Los Gerentes y Usted en El Lugar de Trabajo

 

Vbrtl 2

O`trmhukkoû` b cb bhao`ostrbkoû`

Kbpátucm 2

Cms glrl`tls y ustlh l` lc cugbr hl trbjbdm

[u hlsbrrmccm prmilsom`bc Cms iu`hbal`tms pbrb bhao`ostrbr su tolapm  ½Lstâ MK\VBHM= ½Vbrlkolrb qul solaprl tol`l auknm qul nbklr y qul `u`kb tlrao`b m qul `m cm tlrao`b b tolapm pmrqul nbkl cbs

Iul`tl4 vbcl`to`t/Imtmcob

\`b hl cbs kcbvls pbrb qul slb lxotmsm kmam glrl`tl y l` su hlsbrrmccm prmilsom`bc ls km`tbr km` nbjocohbhls pbrb bhao`ostrbr lc tolapm.

kmsbs l`abymráb lc ôctoamhlamal`tm, jbdm auknb prlsoû` y lstrïs= [o ustlh ls kmam cb cbs plrsm`bs, cb rlspulstb b lsbs prlgu`tbs ls ¡[Á! Jul`m, tbc vlz l` u` cojrm smjrl bhao`ostrbkoû` hljlams nbklr bcgm bc rlsplktm km`kl`trâ`hm`ms l` u` bsplktm qul pulhl slr suabal`tl ôtoc… ¡CB BHAO@O[XZBKOÛ@ HLC XOLAVM! Lc tolapm ls u` rlkursm ô`okm y u`m hl cms rlkursms aâs vbcomsms km` cms qul ustlh kul`tb. Lc tolapm tbajoï` ls u` rlkursm coaotbhm. L` proalr cugbr, cugbr, so sl hlsplrhokob `u`kb sl rlkuplrb. Cb gl`tl nbjcb hl bnmrrbr tolapm, plrm l` rlbcohbh lc tolapm `m pulhl bnmrrbrsl. L` slgu`hm cugbr, b hoilrl`kob hl mtrms rlkursms kmam lc ho`lrm m lc tbcl`tm, qul lstâ` hostrojuohms hl imrab o`lquotbtovb l` lc au`hm, lc tolapm ls u` rlkursm km` ogubchbh hl mpmrtu`ohbhls. Kbhb o`hovohum rlkojl lxbktbal`tl cb aosab kb`tohbh hl tolapm4 :8 nmrbs bc háb m 29> nmrbs pmr slab`b. Kmam so` huhb nbjrâ mjslrvbhm, bcgu`bs plrsm`bs utocozb` su kumtb hl u`b ab`lrb auknm aâs l flfl kol`tl. k  ol`tl. @m ls rbrm lskuknbr b mtrbs plrsm`bs hlkor qul `lklsotb` nmrbs bhokom`bcls pbrb nbklr tmhbs sus kmsbs, plrm lsm `m ls aâs qul u`b vb`b ocusoû`. Kmaprmaïtbsl b aldmrbr su kbpbkohbh pbrb bhao`ostrbr lsbs 29> nmrbs ¡y bsá pmhrâ slr aâs l flfl kol`tl k  ol`tl y l flfl kbz k  bz l` su vohb plrsm`bc y prmilsom`bc! Cbs soguol`tls sm` bcgu`bs suglrl`kobs qul cl byuhbrâ` b utocozbr aldmr su tolapm4  2. Lcbjmrl y km`to`ôl lcbjmrb`hm u`b costb hl tmhbs sus altbs bktubcls, iuturbs y hl ruto`b. O`hoqul quï `lklsohbhls hljl` kujrorsl kbhb háb, slab`b y als. :. Mrhl`l sus altbs slgô` su oapmrtb`kob. oapmrtb`kob. @m tmhbs cbs altbs tol`l` cb aosab oapmrtb`kob. oapmrtb`kob. Hbhbs sus coaotbkom`ls coaotbkom`ls hl tolapm, hljlrâ bslgurbrsl hl hbr promrohbh b cbs altbs aâs rlclvb`tls. ;. L`ualrl cbs bktovohbhls m tbrlbs `lklsbrobs pbrb cmgrbr sus altbs.  ½Ruï bkkom`ls lsplká fl kbs `lklsotb tmabr pbrb cmgrbr sus altbs=  fl  kbs 8. Hovohb lsbs bktovohbhls bktovohbhl s m tbrlbs l` kbtlgmrábs utocozb`hm u`b kcbso fl fl  kbkoû` kbkoû` B, J y K. Cbs B sm` cbs tbrlbs oapmrtb`tls oapmrtb`tls y urgl`tls. Cbs J sm` cbs tbrlbs oapmrtb`tls m urgl`tls, plrm `m bajbs kmsbs. Cbs K sm` cbs tbrlbs ruto`brobs5 `m sm` oapmrtb`tls `o urgl`tls, plrm hljl` rlbcozbrsl.

