckfsd gmutmjdctd shdjprd kd rdnbmjdctfs qud pukhdrmc gfckughr m bm frtfkfxhm. Bm Bdy rdprdsdctm mctd tfkf db Dspêrhtu y cf bm Bdtrm . Db Frmkfr dc tfkf jfjdctf kdod rdprdsdctmr bm `hnurm kdb Jmdstrf mvdzmkf qud gfbfgm db gfjpís sford bm dsgumkrm, edgef f ghrgucstmcghm qud bd emgd rdspfcsmobd kd sus mgghfcds kdctrf kdb jmrgf kd bm  prhjmgêm kdb dspêrhtu. Kdodrí sdr puds uc Jmdstrf gfcfgdkfr kdb  Mrtd _dmb , su ehstfrhm y gfc mjpbhm prígthgm dc bfs F`hghfs kd bfnhm, pmrm dc tfkf jfjdctf pfkdr luznmr kd jmcdrm mkdgumkm y gfrrdgtm uc tdxtf sford db qud mkfptmr ucm kdghsh÷c dc bfnhm y pfkdr shtumrbf vmghbmgh÷c dc uc dspmghf gfctdxtf kd gfcvdchdctd prfpfrghfcmkf, shc db shc m vdgds cdgdsmrhf thdjpf kdy jdkhtmgh÷c y sdkhjdctmgh÷c kd dstd. Db f`hghf kd Frmkfr mpmrdgd sford =>;7, mprfxhjmkmjdctd vdhctd mýfs kdspuès kd bm puobhgmgh÷c rdvhsmkm kd bfs tdxtfs kd Mckdrsfc dc =>?7. Mb pmrdgdr kfs cdgdshkmkds myukmrfc m bm grdmgh÷c kd dstd F`hghf< pfr ucm pmrtd, bm rdmggh÷c gfctrm bms bhodrtmkds tfjmkms pfr bfs jmsfcds kd bm èpfgm emghm bfs prhcghphfs gmphtmbds kd bm Frkdc, qud bfs Jmdstrfs kd bms bfnhms shc bm mutfrhkmk su`hghdctd cf bfnrmomc cdutrmbhzmr, y pfr ftrm, bm cdgdshkmk kd pfcdr dc jmcfs kd uc Edrjmcf su`hghdctdjdctd rdspfcsmobd, khvdrsms `ucghfcds hcedrdctds mb gmrnf kd Jmdstrf kd bfnhm dc jfjdctfs puctumbds.

 

Db guhkmkfsf dldrghghf kd bms mbfgughfcds kdb Frmkfr Whc mpdrghohrcfs, gumckf emobmjfs mctd uc mukhtfrhf y kd mbnucm jmcdrm mtdsfrmjfs ghdrtm y kdtdrjhcmkm prígthgm dxtrmêkm kdb dldrghghf mgthvf kd gfc`drdcghms y mgtfs püobhgfs, tdckdjfs m uthbhzmr shc mpdcms kmrcfs gudctm rdgursfs gfjf db mrtd kdb ohdc emobmr f rdt÷rhgm, mkdrdzmkfs dc jmyfr f jdcfr jdkhkm gfc bm myukm kdb bdnumld cf vdromb, ds kdghr, ndstfs, mkdjmcds, jhrmkms y jfvhjhdctfs gfrpfrmbds. Whc djomrnf, cf tfkf db juckf nfzm kd dstm `mghbhkmk, qud dc prhcghphf sd rdspmbkm gfc bm prígthgm y bm mshkuhkmk. Db dldrghghf kd bms tmrdms kd Frmkfr dc bfnhm fobhnm mb Edrjmcf dcgmrnmkf kd dstfs jdcdstdrds, dc prhcghphf pfr su gfckhgh÷c kd Jmdstrf prdpmrmkf pmrm dstd F`hghf, m kfjhcmr mb jdcfs mkdgumkmjdctd db kdsmrrfbbf kdb rdbmtf y khggh÷c, y dc jmyfr f jdcfr jdkhkm bm rdt÷rhgm y bm hjprfvhsmgh÷c, kdlmckf kd bmkf mjpubfshkmkds nrmtuhtms y kd gmrígtdr m`dgtmkf qud sd sudbdc uthbhzmr dc db juckf prf`mcf. Bdlfs kd èb dstmrí db jhdkf dsgèchgf m tfjmr bm pmbmorm mctd uc mukhtfrhf (bm bfnhm) ym qud emorí tdchkf fpfrtuchkmk kd bddr dc su prfnrdsh÷c jms÷chgm kdskd su Hchghmgh÷c khvdrshkmk kd pbmcgems. Db Frmkfr uthbhzmrí dc tfkf jfjdctf `udrm kd pfshobds hjprfvhsmghfcds, bm trêmkm gfcsmohkm kd hctrfkuggh÷c, kdsmrrfbbf y ghdrrd dc sus mbfgughfcds. Kdodrí sdnuhr dstms pmutms dspdghmbjdctd dc Hchghmghfcds, Ymsds kd Nrmkf y Dxmbtmghfcds, gfc db `hc kd emgdr jís mggdshobd su khsgursf hchghíthgf, m bfs Edrjmcfs m bfs qud vm khrhnhkm su khsdrtmgh÷c, tdchdckf dc gudctm qud dc dstms gdrdjfchms y dvdctfs pfr su gmrígtdr emstm mqudb jfjdctf kdsgfcfghkf d hncfrmkf, bfs pudkdc jmctdcdr shc qud dstd sdm su prfp÷shtf, pfgf gdctrmkfs dc bf qud sd bds dstm dxpbhgmckf. Tcm hctrfkuggh÷c hjpmgtmctd, y grdmkfrm, mgthvfs rdsubtmrí mrjfchfsm y odcd`hghfsm cf tmc sfbfmtrmgthvm pmrm bfs prftmnfchstms kd bm Gdrdjfchm Jmncm, shcf pmrm bfs vhshtmctds y jhdjorfs kdb [mbbdr. Db kdsmrrfbbf cucgm dxtdcsf shcf dc bm lustm jdkhkm, sd kdodrí mtdcdr pfr pmrtd kdb Frmkfr, shnuhdckf bms pmutms kd bms gumtrf «G± kd bm frmtfrhm gfcvdcghfcmb, qud cf sfc ftrms qud bm Gbmrhkmk   kdb vfgmoubmrhf, db dldrghghf kd sdr Gfcghsf  m gmombbf kd bm sforhdkmk, Gfrrdgtf  dc bm dtèrdm hc`frjmgh÷c hchghíthgm y Gfcgrdtf  dc db usf kd pmrmkhnjms prígthgfs qud gfckuzgmc m bm gfjprdcsh÷c, dvhtmckf mostrmgghfcds qud cf pudkmc sdr dctdckhkms m quhdc vm khrhnhkf db jdcsmld.

Db F`hghf kdb Frmkfr

 

Bms `ucghfcds dspdgh`hgms kdb Frmkfr dc db _htf Dsgfgès Mcthnuf y Mgdptmkf pudkdc vmrhmr (cf sustmcghmbjdctd) m jdrgdk kd bfs rdnbmjdctfs ndcdrmbds kd bms Fodkhdcghms y kd bfs rdnbmjdctfs hctdrcfs kd bms bfnhms qud bf prmgthgmc, shc drfshfcmr bm mcthnum trmkhgh÷c dsgfgdsm qud djmcm kd bm trmcs`frjmgh÷c dc 77 nrmkfs kdb _htf kd Ydr`dggh÷c Gemrbdstfc (TWM). kd ?4, qud dc db ?; kd luchf kd =59= mpmrdgd dc Yfr dstm ghrgucstmcghm, dc db kdtmbbd kd bms `ucghfcds kd dstd sd pudkdc mprdghmr kdtdrjhcmkms kh`drdcghms mb usf y gfstujord. Dstí dspdghmbjdctd dcgmrnmkf kd kmr bdgturm dc [dchkm kd bms gfjuchgmghfcds f`hghmbds kd bm Fodkhdcghm. Ds nmrmctd kdb gujpbhjhdctf kd bfs rdnbmjdctfs ndcdrmbds kd bm Fodkhdcghm y kd bfs rdnbmjdctfs pmrthgubmrds kd bm bfnhm. Wd bd kdod gfcgdkdr hcjdkhmtmjdctd bm Ymbmorm gumckf bm kdjmckd dc hctdrès kd bm Bdy Jms÷chgm. Kdspuès kd gmkm kdbhodrmgh÷c kd bm bfnhm kmrí sus gfcgbushfcds. X sfbf dctfcgds sd pfkrí kmr pmsf m bms vftmghfcds. Kdspuès kd bdêkm db Mgtm kd bm tdchkm mctdrhfr y gfcsubtmkm bm bfnhm pfr db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf m pfshobds rdgth`hgmghfcds, db Frmkfr kmrí db vhstf oudcf pmrm bm vftmgh÷c kdb Mgtm kd [rmomlfs. Db Frmkfr `hrjm bfs kfgujdctfs f`hghmbds kd bm bfnhm luctf gfc db Wdgrdtmrhf y db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf. Db Frmkfr fstdctm db kdrdgef kd sfbhghtmr db `hcmb hcjdkhmtf kd gumbquhdr khsgush÷c qud bd pmrdzgm gfctrmrhm m bm Bdy Jms÷chgm. Db Frmkfr mshstd dc db rdgudctf kd bfs dsgruthchfs kd bms vftmghfcds. Gfctrfbm db gfctdchkf kdb [rfcgf kd bm Phukm y kdb Wmgf kd Yrfpfshghfcds. Ds db dcgmrnmkf kd dxpfcdr y trmcsjhthr db shjofbhsjf kd bfs nrmkfs gfc`drhkfs m bfs cudvfs hchghmkfs. Wh db Frmkfr phkd bm pmbmorm cf dc `ucgh÷c kd su gmrnf, shcf gfjf uc Edrjmcf jís kd bm bfnhm pdrjmcdgdrí kd phd y mb Frkdc. Mctds kd `hcmbhzmr bm tdchkm, db Frmkfr m rdqudrhjhdctf kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, rdmbhzmrí y dxpfckrí bms gfcgbushfcds. Dcprfcucghmr bms gdrdjfchms tdchkms kd `ücdords, Frmkfr db ucms fpmbmorms dbfnhf ygfrrdspfckd rdgudrkf mb mb Edrjmcf

 

f Edrjmcm qud emym pmsmkf mb Frhdctd Dtdrcf.

Bm hjpfrtmcghm kd bms gfcgbushfcds kdb Frmkfr Bm [rmkhgh÷c cf ds bm gfcsdrvmgh÷c kd bms gdchzms shcf bm trmcsjhsh÷c kd bm bbmjm.

LFMCCHW GF_CDBFTY

Db Frmkfr ds db f`hghmb qud fstdctm bm pftdstmk hchghíthgm kd hctdrvdchr dc myukm kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf pmrm jmctdcdr y kdsmrrfbbmr bm `rmtdrchkmk dc bm bfnhm dc db trmcsgursf kd bms tdchkms, y dc dbbms khspfckrí kd jfjdctfs y fgmshfcds dsdcghmbds pmrm shdjprd dldrgdr db cfobd mgtf kd pfcdr dc frkdc y rdmnrupmr bf khspdrsf, y kd `mvfrdgdr db prfnrdsf kd bm vêm jms÷chgm. Xm dc bfs jfjdctfs `hcmbds kd bm tdchkm, gumckf db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf sfbhghtm sus gfcgbushfcds, dstd kdod tdcdr dc gudctm qud sus pmbmorms gfckhghfcmríc db rdgudrkf kd bm [dchkm pmrm tfkfs bfs Edrjmcfs qud emchctdrdsmctd pmrthghpmkfmdc bm jhsjm. Ds uc jfjdctf tdcdr dc gudctm pfr tfkfs, ym qud sd prfkugd jdrgdk m bm mbfgugh÷c kdb Frmkfr uc jfjdctf kd smths`mggh÷c kdb hctdbdgtf ndcdrmb kd bm bfnhm. Kd sus pmbmorms, bfs pmrthghpmctds dc bfs trmomlfs rdghodc db `ddkomga   pfshthvf, bm rdtrfmbhjdctmgh÷c kd bms bmofrds rdmbhzmkms y bm smths`mggh÷c rdsujhkm dc bm dnrènfrm jms÷chgm. Yfr ftrm pmrtd, db d`dgtf pfshthvf kd bms gfcgbushfcds kdb Frmkfr, sh sfc dquhbhormkmjdctd dxpudstms, gfc`hdrd db sdcthjhdctf ndcdrmb kd pdrtdcdcghm nrupmb hchghíthgm y kdb hcgrdjdctf kd bfs bmzfs m`dgthvfs `rmtdrcmbds, qud gubjhcmrmc pfstdrhfrjdctd dc bfs ínmpds `rmtdrcmbds. ¶Ymrm quèqud cfs `mvfrdzgm rduchjfs dc sh cf dskd pmrm form ucm pdkmnfnêm db bfnhm surnhjhdctf uc pfcdr chvdb dc supdrhfr kd gfcghdcghm6 Db Frmkfr pmrthghpm dc dsm bmofr. [hdcd pfr bf tmctf qud sdr gfjf tfkfs bfs kdjís F`hghmbds y Edrjmcfs, uc grdmkfr, uc =? hcghtmkfr. Db sfb orhbbm. Kd èb djmcmc gmbfr y buz.

Mkdckm frhdctmthvm mb Frmkfr pmrm Gdrdjfchms Jmncms Db Frmkfr cf sd thdcd qud gfctdctmr gfc sdr uc `hdb numrkhíc kd bm Gfcsthtugh÷c y _dnbmjdctfs kd bms Fodkhdcghms y kd bms bfnhms. Wu gmrnf gfcbbdvm sdr db pfrtmvfz kd bfs jhdjorfs kd su tmbbdr dc gdrdjfchms pmrthgubmrds f Gdrdjfchms Jmncms, ds kdghr, Hchghmghfcds, Ymsds kd Nrmkf, Dxmbtmghfcds, [dchkms @ücdords y [rmomlfs kd

 

Omcqudtd _htumb. Wus pmbmorms guhkmkfsmjdctd dsgfnhkms rdprdsdctmríc db sdcthr ndcdrmb kd su bfnhm, y su rhnfr y dbdnmcghm qudkmríc hcsgrhtfs gfjf bdtrms kd `udnf dc bm jdctd kd bfs Edrjmcfs qud bms rdghomc. Mucqud dstm tmrdm ds shdjprd kd gmrígtdr pdrsfcmb d hchghíthgmjdctd hctrmcs`drhobd, sd mpfrtmc mquê gfjfqud mkdckms mbnucms hkdms kd gfjpfshgh÷c y rdkmggh÷c, shdjprdfrhdctmthvms y dc übthjf bunmr sdríc tmrdm dxgbushvm kd bfs rdspfcsmobds kdb f`hghf kd Frmkfr.

Dldjpbf kd khsgursf pmrm «_dgdpgh÷c dc ucm Hchghmgh÷c± Edrjmcf jêf, pudstf qud m pmrthr kd mefrm msê td trmtmrdjfs, dctrms dc ucm `mjhbhm qud cf ds kd smcnrd, pdrf qud dspdrmjfs sdm kd gfrmz÷c. Mggdkds dc ucm @rmtdrchkmk dc bm gumb gmkm ucf kd dctrd cfsftrfs sd `dbhghtm y sd efcrm gmkm kêm kd su dxhstdcghm kd pdrtdcdgdr, pfr bfs vmbfrds `hbmctr÷phgfs y prfnrdshvfs qud dbbm dcgmrcm. Dctrms puds dc ucm @rmtdrchkmk dc bm qud bm üchgm mjohgh÷c ds bm kd pfkdr nuhmrtd dc bms vêms kd tu prfphm vdrkmk, quhzís emstm mefrm kdsgfcfghkm, kd tu prfnrdsf y pdr`dgghfcmjhdctf hckhvhkumb y sfghmb y kd pmrthghpmr dc tfkms bms `mgdtms kd jdlfrmjhdctf shjo÷bhgf d hchghíthgf, luctf gfc cfsftrfs, mefrm tus cudvfs Edrjmcfs. Kèlmjd puds, mctds kd prfsdnuhr dstm ohdcvdchkm `rmtdrcmb, dxprdsmrtd jhs sdcthjhdctfs y db kd cudstrfs Edrjmcfs y Edrjmcms kd Ohdcvdchkm @rmtdrcmb, pmrm qud m pmrthr kd dstd jhsjf hcstmctd vhvms gfjf uc efjord/juldr bhord y grdzgms dc tu prfnrdsh÷c jms÷chgm gfjf uc Jms÷c Bhord. Kdctrf kd dstd dspmghf juy dspdghmb qud prfctf hrís mshjhbmckf, shdjprd dc bms vêms kd bm Bhodrtmk, Hnumbkmk y @rmtdrchkmk, gfjprdckdrís qud tfkf ds sêjofbf dc bm dkh`hgmgh÷c kd uc hkdmb gfjüc. Bm jmsfcdrêm, Edrjmcf jêf, ds db gfjprfjhsf kdb Efjord, bm rdspfcsmohbhkmk kdb Gfrmz÷c y db gfctrmtf pdrsfcmb kd ucm vhkm. [d hcvhtmjfs m dctrmr dc bfs bmofrmtfrhfs mjohghfsfs kdb dstukhf, kdb pdr`dgghfcmjhdctf pdrsfcmb, gfcfghjhdctf shcgdrf kd dstm ucf jhsjf y kdb cfobd dldrghghf kd bm kdb @rmtdrchkmk, gfc tfkf bf qud

 

pmbmorm gfcbbdvm. ]ud tu vhkm jms÷chgm trmcsgurrm m pmrthr kd mefrm pfr bfs gmjhcfs kd bm smohkurêm, gfrkurm, sdrdchkmk y kd bm tfbdrmcghm, pdrf tmjohèc sford tfkf dc bm gfcvhggh÷c kdb kdodr gujpbhkf mctd cfsftrfs y mctd bm sfghdkmk kdb juckf prf`mcf. M pmrthr kd mefrm, hrís kdsguorhdckf pmubmthcmjdctd bms cujdrfsms dxhndcghms kd bm jmsfcdrêm, kdb kdodr kd bm mshkuhkmk y db rdspdtf m cudstrfs jfkfs kd emgdr rhtumbêsthgfs, pmsmckf pfgf m pfgf pfr bm prfnrdsh÷c hchghíthgm qud td emrí hr mshjhbmckf db shnch`hgmkf kd cudstrfs cujdrfsfs sêjofbfs. M pmrthr kd mefrm rdgudrkm qud db jms÷c cmgd Bhord dc ucm Bfnhm Bhord, y dstm `rmsd ds jugef jís qud uc m`frhsjf, ds uc edgef hrrdvfgmobd d hcmbhdcmobd sford db qud sd gfcstruyd db dkh`hghf kd bm khnchkmk jms÷chgm. Bm @rmtdrchkmk jmsfcdrêm sd gfjdrghm,bmsd kmjms÷chgm shc dspdrmr cmkm m gmjohf y dc m pmrthr kd dstmcfghrgucstmcghm, vhkm sd gfcstruyd pmsf m pmsf, shdjprd gfc bm myukm kd bm mocdnmgh÷c, db trmomlf y db rhnfr. Mefrm, kdspuès kd dstms pmbmorms kd rdgdpgh÷c, td kdlf dc jmcfs kd tu ym Jmdstrf qud ds db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd, shnud kd gfrmz÷c sus gfcsdlfs y dcsdýmczms y nuírkmtd shdjprd kd cf gdkdr mb gmctf kd shrdcms kd bm prdtdcsh÷c, kd bm jdcthrm y m bfs kdjfchfs kd bm khvubnmgh÷c. Dstm cfged ems dsgfnhkf bms sdckms kd uc cudvf pfrvdchr dctrd cfsftrfs kdctrf kd bm Bhodrtmk, y @rmtdrchkmk. _dghod jh mormzf `rmtdrcmb kdHnumbkmk ohdcvdchkm kd jhs Edrjmcfs y jêf.

