LOL PI PLS.docx

PI 100 NOTES

nasa Sulu, walang away because of MONEY

08 / 23 / 16 SULTANATE VS. CALIPHATE  SULTANATE: Political; no bloodline requirement  CALIPHATE: - Both political & religious; - Sunni – mas conservative & rigid; only descendants of Mohammed - Shitte – follower of Mohammed can be a political leader - Why is it dreaded? It’s always linked to ISIS; ISIS wanted to reestablish Caliphate whose collapse was due to Westerners 1200s – Dumating ang Islam 1500s – Christianity Both are dala-dala ng MERCHANTS; ECONOMIC ang dahilan MERCANTILISM  Pangunahing layunin; dominant economic philosophy  Yaman ng isang bansa ay batay sa rami ng precious metals, etc.  Substage towards capitalism 1400s – important economic zone ang Sulu SULU – Warien, Global Economic Zone BUT by 1500s, pag nagkikita sa Manila nag-aaway sila pero pag

GUTS: Spread of Christianity was a religious justification of colonialization GOLD: Mercantilism Before, maraming sheep so may wool trade. Spain was under the Moores for 800 yeards. Marital union was viewed as a political union (it gave birth to Spain) Spaniards wanted to drop us at first because we weren’t the actual spice island. WHAT MADE THEM KEEP US? GALLEON TRADE. GALLEON TRADE (1565-1815) ACAPULCO, MEXICO (known for its silver) MANILA CHINA (known for silk, porcelain, jade & other gems) (dati dumadaan sa PERU who’s known for its gold) 

Initially, Manila served only as a transshipment port (daungan), eventually sumali na rin ‘yung Manila sa trade (pearls, bird’s nest, burlap, etc.)

HOW DID GALLEON TRADE START?  May lumubog na Chinese vessel na nakita ng mga Spanish tapos tinulungan nila; nagka-utang na loob yung mga Chinese so binigyan sila ng mga products na nagging interested yung Spanish

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Retained Manila because of its close proximity to China

DID WE BENEFIT FROM THE TRADE?  ECONOMICAL? NO. - Neglect of agriculture - Exclusivity of Galleon Trade (thwarted existing trade bet. Neighboring countries)  POLITICAL? NO.  CULTURAL/SOCIAL? YES. - Naging sikat ‘yung Galleon and it became known as the Manila Galleon. #1 na nagging interested ay ang mga BRITISH (kaya may British occupation from 1762-1764) Nakilala ‘yung Manila Shawl (ppl bring it to their wives as presents, etc.) ** 1ST significant commercial pathway between the East and the West via the sea Maximum of 2 galleon ships lang per year because of perilous journeys (mutiny on board, diseases, overloaded treasures) From China: gunpowder & fireworks From Mexico: Mais, Chocolate, Avocado, Fish, Fauna; Religious Artifacts

PI 100 NOTES

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08 / 25 / 16 I.

GALLEON TRADE (1565 – 1815) -

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British Occupation of MNL (1762-1764) They thought it was a lucrative trade. Why only 2 years? British gave way to the treaty; if they could not control us politically they still can economically Ayaw ng mga Kastila sa manual labor. Why? For them, kapag magaspang ‘yung kamay, laborer ka at mababa ang tingin sa’yo. OPENING OF THE PHIL. ISLANGS TO WORLD TRADE (1834) British ang nag-open sa’tin sa world trade -> Agricultural production (sugar, abaca, indigo) We are a neo-colony of Britain; governed by them economically For 200 years we were receiving Situado from Mexico; we are a colony of a colony because we are being governed by them BRITISH, CHINESE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Chao Ju Rua Chinese were tolerated by the Spaniards as long as they traded directly

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Condition: bibinyagan ng Simbahan; donation to the Dominicans for Chinese who were new converts Parian: Chinese community/settlement which are served as markets Ethnic Chinese: [16th Century] refused to be converted to Christianity; did not intermarry Chinese Mestizos: [19th Century] product of intermarriages Ilustrados originate from Chinese Mestizos: Egalitae (equality) Liberte (liberalism) Fraternity (brotherhood) Chinese were the wealthiest class in 19th century because they wielded economic power FORMATION OF PHILIPPINE IDENTITY (1600s – 1700s)