 

Mjdltovms hl bprl`hozbdl ◍

 NBJOCOHBHL[ BHR\OZOHB[

2.2 Hlskrojor quï sm` cms glrl`tls y cms cugbrls hm`hl cbjmrb`. ◍ 

[bjlr kûam bhao`ostrbr su tolapm.

2.: Lxpcokbr pmr quï cms glrl`tls sm` oapmrtb`tls pbrb cbs mrgb`ozbkom`ls. 2.; Hlskrojor cbs iu`kom`ls, cms rmcls y cbs nbjocohbhls hl cms glrl`tls. ◍ 

Hlsbrrmccbr sus nbjocohbhls sol`hm km`skol`tl hl cbs pmcátokbs.

2.8 Hlskrojor cms ibktmrls qul lstâ` rlkm`imrab`hm y rlhlio`ol`hm lc trbjbdm hl cms glrl`tls.

2.< Lxpcokbr lc vbcmr qul tol`l lstuhobr bhao`ostrbkoû`. . Kmaprl`hb qul cbs promrohbhls pulhl` kbajobr l` lc trb`skursm hlc háb m hl cb slab`b.  Cb o`imrabkoû` `ulvb pmhráb amho fl k  br cb oapmrtb`kob fl kbr m urgl`kob hl u`b tbrlb. B alhohb qul rlkojb `ulvb o`imrabkoû`,, rlmrhl`l su costb hl promrohbhls y bktôl o`imrabkoû` l` km`slkul`kob. ?. Zlkulrhl qul su altb km`sostl l` tlrao`br su trbjbdm hl cb imrab aâs l fl fl kol`tl k   ol`tl y l fl fl  kbz kbz pmsojcl.  @m sl trbtb hl vmcvlrsl u` lxplrtm l` cb krlbkoû` hl costbs hl bktovohbhls. ¡Hlskujrb cm qul iu`kom`b aldmr pbrb ustlh y ôslcm! 

Kmam auknms lstuhob`tls, ls prmjbjcl qul ustlh nbyb tl`ohm u` lapclm (m hms) l` u` amal`tm u mtrm bc kursbr sus lstuhoms. Bhlaâs, o`hlpl`hol`tlal`tl hlc cugbr l` hm`hl cm nbyb nlknm, cm aâs slgurm ls qul sus lxplrol`kobs cbjmrbcls sl nbyb` vostm o` ﬊ul`kobhbs pmr cbs bptotuhls y nbjocohbhls hl su glrl`tl. ½Kûam sm` cms glrl`tls lxotmsms l` cb bktubcohbh y quï nbjocohbhls hljl` tl`lr pbrb l`irl`tbr cms prmjclabs y hlsbiáms oapcákotms l` cb bhao`ostrbkoû` hlc sogcm ^^O= Lstl tlxtm trbtb hlc oapmrtb`tl trbjbdm bhao`ostrbtovm qul cclvb` b kbjm cms glrl`tls. Cb rlbcohbh qul birm`tb` cms glrl`tls bktubcls (y qul pmhráb o`kcuorcm b ustlh l` lc iuturm prûxoam), ls qul lc au`hm lstâ trb`simraâ`hmsl. L` cms âajotms cbjmrbcls hl tmhm topm (m flko`bs, tol`hbs,

@mtb pbrb lc clktmr4  cbs kb`tohbhls am`ltbrobs rlilrohbs lstâ` lxprlsbhbs l` hûcbrls balrokb`ms.

;

 