Dldjpbf kd khsgursf pmrm «_dgdpgh÷c dc uc Ymsd kd Nrmkf± Edrjmcf … , tdcnf db pbmgdr y bm khgem kd pfkdr prfcucghmr mbnucms pmbmorms gfc jfthvf kd tu dbdvmgh÷c mb nrmkf kd Gfjpmýdrf. Ds trmkhghfcmb gfjf Frmkfr dc dstms gdrdjfchms, emgdr ucm ríphkm rdvhsh÷c kdb gmjhcf rdgfrrhkf kdskd db kêm dc qud sd td khf bm Buz, db kêm kd tu Hchghmgh÷c. Db shjpbd jfthvf kd tu Ymsd kd Nrmkf cfs km bm jdkhkm kd tus

 

ds`udrzfs, dstukhfs y trmomlf rdmbhzmkf pmrm qud tu Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd khdrm buz vdrkd m tu prfnrdsh÷c jms÷chgm. Efy kms ucfs pmsfs kdskd bm Gfbujcm kdb Cfrtd y td pudkds ym sdctmr dc bm Gfbujcm kdb Wur jdrgdk m tus jèrhtfs, gmjhcmckf dc bm pdcujorm kdb pmsmkhzf shbdcghfsf kd ds`udrzf y bmofr mocdnmkm qud vhdcd m rdprdsdctmr bm gmbhkmk kd Mprdckhz. Mefrm ym thdcds ghcgf mýfs, y ems msgdckhkf bfs ghcgf dsgmbfcds kd tu cudvf nrmkf kd Gfjpmýdrf. Mgmoms kd rdmbhzmr ghcgf vhmlds shjo÷bhgfs, qud tdckrís m pmrthr kd dstd jfjdctf qud hr mcmbhzmckf gfc trmcquhbhkmk y mtdcgh÷c. Db nrmkf kd Gfjpmýdrf cf ds uc pmsdf supdr`hghmb. Whcf uc dspmghf kd jugem rdspfcsmohbhkmk. Mgmoms kd gfctrmdr cudvfs rdtfs hchghíthgfs gfcthnf jhsjf, pdrf tmjohèc gfc tu bfnhm, Fodkhdcghm y cudstrm Frkdc. Bm rdspfcsmohbhkmk m tu y kdods dstmr mctd cudvfs kdsm`êfsbbmjm qud sd td pudrtm hríc prdsdctmckf dc dbmtdctf gmjhcf kdbfs bm pdr`dggh÷c. Db cudvf gfjprfjhsf hchghmb ds db kdb dldjpbf qud m pmrthr kd mefrm kdodrís kd kmr mctd bfs Mprdckhgds, tu jmyfr gfjpbhghkmk dc tu gfbmofrmgh÷c gfc bfs Jmdstrfs y tu prfgdkdr dc bfnhms mldcms m bm cudstrm dc tus vhshtms ym dc sfbhtmrhf. Db pfdtm Mctfch Jmgemkf ds db hckhgmkf pmrm rdgfrkmrtd cudstrf gfjüc kdsthcf jms÷chgf gumckf cfs khgd< «[fkf pmsm y tfkf qudkm/ pdrf bf cudstrf ds pmsmr/ Ymsmr emghdckf gmjhcfs/ Gmjhcf sford bm jmr... Gmjhcmctd, sfc tus eudbbms db gmjhcf y cmkm jís/ Gmjhcmctd, emy gmjhcf emgd gfc gmjhcf mb mckmr±. M pmrthr kdcfmefrm gmjhcmsdluctf cfsftrfs, trmomlm sford tu pdrsfcmbhkmk, trmzm tu surgf gfjf db mrmkf bf emgd dc bm thdrrm. Ohdcvdchkf m tu cudvf nrmkf Edrjmcf jêf.

Dldjpbf kd khsgursf pmrm «_dgdpgh÷c dc ucm Dxmbtmgh÷c± Edrjmcf ... ¡Yfr `hc! ¡]uè nfzf db pfkdr vdrtd hcvdsthkf gfc db jmckhb qud gfrfcm tu mocdnmkf ds`udrzf kd bmofr y pdrshstdcghm, mtrhoutf qud m bm vdz td efcrm y m cfsftrfs bfs Jmdstrfs kd tu bfnhm cfs djomrnm kd djfgh÷c y smths`mggh÷c!

 

M trmvès kd tu ds`frzmkm prfnrdsh÷c y bm gfcthcuhkmk y `hkdbhkmk m tus gfjprfjhsfs hchghmbds d hchghíthgfs, cfs pdrjhtd dc dstd kêm qud kdods rdgfrkmr db rdstf kd tu vhkm, y dc bm mustdrhkmk y bm sfbdjchkmk kd dstm Gíjmrm kdb Jdkhf tdcdrtd ym gfjf hnumb. Bm judrtd, bm vhkm, db ohdc y db jmb, bm trhstdzm y db nfzf, tfkfs dstfs mctmnfchsjfs vhtmbds gfcgurrdc efy mquê, gfcvfgmkfs pmrm emgdrcfs pmtdctd qud db thdjpf shjo÷bhgmjdctd sd em gfckdcsmkf dctrd cfsftrfs pmrm emgdrcfs gfjprdckdr bm gfjpbdlhkmk kd bf qud sfjfs, y kdsvdbmrcfs bm tmrdm qud tdcdjfs m kdsmrrfbbmr. Edrjmcf ... ucm cudvm pudrtm sd mord mctd th, dc db gmjhcf hctdrjhcmobd kd bm oüsqudkm jms÷chgm, mefrm ym gfc pbdcfs kdrdgefs, pdrf gfc bm jíxhjm rdspfcsmohbhkmk kd tus cudvfs kdrdgefs, pdrf tmjohèc kd tus cudvfs kdodrds pmrm gfc tu bfnhm, tu Fodkhdcghm y cudstrm Frkdc. [us kdodrds dxthdckdc tmjohèc emghm kdjís. Mkjhchstrm bm prukdcghm dc dbsdtrmtf y db rdspdtf emghm db bfs pr÷lhjf. Dstms mefrm dc uc dspmghf dc kfckd gumckf ds cdgdsmrhf sd mnrupmc y gfclunmc bms dcdrnêms, y bms khvdrndcghms sd khsudbvdc pmrm db ohdc gfjüc y kd tfkfs. Dc kfckd sd jdzgbmc y sd ucdc bfs vmbfrds dsdcghmbds y dc kfckd sd dcndckrm db gmbfr kd bfs dspêrhtus y cudstrf pfrvdchr `rmtdrcmb. _dgudrkm qud uc rdputmkf `hb÷sf`f msdvdr÷ qud cfsftrfs, bm eujmchkmk, cf sfjfs jís qud dcmcfs shc pdrspdgthvm, y qud cudstrm prfnrdsh÷c ds pfrqud dstmjfs sdctmkfs sford bms dspmbkms kd nhnmctds.

Dstm jíxhjm, dstd m`frhsjf, hbustrm pdr`dgtmjdctd, bm lustm jdkhkm kd cudstrm gfckhgh÷c kd Jmdstrfs Jmsfcds y mgdctüm cudstrm kdukm gfthkhmcm m cudstrfs prdkdgdsfrds. Mb phd kd bm Mgmghm, bfs efjords bhords kdodc mgtumr gfc smohkurêm, tdcmghkmk y jmdstrêm, gfc bfs jdkhfs qud bds sfc prfphfs. Cucgm bf fbvhkds. Jh jhsh÷c gfjf Frmkfr tdrjhcm mquê, kd bm jhsjm jmcdrm qud kubgdjdctd pmrm th sd hcstmbm... ds db jfjdctf mprfphmkf kd kdlmrtd gfcthcumr sfbf dc bm sfbhkm gfcstruggh÷c kd tu tdjpbf pdrsfcmb hbujhcmkf ym pfr bms bugds kd bm dxgdbdcghm. Dc cfjord kd tfkfs jhs Edrjmcfs, td mormzf `rmtdrcmbjdctd

 

Pdcdrmobd Edrjmcf.

Dldjpbf kd khsgursf pmrm «_dgdpgh÷c dc ucm [dchkm @ücdord± Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, Edrjmcfs y Edrjmcms, Wdýfrms Wdýfrds. Cudstrf Edrjmcf/m ... dc bm cfged kdb ... kdspuès kdyucfs jdsds kd bugem gfctrm db jmb qud bd m`dgtmom, dc bm khnchkmk y dc db efcfr, cfs em momckfcmkf kdlíckfsd bbdvmr emghm su dtdrchkmk. Bm judrtd shdjprd ds kfbfrfsm, y jís gumckf kd jmcdrm hc`bdxhobd cfs mrrmcgm uc sdr qudrhkf, gumckf dstd muc dstmom dc gfckhghfcds kd jmctdcdr ucm vhkm khncm y gfcthcumr gfc su tmrdm kd ghukmkmcêm, rdspfcsmohbhkmk y sdrvhghf mb pr÷lhjf. Bm `rmcgjmsfcdrêm khspfcd kdb mkjhrmobd kfc kd emgdr pfshobd db cmghjhdctf kd `rmtdrchkmkds, qud cucgm bm vhkm prf`mcm euohdrm pfkhkf bfnrmr. (Nbfsm mordvhmkm kd bm vhkm jms÷chgm kdb `hcmkf/m) Kdspuès kd dstm gdrdjfchm, tfkfs smbhjfs gfc db gfrmz÷c trhstd, pdrf gfc bm smths`mggh÷c shc prdghf kd emodrtd tdchkf dctrd cfsftrfs, fgupmckf gmsh tfkfs bfs F`hghfs kd rdspfcsmohbhkmk, tmctf dc cudstrm Bfnhm gfjf dc bm Fodkhdcghm. Db ]uhlftd kd Gdrvmctds bbdn÷ m kdghr qud bm pbujm ds bm bdcnum kd cudstrm mbjm, kdsdmrêm kdskd dstd shthmb kd Frmkfr kd cudstrm bfnhm, gfc bm rduch÷c hcd`mobd kd jugefs Edrjmcfs y Edrjmcms y kd tu `mjhbhm gdrgmcm dxprdsmr qud jhs pmbmorms kdctrf kdb jmrgf kd bm trhstdzm qud cfs djomrnm, sfbf quhdrdc sdr pfrtmvfgds kd cudstrm nrmthtuk. [ü td ucds dstm cfged qudrhkf Edrjmcf/m … m bms jhbhghms ym juy cujdrfsms kd Edrjmcfs qud cfs emc momckfcmkf y cf dcgudctrf pmbmorms pmrm rdsmbtmrtd dctrd dstm nrmc trfpm kd sfjorms qud `udrfc cudstrf omsth÷c kd khnchkmk y @rmtdrchkmk. Dc db Frhdctd Dtdrcf, dc db pmês kd bfs lustfs, dc db pmrmêsf f dc bm vmnudkmk kd bm cmkm, dstfy sdnurf kd qud m tu bbdnmkm bfs bmurdbds, bfs fbhvfs y bms mgmghms sd emc hcgbhcmkf bdctmjdctd y sd emc mpmrtmkf kubgdjdctd sus rmêgds pmrm emgdrtd uc bunmr dctrd dbbfs.

 

_dpfsm dc su sfjorm, rdpfsm dc pmz, dc bhodrtmk, tu qud td ems ds`frzmkf dc vhkm shdjprd pfr dbbm. Mkh÷s mb mjhnf, mkh÷s mb Edrjmcf, qud cudstrm nrmthtuk td mgfjpmýd dc tu dtdrchkmk, y qud jh vfz, rdprdsdctmctd kd tmctms ftrms, td mgfjpmýd pmrm shdjprd pmrm qud numrkds uc oudc rdgudrkf kd tus Edrjmcfs. Ed khgef.

Dldjpbf kd khsgursf pmrm «_dgdpgh÷c dc [rmomlfs kd Omcqudtd _htumb± Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, Edrjmcfs y Edrjmcms dc vudstrfs nrmkfs y gumbhkmkds. Wh bfs [rmomlfs jms÷chgfs kd Jdsm shdjprd cfs hcvhtmc mb rhnfr y db rdspdtf mb _htumb, sfc tmjohèc jfjdctfs kd gfcvhvdcghm, qud pfgf m pfgf m trmvès kd bfs khsgursfs emgdc `buhr gfc `rmtdrchkmk y mbdnrêm, rdgudrkfs y vhvdcghms kd cudstrfs tmbbdrds. Db thdjpf trmcsgurrhkf kdskd cudstrm übthjm rduch÷c rhtumb sdctmkfs pmrm bm jmsthgmgh÷c, em `buhkf gfc mbnüc pdsmr pfr musdcghms hcdxfrmobds emghm db Frhdctd Dtdrcf, pdrf tmjohèc gfc nfzf y mbdnrêm pfr cudvms Hchghmghfcds y Ymsds kd Nrmkf. Fs phkf y kdsdf qud gmkm ucf kd cfsftrfs qud dstí sdctmkf dc dstd `rmtdrcmb omcqudtd, tdcnm uc jfjdctf kd rdgudrkf `rmtdrcmb pmrm tfkfs bfs Edrjmcfs kdb tmbbdr, pmrm bfs musdctds, pmrm bfs prdsdctds y juy dc dspdghmb pmrm bfs rdghèc bbdnmkfs m bfs qud tdcdjfs qud guhkmr gfc prd`drdcghm `rmtdrcmb. ]ud db edgef kd bdvmctmr cudstrfs gmýfcds y orhckmr cfs emnm smofrdmr tftmbjdctd bm khgem, shjpbd, `udrtd, hctdcsm kd dstmr dstm cfged tfkfs luctfs rduchkfs dc dstm Jmncm Gdbdormgh÷c. ]ud dstm gfjuch÷c `dsthvm sdm pmrm cfsftrfs uc sêjofbf kd uch÷c y qud `frtmbdzgm pmrm shdjprd bfs bmzfs kd bm @rmtdrchkmk y kd bm Mrjfcêm, gfc bm cdgdsmrhm d hjprdsghckhobd sfbhkmrhkmk. Cudstrf Edrjmcf Jfzmrt mgbmr÷ gfc shcgdrhkmk ucm prdnuctm kd uc mkjhrmkfr kd su jüshgm< «Jd bhjhtf m luctmr y jdzgbmr cftms jushgmbds qud sd mjmc±. Grdf Edrjmcfs qud bm jmsfcdrêm gujpbd bm]ud jhsjm jhsh÷c gfc bfsdstdjfs efjords. tfkfs cfsftrfs frnubbfsfs kd sdr jmsfcds, y qud

 

cudstrm jhsh÷c `rmtdrcmb kdskd cudstrfs tmbbdrds cucgm kdld kd gmjhcmr emghm db prfnrdsf, emghm bm lusthghm sfghmb, emghm bm Buz. Edrjmcfs, bdvmctdjfs cudstrfs gmýfcds, mpuctmk, ¡`udnf! Ed khgef.

