Los Circuitos Eléctricos y Corriente Continua

 

Cms `dr`udtms fcä`trd`ms Unlms n fxpcd`nr cms `mg`fptms bîsd`ms smbrf `mlm eug`dmgng cms `dr`udt s fcä`trd` s, smg ugn sfrdf hf fcflfgtms cms quf cm fgkcmbng. Xnlbdäg vfrflms nckugns eðrlucns pnrn pmhfr smcu`dmgnr hdefrfgtfs `nsms hf cms `dr`udt s fcä`trd` s. Flpfznrflms fxpcd`nghm fxpcd`nghm quf fs ug `dr`udt fcä`trd` . Fs ug `mgaugtm hf fcflfgtms `mgf`tnhms fgtrf fccms pmr cms quf `dr`ucn ugn ` rrdfgtf fcä`trd`n.

@unghm hf`dlms ` rrdfgtf fcä`trd`n fstnlms jnbcnghm hf ug lmvdldfgtm hf fcf`trmgfs, fs hf`dr, ug `dr`udtm hfbf hfanr pnsnr cms fcf`trmgfs pmr cns pdfzns quf cm `mlpmgfg. Ymhrìnlms pmgfrgms n fxpcd`nr fc eug`dmgnldf eug`dmgnldfgtm gtm hf cms eughnlfgtm eughnlfgtmss hf cn ` rrdfgtf fcä`trd`n pfrm vnlms n `fgtrnrgms fg cms `dr`udt s fcä`trd` s. Fg `nsm hf quf fc `dr`udtm sfn `frrnhm cms fcf`trmgfs pnsnrng pmr fc `dr`udtm, fg ug lmlfgtm hnhm pmhflms hfspdfznr fc `dr`udtm pnrn pnrnr fc pnsm hf cn `mrrdfgtf `mg cn nyuhn hf ug dgtfrruptmr.

 

Cns pnrtfs quf emrlng ug `dr`udt fcä`trd` smg1 Kfgfrnhmr, rf`fptmr, eusdbcf, dgtfrruptmr y `nbcf `mghu`tmr. Fc kfgfrnhmr sf fg`nrkn hf prmhu`dr y lngtfgfr cn ` rrdfgtf fcä`trd`n pmr tmhm fc `dr`udtm, hdknlms quf smg cms quf prmpmr`dmgng cn fgfrkìn nc `dr`udtm. Fc tdpm hf `mrrdfgtf cn hdefrfg`dnlmss fg hms tdpms1 Nctfrgn y `mgtdgun. hdefrfg`dnlm Vg faflpcm hf `mrrdfgtf `mgtdgun sfrdng cns bntfrìns y cns pdcns, pmr mtrm cnhm, fstnrìng cms nctfrgnhmrf nctfrgnhmrfss quf `mlm bdfg su gmlbrf dghd`n fstnrìn fg fc `nlpm hf cn `mrrdfgtf nctfrgn. Jnbcflms njmrn hf cms `mghu`tmrfs, pmr fstf fcflfgtm fs pmr hmghf cuyf cn ` rrdfgtf fcä`trd`n fgtrf fcflfgtms hfc `dr`udtm. Cms lntfrdncfs hf cms`mghu`tmrfs quf fstîg jf`jms smg1 `mbrf m nculdgdm. Fstms smg lntfrdncfs hf cn fcf`trd`dhnh. Jny `nbcfs hf lu`jns emrlns y krmsmrfs hdstdgtms, tfghrflms quf sfcf``dmgnr fc lîs nhf`unhm pnrn gufstrm `dr`udtm. Cms rf`fptmrfs1 Pmg cms quf `mgvdfrtfg cn ` rrdfgtf fcä`trd`n fg mtrn fgfrkìn hdstdgtn. Vg `cnrm faflpcm sfrìn cns bmlbdccns quf tfgflms fg `nsn, `mgvdfrtfg cn fgfrkìn fcä`trd`n m cuz, lmtmrfs, rnhdnhmrfs ft` Fcflfgtms hf `mgtrmc1 Yfrldtfg `mghu`dr fc pnsm hf cn ` rrdfgtf fcä`trd`n hfgtrm hfc `dr`udtm. Nquì fgtrnrìng cms pucsnhmrfs, dgtfrruptmrfss ft`. dgtfrruptmrf @mlpmgfgtfs hf prmtf``dðg1 Pu eug`dðg fs nsfkurnr cms `dr`udtms y pfrsmgns `unghm jny hdd`uctnh m cn `mrrdfgtf fs luy nctn y pufhf jnbfr pfcdkrm hf quf sf quflfg cms `mlpmgfgtfs hfc `dr`udtm. Hdefrfg`dncfs, eusdbcfs ft`.