8 

Vbrtl 2   O`trmhukkoû` b cb bhao`ostrbkoû`

cbjmrbtmroms, rlstburb`tls, iâjrokbs, ltkïtlrb), cms glrl`tls sl l`irl`tb` b lxplktbtovbs kbajob`tls y b `ulvbs imrabs hl ab`ldbr b cms lapclbhms y mrgb`ozbr lc trbjbdm. L` lstl kbpátucm sl prlsl`tb lc tlab hl cms glrl`tls y cb bhao`ostrbkoû` bc b`bcozbr4 2. quoï`ls sm` cms glrl`tls y l` hû`hl trbjbdb`, :. pmr quï cms glrl`tls sm` oapmrtb`tls y ;. kuâc ls su cbjmr. Vmr ôctoam, klrrbrlams lc kbpátucm4 8. b`bcozb`hm cms ibktmrls qul lstâ` rlkm`imrab`hm y rlhl fl`ol`hm lc trbjbdm glrl`kobc y y nbstb aâs hl >6 bòms hl lhbh5 horogl` grb`hls kmrpmrbkom`ls, laprlsbs hl tbabòm alhom y `lgmkoms hl `ulvb krlbkoû`5 sl cls l`kul`trb l` hlpl`hl`kobs gujlr`bal`tbcls, nmspotbcls, mrgb`osams so` fl`ls hl cukrm, auslms, lskulcbs l o`kcusm l` mrgb`ozbkom`ls `m trbhokom`bcls, kmam kbapbòbs pmcátokbs y gorbs ausokbcls. Nby glrl`tls rlbcozb`hm cbjmrls bhao`ostrbtovbs l` tmhms cms pbásls. Bhlaâs, bcgu`ms hl lccms sm` glrl`tls hl `ovlc bctm y mtrms cm sm` hl proalrb cá`lb. Bsoaosam, l` cb bktubcohbh nmajrls y audlrls pmr ogubc pulhl` hlslaplòbr kbrgms glrl`kobcls5 so` lajbrgm, lc `ôalrm hl audlrls qul mkupb` pmsokom`ls hl bctm `ovlc sogul sol`hm jbdm5 l` :628 ô`okbal`tl :8 (8%) audlrls lrb` horlktmrbs gl`lrbcls hl cbs kmapbòábs hl Imrtu`l  

Vbrtl 2   O`trmhukkoû` b cb bhao`ostrbkoû`

½R\Ï nbkl` cms glrl`tls= Nbjcb`hm l` tïrao`ms sl`koccms, cms glrl`tls sl l`kbrgb` hl bhao`ostrbr. Vlrm lstb soapcl hlio`okoû` `m `ms hokl grb` kmsb, ½m sá= B`tls hl b`bcozbr km` aâs hltbccl kuâc ls cb cbjmr hl cms glrl`tls, proalrm lxpcokbrlams quï ls cb bhao`ostrbkoû`. bhao `ostrbkoû`. Cb bhao`ostrbkoû` oapcokb kmmrho`br y suplrvosbr cbs bktovohbhls cbjmrbcls hl mtrbs plrsm`bs, hl ab`lrb qul slb` rlbcozbhbs hl imrab lflkol`tl y lflkbz. Kmam sbjlams, cm qul hosto`gul u` pulstm hl trbjbdm glrl`kobc hl u`m `m glrl`kobc ls prlkosbal`tl qul l` lc proalr kbsm sl kmmrho`b` y suplrvosb` cbs cbjmrls hl mtrbs plrsm`bs. [o` lajbrgm, lstm `m sog`o flkb qul cms glrl`tls pulhb` nbklr cm qul cls pcbzkb l` kubcquolr amal`tm, l` kubcquolr cugbr m hl kubcquolr imrab. Vmr lc km`trbrom, cb bhao`ostrbkoû` sl mkupb, l`trl mtrbs kmsbs, hl gbrb`tozbr qul cbs bktovohbhls cbjmrbcls slb` ldlkutbhbs km` lflkol`kob y lflkbkob pmr cbs plrsm`bs rlspm`sbjcls rlspm`s bjcls hl cclvbrcbs b kbjm, m pmr cm al`ms lsm ls cm qul hljlráb` nbklr cms glrl`tls. Lc tïrao`m lflkol`kob sl rlfllrl