 

 

 

WDG_D[M_HF Db f`hghf kd Wdgrdtmrhf kd Bfnhm ds uc gmrnf juy mcthnuf qud ym dxhstêm dc bms bfnhms fpdrmthvms. Kd edgef, dc db Dkhjourne _dnhstdr f Jmcusgrhtf kd Dkhjournf  (=080)=7, qud dstí gfcshkdrmkf gfjf db gmtdghsjf shjo÷bhgf jís mcthnuf kd qud sd thdcd gfcstmcghm emstm bm `dgem, sd pudkd mprdghmr bm bmofr gfcghsm kdb Wdgrdtmrhf gfc bms mcftmghfcds pdrthcdctds y prígthgms qud kd oudc sdnurf sd uthbhzmomc kurmctd bms tdchkms kd bms bfnhms y qud prfvdcêmc kd gmtdghsjfs juy mctdrhfrds, bm jmyfrêm kd bfs trmspmsmkfs kd vhvm vfz m bfs `rmcgjmsfcds, shc emodr shkf cucgm rdkmgtmkfs y dstrugturmkfs. Db Wdgrdtmrhf ds y rdprdsdctm bm jdjfrhm  kd bm bfnhm, kurmctd bms tdchkms rdmbhzm db ofsqudlf kd bfs trmomlfs qud thdcdc bunmr, y m pmrthr kd khgef ofrrmkfr rdkmgtm bm Ybmcgem f Mgtm kd [rmomlfs, qud kdodrí kd bddrsd dc db tmbbdr dc bm shnuhdctd tdchkm.

Lfym Bm lfym kdb Wdgrdtmrhf kd bm bfnhm dstí `frjmkm pfr bm uch÷c kd kfs pbujms gruzmkms. Dstms kfs pbujms kd mvd gruzmkms shjofbhzmc qud, dc su trmomlf pmrm rdkmgtmr bms Ybmcgems f Mgtms, sh gfc ucm sd dquhvfgm, khspfcd kd bm ftrm pmrm gfrrdnhr bfs drrfrds. Dvhkdctdjdctd bms kfs pbujms sunhdrdc m chvdb shjo÷bhgf db dspêrhtu kd bm dsgrhturm jmcusgrhtm, qud db  db  Wdgrdtmrhf rdmbhzm mb morhnf kd bm Bucm shtumkm kdtrís suyf, y shtumkf muc gumckf dstm dc db Frhdctd dc bunmr fsgurf kd bms Gfbujcms kd Wdptdctrh÷c, qud vhdcd m shnch`hgmr db sêjofbf smodr dstrugturmkf y rd`bdxhfcmkf, m bm vdz rd`bdgthvf, qud dldrgd bmkdb bmofr kd `hlmr dc db pmpdb bm pmbmorm qud ghrgubm pfr db tdjpbf vfbíthb. Wd pudkd mýmkhr m bm dxpbhgmgh÷c kdb shnch`hgmkf shjo÷bhgf kd bms kfs pbujms gfjf lfym kdb Wdgrdtmrhf qud dxhstd tmjohèc ftrf sêjofbf qud gfjpbdjdctm bms pbujms y qud ds bm Bucm qud kdgfrm db `fckf kdb Frhdctd, ucm bucm pbdcm rdkfckm qud sunhdrd qud bms pbmcgems trmzmkms pfr db Wdgrdtmrhf, rd`bdlmc dctrd ftrms gfckhghfcds bms gfcgbushfcds kdb Frmkfr, qud cf emy qud fbvhkmr qud kdtrís thdcd bm `hnurm kdb Wfb _mkhmctd. [mjohèc shjofbhzm qud su trmomlf cf tdrjhcm gumckf tfkf db juckf sd rdthrm tdrjhcmkfs bfs mtrmomlfs. Ds frkdc dc mqudb dc kfckdy gfjhdczm db Wdgrdtmrhf pfcdr dc bfs jfjdctf mpuctds tfjmkfs

 

prdpmrmr bm gfrrdspfckdcghm y bms Mgtms pmrm bm shnuhdctd tdchkm. Dstd sêjofbf vhvhdctd dc bfnhm kd bm hctdrsdggh÷c kd bms kfs pbujms, qud pdrjhtdc bm rdkmggh÷c y mb jhsjf thdjpf bm gfrrdggh÷c, mkvhdrtdc mb Edrjmcf F`hghmb kd dstd gmrnf qud dc su rdkmggh÷c kdod prhjmr uc sdcthkf kd rdspfcsmohbhkmk, ym qud uc mgtm cf ds uc trmomlf mgmkèjhgf db qud sd pudkdc vdrtdr cudvfs kmr jugem rhdckm sudbtm m bmdc hjmnhcmgh÷c. Db Wdgrdtmrhf kdod gfcgdptfs emgdr nmbmy kd emohbhkmk y tmgtf pmrm d`dgtumr uc dxtrmgtf kd bm sdsh÷c gfc uc rdbmtf `hdb y gfcghsf, dc tèrjhcfs mkdgumkfs qud bbdnudc m shctdthzmr gfc trmcspmrdcghm bf mgfctdghkf.

Tohgmgh÷c ndfnrí`hgm dc bfnhm Db Wdgrdtmrhf dstí sdctmkf dc uc shthmb dc db Frhdctd m bm kdrdgem kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf y `rdctd mb Edrjmcf Frmkfr qud sd uohgm m bm hzquhdrkm kdb prdshkdctd kd bm bfnhm. Wu uohgmgh÷c shjofbhzm su hjpfrtmcghm dc bms tdchkms, ym qud, gfjf jdjfrhm kd bm bfnhm, kdodrí rd`bdlmr y rdpfrtmr gfc gfcghsh÷c, shc kdjmshmkm rdt÷rhgm y kdtmbbds supdr`bufs, bfs mgfctdghjhdctfs qud sd prfkuzgmc dc bms tdchkms. Gfjf ym sd em vhstf dc bm kdsgrhpgh÷c kdb shjofbhsjf kd bm lfym, dstd bunmr hjpfrtmctd pdrjhtd mb Wdgrdtmrhf tfjmr pdr`dgtm cftm kd bms ghrgucstmcghms qud gfcgurrdc m bf bmrnf kd bms tdchkms y mb jhsjf thdjpf pfkdr shdjprd sdr dsgugemkf gfc mtdcgh÷c gumckf pfr frkdc kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf sd thdcd qud khrhnhr m bm bfnhm.

@ucghfcds dspdgê`hgms Bms bmofrds Wdgrdtmrhf cf emcWdqudkmkf rd`bdlmkms dc bfdspdgh`hgms qud sd emkdb dsgrhtf mctdrhfrjdctd. trmtm kd muc uc trmomlf mocdnmkf y vfbuctmrhfsf qud rdquhdrd nrmckds kfshs kd hkdcth`hgmgh÷c gfc db jhsjf. Db gfcgdptf kd rdspfcsmohbhkmk thdcd qud sdr dc nrmc jmcdrm db nuêm kd dstd Edrjmcf qud fgupm dstd gmrnf. Emy qud tdcdr dc gudctm qud bms `ucghfcds kd tfjmr cftm y smodr rd`bdlmr gfc jmdstrêm bf fgurrhkf dc bfnhm gfjf Jdjfrhm kd dstm cf fgupm tfkm bm ndsth÷c kd dstd gmrnf tmc hjpfrtmctd. Ds cdgdsmrhf emgdr ehcgmphè dc qud dstm jmtdrhmbhzmgh÷c kd trmomlf m bm sfjorm rd`bdlm shdjprd ucm gbmrm vfgmgh÷c mkjhchstrmthvm, gfc ucm nrmc gmrnm kd trmomlf, cf shdjprd rdgfcfghkm y vmbfrmkm pfr bfs kdjís kd bm bfnhm. Dstd Edrjmcfs trmomlf rdquhdrd kfshs kd gumbhkmkds kd gfrmz÷c, kd

 

hjmnhcmgh÷c y kd sdcshohbhkmk, gfclunmkms shdjprd gfc tmgtf. Dstd trmomlf sd pudkd mprdghmr kdskd `udrm kdb jhsjf gfjf ruthcmrhf y rdpdththvf, y shc djomrnf cf ds msê pfrqud chcnucm tdchkm dstí gmbgmkm m ftrm. Yfr ftrf bmkf, db Wdgrdtmrhf kdod jmctdcdr ucm dstrdgem bhnmz÷c gfc db Pdcdrmobd ym qud dstmmsê uch÷c f bmzf sdrí bmkddsphcm kdb prfydgtf Jmdstrf, kd gumbquhdr tmbbdr, gfjf db puctf uch÷c kfrsmb y kd gfrrdspfckdcghm gfc db dxtdrhfr kd bm bfnhm dc gumctf m gfjuchgmgh÷c gfc bm Fodkhdcghm prfphm y bms kdjís. Dctrd bms vmrhmkms `ucghfcds kdb Wdgrdtmrhf sd dcgudctrmc bms shnuhdctds< Wdrí db dcgmrnmkf kd khspfcdr dc Ymsfs Ydrkhkfs db Bhorf kd Yrdsdcghm kd bm bfnhm. Db rdnhstrf dc bms Mgtms gfc bm kdohkm hjpmrghmbhkmk y gbmrhkmk kd tfkf bf sugdkhkf dc bms tdchkms. Db gfcluctf y mnrupmgh÷c frkdcmkm y sdgudcghmkm gfjpfcd db gfcfghkf Bhorf kd Mrquhtdgturm kdWdgrdtmrhf bms bfnhms. gfcshstd shdjprd dc tdcdr mb kêm bfs Bm `ucgh÷c kdb rdnhstrfs kd bm bfnhm, tdcdr shdjprd mgtumbhzmkf db bhstmkf ndcdrmb kd bfs jhdjorfs kdb tmbbdr pmrm su kdohkm y fgmshfcmb gfcsubtm, gfc db rdnhstrf kd bms `dgems kd kmtfs shnch`hgmthvfs y dsdcghmbds, gfjf sfc bms Gdrdjfchms Jmncms kd Hchghmgh÷c, Ymsds kd Nrmkf y Dxmbtmghfcds. [mjohèc khspfcdr kdb rdnhstrf kd bfs Edrjmcfs kdb tmbbdr qud khspfcdc kd uc cfjord shjo÷bhgf. Kdodrí jmckmr pfr bfs jdkhfs fpfrtucfs y gfc bm su`hghdctd mctdbmgh÷c bms gfcvfgmtfrhms kd tdchkms, ucm vdz qud tdcnm bm mutfrhzmgh÷c mutfrhzmgh÷ c kdb Jmdstrf. kd qud sd tdcnm qud ghtmr Wd pudkd kmr db Pdcdrmobd gmsf ghrgucstmcghmb m mbnüc Edrjmcf `udrm kd bms tdchkms frkhcmrhms y db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf cf pudkm gfctmgtmr gfc db jhsjf. Dc dstd jfjdctf bm myukm hcdsthjmobd kdb Wdgrdtmrhf pfkrí suosmcmr bms gfjpbhgmghfcds kd gfjuchgmgh÷c. Mucqud dstm ghrgucstmcghm dc bm mgtumbhkmk ds pfgf prfomobd gfc bm myukm prf`mcm pdrf hcdsthjmobd kd bfs gmcmbds kd gfjuchgmgh÷c kd qud sd khspfcdc dc rdk (Hctdrcdt). Msdnurmr pdrjmcdctdjdctd bfs bmzfs kd gfjuchgmgh÷c gfc bm Fodkhdcghm m tfkfs bfs chvdbds. Bbdvmr db dc gfctrfb kd bms mshstdcghms y musdcghms kd bfs Edrjmcfs bms tdchkms.

 

[mjohèc ds db dcgmrnmkf kd rdkmgtmr y prdpmrmr pmrm bm `hrjm bms gfjuchgmghfcds f`hghmbds kd bm bfnhm y dxtdckdr gumckf sd prdghsd bfs gdrth`hgmkfs y kdjís kfgujdctfs, shdjprd omlf bm prdvhm mutfrhzmgh÷c kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf. Whnuhdckf bms khrdgtrhgds kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, ds `ucgh÷c tmjohèc kdbkd Wdgrdtmrhf bm gfjuchgmgh÷c shnuhdckf pmríjdtrfs `hgems y kfgujdctfs ym prdpmrmkfs kd bfs cfjords, dkmk, cmghfcmbhkmk, fgupmgh÷c, rdshkdcghm y kdjís kmtfs kd tfkf gmckhkmtf prfpudstf pmrm ucm Hchghmgh÷c, M`hbhmgh÷c f _dnubmrhzmgh÷c. Kd hnumb jmcdrm, kdodrí pmsmrbds cfthghms y mvhsf sh sd khdrm bm ghrgucstmcghm kd qud `udrmc rdgemzmkfs pfr ghrgucstmcghms prdghsms. Jmctdcdr ucm gfjuchgmgh÷c `buhkm gfc bm Nrmc Wdgrdtmrêm kd bm Fodkhdcghm, mb rdspdgtf kd bfs hjprdsfs qud gmkm bfnhm kdod pmsmr gfthkhmcmjdctd, kd kmtfs kd bm bfnhm mb rdspdgtf kd cfvdkmkds kd hcgfrpfrmghfcds, momckfcfs, dc`drjdkmkds, pmsds mb Frhdctd Dtdrcf Ybmcgems kd ]uhtd. Yrdsdrvmr y guhkmr bm ykfgujdctmgh÷c rdghohkm kdb mctdrhfr Wdgrdtmrhf, pmrm dc db jfjdctf kd gdsmr bms `ucghfcds pfkdr dctrdnmrbf m su sugdsfr gfc bm mkdckm kd su prfphf y pdrsfcmb trmomlf, kurmctd db kdsdjpdýf kd sus `ucghfcds. Dstm `ucgh÷c kd gustfkhm pfkrí hcgbuhr tfkm bm kfgujdctmgh÷c mkhghfcmb qud bd pudkm dctrdnmr db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf. Kdodrí gfjuchgmr kd jmcdrm hcjdkhmtm mb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf tfkms bms gfjuchgmghfcds qud sd rdghomc dc db gfrrdf. Ds db rdspfcsmobd kdb Wdbbf prfphf kd bm Wdgrdtmrêm kdb tmbbdr, gfjf m su vdz kd gdrth`hgmr y sdbbmr tfkf kfgujdctf qud smbnm kd bm bfnhm y bdnmbhzmr bm `hrjm kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf. Gfc jfthvf kd tfkm sudrtd kd gfrrdspfckdcghm rdghohkm, y tdchdckf dc gudctm qud m vdgds ds kd shcnubmr rdgfrrhkf d hjpfrtmcghm, ds db `hdb gfcsdrvmkfr kd tfkfs bfs sdgrdtfs kdb tmbbdr. Ghrgucstmcghm qud rdquhdrd uc tmbmctd kd gfjprfjhsf y `hkdbhkmk, omýmkf dc tfkf jfjdctf kd khsgrdgh÷c y rdspfcsmohbhkmk.

Db `fckf y bm `frjm dc bm rdkmggh÷c kd bms Mgtms Cf sd prdghsm sdr uc dsgrhtfr kd tmbdctf pmrm bm rdkmggh÷c kd bms Mgtms qud gfc`frjmc db Bhorf kd Mrquhtdgturm kd bfs tmbbdrds jms÷chgfs. Whc djomrnf, ds dbcdgdsmrhf sdnuhr uc kdtdrjhcmkf frkdcy kd trmcsgrhpgh÷c, y tmjohèc usf prfpfrghfcmkf kd bms kdohkms

 

gfcsmohkms mordvhmghfcds djpbdmkms dc jmsfcdrêm. Gfjf ym sd em khgef mctdrhfrjdctd, bm jhsh÷c ds bm trmcsgrhpgh÷c kd bfs trmomlfs gfc db hjpdrhfsf kdodr kd smodrbfs jhchjhzmr gfc jmdstrêm y dvhtmr bm bdgturm kd mgtms qud sfordpmsdc bfs 4 f =9 jhcutfs gfjf jíxhjf. [fkms bms tdchkms dstíc khspudstms uc frkdc kd trmomlf ndcèrhgf, qud sfbmjdctd pudkd vmrhmrsd omlf dbdcgrhtdrhf fpfrtucf kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf. Pdmjfs puds dstd frkdc< Mpdrturm sdnüc db rhtf (_DMM). Bdgturm, mprfomgh÷c y `hrjm kd bms Ybmcgem kd [rmomlfs kd bm [dchkm Mctdrhfr. Khsgubpms kd bfs Edrjmcfs musdctds. Bdgturm kd bm gfrrdspfckdcghm y msuctfs mkjhchstrmthvfs (dxgdptf bms kd Hchghmghfcds, M`hbhmghfcds y _dnubmrhzmghfcds). Ghrgubmgh÷c db Wmgf kd Yrfpfshghf Yrfpfshghfcds. cds. Msuctfs kdkd @mjhbhm f pmrthgubmrds kdb tmbbdr. _dgdpgh÷c vhshtmctds y kdbdnmghfcds. Bdgturm kd pbmcgems y kdomtd pfstdrhfr Ymbmorms dc ohdc kd bm Frkdc y kd bm Bfnhm. Ghrgubmgh÷c kdb [rfcgf kd bm Phukm. Gmkdcm kd Tch÷c. Ghdrrd kd trmomlfs.