 

Fstms smg cms fcflfgtms lîs `mlugfs quf sf utdcdzng fg cms `dr`udt s fcä`trd` s1 @nbcf `mghu`tmr, dgtfrruptmr, pdcn, bntfrìn, bmlbdccn, nlpfrìlftrm, vmctìlftrm, `mghfgsnhmr, rfsdstfg`dn, rfsdstfg`dn vnrdnbcf, fcflfgtm tfrlmfcä`trd`m, tfrldstmr m rfsdstfg`dn tärld`n, RHC (rfsdstfg`dn hfpfghdfgtf hf cn cuz), hdmhm sfgtdhm pfrldtdhm (`mgvfg`dmgnc), dghu`tng`dn, eufgtf hf `mrrdfgtf nctfrgn, lmtmr, hdmhm fldsmr hf cuz, tmln hf tdfrrn.

Xdpms hf `dr`udtms fcä`trd`ms @dr`udtm hf ug smcm rf`fptmr1 Fc rf`fptmr trngsdfrf n cn ldsln `nrkn quf fc kfgfrnhmr, fc rf`fptmr sf fxpnghdrî n ugn dgtfgsdhnh hf `mrrdfgtf dhägtd`n n cn hfc `dr`udtm tmtnc, cn ñgd`n rfsdstfg`dn hfc `dr`udtm fg fstf `nsm sfrî fc rf`fptmr. Cms `dr`udtms fg sfrdf1 Cms rf`fptmrfs sf `mgf`tng fc ugm nc mtrm.

Cms `dr`udtms fg pnrncfcm1 Fg fstms `dr`udtms cms rf`fptmrfs sf `mgf`tng n tmhns cns fgtrnhns. Fg cms `dr`udtms ldxtms `mlbdgng1 sfrdf y pnrncfcm.

 

Xdpms hf `dr`udt s fcä`trd` s1 sfrdf, pnrncfcm, ldxtm y hf `mrrdfgtf nctfrgn. Pfrdf1 Fg fstms `dr`udtms, cms rf`fptmrfs sf `mgf`tng ugm n mtrm, fc dgnc hfc prdlfrm `mg fc dgnc hfc sfkughm su`fsdvnlfgtf. Jny 0 tdpms hf hf `dr`udt s fcä`trd` s fg `mrrdfgtf nctfrgn1 Rfsdstdvms1 @mgstng hf rfsdstfg`dns purns, tnlbdäg ccnlnhns `dr`udtms R.

Dghu`tdvms1 @mgstng hf bmvdgns purns. Xnlbdäg ccnlnhns C. @npn`dtdvms1 hf `mghfgsnhmrfs purms, tnlbdäg hfgmldgnhms@mgstng @.

Yrmpdfhnhfs hf cms @dr`udtms fg Pfrdf Fstn `cnsf hf `dr`udtms tdfgf cn prmpdfhnh hf quf cn dgtfgsdhnh quf ntrnvdfsn tmhms cms rf`fptmrfs fs cn ldsln, y fs dhägtd`n n cn tmtnc hfc `dr`udtm. Dt< D> < D2.

 

Cn rfsdstfg`dn dgnc hfc `dr`udtm fs fc sulntmrdm hf tmhns cns rfsdstfg`dns hf cms hfstdgntnrdms `mgf`tnhms fg sfrdf. Rt < R> + R2. Cn tfgsdðg dgnc fs dkunc n cn suln hf cns tfgsdmgfs fg `nhn ugm hf cms hfstdgntnrdms `mgf`tnhms fg sfrdf. Ut < U> + U2. Ymhflms fg`juenr 2, 0 m cms rf`dbdhmrfs quf qufrnlms fg sfrdf. Pd qudtnl s cn ` gfxdðg hf ug rf`fpt r, t h s c s hflîs rf`dbdh rfs fg sfrdf ` g fc, hfanrng hf eug`d gnr (gm pufhf pnsnr cn `mrrdfgtf).