b mjtl`lr cms aldmrls rlsuctbhms rlsuctbhms b pbrtor hl cb al`mr kb`tohbh hl o`suams m rlkursms. Cms glrl`tls tol`l` qul vïrslcbs km` rlkursms lskbsms ‘o`kcuyl`hm plrsm`bs, ho`lrm y lquopm‘, bsá qul cls o`tlrlsb utocozbrcms l flkol`tlal`tl. Km` irlkul`kob usbams cb pbcbjrb l flkol`kob kmam so`û`oam hl –nbklr jol` cbs kmsbs‑, cm kubc oapcokb `m hlsplrhokobr rlkursms. Vmr ldlapcm, [mutnwlst Borco`ls nb bckb`zbhm cb l flkol`kob mplrbtovb b trbvïs hl hovlrsbs prâktokbs, o`kcuyl`hm lc usm hl u` aosam amhlcm hl bvoû` (Jmlo`g 7;7) l` tmhb su ﬊mtoccb. Lc usm hl u` smcm amhlcm soapco flkb cb prmgrbabkoû` hl cms nmrbroms, cbs mplrbkom`ls y lc ab`tl`oaol`tm hl cms vulcms, bhlaâs hl qul cms kmstms hl kbpbkotbkoû` pbrb cms pocmtms, cb tropucbkoû` hl tolrrb y cms alkâ`okms sm` aâs jbdms pmrqul sûcm hljl` bprl`hlr b mplrbr u` smcm topm hl bvoû`.:2 Lstbs prâktokbs cbjmrbcls lflkol`tls nb` hbhm irutms, ¡yb qul [mutnwlst nb mjtl`ohm gb`b`kobs hurb`tl 8: bòms km`slkutovms!:: [o` lajbrgm, slr lflkol`tl `m cm ls tmhm. Cb bhao`ostrbkoû` sl mkupb tbajoï` hl cb l flkbkob hl cms lapclbhms. Cb lflkbkob sulcl hlfl`orsl l` tïrao`ms hl –nbklr cm kmrrlktm‑, ls hlkor, lilktubr bqulccbs bktovohbhls cbjmrbcls qul hlrovbrâ` l` lc cmgrm hl cms mjdltovms hl cb laprlsb. Vmr ldlapcm, bhlaâs hl slr lflkol`tl, cb aosoû` hl [mutnwlst Borco`ls km`sostl l` u`b –hlhokbkoû` pbrb jro`hbr u` slrvokom bc kcol`tl hl cb aldmr kbcohbh, km` u` sl`toaol`tm hl kbcohlz, baostbh, mrguccm o`hovohubc y lspárotu hl cb laprlsb‑.:; L`trl cbs auknbs rbzm`ls qul sl kotb` pbrb cb l flkbkob hl cb blrmcá`lb, rlsbctb` cb pmsojocohbh hl rlgostrbr hms abcltbs hl imrab grbtuotb y plraotor u` kbajom hl oto`lrbroms so` suiror u`b pl`bcozbkoû`. pl`b cozbkoû`.:8 Aol`trbs qul cb l flkol`kob tol`l qul vlr km` cms alhoms pbrb cclvbr b kbjm cbs kmsbs, cb l flkbkob lstâ rlcbkom`bhb km` cms  fl`ls m, l` mtrms tïrao`ms, km` lc cmgrm hl cms mjdltovms mrgb`ozbkom`bcls (vlb cb flgurb 2-;). L` cbs mrgb`ozbkom`ls lxotmsbs kbso solaprl cb bctb l flkol`kob y cb bctb l flkbkob vb` hl cb ab`m. Cb bhao`ostrbkoû` hl flkol`tl (aosab qul km`hukl bc abc hlslaplòm) sulcl o`vmcukrbr cb ibctb hl l flkol`kob y lflkbkob m lc slr lflkbkls plrm o`lflkol`tls. Ylbams bnmrb km` aâs hltbccl kuâc ls cb cbjmr hl cms glrl`tls, bu` bu`qul qul lstm `m ls sl`koccm. Xbc Xbc kmam `m lxostl` hms mrgb`ozbkom`ls lxbktbal`tl ogubcls, lc trbjbdm hl cms glrl`tls tbapmkm ls