Tc jfkdbf dstíckmr kd Mgtm Kdskd bms gffrkdcmkms kd bm prdsdctmgh÷c kd bfs kh`drdctds gmrnfs y F@HGHFW kd bfnhm, sd khspfcd omlf dstms bêcdms, ucm pbmcgem frhdctmthvm kd Mgtm gfc`dgghfcmkm sdnüc bfs pmríjdtrfs kdb _DMM, qud gmkm Edrjmcf, khspfckrí gfcvdchdctdjdctd pmrm su usf.   M B# N# K# N# M# K# T# B# H# @#   YBMCGEM KD [_MOMLFW KD BM [DCHKM kdb kêm … kd … kdb ?9… d#v# (09… P#B#) Mb Frhdctd kd … , bm _dspdtmobd Bfnhm … , rdnubmrjdctd gfcsthtuhkm, sd rdücd dc tdchkm frkhcmrhm kd … Nrmkf (sh ds ucm Hchghmgh÷c f ftrf thpfs kd tdchkm sd dsgrhod< «[dchkm dxtrmfrkhcmrhm kd Yrhjdr Nrmkf), dc db puctf ndfjètrhgf gfcfghkf sfbf pfr bfs Ehlfs kd bm Phukm, omlf bm prdshkdcghm kdb / kd bm Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf …, mshsthkf dc bfs [rmomlfs

 

pfr bfs Edrjmcfs shnuhdctds< Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd< … Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd< … Frmkfr< … Wdgrdtmrhf< … Jmdstrf kd Dxpdrtf< … Gdrdjfchms< … [dsfrdrf ofbms cdnrms dc bm ofbsm kdb gfctrmvftf

Wmgf kd Yrfpfshghfcds Wh db smgf bbdnm vmgêf, sd pfcd< M gfcthcumgh÷c sd pmsm db Wmgf kd Yrfpfshghfcds, shc rhtumb, qud bbdnm mb Frhdctd purm y shc trmomlfs. Wh bbdnm gfc pbmcgems< M gfcthcumgh÷c sd pmsm db Wmgf kd Yrfpfshghfcds, shc rhtumb, qud bbdnm mb Frhdctd gfc … pbmcgems nrmomkms qud qudkmc tdjpfrmbjdctd omlf jmbbdtd.

Bdgturm kd Ybmcgems. Gmjohf kd Nrmkf M gfcthcumgh÷c pudkdc pmsmr kfs gfsms< qud sd pmsd m uc nrmkf supdrhfr, f qud sd bdmc bms pbmcgems< Wh sd bddc bms pbmcgems, sd khgd< Wd bhodrm bm prhjdrm pbmcgem y kdskd db Wdptdctrh÷c y m bm frkdc, db Edrjmcf … bdd su pbmcgem shjo÷bhgm thtubmkm … _dsujdc ordvd kdb gfctdchkf (7/; pírrm`fs). Wh sd km bm pmbmorm m bms gfbujcms y pfstdrhfrjdctd mb Frhdctd, sd rd`bdlm y sd pfcd db frkdc kd bms hctdrvdcghfcds kd gmkm ucf kd bfs Edrjmcfs gfc uc ordvd rdsujdc. Wh bfs [rmomlfs pmsmc m Wdnuckf Nrmkf, ds cdgdsmrhf kdghr< M gfcthcumgh÷c, db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, m nfbpd kd jmbbdtd, suspdckd bfs trmomlfs dc Nrmkf kd Mprdckhz. Db Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms gfckugd m bfs Edrjmcfs Mprdckhgds m pmsfs pdrkhkfs dc kfckd rdmbhzmríc uc trmomlf dcgfjdckmckf pfr db Edrjmcf Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd. Bfs [rmomlfs pmsmc m ucm Gíjmrm supdrhfr. Bfs trmomlfs rdtfrcmc m Gíjmrm kd Yrhjdr Nrmkf.

@hcmb kd bfs [rmomlfs Tcm vdzbmgfjpbdtmkf db Ybmc kd bfs [rmomlfs, db Pdcdrmobd gfcgdkd pmbmorm m quhdc tdcnm mbnucm gfsm qud kdghr pmrmJmdstrf db ohdc

 

kd bm Eujmchkmk, pmrm db ohdc kdb Frkdc @rmcgjms÷chgf dc ndcdrmb y dc pmrthgubmr pfr db ohdc kd bm _dspdtmobd Bfnhm.

Gfcgbushfcds Mgmomkms, puds, bms gudsthfcds m trmtmr, db Edrjmcf Frmkfr rdmbhzm sus gfcgbushfcds kd bfs [rmomlfs.

[rfcgf kd bm Phukm Wd emgd ghrgubmr db [rfcgf kd bm Phukm, shc gdrdjfchmb, db gumb, km gfjf rdsubtmkf bm gmcthkmk kd … uchkmkds kd jdkmbbm prf`mcm. Bfs Edrjmcfs qud emc prdsdctmkf dxgusms emc kdpfshtmkf bms jdkmbbms kd bfs musdctds dxgusmkfs. Wd rdmbhzm bm Gmkdcm kd Tch÷c. Wd ghdrrmc bfs trmomlfs m nfbpd kd jmbbdtd gumckf ds jdkhmcfged dc puctf. Ed   khgef Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf. @hrjms<   Wdgrdtmrhf  

Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf

Edrjmcf Frmkfr

 

JMDW[_F KD GD_DJFCHMW Db Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms khrhnd db gdrdjfchmb kdb rhtf dc tfkms bms tdchkms y thdcd guhkmkf kd tfkfs bfs kdtmbbds qud sd kdsmrrfbbmc dc bfnhm mctds y kurmctd db trmcsgursf kd bm tdchkm. Ds db f`hghmb kd bfnhm qud gfckugd sh ds cdgdsmrhf m bfs Edrjmcfs qud thdcdc bm cdgdshkmk kd kdspbmzmrsd pfr db tdjpbf. Ds db dcbmgd kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf gfc bms gfbujcms y db dldgutfr kd bms ÷rkdcds kdb jhsjf tmctf m chvdb rhtumbêsthgf gfjf m chvdb bfnêsthgf. Ftrm kd sus `ucghfcds ds dstmr shdjprd mb guhkmkf kd mspdgtfs bfnêsthgfs kd bm bfnhm gfjf db guhkmkf kd bm pfshobd dxthcgh÷c kd bms vdbms y kd gumbquhdr mcfjmbêm qud surlm dc db trmcsgursf kd bms tdchkms. Luctmjdctd gfc db Dxpdrtf, guhkm kd bfs kdtmbbds dspdgê`hgfs kd bm prdpmrmgh÷c kdb [djpbf, y ds db dcgmrnmkf kd bbmjmr d hctrfkughr sdnüc bms hckhgmghfcds kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf m bfs edrjmcfs kd bm bfnhm sdnüc sus gumbhkmkds, y m bfs edrjmcfs vhshtmctds. Dstmrí shdjprd pdckhdctd kd bms pfshobds bbmjmkms qud sd prfkuzgmc kurmctd bm [dchkm dc db tdjpbf, mgukhdckf m bm pudrtm kd dstd y kdspuès kd rdghohr bm fpfrtucm hc`frjmgh÷c kdb Edrjmcf Numrkmtdjpbf, sd bm gfjuchgmrí kd vhvm vfz mb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf kdskd bms gfbujcms kd Fgghkdctd f prfgdkdrí m hc`frjmrbf mgukhdckf mb Frhdctd. Dc gdrdjfchms jmncms y dspdghmbds, guhkm, khrhnd, frkdcm y dcgmodzm tfkms bms kdbdnmghfcds tmctf m bm dctrmkm gfjf dc bm smbhkm kdb tmbbdr. db Nrmc Jmdstrd kd bm Fodkhdcghm sd prdsdctm m vhshtmr ucm Gumckf bfnhm, db Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms gfjf rdspfcsmobd kdb prftfgfbf kd bm bfnhm smbd m rdghohr mb vdstêoubf dxtdrhfr y bf hctrfkugd omlf bm O÷vdkm kd Mgdrf  y mb omthr kd jmbbdtds kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf y kd bfs Phnhbmctds. Kdspuès kdb smbukf, db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf omlmrí emstm db pmvhjdctf y bd khrhnhrí ucm ordvd mbfgugh÷c kd ohdcvdchkm y bd f`rdgdrí db jmbbdtd pmrm qud khrhlm bfs [rmomlfs, y bds gfckughrí emstm db Frhdctd. Mb rdthrmrsd db Nrmc Jmdstrf sd bd trhoutmrí bfs jhsjfs efcfrds qud m su bbdnmkm, omlf bm fpfrtucm khrdggh÷c kdb Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms. Dssdmc db dcgmrnmkf kd rdmbhzmr tfkms bms qud cf edgems pfr db Wdgrdtmrhf y dbgfjuchgmghfcds Frmkfr, y dc dc bmsbfnhm [dchkms

 

Jmncms rdmbhzm tfkms bms prfgbmjmghfcds. Mb `hcmb kd bms tdchkms ds db F`hghmb qud emgd ghrgubmr db Wmgf kd Yrfpfshghfcds y gfckugd mb Edrjmcf Efsphtmbmrhf pmrm qud tmjohèc emnm ghrgubmr db [rfcgf kd bm Phukm. Dc bfs omcqudtds jms÷chgfs gfc rhtumb ds db prhcghpmb dcgmrnmkf kd qud tfkf dc sd tfkf kdsmrrfbbd gfcbmsmrrdnbf pmrthgubmrhkmkds kd dstd, guhkmckf jfjdctf `frjmsmy bms bms fobhnmghfcds kd gmkm ucf kd bfs jhdjorfs kd bm bfnhm gfc bm hcdsthjmobd gfbmofrmgh÷c kdb Jmdstrf kd Omcqudtds, sh db tmbbdr khspfcd kdb jhsjf f kd uc Edrjmcf dcgmrnmkf pmrm dsfs jdcdstdrds.

Lfym Bm hcshnchm f Lfym kd dstd F`hghmb ds bm kd uc gmkugdf y uc omst÷c, y bm lfym kd su gfbbmr bbdvm ndcdrmbjdctd kfs dspmkms dctrdgruzmkms gfc uc gmkugdf.

Bm Pmrm kd Frkdc Db omst÷c f vmrm kd Frkdc vhdcd m sdr db djobdjm kdb Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms, qud bbdvm shdjprd qud bd tfgm prfgdkdr dc bfnhm. Db pfrtd kd bbdvmrbf thdcd qud sdr jmrghmb shc dxmndrmgh÷c, pdrf kurmctd su kdmjoubmgh÷c pfr db tdjpbf gfc db omst÷c bf nfbpdmrí dc db sudbf rêtjhgmjdctd kurmctd su rdgfrrhkf. Dstm vmrm, kdskd bm jís rdjftm mcthnòdkmk em tdchkf y kdsmrrfbbmkf jübthpbds `ucghfcds pmrm bfs mcthnufs jmsfcds kd f`hghf, ucm kd bms gumbds drm bm uchkmk kd jdkhgh÷c. Edrdkdrm kd shnch`hgmthvms `ucghfcds dc bm mcthnòdkmk, mefrm kd bm jmcf kdb Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms vhdcd m bmrdprdsdctmr bm mutfrhkmk, db frkdc, bm gfrrdggh÷c, jfkdrmgh÷cshjo÷bhgmjdctd y, pfr ftrm pmrtd, bm prftdggh÷c gfctrm bm dcvhkhm, bm hctfbdrmcghm y bm hcgfjprdcsh÷c. Phdcd tmjohèc m shjofbhzmr db dld vdrthgmb qud ucd db Ghdbf gfc bm [hdrrm, gfc db qud db Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms rdgfrrd db gmjhcf kd bm Buz y trmcspfrtm uc gfcthcdctd kd dxpdrhdcghm y smohkurêm. Ds gfjf ftrf pfkdrfsf sêjofbf kd bm Phkm y bm vdrthgmbhkmk ds gfjf db írofb qud pfcd dc gfjuchgmgh÷c bfs trds chvdbds kdb gfsjfs, db suotdrrícdf m trmvès kd bms rmêgds, bm supdr`hghd m trmvès kd su trfcgf y bms mbturms m trmvès kd bms rmjms, bm vmrm dstmobdgd ucm rdbmgh÷c dctrd m thdrrm y db ghdbf, pdrf m trmvès kdb Efjord. Gfcshstd dc ucm vmrm ndcdrmbjdctd bhsm y mprfxhjmkf rdkfckm, cf kd juy=09 nrudsm, mprfxhjmkmjdctd 7 gj, y gfc uc bmrnf gj,

 

ndcdrmbjdctd kd jmkdrm cfobd omrchzmkm y tdrjhcmkm y rdmbzmkm gfc uc pfjf kd jdtmb cfobd f gfc mbnüc jfthvf mbdn÷rhgf kd shnch`hgmgh÷c jms÷chgm (gfjf pfr dldjpbf ucm dsgumkrm y uc gfjpís dctrdbmzmkfs). Dc bm pmrtd `hcmb hc`drhfr ds prdghsf y üthb qud bbdvd uc tfpd kd nfjm.

Tohgmgh÷c ndfnrí`hgm dc bfnhm Db Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms thdcd su bunmr dc db _DMM dc bm gmodgdrm kd bm Gfbujcm kdb Wur, `rdctd mb Edrjmcf Dxpdrtf. Wu uohgmgh÷c bd pdrjhtd gfctrfbmr pdr`dgtmjdctd bm Bfnhm, dstmr gdrgm kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf pmrm rdghohr sus hckhgmghfcds f rdmbhzírsdbms èb jhsjf, y kdskd su bunmr pfkdr mtdckdr pdr`dgtmjdctd tfkms bms `ucghfcds qud thdcd m su gmrnf.

Dspdgh`hgmghfcds mgdrgm kdb Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms Db Nrmkf, Jmdstrfykdsdr Gdrdjfchms tdcdr tftmbjdctd mshjhbmkf db _htumb kd uc dxpdrtfkdod gfcfgdkfr kdb jhsjf, gfc tfkms bms mgtumghfcds cf sfbf kd su F`hghf shcf bms kd bfs kdjís jhdjorfs kd bm bfnhm. Wu mgtumgh÷c dc db sdcthkf kd sdnuhjhdctf gfrrdgtf kdb rhtumb grdm dc tfkf jfjdctf dnrènfrm dc bm bfnhm, ym qud sus mgfjpmsmkfs vhmlds dc db jfjdctf qud sd prfkugdc jmcthdcdc db rhtjf kd bms tdchkms, shc sdcsmgh÷c kd gfrtds mpmrdctds. Wu prfgdkdr shdjprd thdcd qud sdr kdghkhkf y gfc sdcsmgh÷c kd sdnurhkmk dc tfkms sus mgghfcds. Mctds kd bm dctrmkm dc db tdjpbf, ucm kd bms `ucghfcds dsdcghmbds kdb Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms ds bm kd, gfc sumvhkmk y jmcf khdstrm, prdpmrmr jhdjorfs kd bmguhkmr bfnhm su mshstdctds bfs jdtmbds mmbmbfs pudrtm kdb tdjpbf, hjmndc ymdcmomckfcmr bm mgtumbhkmk kdsgfcdgtmr bfs mpmrmtfs dbdgtr÷chgfs. [mjohèc grdmrí uc dspmghf kd thdjpf dc db qud sd prfgurmrí db mkvdchjhdctf kd bm gfcgdctrmgh÷c y db shbdcghf. Dc db _htf Dsgfgès Mcthnuf y Mgdptmkf bm jhsjm dctrmkm dc db tdjpbf gfclunm ym uc `rmtdrcf gfcgursf bfnhmb shnuhdckf ucm frkdcmkm `hbm dcgmodzmkm pfr db Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms, sdnuhkf dstd pfr db übthjf Mprdckhz y tdrjhcmkm pfr db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, mb qud bd prdgdkdc drírquhgmjdctd, bfs kdjís f`hghmbds, Gfjpmýdrfs y Mprdckhgds. Wu jhsh÷c cf sfbf ds dsm, bm jmsfcdrêm cf ds uc vhmld kd ucm sfbm hkm f kdvfbvdrí ucm sfbm vudbtm, pfstdrhfrjdctd ucm vdz `hcmbhzmkfs bfs trmomlfs cfs m gfckughr mb juckf prf`mcf.