PI 100 NOTES 08 / 30 / 16 TRANSFORMATION FROM SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY TO CASH CROP ECONOMY 1.) Galleon Trade (1565-1815) 2.) Opening of the Philippines to World Trade (1834) *economic/social actors – Chinese & British EFFECTS OF THE PROFOUND TRANSFORMATION: - Secular Priests vs Regular Priests 1.) Political - 1869 – Suez Canal - French Revolution (1889) // Industrial Revolution - ELF: attractive concepts (mestizos and isulares) Egalite Liberte Fraternite - Secularization to Filipinization Movement - GOMBURZA + the Propaganda Movement 2.) Sociocultural FILIPINO - Before: domestic helper (oxford) - “nation of servants” - 16th century: Malayos Indios Malayos (tawag sa’tin ng Kastila) Filipinos (King Philip) Indios Filipinos (distinguish Latinos) - 19th century: Peninsulares (prayle)

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Insulares & Mestizo Class – first to use ‘Filipinos’ (political); ELF: aspire kasi maraming privileges Indio Kastila – Christian country American – American Democracy in the Pacific Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, Vigan: European businessmen

READINGS: - Expulsion of the Jesuits (100 years) - Kura Paroko (head ng parishes) REGULAR PRIEST VS SECULAR PRIEST  REGULAR PRIEST: - Belongs to a religious order (Dominican, Jesuits) - Peninsular Spaniards  SECULAR PRIEST: - They don’t belong to any religious order - Mestizos + native -economic stability + political power priests (1700s), star stymbol in demand, positions vacated by Jesuits -1860s: return of the Jesuits (2 generation ng secular priest) PADRE -

JOSE BURGOS Secularization of parishes Creole secular Not liked by friars Intellectuals, liberals Articulated the needs of the secular priests

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Political adviser ni Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. Dela Torre (nagbukas ang Malacanang sa mga ordinaryong mamamayan)

FRIARS vs REGULAR PRIESTS  Friars would remain in the colony; first learned the language of the natives  Regular priests would come and go RAMON MAGSAYSAY: ideya niya ang Libingan ng mga Bayani CAVITE MUTINY: - Cavite arsenal (repair, build galleon ships) - Polistas: polo y servicios (forced labor) -> pinagaan ni Gov. Gen. dela Torre yung rules Friars were pressured to be recalled back to Spain GEN. GOV. RAFAEL IZQUIERDO - Conservation (opposite of dela Torre) - Binalik yung oppressive conditions; nagmutiny yung mga polistas - Since Burgos yung Cavite parish priest, sa kanya naframe yung mutiny (death on Feb 15, 1872 GOMBURZA) BURGOS - Secular native -> aspiration peninsulares - Filipinization movement; secularization movements

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GOMEZ & ZAMORA: “magdala ka ng bala (pantaya/sugal) mamayang gabi” *coded language (bisyo; sugal sa gabi) - accidental heroes

PACIANO MERCADO - Housemate ni Burgos - Nagtago ng followers - Without the 1872 execution, no Rizal, Plaridel (no propaganda movement) JUNE 1872 - Ateneo municipal, Rizal, stigmatized yung Mercado kaya nagging Rizal apelyido niya * the educated friars are the enemies * the propaganda movement -> anti-frailocrocia movement * Fray Botod – malaking tiyan Graciano Lopez Jaena * 10 utos ng prayle Marcelo H. Del Pilar * reformists and liberals didn’t trust dela Torre

PI 100 NOTES 09 / 01 / 16 * 2 MAJOR REFORMS: 1.) Representation 2.) Freedom of Speech *Propaganda Movement: antiFrailocrocia(?) movement *Socio-Cultural: - Chinese Mestizos ang pinakamayaman ANO ANG EPEKTO NG ELF/FRENCH REVOLUTION DITO? - Secularization - Larangan ng Sining (panitikan at painting) - 1500s – 1700s: tema ay religious Panitikan -> novenas, prayers Painting -> Depictions of angels, etc. Hagiography: biography of saints - 1800s: tema ay secular Panitikan -> metrical romances (awit at korido), comedia, zarzuela Paintings -> portrait, landscape, still-life (describe the lifestyle of the nuveau riche- bagong yaman)