MB2.; 

bhao`ostrbkoû` Kmmrho`bkoû` y suplrvosoû` hl cbs bktovohbhls cbjmrbcls hl mtrbs plrsm`bs, hl tbc ab`lrb qul sl rlbcokl` hl imrab lflkol`tl y lflkbz

lflkol`kob Nbklr cbs kmsbs jol` m cmgrbr cms aldmrls rlsuctbhms b pbrtor hl cb al`mr kb`tohbh hl rlkursms

lflkbkob Nbklr cm kmrrlktm m cclvbr b kbjm cbs bktovohbhls cbjmrbcls qul hlrovbrâ` l` lc cmgrm hl cms mjdltovms

ogubc. B plsbr hl lstm, cms o`vlstogbhmrls bhao`ostrbkoû` nb` hlsbrrmccbhm trls l`imquls pbrb hlskrojor cb cbjmr glrl`kobc4 cbs iu`kom`ls,hlcmscbrmcls y cbs nbjocohbhls.

Iogurb 2-; Liokol`kob y liokbkob l` cb bhao`ostrbkoû`

Lflkol`kob (alhoms)

Lflkbkob (fl`ls)

\sm hl rlkursms

Cmgrm hl mjdltovms

Vmkm hlsplrhokom

Grb`hls cmgrms

Cb bhao`ostrbkoû` sl lsiulrzb pmr4 Hlsplrhokobr pmkms rlkursms (bctb l flkol`kob) Cmgrbr grb`hls mjdltovms (bctb l flkbkob)

 

Kbpátucm 2   Cms glrl`tls y ustlh l` lc cugbr hl trbjbdm

Vcb`lbkoû` û` Vcb`lbko

M rgb`ozbkoû` Mrgb`ozbkoû`

Horlkko Hor lkkoû lkko û` Horlkkoû`

Km`tr Km `tr `trmc mc Km`trmc Km`hukl b 

L stbj stbj bjclkl clklrr clkl Lstbjclklr al alt tbs bs,, kr kr krlbr lbr altbs, lstrbtlgo lstrbtl go gob bs lstrbtlgobs y hlsbr hlsbrrmccbr hlsbrrmccbr p cb`ls pbrb pbrb brb pcb`ls kmmrh kmmr ho`br ccbs bs kmmrho`br

H ltlrao`b ltlrao` br Hltlrao`br q uï sl `lklsotb quï nbklr,, k nbklr kkûam ûam s l nbrâ nbrâ y sl y q uoï` ls lc quoï` rlspm`sbj rlspm`sb jcl rlspm`sbjcl

b ktovohb ktovoh vohbhl hls s bktovohbhls

hl nbklrcm

A mto mtovbr vbr, vbr, Amtovbr, horo horog gor y hlaâs horogor bkk bkko om`ls bkkom`ls o` o`v vmcukrbhbs o`vmcukrbhbs l` lc ab`ldm ab`l d  dm m h lc plr plrsm`b plrsm`b sm`bcc hlc plrsm`bc

[uplrvosbr cbs bktovohbhls pbrb bslgurbrsl hl qul ïstbs slb` rlbcozbhbs slgô` cm pcb`lbhm

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Iogurb 2-8 Kubtrm iu`kom`ls hl cb bhao`ostrbkoû`

B ckb`zbr cms cms Bckb`zbr p rmpûs rmpûs pûsotm otms otms prmpûsotms lstbj lstb jclkohms pmr pmr lstbjclkohms cb mrg mr gb`ozbko b`ozbkoû û` mrgb`ozbkoû`

Iu`kom`ls bhao`ostrbtovbs Hl bkulrhm km` lc l`imqul jbsbhm l` iu`kom`ls, cms glrl`tls hlslaplòb` kolrtbs bktovohbhls m iu`kom`ls aol`trbs kmmrho`b` l flkol`tl y lflkbzal`tl lc trbjbdm hl mtrbs plrsm`bs. ½Kuâcls sm` lsbs iu`kom`ls= Nl`ro Ibymc, laprlsbrom hl mrogl` irb`kïs, iul lc proalrm l` prmpm`lr, b pro`kopoms hlc sogcm ^^, qul tmhms cms glrl`tls ldlkutb` ko`km iu`kom`ls4 pcb`lbr, mrgb`ozbr, horogor, kmmrho`br y km`trmcbr.: Kmam sl aulstrb l` cb iogurb 2-;).

Zlprlsl`tb`tl

   Z 

Am`otmr        [

      M        Y

              O

      X

[     

     B

    A

Hoiusmr

 H    

     Z     M     I

Bsog`bhmr hl rlkursms

L     

L    

K     O      [   

22

@lgmkobhmr

Vmrtbvmz

O     Û   

   @    O  

   [    L

    C

@  

  Z  M

L`tm`kls, ½kuâc l`imqul ls aldmr= ½Lc qul sl jbsb l` cbs iu`kom`ls m lc prmp prmpulstm ulstm pmr Ao`tzjlrg= [o jol` kbhb u`m hl lccms cmgrb lc l c kmaltohm hl hlskrojor cb cbjmr glrl`kobc, lc amhlcm jbsbhm l` iu`kom`ls sogul sol`hm lc aâs bklptbhm. –Cbs iu`kom`ls kcâsokbs mirlkl` u` aïtmhm kcbrm y hoilrl`kobhm pbrb kcbsoflkbr cbs aocls hl bktovohbhls qul lilktôb` cms glrl`tls y cbs tïk`okbs qul lapclb` l` tïrao`ms hl cbs iu`kom`ls qul hlslaplòb` pbrb lc cmgrm hl cms mjdltovms‑. ;: [o` lajbrgm, lc l`imqul hl rmcls hl Ao`tzjlrg y mtrms amhlcms bhao`ostrbtovms `ms plraotl` km`tbr km` aâs lclal`tms pbrb kmaprl`hlr lc trbjbdm glrl`kobc.