 

 

 

DUYD_[F Db Dxpdrtf, kd `mgtf, ds db F`hghmb kdshncmkf pmrm vdbmr pfr db Oudc Frkdc y gfjpbhjhdctf dxmgtf kdb rhtumb dc bm prdpmrmgh÷c kd bms tdchkms. Ds pfr tmctf db nmrmctd kd qud sd gujpbm db jhsjf y ds db rdspfcsmobd prhcghpmb kd bms Gdrdjfchms Jmncms kd Hchghmgh÷c, Ymsds kd Nrmkf y Dxmbtmghfcds. Ds pfr tmctf db gfcsdrvmkfr kd bms dsdcghms kdb rhtumb, y db dcgmrnmkf kd dcsdýmr dc db jfjdctf dspdgh`hgmkf m bfs cd÷`htfs kd gmkm nrmkf bfs shncfs y bfs tfgmjhdctfs kd rhnfr. Ftrm kd bms `ucghfcds kdb Dxpdrtf ds vdbmr pfr bm gfcsdrvmgh÷c y usf kd bms edrrmjhdctms khspudstms pfr db rhtumb, y sh ds cdgdsmrhf rddjpbmzmrbms f vmrhmrbms, y tmjohèc qud shdjprd dstèc dc oudc usf. Yfr tmctf, dc bms Hchghmghfcds nuhmrí pfr bfs sdckdrfs qud sd jmrgmc mb Hchghmckf, emghèckfbd pmsmr pfr tfkfs bfs puctfs kd bm Hchghmgh÷c kdctrf y `udrm kdb [djpbf, y dstmrí mb guhkmkf kd dstd emstm qud vdm bm Buz. Dc bfs Mujdctfs kd Wmbmrhf khrhnhrí tfkfs bfs prfgdsfs kd vhmlds kd bfs pfstubmctds mb Nrmkf kd Gfjpmýdrf gfc bm myukm kdb Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms. Dc bms Dxmbtmghfcds gfckughrí bm dldgugh÷c kd bm [dchkm, gfc db muxhbhf kd jís Jmdstrfs kd bm Bfnhm, mpmrtd kd bm kdb Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms, y sh ds prdghsf sfbhghtmrí mb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf rd`udrzf dc bfs [rmomlfs. Ftrm kd bms `ucghfcds ndcdrmbds kdb Dxpdrtf ds bm kd _dtdlmkfr, ndcdrmbjdctd dc bm pudrtm kdb [djpbf. Ydrf dc su pmrtd hctdrhfr, gumckf kdspuès kd emodr rdghohkfy khspfshgh÷c db vhstf oudcf kdb Jmdstrf pdcdtrdc kd Gdrdjfchms, dc gumctf m mtudckf kd gmkm Edrjmcf. Db Dxpdrtf, dc uc chvdb kd musdcghms shnch`hgmthvms y omstmctd hjprfomobds dc bfnhm pfr gmusms dxtrmfrkhcmrhms d hjpfckdrmobds, dstí suldtf m bm gmkdcm qud kdtdrjhcm qud, dc musdcghm kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, fgupmrí su bunmr db Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd, y sh dstd `mbtmrm bf emrí db Wdnuckf Phnhbmctd. Ydrf m gfcthcumgh÷c, vhdcd su rdspfcsmohbhkmk dc fgupmr db gmrnf. Bm `hnurm kdb Dxpdrtf cf dxhstêm dc bm cmghdctd `rmcgjmsfcdrêm dspdgubmthvm kdb shnbf UPHHH. Dstd f`hghf mpmrdgd gumckf bfs `rmcgjmsfcds pdrgmtmc kd bm gmrdcghm kd khspfcdr kd uc F`hghmb dc bm bfnhm gfc ucsdoudc gfcfghjhdctf kdb _htf, qud emstm dctfcgds cf

 

dstmom uch`hgmkf. Emstm uc jfjdctf kdtdrjhcmkf, gmkm bfnhm tdcêm su prfphm bhturnhm. Db prdgursfr kdb Dxpdrtf ds db qud mcthnumjdctd drm kdcfjhcmkf Edrjmcf [drrhobd, qud ym dxhstêm dc mqudbbfs thdjpfs y drm db qud guhkmom y prdsdrvmom gfc hcgbusf sdvdrhkmk bms dsdcghms kd bm gfrrdggh÷c y sdnuhjhdctf kd bms pmusms kd bm bhturnhm dc bfnhm.

Lfym Bm lfym kdb Edrjmcf Dxpdrtf, dc db _DMM, dstí rdprdsdctmkm pfr ucm dspmkm y ucm rdnbm dctrdgruzmkms, y dc ucm pmrtd supdrhfr bm `hnurm kd uc flf. Ds db trhpbd sêjofbf kd bm _dgthtuk qud sd kdod jmctdcdr dc bm prdsdrvmgh÷c y kdsmrrfbbf kdb rhtumb (_dnbm), bm pdrsfch`hgmgh÷c kd bm mutfrhkmk kdb Dxpdrtf dc bm vdbm kd jhsjf (Dspmkm) y bm fosdrvmcghm y khsghpbhcm m sdnuhr (Flf). Bm rdnbm thdcd ucm nrmkumgh÷c shjo÷bhgm kd vdhcthgumtrf hcghshfcds qud cfs judstrm bms efrms sfbmrds qud kdbhjhtmc bm gfckugtm kdb jms÷c. Bm bfgugh÷c bmthcm Gmrpd Khdj, qud bhtdrmbjdctd shnch`hgm tfjm db kêm, ds kdghr, mprfvdgem db jfjdctf dc db sdcthkf kd cf jmbnmstmrbf, ds ucm smohm `rmsd kd Efrmghf dc sus Fkms qud vhdcd m rd`frzmr db sdcthkf mbdn÷rhgf kd bm rdnbm dc bm Lfym. Bm dspmkm ds bm dxprdsh÷c kd bm khmbègthgm kdb gfjomtd kdb ícndb gfctrm db jmbhncf, kd bm buz gfctrm bms thchdobms, kd bm èthgm gfctrm tfkf mqudbbf qud quhdrd vhfbdctmr. Db flf ds bm rdprdsdctmgh÷c kd bm hjmndc qud tfkf bf vd y gfrfcm, gfjf sd em khgef sford bm lfym. Ydrf bm dspmkm y bm rdnbm dctrdgruzmkms gfc`hnurm ucm hjmnhcmrhm gruz kd Wmc Mckrès, qud vhdcd m shjofbhzmr bm bugem dctrd gfctrmrhfs y fpudstfs. Bm hjpfrtmcghm shjo÷bhgm kdb flf ds hjpfrtmctd ym qud pdrsfch`hgm y rdprdsdctm bm mutfrhkmk y rdspfcsmohbhkmk kdb Dxpdrtf, qud dc tfkf jfjdctf kdod kd dstmr pdckhdctd kd gumbquhdr msuctf kdb tmbbdr, shdckf mkdjís db nmrmctd kd sdr m su vdz bfs flfs kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf dc tfkf jfjdctf. Gfjpudstm y dctdckhkm msê kd dstm jmcdrm, bm lfym rdprdsdctm bm mosfbutm vhnhbmcghm sford bm rhtumbhkmk y sford bm shjofbfnêm.

Tohgmgh÷c ndfnrí`hgm dc bfnhm Wu bunmr dstí shtumkf mb prhcghphf kd bm Gfbujcm kd Wdptdctrh÷c, mb phd kdb shthmb Wu kdb bunmr F`hghmb tdchdckf m su bmkf mb yEdrjmcf Efsphtmbmrhf. bd Wdgrdtmrhf, pdrjhthrí mggdkdr m su cdgdsmrhm g÷jfkm

 

kdmjoubmgh÷c pfr db [djpbf, pmrm khspfcdr bms cdgdshkmkds kdb rhtumb. Wus jfvhjhdctfs pfr bm bfnhm sdríc shdjprd bhords y pfkrí ghrgubmr pfr dbbm, dc gumbquhdr sdcthkf, pmrm prdsdrvmr bms dsdcghms kd bms gfrrdgtms jmcdrms kdb kdsmrrfbbf kd bms [dchkms.

Bm dspmkm kdb Dxpdrtf

Bm dspmkm gfc bm qud db Dxpdrtf dc prhcghphf sd judvd shnch`hgm shjo÷bhgmjdctd db Gfcfghjhdctf, db Wmodr Hchghíthgf qud shdjprd thdcd qud dstmr prdsdctd dc bfnhm. Dc db _DMM sd mgfstujorm m qud db Dxpdrtf bbdvd dc su ghcturm bm vmhcm kurmctd bms tdchkms. Xm qud dc kdtdrjhcmkfs jfjdctfs emorí kd prdsghckhr kd dbbm. Bm vmhcm kd bm dspmkm dstí suldtm m uc tmembê dc bm ghcturm, pmrm pfkdr dcvmhcmr g÷jfkmjdctd bm dspmkm. Dstm gfcgdpgh÷c kd bm vmhcm cf ds ombmkê, shcf qud rdprdsdctm y rd`udrzm shjo÷bhgmjdctd bm mggh÷c kdb Dxpdrtf, ym qud dc thdjpfs kd Efjdrf ym sd emobm kd dstm dc tèrjhcfs kd ghcnubuj. Ds db üchgf f`hghmb qud bbdvm bm Dspmkm dc bm jmcf kdrdgem, y shdjprd bm tdckrí dc jmcf m cf sdr gfjf ym sd em khgef pmrm kdsmrrfbbmr ftrms tmrdms, dc qud bm gfbfgmrí dc bm vmhcm. Bm dspmkm kdb Dxpdrtf, gfjf sd em khgef, ds ucm dspmkm kd gfjomtd dsphrhtumb y kd gfcvhggh÷c, su eflm ds gfrtm, mcgem y kd kfobd `hbf. Db kfobd `hbf vhdcd m pdrsfch`hgmr y shnch`hgmr db kfobd gfjomtd, dsftèrhgf y rdspdtufsf kd bm prfnrdsh÷c hchghíthgm. Ds db gfjomtd kd bm Yhdkrm Orutm pmrm bbdnmr m kdvdchr Yhdkrm Güohgm, qud pdrsfch`hgm ucf kd bfs mtrhoutfs qud shdjprd kdod kd jmctdcdr db jms÷c< db gfcfghjhdctf kd sê jhsjf, gfjf gbmvd kd Wmodr Hctdrhfr, kd gfjpdtdcghm pdrsfcmb, `rutf kdb trmomlf frkdcmkf.

Dsdcghms kdb Dxpdrtf Db Dxpdrtf thdcd dc su `ucgh÷c uc rfb jís mgthvf qud fpdrmthvf, gfc bm hkdm kd shdjprd tdcdr gfjf cfrjm bm grdmthvhkmk y bm hjprfvhsmgh÷c mkdgumkm, qud bd prfpfrghfcmc sus gfcfghjhdctfs jms÷chgfs pmrm trmomlmr dc dstd F`hghf kd bfnhm. Wu f`hghf bd kdod jmctdcdr shdjprd dc numrkhm kd cf gfjpfrtmrsd gfjf uc `uckmjdctmbhstm, uc frtfkfxf f uc bhodrmb. Wu pmpdb ds hjpfrtmctd y dc shtumghfcds kh`êghbds kdod trmtmr kd gfcghbhmr bm rdgthtuk y bm mpbhgmgh÷c mctdpfchdckf èstm, sh ds cdgdsmrhf, m bm dldgugh÷c. Wu gfjpfrtmjhdctf gfc tfkfs bfs Edrjmcfs dc ybfnhm y dcpdrf bm dldgugh÷c kd su rfb kdodrí sdr shdjprd khpbfjíthgf mjmobd,

 

kdctrf kd bms gffrkdcmkms kd bm `hrjdzm. Db Dxpdrtf kdodrí sdr shdjprd rhnurfsf, dc prhjdr bunmr gfcshnf jhsjf, ym qud kdod rdgfrkmr dc tfkf jfjdctf qud su mgtumgh÷c dc db kdsdjpdýf kd sus `ucghfcds rdprdsdctm bm pdr`dggh÷c dc db kdsmrrfbbf kdb rhtumb. Dctrd sus morhr `ucghfcds dstíc bms kd, kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, db Pfbujdc kd omlf bm bms Bdy÷rkdcds Wmnrmkm y shtumr gfcvdchdctdjdctd mb usf bm Dsgumkrm y db Gfjpís. [mjohèc thdcd db gmrnf kd shtumr f kdsguorhr db Gumkrf kd Bfnhm dc bm Mpdrturm kd bm bfnhm y bm kd fgubtmrbf dc db ghdrrd kd bms tdchkms.  

 

EFWYH[MBM_HF Db f`hghf kd Efsphtmbmrhf, mbnucms vdgds tmjohèc kdshncmkf gfjf Bhjfscdrf , cf ds cudvf ch ds pmrtd kd bfs gmjohfs m rmêz kd bm cudvm gfcgdpgh÷c kd bm jmsfcdrêm dspdgubmthvm. Bm dxhstdcghm kd dstd f`hghf sd rdjfctm m bfs thdjpfs kd bms mcthnums nuhbkms f gfrpfrmghfcds jdkhdvmbds kd fordrfs. Bm bmofr m dldrgdr pfr dstd f`hghmb sd dctrfcgm dc bms omsds kd sfbhkmrhkmk jms÷chgm qud, gfjf sd ym khgef, prfvhdcd kd bm jmsfcdrêm fpdrmthvm y gfcthcüm dc cudstrfs kêms. Dstd F`hghmb, dc uc jfjdctf kdtdrjhcmkf kd bm tdchkm, dc gfjpmýêm kdb Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms f kdb Dxpdrtf, pmsmrí ‛gfc f shc rhtumb‛ sdnüc prd`drdcghm kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, db kdcfjhcmkf [rfcgf kd bm Phukm f Wmgf kd Odcd`hgdcghm. Wu gmrnf dc bfnhm supfcd bm rdspfcsmohbhkmk kd vdbmr pfr bm shtumgh÷c kd gmkm Edrjmcf, dcmbtdghdckf db sdcthkf `hbmctr÷phgf kd bfs tmbbdrds jms÷chgfs. Dc db [rfcgf kd bm Phukm gmkm ucf kd bfs jhdjorfs kd bm bfnhm emrí ucm kdtdrjhcmkm mpfrtmgh÷c kd uchkmkds kd jdkmbbm prf`mcm, gfjf dc jmsfcdrêm sd kdcfjhcmc bms mpfrtmghfcds dc d`dgthvf, y bf emrí shdjprd kd `frjm khsgrdtm, mbdlmkm kd fstdctmgh÷c y dc `ucgh÷c kd sus pfshohbhkmkds pdguchmrhms y kd su gfcghdcghm. Tcm vdz rdgfnhkfs bfs ÷ofbfs, dc mbnucms bfnhms sd thdcd bm gfstujord kd qud db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf prdnuctd sh mbnuhdc kdsdm pmrm sê db [rfcgf kd bm Phukm. Dc ftrfs tmbbdrds sd fovhm bm prdnuctm, y db hjpfrtd rdgfnhkf sd dctrdnm mb Edrjmcf Frmkfr pmrm su rdgudctf y pfstdrhfr dctrdnm mb F`hghmb Efsphtmbmrhf. Efsphtmbmrhf.

Gmrmgtdrêsthgms dspdghmbds kdb F`hghf Dstd gmrnf ds shc÷chjf kd khsgrdgh÷c y kd jmcf kdrdgem, qud thdcd qud kdsdjofgmr dc bm d`hghdcghm kd su dldrghghf. Wdcghbbmjdctd pfrqud db usf kd dsd d`dgthvf f jdkmbbms prf`mcms thdcd qud dstmr dxgbushvmjdctd kdkhgmkf m `hcds kd myukm puctumb, muxhbhf y odcd`hgdcghm. Db rdnhstrf kd tfkms dstms mgghfcds dstmrí shdjprd supdrvhsmkf pfr bms [rds Bugds, gfc bm kdghsh÷c `hcmb kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, dc ucm tftmb Kdskd khsgrdgh÷c bfs rdjftfs kd tfkms thdjpfs dstms dc bêcdms qudkd sdtrmomlf. hcstmur÷ dstm gfstujord kd

 

myukm y sfgfrrf, db gmrnf cucgm em shkf `íghb pfr bms gmrmgtdrêsthgms qud gfcgurrdc dc èb, qud sd omsmc dc bm mkjhchstrmgh÷c gfrrdgtm y gfjdkhkm kd bfs prhcghphfs kd `rmtdrchkmk kd bm Frkdc. Ds cfrjm cf dsgrhtm, puds, qud db F`hghmb qud msujm dstd gmrnf dstè kftmkf y sdm dldjpbf kd kdkhgmgh÷c d hjpbhgmgh÷c dc db dldrghghf kd bm sfbhkmrhkmk khsgrdgh÷c. y kd bm myukm, gfc nrmckds kfshs kd eujmchkmk y mosfbutm Bm gfjuchgmgh÷c y rdbmgh÷c kdb Efsphtmbmrhf y bfs kdjís Edrjmcfs kdb tmbbdr hjpbhgmc kfshs kd ohkhrdgghfcmbhkmk jdkhmctd ucm `buhkm gfjuchgmgh÷c dctrd mjoms pmrtds. Emy qud rdsmbtmr qud, dc bm mgtumbhkmk, m rmêz kd bfs hjpfrtmctds gmjohfs kd gfjuchgmgh÷c khnhtmb, dstm ghrgucstmcghm qudkm dcfrjdjdctd mohdrtm, bf qud `mghbhtm tmc hjpfrtmctd tmrdm.

Lfym Bm lfym kdb F`hghmb Efsphtmbmrhf, qud sd bbdvm gfbnmkm kdb dxtrdjf kdb gfbbmr, vhdcd rdprdsdctmkm pfr ucm ofbsm dc bm qud sd pudkd mprdghmr fstdcshobdjdctd bm `hnurm kd uc gfrmz÷c. Ds uc djobdjm qud sd pfkrêm kdghr gmsh uchvdrsmb kd ofckmk, ndcdrfshkmk, kd gfjpmsh÷c y kd gmrhkmk mbtruhstm.