@dr`udtms fg Ynrncfcm Pmg cms `dr`udtms fg cms quf cms rf`dbdhmrfs hf sfþnc sf `mgf`tng ugdhns tmhns cns fgtrnhns hf cms rf`fptmrfs pmr ug cnhm y pmr fc mtrm tmhns cns sncdhns.

Yrmpdfhnhfs hf cms @dr`udtms fg Ynrncfcm Cns tfgsdmgfs hf tmhms cms rf`dbdhmrfs smg dhägtd`ns nc sulntmrdm hf cn tfgsdðg tmtnc hf cn pdstn. Ut < U> < U2. Fc sulntmrdm hf `nhn dgtfgsdhnh quf ntrnvdfsn `nhn rf`dbdhmr fs cn dgtfgsdhnh hfc sulntmrdm hf tmhm fc `dr`udtm. Dt < D> + D2. Cn rfsdstfg`dn dgnc hf cn pdstn sf `nc`ucn npcd`nghm cn sdkudfgtf eðrlucn1 >/Rt < >/R> + >/R2? sd hfspfanlms cn Rt qufhnrìn1 Rt < >/(>/R>+>/R2) Cms rf`dbdhmrfs fg`juenhms fg pnrncfcm qufhnrîg prmhu`dfghm prmhu`dfghm n cn ldsln `mrrdfgtf quf tfgkn fc kfgfrnhmr.

 

Pd qudtnlms ug rf`dbdhmr hfc `dr`udtm cms mtrms sfkudrîg trnbnanghm.

@dr`udtm Ldxtms Pmg nqufccns pdstns fcä`trd`ns quf `mlbdgng cms `dr`udtms fg sfrdf y cms `dr`udtms pnrncfcm. Fstms `dr`udtms tfghrîg sdflprf 2 m lns rf`fptmrfs, yn quf sd tuvdfrng 2 fstnrìng fg sfrdf m fg pnrncfcm. Cms `dr`udtms fcä`trd`ms `mg `mrrdfgtf fcä`trd`n nctfrgn sf `nc`ucng y ngncdzng hf hdstdgtn lngfrn quf cms hf `.`. nugquf sfkudlms mbtfgdfghm mbtfgdfghm cns `mgfxdmgfs hf rf`fptmrfs fg sfrdf, pnrncfcm m ldxtms, nhflîs hf nckugn lîs quf vfrflms. Nquì smcm vfrflms cms tdpms hf `dr`udtms fg `mrrdfgtf nctfrgn, pfrm sd cm quf qudfrfs fs `mgm`fr fg hftncccf y nprfghfr n `nc`ucnr cms `dr`udtms fg `mrrdfgtf nctfrgn. Fg ` rrdfgtf nctfrgn trdeîsd`n, nc sfr `mlm lìgdlm 0 ensfs , fg cuknr hf 2 ` ghu`t rfs ` l fg l g eîsd`n ` rrdfgtf ` gtdgun, cms tdpms hf `dr`udtms m `mgfxdmgfs pufhfg nulfgtnrsf.. Fg fstms `nsms tfgflms, nhflîs hf sfrdf, pnrncfcm y nulfgtnrsf ldxtms, cns `mgfxdmgfs m `dr`udtms fg fstrfccn, fg trdîgkucm…

 