Nbjocohbhls glrl`kobcls \V[ ls u`b kmapbòáb qul kmaprl`hl cb oapmrtb`kob hl cbs nbjocohbhls glrl`kobc glrl`kobcls. ls.;; Cms `ulvms suplrvosmrls bajucb`tls hl cb laprlsb pbrtokopb` l` u` `ulvm topm hl o`hukkoû` glrl`kobc hm`hl bprl`hl` nbjocohbhls pbrb bhao`ostrbr lc tolapm y lc plrsm`bc. Cb kmapbòáb o`okoû u` prmgrbab hl kbpbkotbkoû` o`tl`sovm iulrb hl sus o`stbcbkom`ls, hl mknm hábs hl hurbkoû` pbrb sus glrl`tls hl proalrb cá`lb, km` cb fl`bcohbh hl aldmrbr sus mplrbkom`ls. ½Ruï nb` bprl`hohm cms suplrvosmrls b pbrtor hl lstb kbpbkotbkoû` l` nbjocohbhls= Bcgu`bs hl cbs kmsbs qul al`kom`brm` o`kcuyl` nbjlr bprl`hohm b kmau`okbr hl ab`lrb aâs lilktovb o`imrabkoû` oapmrtb`tl smjrl cbs prâktokbs cbjmrbcls y lc kuapcoaol`tm hl cbs `mrabs hl slgurohbh. ½Ruï topm hl nbjocohbhls rlquolrl` cms glrl`tls= Zmjlrt C. Ebtz prmpusm qul cms glrl`tls `lklsotb` km`tbr km` trls km`du`tms hl nbjocohbhls iu`hbal`tbcls4 tïk`okbs, nuab`bs y km`klptubcls.;8  (Cb flgurb 2-9 aulstrb lc vá`kucm qul lxostl l`trl hoknbs nbjocohbhls y cms hosto`tms `ovlcls glrl`kobcls). Cbs nbjocohbhls tïk`okbs sm` lc km`mkoaol`tm lsplká flkm hlc trbjbdm y hl cbs tïk`okbs `lklsbrobs pbrb rlbcozbr hl imrab kmapltl`tl cbs tbrlbs cbjmrbcls.

Glrl`tls hl   Km`klptubcls bctm `ovlc

Nuab`bs

Glrl`tls hl   Km`klptubcls `ovlc alhom Glrl`tls hl Km`klptubcls `ovlcls o`ilromrls

Nuab`bs

Nuab`bs

Xïk`okbs

Xïk`okbs

Xïk`okbs

nbjocohbhls tïk`okbs Km`mkoaol`tm lsplká flkm hlc trbjbdm y hl cbs tïk`okbs `lklsbrobs pbrb rlbcozbr hl imrab kmapltl`tl cbs tbrlbs cbjmrbcls

Iogurb 2-9 Nbjocohbhls `lklsbrobs l` cms hosto`tms `ovlcls glrl`kobcls

 

2:  

Vbrtl 2   O`trmhukkoû` b cb bhao`ostrbkoû`

Iogurb 2-7 Nbjocohbhls glrl`kobcls oapmrtb`tls Iul`tl4  Jbsbhb  Jbsbhb l` Wmreimrkl M`co`l 5 D. Z. Zyb`, Jcmmajlrg Juso`lssWlle M`co`l 5 O`-[ul Mn y K. A. Jlrry5 y Z. [. Zujo` y L. K. Holrhmrii.

Bhao`ostrbr lc kbpotbc nuab`m

O`sporbr kmaprmaosm

Bhao`ostrbr lc kbajom

Lstrukturbr lc trbjbdm y cmgrbr qul sl nbgb` cbs kmsbs

Ibkocotbr cms km`tlxtms psokmcûgokm y smkobc hlc trbjbdm

Lapclbr rlhls pbrb kuapcor prmpûsotms lsplkáflkms

Bhao`ostrbr cms prmklsms hl tmab hl hlkosom`ls

Bhao`ostrbr cb lstrbtlgob y cb o``mvbkoû`

Bhao`ostrbr cb cmgástokb y cb tlk`mcmgáb

Lstbs nbjocohbhls tol`hl` b slr aâs oapmrtb`tls pbrb cms glrl`tls hl proalrb cá`lb, pmrqul pmr cm gl`lrbc sm` lccms quol`ls horogl` b cms lapclbhms qul utocozb` nlrrbaol`tbs y tïk`okbs pbrb gl`lrbr cms prmhuktms m slrvokoms mirlkohms pmr cb mrgb`ozbkoû` b sus kcol`tls. Ls irlkul`tl qul cms lapclbhms km` lxklcl`tls nbjocohbhls tïk`okbs slb` bskl`hohms b glrl`tls hl proalrb cá`lb. Vmr ldlapcm, Hlb` Wnotl, u` suplrvosmr hl prmhukkoû` hl [pro`gfllch Zlab`uibkturo`g,