Tohgmgh÷c ndfnrí`hgm dc bfnhm Db F`hghmb qud gujpbd dstfs jdcdstdrds sd uohgm y shdctm luctf mb Frhdctd juy gdrgm kdb Wdgrdtmrhf y mb prhcghphf kd bm Gfbujcm kdb Cfrtd, luctf mb Dxpdrtf. Dstm uohgmgh÷c `mghbhtm dc pmrthgubmr db jfjdctf f jfjdctfs dc qud db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf khspfcnm su kdmjoubmgh÷c dc bfnhm bfs mtrhoutfs kd suy gmrnf. Dc su gfcfghkm form pmrm sforddldrgdr bm tdjíthgm kd F`hghfs F`hghmbds kd bm Bfnhm, db edrjmcf Kmchdb Odrdschma, mb mofrkmr db gmpêtubf UHHH kdkhgmkf mb F`hghf kd Efsphtmbmrhf, cfs f`rdgd uc vdrkmkdrf y rdmb gmsf juy kdsm`frtucmkf, gfc uc `hcmb bmjdctmobd, rdbmthvf mb dldrghghf kdb gmrnf, qud ds kd ucm cmturmbdzm kdsnmrrmkfrm. Ohdc dctdckhkf qud dc bm mgtumbhkmk bfs jdkhfs kd gfjuchgmgh÷c sd emc mohdrtf kd jmcdrm dxtrmfrkhcmrhm gfc rdspdgtf m gumckf sd prfkulf dstd hcghkdctd, mgmdghkf emgd ym 74 mýfs, grdf qud vmbd bm pdcm rdsdýmrbf tmb gfjf bf dxpbhgm Odrdschma< Mb dsgrhohr dstms bêcdms dstfy pdcsmckf dc ucm kdsnrmghm qud pukf sdr dvhtmkm. Èrmsd ucm vdz ucm Bfnhm gfjf tmctms ftrms... Tc edrjmcf kd khgem Bfnhm cf emoêm rdnrdsmkf jís y emoêm kdlmkf kd

 

bbmjmr pmrm prdsdctmr dxgusms. Budnf kd uc ghdrtf cüjdrf kd musdcghms, bm Gíjmrm kd Jmdstrfs bd dcvh÷ mb Edrjmcf ucm gmrtm gfcjhcíckfbf m pfcdrsd mb kêm gfc db tdsfrf kdb [mbbdr y m mshsthr rdnubmrjdctd m tfkms bms tdchkms, sf pdcm kd dxgbush÷c. Mctds kd dcvhmr bm gmrtm, cmkhd `ud m vdr mb Edrjmcf. Db Pdcdrmobd sd emoêm bhjhtmkf m prdnuctmr dc bfnhm sh mbnuhdc tdcêm cfthghms suyms y, gfjf cmkhd khf ucm rdspudstm m`hrjmthvm, sd dcvh÷ db jdcsmld. _dsubtm qud db Edrjmcf dc gudsth÷c tdcêm tdckdcghm kdprdshvm. Kdohkf m ucm gmsgmkm kd gfctrmrhdkmkds kd tfkf thpf qud emoêm tdchkf qud dc`rdctmr emoêm dctrmkf dc omrrdcm m`dgthvm y sd emoêm rdpbdnmkf kdctrf kd su «gmpmrmz÷c±. Wu musdcghm dc rdmbhkmk drm uc bbmjmkf kd mtdcgh÷c qud cmkhd emoêm gfjprdckhkf. Wu gfjpfrtmjhdctf drm cfrjmb kdskd db puctf kd vhstm pshgfb÷nhgf1 pdrf hcgujpbhkf y gfckdcmobd kdskd db puctf kd vhstm kdb rdnbmjdctf. Kdspuès kd rdghohr bm gmrtm, db edrjmcf sd suhghk÷ y, shnuhdckf bm mcthnum gfstujord, sd ehzf ucm gmkdcm kd uch÷c mbrdkdkfr kd su =; tujom. Dstm shtumgh÷c ds efy dc kêm gmsh hjpdcsmobd, mucqud tfkfs smodjfs qud pdsd m bfs cudvfs jètfkfs kd gfjuchgmgh÷c, cmkhd pudkd drhnhrsd dc khdstrf gfcfgdkfr kd bm gfckugtm eujmcm.

Bms vhshtms `rmtdrcmbds kdb Efsphtmbmrhf Ftrm kd bms tmrdms qud dctrmc dc bms fobhnmghfcds kdb Efsphtmbmrhf ds bm kd rdmbhzmr vhshtms m bfs Edrjmcfs y Edrjmcms qud su`rmc mbnucm hckhspfshgh÷c nrmvd f qud dstèc dc`drjfs kd bmrnm kurmgh÷c, dc rdprdsdctmgh÷c rdprdsdctmg h÷c kdb tmbbdr. Ftrm kd bms vhshtms fobhnmkms ds bm kd gfjuchgmgh÷c gfc ftrfs jhdjorfs kdb tmbbdr qud bbdvdc thdjpf shc mshsthr m bms tdchkms y cf dstèc mb gfrrhdctd kd pmnfs y cf kdc dxpbhgmghfcds mb rdspdgtf. Dstm shtumgh÷c, mucqud dstí jmrgmkm dc bm nrmc jmyfrêm kd bfs rdnbmjdctfs hctdrcfs kd bms Fodkhdcghms y bfnhms, gmkm vdz ds jís hjprfomobd, kdohkf m bfs cudvfs rdgursfs kd gfjuchgmgh÷c.

Bm y rdghohjhdctf kd Edrjmcfs kd ftrfs Dcmgfnhkm fgmshfcds puctumbds,`rmtdrcmb cudstrms bfnhms rdghodc bm Frhdctds vhshtm kd

 

Edrjmcfs kd ftrfs Frhdctds, pfr vhshtms kd cdnfghfs f turhsjf dc su vhkm prf`mcm, y tmjohèc pfr fgmshfcmbds y puctumbds rduchfcds kd íjohtf jms÷chgf, gfjf gfcvdcghfcds y gfcnrdsfs. Ds fpfrtucf qud db Efsphtmbmrhf guhkd dstms vhshtms y pudkm f`rdgdr su gfbmofrmgh÷c m d`dgtfs kd mbflmjhdctf, hc`frjmgh÷c sford bunmrds kd hctdrès, trmtmckf shdjprd kd `mghbhtmrbds su dstmcghm.

Bm khsgrdgh÷c mosfbutm Bm khsgrdgh÷c mosfbutm kdod prdshkhr bms tmrdms kd mkjhchstrmgh÷c pdguchmrhm kdb F`hghmb Efsphtmbmrhf, dxgdpgh÷c edgem `rdctd mb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf y bms ftrms Bugds, gfjf sd em mcftmkf mctdrhfrjdctd. Hcgbusf dc mbnucms bfnhms dstd prdgdptf sfbf rhnd dctrd db Yrhjdr Jmbbdtd y db Efsphtmbmrhf. Cdgdshkmkds puctumbds y quhzís hjpdrmthvms kd mbnüc Edrjmcf cf hcgujodc m bfs kdjís jhdjorfs kd bm Bfnhm y dc tfkf jfjdctf sd emgd hjpdrmthvm bm rdsdrvm kd dstms shtumghfcds. Ds hjprdsghckhobd ucm oudcm shctfcêm dctrd db Edrjmcf [dsfrdrf y db Efsphtmbmrhf. Db [dsfrdrf thdcd qud hc`frjmr kdohkmjdctd mb Efsphtmbmrhf kd gumbquhdr rdtrmsf dc db pmnf kd bms guftms, ym qud dstm ghrgucstmcghm pudkd sdr hckhghf kd prfobdjms `hcmcghdrfs kd mbnüc jhdjorf kdb tmbbdr. Bm cfobdzm jms÷chgm pudkd hjpdkhr qud mbnüc Edrjmcf mgukm khrdgtmjdctd m su bfnhm dc oüsqudkm kd uc oíbsmjf m sus pdsmrds m jdcfs kd qud dstfs sdmc kd gfcfghjhdctf püobhgf gfjf bm judrtd, bm dc`drjdkmk f uc mgghkdctd. Dstí dc bms mtrhoughfcds y kdodrds kdb Efsphtmbmrhf pfkdr rdsfbvdr pfr su gudctm shtumghfcds gfjpbhgmkms kd dgfcfjêm kd mbnüc jhdjorf kdb tmbbdr pfchèckfbf dc gfctmgtf gfc ftrf edrjmcf qud pudkm rdsfbvdr su shtumgh÷c y prfobdjms, m rhdckms shdjprd kd bm khsgrdgh÷c. Db sdcthkf prígthgf kdb [rfcgf ds qud gfc su myukm jmtdrhmb sd rdsudbvd ucm cdgdshkmk< qud gumckf uc jms÷c dstí dc kh`hgubtmkds, pudkd gfctmr gfc bfs edrjmcfs qud bd thdckdc bm jmcf. Dstd d`dgtf ds pshgfb÷nhgf, d hcgubgm bm gmrhkmk, bm sfbhkmrhkmk y bm `rmtdrchkmk dctrd bfs jhdjorfs kdb tmbbdr. Yfr ftrf bmkf, dstm cfobd prígthgm dcsdým m cf dxehohr y fstdctmr, puds db ÷ofbf sd km kd jmcdrm dspfctícdm y sdgrdtmjdctd, kd jfkf qud sd gujpbm «db qud cf sdpm bm jmcf hzquhdrkm bf qud emgd bm kdrdgem±. X su shnch`hgmkf dsphrhtumb gfcshstd dc dkugmr db kdsmpdnf kd bfs ohdcds jmtdrhmbds, qud cfs dcsdým g÷jf gfjpmrthr, cf sfbf bfs

 

gmukmbds jfcdtmrhfs, shcf, sford tfkf, bms dxpdrhdcghms dsphrhtumbds y bfs gfcfghjhdctfs qud gfc musdcghm kd dnfêsjf. Db gfjpmrthr uc dbdvmkf hkdmb, qud ds db qud judvd m gfcstruhr db tdjpbf kd bm mrjfcêm uchvdrsmb, gfc db Mjfr qud cmgd dctrd mqudbbfs qud smodc qud tfkfs, dc dsdcghm, sfc ucf, ds ucm gumbhkmk y uc dspêrhtu qud thdcdc qud m`bfrmr dc tfkfs bfs jmsfcds.  

 

[DWF_D_F Tcm gfcshkdrmgh÷c prdvhm Tcmjudstrm kd bm dcsdýmczms dc dstd ds gmrnf ds mbnuhdc mqudbbm qud qud cfs mb [dsfrdrf gfjprdckhkms gfjf uc rdgmukmkfr, kdghr, pudkd dxhnhr, hcgbusf pdcmbhzmr, sh cf sd gujpbd gfc db pmnf kd bm kdukm gfctrmêkm gfc db [dsfrf kd bm bfnhm db kêm kd cudstrf lurmjdctf, y qud kdskd budnf sd rdbmghfcm gfc mbnf jís suthb y trmcsgdckdctd qud bm jdrm gudsth÷c jfcdtmrhm, kmkf qud dc bm bfnhm cmkm ds supdr`buf y jugef jdcfs prf`mcf, hcgbuhkms bms jfcdkms qud bfs edrjmcfs kdpfshtmc dc db [rfcgf kd bm Phukm. Db F`hghf kd [dsfrdrf, gfjf tfkms bms f`hghmbêms qud sd dldrgdc dc ucm bfnhm, sfc sêjofbf kd uc frkdc y ucm mutfrhkmk cdgdsmrhm, qud dstíc kdsthcmkfs m sdrvhr kd sfpfrtd m cudstrm hcstruggh÷c hckhvhkumb d hctdrhfr1 y mkdbfpdrmr dc tfkms bm bfnhm kd dc gmkm ucf kd bfs jhdjorfs tmbbdr. pfr Yfr tmctf bf tmctf, bmshctdrcm mgghfcds db kdsdjpdýf kd su gmrnf dstíc lusth`hgmkms. Dstd pudstf ds mcthquêshjf. Dxhstêm ym dc bfs gudrpfs smgdrkftmbds kdb Mcthnuf Dnhptf, y sd dcgudctrm tmjohèc dctrd bfs gmrnfs hjpfrtmctds dc bfs Gfbdnhfs kd bfs Mrtê`hgds _fjmcfs dstmobdghkfs pfr Cujm. Db gmrnf kd [dsfrdrf em shkf gfcshkdrmkf kdskd bm mcthnòdkmk gfjf db jdcfs shjo÷bhgf kd bms bfnhms. D`dgthvmjdctd, bfs tmbbdrds dc sê pudkdc trmomlmr rhtumbjdctd shc dstd F`hghmb, ym qud dstd cf `hnurm dc bfs rhtumbds gfjf pmrtd kd bfs shdtd f`hghmbds hckhspdcsmobds pmrm db `ucghfcmjhdctf ucm bfnhm.dc uc dspmghf pmrthgubmr, gdrgmcf m puctf Db [dsfrdrf sdkd dcgudctrm gmsh prf`mcf, ym qud sus `ucghfcds, mucqud rdsubtmc hckhspdcsmobds dc bms bfnhms, cf pfsddc chcnüc gmrígtdr hchghíthgf. Wu thph`hgmgh÷c pfkrêm sdr kdcfjhcmkm kd mbtm d hcnrmtm. Dstd gmrnf pfr ftrm pmrtd hjpbhgm mbtms rdspfcsmohbhkmkds pfr kfs rmzfcds prhcghpmbds, tftmbjdctd mbdlmkms kdb shjofbhsjf f db rhtumbhsjf jms÷chgf< Bm prhjdrm ds qud db [dsfrdrf jmchpubm khcdrf, qud shdjprd pudkd dstmr dxpudstf m gudsth÷c dc db juckf prf`mcf. Bms cdgdshkmkds fpdrmthvms kd bms bfnhms cf thdcdc ftrf rdjdkhf qudsdnuckm jdzgbmr dstrhom dstm rdbmgh÷c. Bm dc qud bms sujms dgfc÷jhgms jmcdlmkms

 

pfr dstd F`hghmb dc sê cf bd pdrtdcdgdc, y shc djomrnf ds nmrmctd y rdspfcsmobd kd emgdrbms ghrgubmr gfcvdchdctdjdctd pmrm db oudc `ucghfcmr kd bfs tmbbdrds, tmctf dc gudsthfcds kd gfjprms bfnêsthgms, dcsdrds, vdbms, mkjhcêgubfs, dtg., gfjf pmrm pmnmr gfthkhmcmjdctd m bm Fodkhdcghm bms guftms fpfrtucms pmrm qud bfnhm dstè pbfjf.kd Yfrdsd bf tmctf, surnhr prfobdjms dcbmgumctf m bm mndsth÷c F`hghmb,pudkdc cf dc uc mspdgtf hbdnêthjf kdb usf kdb d`dgthvf, pdrf sê dc db kd su jètfkf. Ds puds cdgdsmrhf kdskd oudc prhcghphf kdlmr gfcstmcghm kd qud dstd F`hghmb kdodrí emgdr nmbm kd uc dquhbhorhf pfckdrmkf dc bm uthbhzmgh÷c kd bms prdrrfnmthvms pdguchmrhms qud bd sfc ftfrnmkms m chvdb kd hcnrdsfs y nmstfs, y qud dstd dquhbhorhf dc prhcghphf shdjprd pudkm sdr `rínhb, kdohkf m pfshobds hcghkdcghms pfr mtrmsfs kd mbnüc edrjmcf kdb tmbbdr dc emgdr d`dgthvms sus guftms. Ydrf mctd tfkf bf dxpudstf, dc chcnüc jfjdctf emy qud gfcshkdrmr mb Edrjmcf [dsfrdrf gfjf uc shjpbd omcqudrf, f pdfr muc, uc s÷rkhkf mkjhchstrmkfr kdb [dsfrf kd bm bfnhm. Db F`hghmb [dsfrdrf kdod sdr gfcshkdrmkf dc tfkf jfjdctf gfjf uc jms÷c kd F`hghf, ym qud pdsd m tfkf db gfcnbfjdrmkf hchghíthgf qud khsgrdpm dc dstd tdjm, su `ucgh÷c ds HCKHWYDCWMOBD dc tfkm bfnhm. Yfr bf tmctf, dstd f`hghf mbgmczm y mkquhdrd ucm nrmckdzm qud dc fgmshfcds gfctrmstm y gefgm gfc bm hcnrmthtuk.

Bm Lfym Dstí rdprdsdctmkm pfr kfs bbmvds kfrmkms, dctrdbmzmkms y mtmkms pfr ucm ghctm, qud pdckd kdb mucqud dxtrdjf cfs kdb pfkrêmjfs gfbbmr kdb F`hghmb pfrtm. [hdcd vmrhfs shnch`hgmkfs, gdctrmrqud dc bm kfs. Dc uc mspdgtf, rdprdsdctm db dspêrhtu jdcfs rhtumbêsthgf y shjo÷bhgf kdb tmbbdr, mb dstmr rdprdsdctmkm pfr kfs bbmvds, ucm kd mpdrturm pmrm bm khspfshgh÷c kd bfs khspdckhfs jfcdtmrhfs, y ftrm kd ghdrrd, dcgmrcmckf bm gmutdbm qud shdjprd thdcd qud prdshkhr dc msuctfs pdguchmrhfs dc bms bfnhms. X dc db shjo÷bhgf bm rdprdsdctmgh÷c kdb dspêrhtu kd prdsdrvmgh÷c hchghíthgm kdb tmbbdr, mb sdr db F`hghmb [dsfrdrf db prdsdrvmkfr cf tmc sfbf jmtdrhmb shcf db dsphrhtumb kd dstd. Db tdsfrf kd ucm bfnhm, quhèrmsd f cf, ds uc sêjofbf ym qud rdprdsdctm pfr ucm pmrtd db tdsfrf (prf`mcf) y pfr ftrm pmrtd bm gfrrdgtm uthbhzmgh÷c kd dstd gfjf mkjhchstrmgh÷c kd dstd kd(shjo÷bhgm) qudjms÷chgm. djmcm, quhèrmsd f cf, kd bfs dsftèrhgm prhcghphfs jhsjfs bm Hchghmgh÷c Ymrm mggdkdr m bfs tdsfrfs kd dsftdrhsjf qud dstm shtumgh÷c djmcm,

 

ds y sd emgd cdgdsmrhf pmnmr jmtdrhmbjdctd db prdghf kd khgefs tdsfrfs.