JOSE RIZAL (JUNE 19, 1861 – DEC 30, 1896) *Penname: Laong Laan Malaon nang nakalaan (predestined)

*2 TENDENCIES OF BIOGRAPHERS OF RIZAL AS A NATIONAL HERO - MAGNIFY the life of Jose Rizal - SANITIZE some aspects of his life to conform to the norms and mores of Filipinos Examples: MAGNIFY - He got a grade of Sobresaliente in his class (but actually 9 out of 12 sa class nila ay nakakuha ng grade na ‘yun) - Yung pagiging polyglot ni Rizal (hindi naman sya fluent sa lahat ng mga languages na sinasasabing alam niya) - Nasa philosophy and arts talaga ‘yung passion ni Rizal. SANITIZE - Rivalry between Jose Rizal and Antonio Luna (They both liked N. Bausted; JR liked her because she was smart; tatanggapin lang daw siya kung magpapaconvert to Protestantism si Rizal) - Kontrobersyal ‘yung isyu with Josephine Bracken (KUNG KINASAL BA SILA OR HINDI) - Ba’t magpapakasal the day before the execution? Rizal had to legitimize pa his relations. - Before being sent to Dapitan, he had a clinic in HongKong. George Tauffer(?), ama-amahan ni Josephine na isang ampon, was not cured of

blindness. He got blind because of syphilis. WENCESLAO RETANA - Rabid critic of Rizal - Rizal’s 1st biographer - Became an avid fanatic of Rizal *first biographers are very formal AMBET OCAMPO - Biography niya kay Rizal ay yung pinakasikat - Trivializing Rizal AUSTIN COATES (BRITISH) - Rizal: Phil. Nationalist & Martyr (1969) - Rizal as a predestined hero - Anecdotes about JR’s circumstances of birth and childhood - Presentiment of his death - Uncanny safekeeping of all his collection, documents, arts, memoirs, etc.

RIZAL IN THE CONTEXT OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY PHILIPPINES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT  Flowering of the nationalist movement in the late 19th century could scarcely be possible without the economic growth  Growth of EXPORT economy brought increasing prosperity  PH exports were agricultural products  Inquilinos who rented land from friar haciendas; hacienderos in their own right; farm them by means of their share-tenants or kasama  Domingo Lam-co: Rizal’s Chinese ancestor; benefited from the prosperity which the new export economy had brought  It also brought friction between inquilinos and haciendas as lands grew in value and rents were raised  Eventually, this would lead to inquilinos’ questioning of the friars’ right to the haciendas. Motive: to weaken the friars’ influence in PH political life. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT  Modernizing Filipinos saw that the colonial policies of Spain as positive hindrances preventing further progress and threatening what had already been achieved

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In Spain, Liberals vs Conservatives. Unstable yung government kaya impossible magdevelop ng consistent policy for overseas colonies. They used the Philippines as dumping ground for jobseekers kaya Filipinos were deprived of job positions. Tapos these positions are filled up by those who have no knowledge or interest in the country. With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, maraming pumupunta at nagstastay lang hanggang sa may magain sila. Other than corruption (taxes never found its way to public works, etc.), the government was unable to provide basic needs Guardia Civil failed to rid the provinces of tulisanes and became an oppressive force in the provinces Because the system became exploitive and incapable of producing benefits for the colony, liberal nationalists and conservative upper class Filipinos no longer found any compelling motive for maintaining the Spanish colonial regime.

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT  Key factor in the emergence of nationalism was the cultural development consequent on the rapid spread of education from about 1860

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Spread of higher education among Filipinos who could not afford to go abroad was more important for propagating the liberal and progressive ideas written by Rizal and del Pilar Return of Jesuits: one of the major influences on the

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educational developments of 19th century PH owes the Jesuits the beginnings of the Natural Sciences Jesuits also opened the Escuela Normal (taught Spanish)