nbjocohbhls o`tlrplrsm`bcls Kbpbkohbh hl trbjbdbr jol` km` mtrbs plrsm`bs, tb`tm o`hovohubcal`tl kmam l` grupm nbjocohbhls km`klptubcls Kbpbkohbh hl pl`sbr y km`klptubcozbr sotubkom`ls bjstrbktbs y kmapcldbs

kmal`zû trbjbdb`hm kmam coapobhmr hl polzbs. L` cb bktubcohbh tol`l b su kbrgm b :< plrsm`bs hl slos hlpbrtbal`tms. Hlb` kmal`tû qul bc pro`kopom iul hoiákoc qul lc plrsm`bc cl prlstbrb btl`koû`, l` pbrtokucbr sus b`togums kmapbòlrms. –Bprl`há qul tl`áb qul gb`bral su rlspltm pbrb pmhlr horogorcms‑, hodm ïc. Zlkm`mkl b sus al`tmrls ‘mtrms suplrvosmrls qul cl sorvolrm` hl ldlapcm‘ pmr nbjlrcm byuhbhm km`vlrtorsl l` lc glrl`tl qul ls nmy l` háb. ; aulstrb bcgu`ms hl cms kbajoms aâs oapmrtb`tls qul l`irl`tb` cms glrl`tls. Hurb`tl lc rlstm hlc cojrm b`bcozbrlams lsms y mtrms kbajoms, y vlrlams kûam bilktb` cb ab`lrb l` qul cms glrl`tls pcb`lb`, mrgb`ozb`, horogl` y km`trmcb`. Bnmrb qulrlams km`kl`trbr`ms l` slos hl lstms kbajoms4 cms kcol`tls, cb tlk`mcmgáb, cms smkobc alhob, cb o``mvbkoû`, cb sustl`tbjocohbh y cms lapclbhms.

L`imqul l` lc kcol`tl B Dmn` Clglrl, horlktmr gl`lrbc hl X-Amjocl cl gustb lskuknbr b cms kcol`tls. –Ao flcmsmiáb hl cms `lgmkoms bkm`sldb lskuknbr b sus lapclbhms y lskuknbr b cms kcol`tls. Kbccbrsl y nbklr cm qul cl hogb`. Kbhb u`m hl cms slrvokoms qul mirlklams y cb ab`lrb l` qul horodm ao kmapbòáb lstâ` kmapcltbal`tl bco`lbhms km` lccb‑. ;>  Lstl glrl`tl kmaprl`hl cb oapmrtb`kob hl cms kcol`tls y ls lvohl`tl qul pol`sb qul l`imkbrsl l` lccms ls u` lclal`tm lsl`kobc pbrb lc ïxotm.

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Vbrtl 2   O`trmhukkoû` b cb bhao`ostrbkoû`

Iogurb 2-> Kbajoms qul l`irl`tb` cms glrl`tls

Kbajom

Kbajom tlk`mcûgokm (hogotbcozbkoû`)

Oapbktm hlc kbajom

Hlspcbzbaol`tm hl cms cáaotls mrgb`ozbkom`bc mrgb`ozbkom`bcls ls Kl`trms hl trbjbdm vortubcls Iulrzb cbjmrbc km` abymr amvocohbh Brrlgcms hl trbjbdm ﬊lxojcls Lapmhlrbaol`t Lapmhlrbaol`tm m hl cmsplrsm`bc lapclbhms Lquocojrom Lquocojro m l`trl cb vohb y cb vohb cbjmrbc Hlsbiáms hl cms smkobc alhob

Abymr ï`ibsos l` cb ïtokb mrgb`ozbkom`bc y bhao`ostrbtovb

Zlhlfl`okoû` hl vbcmrls Zlkm`strukkoû` hl cb km`flb`zb Abymr rlspm`sbjocohbh rlspm`sbjocohbh [ustl`tbjocohbh

Abymr kmapltotovohbh

[lrvokom b kcol`tls O``mvbkoû` Gcmjbcozbkoû` Lflkol`kob/prmhuktovohbh

Bal`bzbs b cb slgurohbh kbajob`tls

Bhao`ostrbkoû Bhao`ostrbkoû` hlc rolsgm O`klrtohuajrl O`klrtohu ajrl`rlsplktm hl cbs iuturbs iul`tls hl l`lrgáb y sus prlkoms Zllstrukturbkoû` Zllstrukturbk oû` hlc kl`trm hl trbjbdm Vrmjclabs hl hoskroao`bkoû` hoskroao`bkoû` Vrmjclabs hl gcmjbcozbkoû` Bpmym b cms lapclbhms O`klrtohuajrl O`klrtohu ajrl rlsplktm hlc kcoab lkm`ûaokm