Tohgmgh÷c ndfnrí`hgm dc bfnhm Db [dsfrdrf dstmrí uohgmkf Frhdctdtdchdckf kd bm Gfbujcm kd mbJdkhfkêm, gdrgmcf mb djpbmzmjhdctf kdbmbFrmkfr, m su bmkf Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms. Wu uohgmgh÷c dstí khspudstm pmrm qud dc tfkf jfjdctf qud sdm cdgdsmrhm su mgtumgh÷c dc db mspdgtf kd sfbhghtmr bm pmbmorm pmrm db oudc dldrghghf kd su rfb, dstè gdrgmcf mb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf y db Frmkfr, y mb jhsjf thdjpf pmrm sdr vhstf y fêkf pfr bfs jhdjorfs kdb [mbbdr.

_dspfcsmohbhkmkdss dspdgh`hgms kdb [dsfrdrf _dspfcsmohbhkmkd Dstd f`hghmb ds dc prhcghphf< _dspfcsmobd kd prf`mcfs gformr qud puctumbjdctd kdrdgefs Hchghmgh÷c kd bfs sd hctdnrmcbfs gfjf Hchghmkfskdy edrjmcfs dc bm bfnhm. Msê jhsjf kd bfs Mujdctfs kd Wmbmrhf, kd bms M`hbhmghfcds y kd bms Dxmbtmghfcds. [mjohèc ds db qud kdtdrjhcm y gform dc su jfjdctf db gfstd kd bfs khpbfjms gdrth`hgmkfs y kfgujdctfs dxpdkhkfs pfr bm bfnhm. Msê jhsjf kdod emgdrsd nmrmctd kd gformr gfc dxmgthtuk y pdrhfkhghkmk bms guftms kd bfs jhdjorfs kdb [mbbdr, rdsfbvhdckf gfc tmgtf bms kh`hgubtmkds qud dc uc jfjdctf kmkf pudkmc prdsdctmrsd m tmb d`dgtf. Ds tmjohèc db sfbhkmrhf y gustfkhf kdb tdsfrf kd bm bfnhm, y kd bfs foldtfs kd vmbfr kd tfkm êckfbd qud dstm pfsdm. Ds quhdc d`dgtumrí pfstdrhfrjdctd db pmnf kd bms gmphtmghfcds kd su bfnhm m bm Fodkhdcghm, pmrm jmctdcdr dc tfkf jfjdctf bm bfnhm m pbfjf. [hdcd dctrd sus mtrhoughfcds, shdjprd omlf db vhstf oudcf kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, bm kd mtdckdr m bfs pmnfs qud sd kdomc d`dgtumr pfr bm gfjprm kd jmtdrhmb pmrm bm bfnhm. @hsgmbhzmrí bfs nmstfs kd prhjdrm jmcf kd bm bfnhm dc gudsth÷c kd hjprdshfcds y `ftfgfphms. Guhkmrí, sh dstd ds db gmsf, kd bfs pmnfs y fobhnmghfcds kdb tmbbdr dc gudsth÷c kd pfshobds sdnurfs y sdrvhghfs qud dxhstmc. Luctf gfc db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf, kdtdrjhcmrí bfs khspdckhfs kd rdprdsdctmgh÷c kdb tmbbdr dc vhmlds, gfcnrdsfs y

 

gfcvdcghfcds. Ds ucm cfrjm y fobhnmgh÷c qud dstd F`hghmb prdsdctd m bm bfnhm uc ombmcgd dgfc÷jhgf jhcughfsmjdctd kdtmbbmkf kd rdsubtmkfs mb `hcmbhzmr db gursf jms÷chgf f mb hchghmrsd db shnuhdctd. Dc gumbquhdr prfydgtf f prfpfshgh÷c qud sd prfydgtd, db [dsfrdrf sd guhkmrí kd dstukhmr su vhmohbhkmk gfc`dgghfcmckf uc prdsupudstf mgbmrmthvf mb rdspdgtf.

Gfcshkdrmghfcds mb rdspdgtf kdb [dsfrf y db [rfcgf kd bm Phukm Dxhstd ucm pfbèjhgm kd gmrígtdr hcgbusf hchghíthgm mb rdspdgtf kd qud cf sd hcvfbugrd db [dsfrf kd bm bfnhm gfc db [rfcgf kd bm Phukm. Bm rmz÷c, dc prhcghphf dvhkdctd y ohdc dstrugturmkm, ds qud bfs foldthvfs sfc tftmbjdctd kh`drdctds. Db [dsfrf kd bm bfnhm shrvd pmrm pfkdr `hcmcghmrbm y jmctdcdrbm pmrm oudcjutum, `ucghfcmjhdctf, y db [rfcgf kd bm Phukm gujpbd bm `ucgh÷c kdsumyukm kd kdsmpdnf y dldrghghf kd bm sfbhkmrhkmk y kd bm odcd`hgdcghm dctrd bfs jhdjorfs kdb tmbbdr. Dstm gfstujord, cf ds ombmkê, shcf qud ds `rutf kdb pmsf kdb thdjpf y kd bm dxpdrhdcghm mgujubmkm dc bm fosdrvmgh÷c kd bfs eíohtfs mkfptmkfs. X mkdjís bm b÷nhgm sd hjpfcd tfzukmjdctd. Wh db [dsfrf kd bm Bfnhm prdsdctm jís kh`hgubtmkds y jdcfs khspfshgh÷c pdguchmrhm qud db [rfcgf kd bm Phukm (shtumgh÷c qud jugems vdgds sd emgd d`dgthvm), dstd pudkd pdrjhthr sdnüc sd dsthjd, pmrm qud fgmshfcmbjdctd mbnüc Edrjmcf gfc kh`hgubtmkds, myukmkf `rmtdrcmbjdctd pfr db [rfcgf, pudkm emgdr d`dgthvms sus gmpmghtmghfcdsDstm mb ghrgucstmcghm [dsfrf kd bm Bfnhm msê y myukmr m chvdbmr db prdsupudstf. frhdctmkm ds üthb dc db sdcthkf hchghíthgf kd prdsdrvmr bm bm mrjfcêm kd bms `ucghf `ucghfcds cds dc bfnhm bfnhm.

@ucgh÷c hchghíthgm y shjo÷bhgm kdb [dsfrdrf   Db trmomlf kdb [dsfrdrf ds hcnrmtf. [hdcd qud emgdr nmbm kd nrmc kdbhgmkdzm. Mrtd, `hrjdzm y gfjprdcsh÷c. Kdod pfsddr dsm prdghfsm hctdbhndcghm kdb gfrmz÷c jdkhmctd bm gumb, pudkm ftfrnmr pbmzfs dc jdkhf kd bm jmyfr khsgrdgh÷c. MCHDB

K

 O

D_DWCHMA

Db trmomlf khsgrdtf y mrjfchfsf qud dc fgmshfcds kdod kdsmrrfbbm kdsmrrfbbmrr db

 

[dsfrdrf, dctrm dc bms vêms kd sdr djpíthgf gfc bms cdgdshkmkds y prfobdjms kd sus Edrjmcfs kd bfnhm, y kdspuès kd emodrbfs dsgugemkf y pdrsfcmbhzmkf, kdodrí dcgfctrmr db gmjhcf fpfrtucf kd sfbugh÷c. Dc ucm gfcshkdrmgh÷c mbdn÷rhgm, bm lfym kd su f`hghf cfs judstrm bms mtrhoughfcds shjo÷bhgms su gmrnf, tdcdr bmuthbhzmrbfs `mgubtmk hchghíthgm kd pfkdr mggdkdr m bfs kd jdtmbds pmrmmb pfkdr kd jmcdrm vhrtufsm. @bdxhohbhkmk, djpmtêm y khsgrdgh÷c kdodc sdr bfs sfpfrtds pmrm pfkdr dldrgdr gfc èxhtf khgem gfckugtm, qud bbdvd m bm rdsfbugh÷c kd bfs prfobdjms qud sd pudkmc prdsdctmr.  

 

NTM_KM[DJYBF

Dc db _DMM ds db f`hghmb dcgmrnmkf kd tdcdr shdjprd omlf su rdspfcsmohbhkmk, ftfrnmkm pfr su gmrnf, db gfjprfjhsf kd bm sdnurhkmk kdb [djpbf. Dc `rmcgès ds db Gfuvrdur  (db  (db qud guord y vhnhbm bm bfnhm). Db frhndc kd dstd f`hghf sd rdjfctm m bm jmsfcdrêm fpdrmthvm.

Db dldrghghf kdb gmrnf Dctrd ftrms gumbhkmkds kd dstd F`hghmb, bm kdb smcf dldrghghf kdb sdrvhghf y kd bm fodkhdcghm mb tmbbdr khnch`hgmc su bmofr, ym qud gfjf sd kdtmbbm jís momlf, dstí dc tfkf jfjdctf mb sdrvhghf kd bfs trds jmbbdtds kd bm bfnhm. Dc chcnüc jfjdctf sd bd pudkd gfcshkdrmr gfjf uc shjpbd pfrtdrf, ym qud, dc kdtdrjhcmkfs jfjdctfs kd bm tdchkm, jmcthdcd gfcvdrsmgh÷c gfc db hctdrhfr y dxtdrhfr kdb [djpbf.

Lfym Bm lfym qud dstd F`hghmb bbdvm dc db dxtrdjf kd su gfbbmr ds bm kd ucm dspmkm, guyfs mtrhoutfs y shnch`hgmkfs shjo÷bhgfs sfc tftmbjdctd kh`drdctds m bm dspmkm kdb Dxpdrtf. Wd trmtm kd uc mrjm khsumshvm y cf f`dcshvm, kd kd`dcsm y cf kd mtmqud.

Tohgmgh÷c ndfnrí`hgm dc bfnhm Bm gfbfgmgh÷c kdb F`hghmb dstmrí uohgmkm dc db Fgghkdctd kdb tdjpbf, gdrgm kd bms gfbujcms L y O, y dc prhcghphf gdrgm kdb shthmb kdb Yrhjdr Phnhbmctd, gfc`rfctmkf gmrm mb Frhdctd kdb tdjpbf. Dstm shtumgh÷c bd pdrjhtd db mggdsf hcjdkhmtf m bm pudrtm kdb [djpbf y pfkdr gujpbhr gfc prdstdzm bms ÷rkdcds mb rdspdgtf kd su gmrnf kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf f kd bfs Phnhbmctds.

 

Mgbmrmgh÷c sford ucm prígthgm dc db _DMM Dxhstd dc dstd rhtf, mucqud dc jugems ghrgucstmcghms cf sd jmtdrhmbhzm, ucm gfstujord f prígthgm qud gfcshstd dc qud ucm vdz qud uc Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf tdrjhcm su jmckmtf f kdsgmrnm db F`hghf, pmsm m fgupmr db gmrnf Numrkmtdjpbf. Kdbm dstm prdtdckdrêm shjofbhzmr qud kd db prhjdr jmbbdtd kd bfnhm jmcdrm pmsm m sd uc bunmr jís eujhbkd. Dc rdmbhkmk dstm prígthgm thdcd su rmêz ehst÷rhgm dc db edgef kd qud mb dstmr dc dsm cudvm uohgmgh÷c dc db tdjpbf, ds kdghr, dc Fgghkdctd, gfc`rfctmkf khrdgtmjdctd gfc db Frhdctd, y m bms pudrtms kdb [djpbf, sdrêm bm pdrsfcm jís hckhgmkm pmrm rdgfcfgdr m bfs Edrjmcfs qud quhshdrmc mggdkdr mb tdjpbf. Dc mbnucms bfnhms shnuhdckf rhtumbds mcthnufs f rd`frjmkfs, db F`hghmb qud fgupm db gmrnf kd Numrkmtdjpbf pdrtdcdgd mb Frhdctd y phkd bm pmbmorm dc bfnhm khrdgtmjdctd mb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf.

Tsf y gfjpfsturm kd bm dspmkm kdb Numrkmtdjpbf Dstd mpmrtmkf cfs khrhnd m bm vmrhdkmk kd gfjpfrtmjhdctfs f gfjpfshgh÷c kd bfs rhtumbds qud sd trmomlmc dc bfs hccujdrmobds tmbbdrds dc qud sd prmgthgm db _DMM, y dc chcnüc jfjdctf mvmbm ch prfgbmjm chcnüc jfkdbf kd kfnjmthsjf mb rdspdgtf. Dc prhcghphf db rfb kdb Numrkmtdjpbf ds db kd prftdndr db tmbbdr kd bm jhrmkm f dctrmkm kd hctrusfs f prf`mcfs, pfr bf qud bm dspmkm thdcd qud dstmr dc jmcfs kdb F`hghmb mb gmrnf dc tdfrêm shdjprd prdstm m tdcdr qud sdr uthbhzmkm gfjf nmrmctd kd prftdggh÷c y cf kd mtmqud. Db numrkhíc kdb tdjpbf kurmctd bms tdchkms y shnuhdckf bfs pmríjdtrfs rhtumbmgthvm mb usf, kdodrí jmctdcdr phd kfs pfshghfcds< ucm dstíthgmkdb  y ftrm , gfc bm dspmkm dc bmdcjmcf, y kurmctd ucm pmrtd kd bm tdchkm sdctmkf dc su bunmr dc bfnhm. Dc dstm pfsturm pfkrí fptmr pfr jmctdcdr bm dspmkm dctrd sus rfkhbbms dc pfshgh÷c efrhzfctmb rdsnumrkíckfbm gfc sus jmcfs, f kdpfshtmrbm dc mbnüc bunmr gfcvdchdctd, gfjf uc rdgdptígubf dspdghmb `morhgmkf mb usf pmrm dsd jdcdstdr. Dc mbnucms Fodkhdcghms, y pfr bf tmctf dc sus bfnhms, tmjohèc dstí mb usf qud gumckf db Numrkmtdjpbf sd shdctm, jmcthdcd bm dspmkm dc su jmcf vdrthgmbjdctd gfc su puctm shtumkm sford db cmkhr kdb tdjpbf y bm jmcf kdrdgem rdguorhdckf y sfstdchdckf bm dspmkm.

Db rmzfcmjhdctf kd bm kd`dcsm

 

[fkf db gmphtmb shjo÷bhgf kd dstd f`hghmb ‛qud cf ds jdcfr, gfjf sd pudkd bbdnmr m pdcsmr‛ sd omsm dc qud bm bfnhm, db tmbbdr, thdcd qud dstmr kd`dckhkf kdb mggdsf kd dxtrmýfs y kd prf`mcfs. X dstf ds pfrqud bm jmsfcdrêm mzub, kd purm trmkhgh÷c èthgm y dsphrhtumb, fstdctm uc tdsfrf qud kdod dstmr prftdnhkf.

Db gfcgdptf kd TJO_MB dc bfnhm Ds cdgdsmrhf pmrm dctdckdr gfc gbmrhkmk bms tmrdms kdb F`hghmb mb gmrnf kd bm prdsdrvmgh÷c kdb tdjpbf, y kdskd oudc prhcghphf, bm kd`hchgh÷c y shnch`hgmkf kd bms kh`drdcghms qud sd prfkugdc m bm dctrmkm kd bfs tdjpbfs f tmbbdrds jms÷chgfs. Dc mbnucfs rhtumbds vdrdjfs mpmrdgdr bm pmbmorm Tjormb. Db khgghfcmrhf kd bm _MD cfs khgd mb rdspdgtf< «Ymsf prhjdrf y prhcghpmb f dctrmkm kd gumbquhdr gfsm±. Whc djomrnf, mquê tdckrdjfs qud mgukhr m bm shnch`hgmgh÷c shjo÷bhgm khgghfcmrhfs y jms÷chgm jms÷chgfs, kd bm dxprdsh÷c db tèrjhcf y kd―ujormb‘ su vdrkmkdrf shjofbhzmshnch`hgmkf. bm sdpmrmgh÷c Dc dctrd bf dxtdrhfr (prf`mcf) y bf hctdrhfr (smnrmkf), msê gfjf su uch÷c f mbhmczm. Dc db ujormb, y mtdchèckfcfs mb dspêrhtu jms÷chgf, ds kfckd dspdrm quhdc kdsdm sdr mgfnhkf y rdghohkf. X ds dc dstd ujormb kdb tdjpbf jms÷chgf kfckd bfs edrjmcfs y edrjmcms dspdrmc qud db Jmdstrf kd Gdrdjfchms, gujpbhdckf gfc bfs prfgdkdrds kdb rhtumb mb usf, bfs hctrfkuzgm gfcvdchdctdjdctd sdnüc sus «gumbhkmkds y f`hghfs± dc bm rdnh÷c hctdrhfr , ds kdghr dc db tmbbdr. Db Tjormb vhdcd m shnch`hgmr, puds, db gmjohf kdb thdjpf prf`mcf mb thdjpf smnrmkf, y bfs jhdjorfs kdb tmbbdr mkfptmckf db shncf kd `hkdbhkmk (jmcf sford db gfrmz÷c) qud rdprdsdctm bm purdzm kd su hctdcgh÷c mggdkdríc m èb. Ydrf db ujormb kdbhjhtm kfs dspmghfs. Db Mtrhf f Y÷rthgf dxtdrhfr, qud rdprdsdctm db juckf hctdrjdkhf dctrd db prf`mcf y db hchghíthgf, qud ds db bunmr dc kfckd bfs jmsfcds sd rdgfndc y gfcgdctrmc, mctds kd dctrmr dc db tdjpbf. Dstm pmbmorm ym dstmom mb usf dc bm Dkmk Jdkhm, y drm pmrm kdshncmr db tdrrdcf qud rfkdmom m bms hnbdshms, gmphbbms, jfcmstdrhfs y gmtdkrmbds. [mjohèc dc bm trmkhgh÷c edordm drm gmbh`hgmkf kd tmb jmcdrm. Dc dstd dspmghf, qud thdcd uc sdrvhghf jubthusf, bfs edrjmcfs y edrjmcms sd rdücdc pmrm khmbfnmr mctds y kdspuès kd bms tdchkms, y ds db bunmr mkdgumkf pmrm kdlmr bm rfpm kd gmbbd. Dstm írdm

 

ndcdrmbjdctd thdcd jís kdpdckdcghms y dc dstms sudbd dstmr uohgmkm bm ohobhftdgm, bfs mrjmrhfs kd bms kh`drdctds bfnhms qud trmomlmc dc db bunmr y bm Wmbm Eüjdkm, dc kfckd sd rdmbhzmc bfs dldrghghfs kd jmsthgmgh÷c rhtumbêsthgfs y bfs ínmpds kdspuès kd bms tdchkms frkhcmrhms.  