@mrrdfgtf `mgtdgun Cn `mrrdfgtf `mgtdgun `mrrdfgtf `mgtdgun sf prmhuam fg >:99 pmr cn bntfrìn hfc ìsd`m dtncdngm Ncfssnghrm Umctn Umctn,, su pdcn vmctnd`n. vmctnd`n. Fg fsf lmlfgtm gm sf fgtfghdð cn gnturncfzn hf pmrquä cuìn cn `mrrdfgtf. Fc ìsd`m erng`äs Nghrä-Lnrdf Nlpêrf `mgafturð Nlpêrf `mgafturð quf cn `mrrdfgtf vdnanbn fg ugn hdrf``dðg, hdrf``dðg, hfshf ug pmsdt pmsdtdvm dvm n ug gfkntd gfkntdvm. vm. @unghm fc enbrd`ngtf erng`äs hf dgstrulfgtms Jdppmcytf Ydxdd `mgstruyð Ydxdd `mgstruyð fc prdlfr kfgfrnhmr hdgnlmfcä`trd`m hdgnlmfcä`trd`m fg  fg >:02, hfs`ubrdð quf `unghm fc dlîg pnsnbn fgtrf cms bu`cfs hf ncnlbrf `nhn lfhdn vufctn, `nusnbn quf fc cuam hf fcf`trd`dhnh sf dgvdrtdfrn, kfgfrnghm ugn `mrrdfgtf nctfrgn. Ymr sukfrfg`dn hf Nlpêrf, Ydxdd cufkm nkrfkð ug `mglutnhmr `mglutnhmr,, ug tdpm hf «dgtfrruptmr¿ fg fc quf cms `mgtn`tms fg fc faf trnbnang `mg cms `mgtn`tms hfc «`fpdccm¿ pnrn prmhu`dr `mrrdfgtf `mgtdgun. N dgfs hf cn hä`nhn hf >:;9 y prdg`dpdms hf cn hä`nhn hf >::9, sf `mlfgzð n kfgfrnr fcf`trd`dhnh fg cns `fgtrncfs fcä`trd`ns fcä`trd`ns.. Fstns sf `mgdkurnrmg dgd`dnclfgtf pnrn ncdlfgtnr cn cuz hf nr`m (ug nr`m  (ug tdpm pmpucnr hf nculbrnhm pñbcd`m) quf eug`dmgn `mg `mrrdfgtf `mgtdgun hf luy nctn tfgsdðg (kfgfrnclfgtf hf lîs nctn hf 0999 vmctdms) vmctdms) m `mrrdfgtf `mrrdfgtf nctfrgn. Fstm euf sfku sfkudhm dhm pmr fc usm kfgfrncdznhm hf `mrrdfgtf `mgtdgun hf bnan tfgsdðg pnrn fc nculbrnhm fcä`trd`m dgtfrdmr fg flprfsns y jmknrfs hfspuäs hf quf fc dgvfgtmr Xjmlns Fhdsmg Fhdsmg cngznsf  cngznsf «utdcdhnh¿ bnsnhn fg bmlbdccns dg`nghfs`fgtfs fg dg`nghfs`fgtfs  fg su >::2. Hfbdhmfcä`trd`n n cns vfgtnans sdkgdd`ntdvns sdkgdd`ntdvns hf cn `mrrdfgtf nctfrgn smbrf cn `mrrdfgtf hdrf`tn nc usnr trngsemrlnhmrfs pnrn trngsemrlnhmrfs pnrn fcfvnr y hdsldgudr cms vmctnafs pnrn pfrldtdr hdstng`dns hf trngsldsdðg lu`jm lîs cnrkns, Cn `mrrdfgtf `mgtdgun euf rfflpcnznhn fg cns prðxdlns hä`nhns pmr cn `mrrdfgtf nctfrgn fg cn fgtrfkn hf fgfrkìn. N lfhdnhms hf cn hä`nhn hf >469, sf hfsnrrmccð cn trngsldsdðg hf `mrrdfgtf `mgtdgun hf nctn tfgsdðg, tfgsdðg , y njmrn fs ugn mp`dðg fg cuknr hf cms sdstflns hf `mrrdfgtf ` mrrdfgtf nctfrgn hf nctm vmctnaf hf cnrkn hdstng`dn. Ynrn `nbcfs sublnrdgms hf cnrkn hdstng`dn (pmr

 

faflpcm, fgtrf pnìsfs, `mlm fc `nbcf GmrGfh), GmrGfh), fstn mp`dðg hf @@ fs cn ñgd`n mp`dðg tä`gd`nlfgtf vdnbcf. Ynrn cns npcd`n`dmgfs quf rfqudfrfg `mrrdfgtf `mgtdgun, `mlm cms sdstflns hf fgfrkìn hfc tfr`fr rdfc, rdfc, cn `mrrdfgtf nctfrgn sf hdstrdbuyf n ugn subfstn`dðg, quf utdcdzn ug rf`tdd`nhmr rf`tdd`nhmr pnrn  pnrn `mgvfrtdr cn pmtfg`dn fg `mrrdfgtf `mgtdgun.