Km` cb krlkol`tl pmpucbrohbh hlc turosam l` cb Zlpôjcokb Hmao`okb`b, u` grb` pmrkl`tbdl hl cb iulrzb cbjmrbc trbjbdb l` pulstms hl slrvokom pbrb kl`trms vbkbkom`bcls, btrbkkom`ls y bktovohbhls rlcbkom`bhbs km` lc  turosam, kmam lc o`struktmr hl blrmjoks qul sl mjslrvb bquá, horogol`hm u`b kcbsl l` cb pcbyb pbrb cms turostbs. Vbrb tl`lr ïxotm l` cb o`hustrob hl slrvokoms, cms glrl`tls hljl` krlbr u`b mrgb`ozbkoû` qul slb sl`sojcl b cbs `lklsohbhls hl cms kcol`tls. Iul`tl4 Lccl` AkE`ognt/Bcbay 

[o` cms cm s kcol`tls, kcol` tls, cb abymr pbrtl hl cbs mrgb`ozbkom`ls hlsbpbrlklráb`. @m mjstb`tl, hurb`tl auknm tolapm sl nb pl`sbhm qul lc l`imqul l` lc kcol`tl ls rlspm`sbjocohbh hl cb iu`koû` hl abrelto`g. –Hldlams qul cms lsplkobcostbs l` abrelto`g sl mkupl` hl cms kcol`tls‑, ls lc pl`sbaol`tm hl auknms glrl`tls, plrm lstb pmsturb ls mjsmcltb. L` Jb`b`b Zlpujcok, lc glrl`tl hl cb lxplrol`kob hlc kcol`tl ls lc rlspm`sbjcl hl gbrb`tozbr qul qu l cms kcol`tls hosirutl` hl u`b lxplrol`kob hl bctb kbcohb kbcohbhh hl`trm hl`trm hl sus tol`hbs. tol`hbs. Lstl glrl`tl glrl`tl tbajoï` tbajoï` ls rlspm`sbjcl rlspm`sbjcl hl km`trbtb km `trbtbrr y kbpbkotbr kbpbk otbr b cms lapclbhms, bsá kmam hl bpmybr cb kmcmkbkoû` hl prmhuktms, lc abrelto`g y cbs lstrbtlgobs prmamkom`bcls.;? [o` lajbrgm, lstbams hlskujrol`hm qul cbs bktotuhls y lc kmapmrtbaol`tm hl cms lapclbhms dulgb` u` pbplc oapmrtb`tl l` cb sbtosibkkoû` hlc kcol`tl y l` lc rl`hoaol`tm hl cb o`vlrsoû`. Lc @mrtn Balrokb` Borco`l [btosibktom` [tuhy hl D.H. Vmwlr hl :62< rlspbchb lstb ohlb. [lgô` Zokn Gbrlcoke, cáhlr hl cb prâktokb hl nmspotbcohbh y vobdls gcmjbcls hl D.H. Vmwlr, o`krlal`tbr cb sbtosibkkoû` hlc kcol`tl krlb –aldmrls km`suaohmrls pbrtohbroms hl cb blrmcá`lb‑.86 Cá`lbs bïrlbs lxotmsbs kmam Bcbseb Borco`ls y Dlt Jcul Borwbys trbtb` jol` b cms pbsbdlrms bc mirlklr b`u`koms baostmsms l` tolrrb m l` lc borl qul cls o`imrab` bklrkb hlc lstbtus hlc vulcm, y bc jro`hbrcls slrvokoms hl l`trltl`oaol`tm hurb`tl lc vulcm. L` cb bktubcohbh, l` cms pbásls hlsbrrmccbhms cb abymráb hl cms lapclbhms mkupb` pulstms hl slrvokom. Vmr ldlapcm, kbso >6 pmr kol`tm hl cb iulrzb cbjmrbc lstbhmu`ohl`sl imrab` pbrtl hl cbs o`hustrobs hl slrvokoms.82 L` Bustrbcob, 7< pmr kol`tm trbjbdb l` cbs o`hustrobs hl slrvokoms, aol`trbs qul l` Kb`bhâ cm nbkl 79 pmr kol`tm hl cms lapclbhms. L` lc Zlo`m \`ohm, Bclab`ob y Dbpû`, cms pmrkl`tbdls sm` >;, 78 y 72, rlsplktovbal`tl. O`kcusm l` pbásls l` hlsbrrmccm kmam Kmcmajob, Zlpôjcokb Hmao`okb`b, Yolt`ba y Jb`gcbhlsn, 9:, 9