   

JMDW[_F KD M_JFCÊM Bm jüshgm, gfjf bm judrtd y db mjfr, hnumbm gumbquhdr thpf pfshobd kd nrmkmgh÷c kdb sdr eujmcf. Ds dstm dc kd`hchthvm bm jhsh÷c kdb Mrquhtdgtf kd bm Mrjfcêm, dc`rdctmr cudstrm pdqudýdz mb Nrmc Mrquhtdgtf kdb Tchvdrsf  y smodr rdgfcfgdr rdgfcfgdr cudstrm cudstrm eujhbkmk. eujhbkmk.

LFWTÈ OFCCÊC KD N×CNF_M

Db Jmdstrf kd Mrjfcêm, f db  Mrjfchstm, ds db dcgmrnmkf kd kmr m bms tdchkms jms÷chgms ucm jfkubmgh÷c y uc sdcthjhdctf gdrdjfchmb prfphf qud bms rdmbzm y bds prfpfrghfcm sdcthjhdctf kd pmrthghpmgh÷c y kd gfjpbdjdctf mb rhtumb, mgdrgmckf bm rdbmgh÷c m bm êckfbd kd bm tdchkm y prfpfrghfcíckfbd dbdvmgh÷c dsphrhtumb y dnrènfrm. Dstd F`hghf dc db _DMM shdjprd kdpdckd bms bfnhms qud bf mkfptmc, y sudbd hr dc `ucgh÷c kdb dspmghf `êshgf dc db tdjpbf y kd bms pmrthgubmrds hctdrcms kd thpf rdnbmjdctmrhf. Bm jüshgmkhspfshghfcds kd bms bfnhms dc kdtdrjhcmkms èpfgms sd rdmbhzmom jdkhmctd vmrhfs gfjpfcdctds qud bbdnmomc m gfcsthtuhr pdqudýms frqudstms kd Gíjmrm. Efy dc kêm sd rdsudbvd gfc uc dquhpf kd rdprfkuggh÷c jushgmb, jmcdlmkf pfr db Jmdstrf kd Mrjfcêm. Bm jüshgm mkquhdrd y mkjhchstrm uc rfb jdkhmkfr dctrd bf hctdbdgtumb y bf dsphrhtumb, y ndcdrm mtjfs`drms dspdghmbds kd rdgfnhjhdctf y djfthvhkmk, kdctrf kdb dquhbhorhf frkdcmkf kd bms tdchkms jms÷chgms. Bm jüshgm rdprdsdctm ucm kd bms shdtd mrtds bhodrmbds, shjofbhzmckf bm mrjfcêm kdb juckf y, dc gfcsdgudcghm, bm @rmtdrchkmk qud kdod kd dxhsthr dctrd bfs jmsfcds. Bm jüshgmpfrqud pftdcghmdbbm db rhtumb, mpmghnum bfs dspêrhtus bms pmshfcds, trmcsjhtd djfghfcds, ludnmy gmbjm uc pmpdb frcmjdctmb dc bms tdchkms y emgd pmrtêghpds m tfkfs bfs jhdjorfs kd bm bfnhm kd bm odbbdzm kd bms Mrtds Bhodrmbds.

Lfym Bm lfym qud rdprdsdctm mb Jmdstrf kd Mrjfcêm ds ucm bhrm qud vm gfbnmkm dc db dxtrdjf kd su gfbbmr. Wu rdprdsdctmgh÷c ds dxprdshvm, y cf km bunmr m kukms gfc rdspdgtf m su jdcsmld shjo÷bhgf. Bm bhrm, kdb nrhdnf «αϊύν±, qud pfstdrhfrjdctd sd gfcvhdrtd dc bmtêc gfjf Byrm, ds uc hcstrujdctf kd gudrkm puctdmkf gfc `frjm mprfxhjmkm kd íomgf guyf frhndc dc Nrdghm ds mtrhouhkf pfr ucfs m Edrjds y pfr ftrfs m bm jusm Yfbhjchm.

 

Tohgmgh÷c ndfnrí`hgm dc bfnhm Db Jmdstrf kd Mrjfcêm cf thdcd uc dcgbmvd f shtumgh÷c kd`hchkm dc bfnhm, pdrf sh sd mkfptm su pmrthghpmgh÷c kdod dstmr shtumkf dc uc bunmr dc qud pudkm vhshohbhzmr gfc sfbturm db kdsmrrfbbf kd bms tdchkms, pmrm mpfrtmr bmdcjüshgm mprfphmkm dc db dc jfjdctf mkdgumkf. Dc ndcdrmb, db _DMM sd bd uohgm uc bunmr dc db Fgghkdctd mb `hcmb kd bm Gfbujcm kdb Jdkhfkêm, gfc bm su`hghdctd gmpmghkmk vhsumb kdb tdjpbf.

Tcm frhdctmgh÷c ehst÷rhgm Bm jüshgm dc bfnhm cf ds gfjf ym sd em khgef ucm gfstujord jfkdrcm, shcf qud dc `ucgh÷c kd su mcthnòdkmk dstí jugef jís dxtdckhkm kd bf qud sd pudkm bbdnmr m pdcsmr. Dc bms Gfcsthtughfcds kd Mckdrsfc (=>?7) sd dcgudctrm ym uc mcdxf qud gfjprdckd gumtrf ehjcfs qud ym bfs gfcshkdrm gfjf jms÷chgfs< Db Gmctf pmrm bm _dgdpgh÷c kd bfs Mprdckhgds ( [ed Dctdr»s Yrmgthgd Wfcn). Db Gmctf kd bfs Gfjpmýdrfs ( [ed @dbbfw Grm`t»s Wfcn). Db Gmctf kd bfs Phnhbmctds ([ed ^mckdrdr»s Wfcn). Db Gmctf kdb Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf ([ed Jmstdr»s Wfcn). Yfstdrhfrjdctd, sford =>7=, mpmrdgd ucm ÷pdrm gmtmbfnmkm gfjf jms÷chgm< [ed Ndcdrfus @rddjmsfc, gfjpudstm pfr _u`us ^hbbhmj Gedtwffk. Yfr bf tmctf, bm jüshgm jms÷chgm dxhstd y pudkd sdr kd`hchkm gfjf tmb, ym qud bfs gfjpfshtfrds bm grdmrfc mpfyíckfsd dc db rhtumb. Ds dctfcgds rmêz kd dstd `dc÷jdcf gumckf gfcshnud jmnch`hgmr bfs sêjofbfs ymbfnrmr db foldthvf kd khnch`hgmr db rhtumb y bms tdchkms.

Db mrtd kdb F`hghmb Mrjfchstm Db Jmdstrf kd Mrjfcêm kdod sdr uc jhdjorf kd bm bfnhm qud sd gfcfzgm ohdc bfs rhtumbds, tmctf kd bms tdchkms emohtumbds gfjf kd bms gdbdormghfcds kd [dchkms Jmncms kd Hchghmgh÷c, Ymsds kd Nrmkf, Dxmbtmghfcds, Hcstmbmgh÷c kd Pdcdrmobds Jmdstrfs, dtg. Dstd gfcfghjhdctf bd pdrjhthrí smodr mkmptmr bm jüshgm mprfphmkm m gmkm gdbdormgh÷c.

Dbdggh÷c kd bm jüshgm

 

Tcm rdgfjdckmgh÷c qud dcbmzm gfc bf mctdrhfrjdctd khgef mb rdspdgtf kdb gfcfghjhdctf kdb kdsmrrfbbf kdb rhtumb, ds bm kd qud jdkhmctd uc rhnurfsf mgtf kd smodr y gfcfgdr bfs tdjpfs  jushgmbds qud gfcvhdcdc dc gmkm gmsf sd pudkdc `uckmjdctmr ucm sdrhd kd jdkhkms dsdcghmbds< Bddr y gfjprdckdr gfc mosfbutf gfcfghjhdctf db rhtumb. Wmodr dcgfctrmr bms pmusms y bfs shbdcghfs. Gfcfgdr bfs tdjpfs kdb rhtumb pmrm pfkdr shtumr bm jdkhkm kd bm gfbfgmgh÷c kd jüshgm mprfphmkm, bdctm, ríphkm f pftdctd pmrm rdsmbtmr uc jfjdctf dspdgh`hgf y dsdcghmb. Cucgm emy qud fbvhkmr qud bm jüshgm qud sd dsguged dc db tmbbdr thdcd gfjf foldthvf db gfcsdnuhr mnbuthcmr bfs sdcthjhdctfs kd bfs edrjmcfs qud pmrthghpmc dc bms [dchkms, pfr bf qud sd prfgurmrí qud dstm jüshgm sdm uc vdgtfr kd jdkhtmgh÷c, kd pmrthghpmgh÷c d hcsphrmgh÷c pmrm db oudc rdsubtmkf kd bms tdchkms m chvdb mcêjhgf y dsphrhtumb. Emy qud dctdckdr bm jüshgm dc bfs tdjpbfs jms÷chgfs gfjf ucm gfcstruggh÷c kd mrquhtdgturm qud gfctdjpbd db dspmghf, bfs thdjpfs, bfs shbdcghfs y bfs jfvhjhdctfs, ym qud dstm gfclucgh÷c sd dctrfcgm dbbm jhsjm dc db tdjpbf hcvhshobd qud ucd m bfs edrjmcfs dc bfnhm.

Jüshgm sundrhkm Mucqud dstd tdjm shdjprd qudkm m jdrgdk kdb grhtdrhf kdb F`hghmb Mrjfchstm, ed mquê m ucm rdgfbdggh÷c kd pfshobd jüshgm mprfphmkm m jfkf kd sundrdcghm. Dc bms kdmjoubmghfcds bfs ÷ofbfs, bm prdpmrmgh÷c kd dbdjdctfskd gfctdjpbmkfs dcdxthcgh÷c db rhtumb< kd bms bugds f bm Wfcmtm kd Yhmcf c¼ =; kd Oddtefvdc  Mkmnhf kd Mbohfch Wmcgtus f Mncus Kdh  kdb  kdb _èquhdj kd @murè Dc bms smbhkms kdb tdjpbf, tmctf pdrsfcmbds gfjf nrupmbds< Nbfrhm kd Phvmbkh Bm Nrmc Gfrmb  kd  kd Phvmbkh _empsfky hc Obud kd Ndrsewhc Dc bm Gmkdcm kd Tch÷c (shdjprd dc tfcf omlf)< Gmctfs kd bfs Ofsquds [hodtmcfs Fkm m bm Mbdnrêm kd Oddtefvdc

 

 Mc khd @rdukd kd Jfzmrt

Wundrdcghms pmrm bms Hchghmghfcds< Dxtrmgtfs kd bm [rhbfnêm kd ^mncdr Whc`fcêm kdb Cudvf Juckf kd Kvfría Yrdbukhf kdb [d Kduj kd Gemrpdcthdr

Wundrdcghms pmrm Mujdctfs kd Wmbmrhf< ]uhctdtf kd Yhmcf kd Wgeuodrt Wuhtd c¼ 7 dc Kf Jmlfr kd Omge  Mvd Jmrêm kd Wgeuodrt  kd Omge f Phvmbkh Jmncê`hgmt  kd Pmrhmghfcds kd Nfbkdodrn kd Omge Wundrdcghms pmrm bms Dxmbtmghfcds< Phfbêc kdspuès kd uc sudýf kd Nmorhdb @murè  Mkmnhf pmrm gudrkm kd Wmjudb Omrodr  Mrhm pmrm Yehbhppd Yehbhppd Lmrfusay  Lmrfusay  kd  kd Phvmbkh Whc`fcêm c¼ 0 f Ymstfrmb  kd  kd Oddtefvdc Kmczm Jmgmorm kd Wmæct-Wmdcs y Bhstz mb phmcf Bhodrm Jd kd Pdrkh Whc`fcêm c¼ 4 kd Nustmv Jmebdr [fkf qudkm, cmturmbjdctd, dc jmcfs kdb F`hghmb Mrjfchstm qud kdod smodr mgghfcmr bms tdgbms fpfrtucms pmrm qud sd prfkuzgm dc bfnhm bm jmnhm pmrdghkm m bm kd bfs mbquhjhstms qud kdsmrrfbbmomc sus sdgrdtfs y pdcsmjhdctfs uthbhzmckf uc bdcnumld bhndrf, qud dbbfs kd`hcêmc gfjf vfbíthb, gfjf bm jüshgm kd bfs pílmrfs, qud vhdcd m shjofbhzmr db bmzf dctrd db efjord y bfs khfsds, bm uch÷c dctrd db ghdbf y bm thdrrm. Bm jüshgm kdod sdr pmrm bfs `rmcgjmsfcds db mrtd kd bms jusms qud mgfjpmým bm vhkm kdspuès kd bm cfged kd bfs thdjpfs. Wus g÷khnfs kd ghdcghm prdghsm cfs dbdvmc emghm bm mrjfcêm kdb mb`modtf jushgmb< > cftms, > sfchkfs, > pbmcdtms, > kêms kd bm sdjmcm, =? sdjhtfcfs gfjf bfs =? jdsds kdb mýf.  

 

 

Dstm form sford bfs f`hghfs dc bms bfnhms kdb  _htf Dsgfgès Mcthnuf y Mgdptmkf kd  Lfsdp-Bbuês  Lfsdp-Bbu ês Kfjåcdge Kf jåcdge N÷jdz N÷ jdz tdrjhc÷ kd gfjpfcdrsd dc bms dkhghfcds kdb Mrtd _dmb kd JMWFCHGM.DW® dc db kêm =4 kd `dordrf kd  ?9=8

 

 

Cftms Q↙=Z ↙=Z `uckmjdctmbds JÈCKD\-[_DBBDW KÊM\, Hncmghf. [dxtfs Jmcusgrhtf _dnhus±. Dk. JMWFCHGM.DW, Fvhdkf. ?995. p. =40. kd bm jmsfcdrêm. «Db

 

Q↙?Z ↙?Z KFJÅCDGE N×JD\, Lfsdp-Bbuês. Db Pdcdrmobd Jmdstrf. Dk. JMWFCHGM.DW. Fvhdkf. ?9=4. p. 00.

 

Q↙7Z ↙7Z Hoêkdj, pp. ?=.

 

Q↙;Z ↙;Z Hoêkdj, pp. ?>.

 

Q↙4Z ↙4Z Hohkdj, pp. ;8.

 

Q↙0Z ↙0Z OD_DWCHMA, Kmchdb. Bm syjofbhqud ku Pdcèrmobd Jmãtrd. DKHJM@. Ymrhs. ?9=?. p. 55.

 

Q↙>Z ↙>Z G`r. MBOMC, Nhbodrt. D. Kdtrmk. Ymrês. ?9=4.

 

Q↙5Z ↙5Z Ymsmkf Wfodrmcf Nrmc Gfjdckmkfr kdb Gfcsdlf Wuprdjf Jms÷chgf kd Dspmým (_DMM), Ymsmkf Nrmc Jmdstrd Mluctf kd bm NBWD, Gmtdkríthgf kd Kdrdgef @hcmcghdrf y [rhoutmrhf kd bm TO.

 

Q↙8Z ↙8Z G`r. JÈCKD\-[_DBBDW KÊM\, Hncmghf. [dxtfs `uckmjdctmbds kd bm jmsfcdrêm.

 

Q↙=9Z ↙=9Z MBOMC, Nhbodrt. Jmcudbs Yrmthquds. (;. Pfbs.) D. Kdtrmk. Ymrhs. ?9=4. p. 7=.

 

Q↙==Z ↙==Z OD_DWCHMA, Kmchdb. Bfs F`hghfs y F`hghmbds kd bm Bfnhm. D. Kdtrmk. Ymrhs. ?99=. p. 7=.

 

Q↙=?Z ↙=?Z OD_DWCHMA, Kmchdb. Bfs F`hghfs y F`hghmbds kd bm Bfnhm. D. Kdtrmk. Ymrhs. ?99=. p. 7?.

 

Q↙=7Z ↙=7Z G`r. JÈCKD\-[_DBBDW KÊM\, Hncmghf. [dxtfs `uckmjdctmbds kd bm jmsfcdrêm.

 

Q↙=;Z ↙=;Z OD_DWCHMA, Kmchdb. Bfs F`hghfs y F`hghmbds kd bm Bfnhm. p. ;>.